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In a series of three studies, Ss were required to play a two-person zero-sum game. Ss low in dogmatism tended to approach the optimum or exploiting strategy more closely than highly dogmatic Ss, but two other personality variables (internal-external control and computer confidence, a measure of willingness to have decisions made by a computer) were unrelated to gaming strategies. The value of the game and the required strategy affected significantly Ss' choice behavior.

Chest wall injuries range from relatively trivial to fatal flail chest or huge defects. Significant chest wall injury is present in about one third of patients admitted after severe trauma. In management, the principal areas to be considered are pain control, open wounds, pneumothorax, flail chest, and pulmonary contusion.

Tracheobronchial injury was considered rare until the last two decades but is becoming more common (or is being recognized more often). The author reviews diagnosis and the principles of management, among which infection prevention is stressed.

Arterial injuries at the base of the neck are associated with a high mortality from uncontrolled hemorrhage and cerebral ischemia and, in survivors, frequently result in permanent crippling due to vascular insufficiency.This report is an analyses of 21 patients with proven major arterial injuries at the base of the neck treated at the City of Memphis Hospitals in the last 12 years. ETIOLOGY. —The incidence of arterial involvement from lacerations in this area cannot be proven due to the fact that many neck and shoulder lacerations are sutured and the patient sent home without hospital admission or long-term follow-up. In any case, a statement of the incidence of such wounds would have little clinical meaning. It appears that the majority of the gunshot wounds between the first intercostal space and the cricoid cartilage do involve major vessels. Likewise, only one of these 21 cases sustained a simple lacerating injury—this

As more cardiac and great-vessel diseases are being surgically attacked, the need for accurate anatomical diagnosis becomes mandatory. While the classical history and physical examination remain the most important diagnostic tools available, they are frequently unable to give the high degree of anatomical exactness demanded by surgical intervention in central cardiovascular disease. Roentgenographic visualization of the contrast-filled heart and great vessels has proved to be one of the most useful of the special diagnostic procedures. Many methods have been described for arteriographic visualization of the aortic arch and its branches. In general, these methods may be divided into three groups: (1) angiocardiography, in which the dye passes through the heart and then into the aorta,10 with its modifications of right atrial catheterization23 and release of dye from an intra-atrial bulb9; (2) retrograde arterial catheterization via the carotid,5 the brachial,1 the radial,14 or the femoral

1.Measurements of the (forced) total and timed expiratory vital capacities and maximum expiratory flow rates have been made in 11 patients with obvious right ventricular failure and in 18 with left ventricular failure.2.Pulmonary ventilation studies were of limited value in right ventricular failure except in following the response to therapy. Arterial gas studies were more informative here.3.However, ventilation tests were a sensitive indicator of incipient or frank left ventricular failure and its response to therapy.4.Normal parameters obtained on pulmonary ventilation testing as described in this paper were helpful in differentiating acute left ventricular failure from other causes of dyspnea.

1.This is a report of 32 cases of bronchogenic carcinoma in which the correct diagnosis was never seriously considered before death. These errors occurred in 650 cases of bronchogenic carcinoma from among about 150,000 admissions.2.The presenting complaints were extremely variable. Joint pain, neurological and gastrointestinal symptoms were present in most cases. Respiratory symptoms were the presenting complaints in only two.3.Physical findings revealed neurological deficits in 13 and eight had abnormality on examination of the chest.4.Negative chest x-ray films were obtained from six. Soft infiltrations suggestive of tuberculosis or pneumonia were present in 13; five of these shadows disappeared during hospitalization. Bullous emphysema was the next most common finding on x-ray film.5.Half of the patients were considered to have tuberculosis and about a third had positive sputa.6.Metastases were usually extensive, involving the liver, adrenal, bone, brain, heart, spleen, gastrointestinal tract, kidney, thyroid and skin.7.Study of these errors in diagnosis indicates that spinal or brain compression, joint pain and pulmonary tuberculosis should make one cognizant of the possibility of coexisting bronchogenic carcinoma and that careful, repeated examinations should be made in patients with these conditions to prove or disprove the presence of cancer.

Two studies which showed significant extra-maze pre-exposure effects are reported. In Exp. 1 hooded rats were exposed to one stimulus and then given a choice between that stimulus and a non-exposed stimulus. Exposure brightness and exposure time were varied and number of changes between the two stimulus areas and time spent in each area were measured. In Exp. 2 rats were exposed to a stimulus and then given a choice between the same area, an area with a similar stimulus and an area with a dissimilar stimulus. Both exposure brightness and exposure time affected choice latency and time in the dissimilar area.

In this study 18 college students served as Ss and played a losing game. On the basis of verbal reports Ss were classified as recognizers or non-recognizers. Stopping or continuing to play was related imperfectly to recognition of the losing nature of the game, i.e., some recognizers continued to play. An important determinant of stopping or continuing to play was the monetary change on plays immediately prior to the opportunity to stop.