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Cancer is the uncontrolled growth of new cells beyond the normal limits. The process by which cancers invade and spread to the other organs is called metastasis, this condition became the leading cause of death. One of detection methods that are currently used to detect tumors and metastatic tissues is conducted with radiopharmaceutical of [18F] fluoro-2-deoxy-2-D-glucose ([18F] FDG). This method is quite accurate, but is relatively expensive because it needs PET / CT camera that is still limited in Indonesia. Therefore, this study was conducted to develop other imaging methods using SPECT-CT camera that is cheaper and easy to reach especially for developing countries. Labelling 2-deoxy-D-glucose with technetium-99m (99mTc) indirectly using diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) as a co-ligand / bifunctional agent has been carried out. The determination of the optimum conditions for the labelling of 99mTc-DTPA-DG were done by varying the amount of reducing agent (SnCl2.2H2O), ligand (2-deoxy-D-glucose), pH, and incubation time. Radiochemical purity of 99mTc-DTPA-DG was determined by ascending paper chromatography and electrophoresis paper. The results showed that the labelling optimum conditions of 99mTc-DTPA-DG was achieved by the number of ligand 2-deoxy-D-glucose as much as 2 mg, co-ligand DTPA 750 µg, 50 µg SnCl2.2H2O, the reaction takes place at pH 6 with an incubation time of 30 min at room temperature. 99mTc-DTPA-DG has a radiochemical purity of 93.16±1.31% and the electrophoresis results showed that there is a difference between the peaks of 99mTc-DTPA-DG with other impurities including 99mTc-DTPA.

Nicotine is a class of alkaloids that are found in plants with the family name Solanaceae, such as tobacco (Nicotiana). This plant is widely used as a raw material for making cigarettes. The separation of nicotine in the urine of active smokers has a very important role in forensic chemistry. A purification technique using column chromatography was developed to separate impurities from the extracted nicotine. Moringa leaves have high adsorption properties so that they can be used as a filler in chromatography columns. This study aims to separate nicotine from the urine of active smokers using Moringa leaves as a filler in the chromatography column. Experimental methods have been developed in this work. The preparation and extraction process begins with collecting Moringa leaves, cleaning, drying, then activating at 5000C for 4 hours. The urine preparation of active smokers is done by taking 50 ml of urine and then adding 50 ml of chloroform solvent. The process of separating nicotine from urine was carried out by column chromatography using active moringa leaves as fillers in the chromatography column as much as 10 g, 20 g, 30 g, 40 g, and 50 g. The separation was followed by maceration of the electrosynthetic coupling for 120 minutes for further separation. The pH is maintained at 9 in order to obtain optimal results. The extracted nicotine was tested using Cyanogen bromide to produce an orange precipitate, paper chromatography was developed and produced Rf values in the range 0.45 - 0.46. Nicotine analysis was continued using UV spectroscopy and resulted in nicotine levels in the variation of 10 g, 20 g, 30 g, 40 g, and 50 g moringa leaves, respectively 0.55 ppm, 1.75 ppm, 3.82 ppm, 3.34 ppm, and 2.59 ppm.

In this work, a low-cost, disposable, and portable lab-on-paper device is proposed to simultaneously quantify total polyphenol content (TPC) and antioxidant capacity (AOC) in 15 min; the assay requires no pre-treatment of the samples. The lab-on-paper device fabrication has been carried out employing a xurography-based benchtop microfabrication technology using low-cost materials as chromatography paper and polymeric sheets. Extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) phenolic compounds' represents a nutritional added value, nevertheless, the high lipidic content hinders their direct and rapid analysis, resulting in an extremely challenging sample. The realized lab-on-paper allows to perform the dual TPC and AOC determination in three simple steps: (i) sample loading, (ii) analytes transport to the analysis spot, and (iii) double colorimetric analysis exploiting the growth of AuNPs and AgNPs on paper mediated by phenolic compounds. Signal acquisition is achieved using a standard digital camera. The dual colorimetric assay is able to detect phenolic compounds in the 25-500 mg L-1 range with limits of detection ≤6 mg L-1 and good reproducibility (RSDs ≤11%). Direct analysis of EVOO samples (n = 30) correlated well (r > 0.92) with conventional spectrophotometric methods for TPC and AOC determination.

Cancer is the second leading cause of death globally and increasing every year, including in Indonesia. Promethium-149 (149Pm) is one of beta-emitting (Eβ-max of 1.07 MeV and T1/2 of 2.21 days) radiolanthanides that can be used for therapeutic application. Radioisotope of 149Pm can be produced with high specific activity that was suitable for labeling of biomolecule as a targeted radiopharmaceutical for cancer therapy. Radiochemical separation of 149Pm from irradiated of neodymium oxide (Nd2O3) target with 98.4% neodymium-148 (148Nd) isotope enrichment has been carried out based on extraction chromatography method using LN (Eichrom) resin column. The target material was irradiated at Bandung TRIGA 2000 reactor. Radiochemical purity the final product of 149PmCl3 radioisotope was determined using paper chromatography and paper electrophoresis methods. Radionuclide purity of 149PmCl3 solution was determined using a gamma-ray spectrometer equipped with HP-Ge detector and a multichannel analyzer (MCA). The results show that the optimum condition on separation of 149Pm from irradiated of Nd2O3 target with 98.4% 148Nd isotope enrichment was obtained using 1.5N HNO3 solution at temperature of 80 °C as mobile phase. The yield of 149Pm obtained from the separation was 97.8 ± 2.1%. The final product of 149PmCl3 radioisotope has physico-chemical characteristic that meet the requirements for nuclear medicine applications with radiochemical purity and radionuclide purity of 99.7 ± 0.2% and 99.9 ± 0.1%, respectively. The solution of 149PmCl3 was clear, with the pH of 1 and stable for 1.5 weeks at room temperature.

Phytopigments are essential indicators of plant growth. However, current methodologies use expensive laboratory devices. In this study, a low-cost approach of lettuce leaf phytopigments profiling is employed using a consumer-grade camera and integrated computational intelligence via paper chromatography. Hybrid neighborhood component analysis and ReliefF selected the blue reflectance extracted from chromatography to have the most significant impact with other leaf biophysical signatures. Chl $b$ exhibits more complex reflectance spectrum than other pigments and considered as strong indicator of energy absorbance variations. Xanthophyll and carotenoid have the strongest and weakest retardation factor and retention time, respectively. Chl a-b has weak affinity to acetone and their average blue reflectance is confirmed to absorb the highest number of photons in white light cultivation. Leaf absorbance varies by $\pm 1307.04\ \mu \mathrm{mol\ m}^{-2}\mathrm{s}^{-1}$ PPFD per ±0.1 of blue reflectance. Among other machine learning models, Gaussian processing regression bested out multigene symbolic genetic programming and recurrent neural network in predicting the average chloroplast photosystems I and II blue reflectance with R2 of 0.9974. This developed approach extends the application of paper chromatography from segmenting to phytopigment profiling.

In this work new different hetero cyclic derivatives were synthesized that which including β-Lactam, teterazole and also thiazole rings.The starting material is 2-amino-6-methoxy-Benzothiazole. All these reactions follow by (TLC) and Measurement melting points for some of these derivatives. The compounds identified by FT-IR and some of them by 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR spectra., The prepared benzothiazole derivatives in this study gave good results through appearance of new bands and disapearance of other bands in formatted compounds that gave first data to formation benzothiazole derivative , while second technique represented by resonance spectra that gave also good results for formatted benzothiazole derivative.m in addition to flowing of all reactions by paper chromatography.

Bisphenol A (BPA) and its halogenated analogs tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and tetrachlorobisphenol A (TCBPA) are common environmental contaminants and a method for their simultaneous determination is urgently needed. A paper-based analytical device (PAD) was prepared using a metal-organic framework of UiO-66-NH2 coated with molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) using TBBPA as a template. The maximum adsorption capacity was 120.94 mg g−1 and the imprinting factor was 4.07. The selective recognition ability of this PAD enabled the effective separation of TBBPA, TCBPA and BPA based on paper chromatography. Subsequently, the PAD cut into segments were used individually to determine the presence of target chemicals using a highly sensitive fluorescent method. Under ultraviolet light irradiation, UiO-66-NH2 acts as a photocatalyst to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) that degrade TBBPA, TCBPA or BPA in the imprinted cavities and the fluorescent signal of 2′,7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (H2DCFDA) added as a ROS probe enabled the indirect determination of target chemicals. This method could determine BPA and its halogenated analogs in dust samples simultaneously with detection limits ranging from 0.14 to 0.30 ng g−1. The intraday relative standard deviation (RSD) was ≤6.8% and interday RSD was ≤8.1%. The recoveries ranged from 91.0 to 105.6% with RSD values that were ≤7.5%. The results stemmed from this method were consistent with those obtained from LC-MS/MS. It is an environmentally-friendly approach due to the degradation of target pollutants and possesses many advantages such as high selectivity, low cost and easy-to-fabrication.

This chapter shows that secondary metabolites have been valuable, occasionally even indispensable, in classifications that are expected to be unequivocal and stable. Gross separations were originally introduced using paper chromatography or chemical paper tests, but these have not been used recently in chemotaxonomy except in a few simple diagnostic tests. Gas chromatography (GC) has mostly been used for volatile chemical compounds. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) has become the method of choice for most nonvolatile secondary metabolites. HPLC using gradient elution on reversed-phase material allows a good separation of a large range of secondary metabolites with different polarities, and Ultra Violet (UV) and fluorescence detectors can be used to detect small amounts of most compounds with a chromophore. Diode array detection is particularly relevant in connection with HPLC but can also be used with micellar capillary electrophoresis (MCE). Certain secondary metabolites fluoresce strongly and so can be detected in very low amounts with a fluorescence detector.

DNA methylation serves to mark DNA as either a directed epigenetic signaling modification or in response to DNA lesions. Methods for detecting DNA methylation have become increasingly more specific and sensitive over time. Conventional methods for detecting DNA methylation, ranging from paper chromatography to differential restriction enzyme digestion preference to dot blots, have more recently been supplemented by ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) to accurately quantify specific DNA methylation. Methylated DNA can also be sequenced by either methylated DNA immunoprecipitation followed by sequencing (MeDIP-seq) or single-molecule real-time sequencing (SMRTseq) for identifying genomic locations of DNA methylation. Here we describe a protocol for the detection and quantification of epigenetic signaling DNA methylation modifications including, N6-methyladenine (6mA), N4-methylcytosine (4mC) and C5-methylcytosine (5mC) in genomic DNA by triple quadrupole liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (QQQ-LC-MS/MS). The high sensitivity of the UHPLC-MS/MS methodology and the use of calibration standards of pure nucleosides allow for the accurate quantification of DNA methylation.

Detection of mycotoxins by conventional methods such as ELISA or LC-MS can be expensive and time-consuming. Therefore, paper-based biosensors can be effectively used for on-site analysis, due to their low cost and easy detection procedures. Nevertheless, even when the application of colorimetric methods on paper enhance the simplicity and affordability of multiple determinations, the signal intensity and final readout can be affected by a limited color uniformity. In this work, Ellman’s method for the quantification of aflatoxin B1 was utilized as a model colorimetric assay on paper, in which the test zones were modified with chitosan-immobilized enzyme (AChE). A comparison of the cross-linking effect of genipin on two chitosans of varying molar mass and degree of acetylation, exhibited a greater signal enhancement from the sample with a higher degree of acetylation and molecular weight.

Cetirizine as general OTC anti-allergic drug was evaluated through paper chromatography. Twelve cetirizine compositions were analysed wherein each tablet and syrups were six in number. Seven solvent systems were experimented from which chloroform and methanol in ratio 50:50 proved to be best solvent system for both cetirizine tablet and syrup compositions. Other solvent system that showed clear separation of spots were n-hexane, toluene and diethyl ether in ratio 65:25:10 and acetone and methanol in ratio 90:10 for tablet and syrup preparations respectively. Iodine fuming technique and UV radiations were also utilized for visualising some unidentified and invisible spots during the examination procedures.

We develop a capillary-paper spray (CPS) ion source which allows for sample separation in the capillary and enables rapid and sensitive paper spray (PS) mass spectrometry (MS) analysis of biofluids. The CPS employs a glass capillary to load liquid analytes, vertically standing at the rear of the PS. To further reduce the matrix effect, a nitrocellulose filter membrane is placed between the glass tube and chromatography paper to absorb proteins and other macromolecules, which is beneficial for the detection of the small molecules. Compared with the normal PS method, the CPS method markedly improves spray stability and prolongs analysis duration, and also generates significantly better signal intensities during the analysis of drugs, thus indicating its potential for clinical use. As a proof of concept, quantitative analysis of drugs (metformin hydrochloride and berberine hydrochloride) in serum is performed.

Recently, pyrrolizine derivatives have been reported to possess numerous anticancer activities. In a previous study, (EZ)-6-((4-chlorobenzylidene)-amino)-7-cyano-N-(p-tolyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine carboxamide (EZPCA) compound was synthesized and the cytotoxic activity of EZPCA toward COX-2 enzyme (overexpressed in cancer cells) was reported. In order to assess the suitability of this compound as a promising pilot structure for in vivo applications, EZPCA was radiolabeled with radioiodine-131 (131I) and various factors affecting radiolabeling process were studied. Quality control studies of [131I]iodo-EZPCA were performed using paper chromatography and HPLC was used as a co-chromatographic technique for confirming the radiochemical yield. Biodistribution studies of [131I]iodo-EZPCA were undertaken in normal and tumor bearing mice. The radiochemical yield percentage of [131I]iodo-EZPCA was 94.20 ± 0.12%. The biodistribution results showed evident tumor uptake of [131I]iodo-EZPCA with promising target/non-target (T/NT) ratios. As a conclusion, these data suggest that [131I]iodo-EZPCA had high binding efficiency, high tumor uptake and sufficient stability to be used be used in diagnostic studies.

В настоящее время большое внимание ряда исследователей уделяется олиго- и полисахаридам. Это связано свысоким их содержанием в растительном сырье и выполнением особой роли в развитии живых организмов, что имеет огромное значение при получении фруктозы, сахарозы и инулина. Кыргызстан располагает огромными запасами еще малоизученных, экологически чистых лекарственных и других видов растений. В статье рассмотрены вопросы изучения химического состава углеводного комплекса в растениях рода Cousinia angreni Jus. Проведены экспериментальные исследования по выделению и установлению структур водорастворимых полисахаридов и спирторастворимых олигосахаридов. Из корней Cousinia angreni Jus выделен глюкофруктан, строение отдельных фракций изучено методами метилирования, периодатного окисления, бумажной хроматографии, тонкослойной хроматографии и ГЖХ, ИК- и 13С-ЯМР- спектроскопии. В гидролизатах методом тонкослойной хроматографии при сравнении со свидетелями обнаружены 2,3,4,6-тетра-О-Ме-D-глюкоза, 1,3,4,6-тетра-О-Ме-D-фруктоза, 3,4,6-три-О-Ме-D-фруктоза (основной продукт) и следовые количества 1,3,4-три-О-Ме-D-фруктозы. Присутствие основного продукта 3,4,6-три-О-Ме-D-фруктоза указывает напреобладание связей типа β-(2→1). Таким образом, установлено, что глюкофруктаны кузинии ангренской (C. angreni Jus) состоят из фруктофуранозных остатков, связанных между собой β-(2→1) связями типа инулина., Currently, a lot of attention is paid to a number of researchers oligo – and polysaccharides. This is due to their high content in plant materials and the fulfillment of a special role in the development of living organisms, which is of great importance in the production of fructose, sucrose and inulin. Kyrgyzstan has huge reserves of still little-studied, environmentally friendly medicinal and other plant species. The article deals with the study of the chemical composition of the carbohydrate complex in plants of the genus Cousinia angreni Jus. Experimental studies have been carried out to isolate and establish structures of water-soluble polysaccharides and alcohol-soluble oligosaccharides. Glucofructan was isolated from the roots of Cousinia angreni Jus, the structure of individual fractions was studied by methylation, periodic oxidation, paper chromatography, thin-layer chromatography and GLC, IR and 13C-NMR spectroscopy. When compared with witnesses, 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-Me-D-glucose, 1,3,4,6-tetra-O-Me-D-fructose, 3,4,6-tri-O-Me-D-fructose (main product) and trace amounts of 1,3,4-tri-O-Me-D-fructose. The presence of the main product 3,4,6-tri-O-Me-D-fructose indicates the predominance of β-(2→1) bonds. Thus, it was found that glucofructans of the Angren cousin (C. angreni Jus) consist of fructofuranose residues linked by β-(2→1) inulin type bonds.

This chapter intends to summarize the chemistry, biological activities, methods of identification and quantification, possible interactions, and industrial and pharmaceutical applications of plant lipids. Plant lipids are naturally occurring functional and structural components, which serve as permeable barrier to external environment of cells. The compositions and functions of plant lipids vary depending on the type of plant. However, lipids are complex structures; therefore, there are various ways to define and classify lipids. The plant lipids play major role in energy storage and signaling and include fatty acids (FA), triacylglycerols, phospholipids, waxes, galactolipids, sphingolipids, tocopherols and tocotrienols, carotenoids, sterols, fat-soluble vitamins, and other compounds. Different procedures of spectroscopy like ultraviolet visible (UV) spectroscopy, mass spectrometry (MS), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and infrared (IR) spectroscopy along with liquid chromatography, paper chromatography, column chromatography, and gas chromatography are used to determine the structure of plant lipids molecules. The plant lipids vary in their occurrence, application, and utilization either as food, pharmaceutical, or other industries depending on their specific type. Moreover, the aim of this chapter is to compile the essential role and impact of plant lipids on human life and their application in different industries.

This paper develops a high-performance paper-based fluidic cassette for mass spectrometry (MS) analyzing caffeine and nicotine metabolism in urine and hair samples. The device uses a novel two-dimensional paper chromatography to separate the species in the liquid sample and then analyze the metabolic species via the MS using a specially designed paper spray ionization (PSI) mechanism. The paper-based fluidic chip is produced in the laboratory filter paper with the IR laser for patterning the multifunctional paper for sample chromatography and multiple tip for PSI. To enhance the MS detection performance, an integrated sliding cassette with a pair of pinching electrodes is designed for retarding electrospray at the neighboring tooth and simultaneously focusing the main spray plumb for sample ionization. Numerical and experimental results show that the undesired neighboring electrospray plumbs are significantly retarded by the applying electric field at the pinch electrodes. Successfully detecting the caffeine species in the urine sample and the nicotine/cotinine species in the extracted solution of a heavy smoker's hair are demonstrated with the developed device. The developed paper fluidic cassette has shown its potential in the application of drug abuse prevention.

The purposes of this study were as follows: (1) to radiolabel ibandronic acid (IBA, a third-generation bisphosphonate) with 177 Lu, investigating optimal labeling conditions, and (2) to analyze biodistribution and imaging properties of intravenous 177 Lu-ibandronate (177 Lu-IBA) administered in animals. 177 Lu-labeled methylene diphosphonate (177 Lu-MDP) served as a comparator agent. Differing proportions of IBA solution and 177 LuCl3 solution were combined to determine an optimal ratio for radiolabeling purposes, varying pH, temperature, and time to establish ideal reactivity conditions. Radiochemical purity of the labeled compounds was then assessed by paper chromatography. In vitro and in vivo stabilities were also measured at specific time intervals. In Kunming mice, biodistributions of 177 Lu-IBA and 177 Lu-MDP and respective agent activities in various organs were monitored by gamma counter, and we performed single photon computed tomography/computed tomography (SPECT/CT) imaging of 177 Lu-IBA in normal New Zealand White rabbits. Radiolabeling yields for 177 Lu-IBA proved to be >97% within 30 minutes at 90°C, and its radiochemical purity ensured stability in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, we found that 177 Lu-IBA is readily soluble in water, showing higher skeletal uptake than 177 Lu-MDP but lower uptake by liver and spleen. The image quality of 177 Lu-IBA was so clear that even after 6 days, analysis was still feasible.

A colorimetric probe N,N’-bis(2-methoxy-ethyl)-2,3,3-trimethyl-3H-squaraine (MOESQ) with H2O solubility was synthesized to detect Cu2+. MOESQ exhibits good selectivity, high sensitivity and fast UV-Vis response toward Cu2+ over other competing ions in CH3CN. The detection limit of MOESQ for Cu2+ in CH3CN can reach 1.88 × 10−7 molL−1. By adsorbing MOESQ on the chromatography paper, a colorimetric test paper for Cu2+ was prepared, which could detect Cu2+ with the color change from blue to faint yellow even in the limit of detection concentration of 10−6 molL−1.

RATIONALE Accurate measurement of trace compounds in blood samples is important in clinical diagnosis and life science. Ambient ionization mass spectrometry, however, suffers from the matrix effect when dealing with complex samples such as blood. Therefore, it is important to reduce the matrix effects in blood samples. METHODS A low-cost and disposable Teflon tube was used as a platform to precipitate the protein in blood. The analytes are extracted into organic solvent, and the precipitated protein can be adsorbed by the chromatography paper inserted. Therefore, the Teflon tube after precipitation can be directly subjected to paper spray ionization mass spectrometry, achieving one-step analysis of blood. RESULTS High sensitivity and satisfactory stability were achieved for pharmaceuticals, acids, and endogenic metabolites in blood. The absolute signal intensities of characteristic product ions of the tested analytes were 8-20 times higher after protein precipitation than those obtained using paper spray. Detection limits and quantitative performance were evaluated for three drugs: carbamazepine, metformin, and tioconazole. In addition, the limits of detection and quantitation were improved 9-14- and 8-12-fold, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Protein precipitation coupled to paper spray with a tube and then to mass spectrometry was successfully achieved and applied in the one-step analysis of trace compounds in blood samples. The experimental results showed that this method was sensitive, stable, convenient, and economic for the direct analysis of blood.

Coffee is currently the second largest commodity on the world market today, and there is great concern about the quality of the beans exported from producer countries to Europe and USA. Practices such as using blends of different species and adding low-cost raw materials, such as chicory, corn, and soybean, impair the sensory and functional characteristics of the drink made from roasted and ground coffee beans. There is a need to adopt more efficient analytical methods than the microscopy technique currently used. The first chromatographic method used to determine fraud was reported in 1958. This method used paper chromatography to differentiate between coffee and chicory based on the free reducing sugars. As of the 1980s, different methods involving high-performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography were developed in order to demonstrate geographic authenticity, distinction between species, occurrence of adulteration, and the presence of defective beans by determining the monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, tocopherols, fatty acids, volatiles, diterpenes, sterols, and phenolic substances, among others. As far as the authors know, there are no papers published in the literature that have compiled such an extensive set of information about these chromatographic methods as here. Over the last 2 years, there has been a trend to develop analytical methods for ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry to confirm fraud in coffee, due to high sensitivity and selectivity.

Cellulose-based paper is a versatile material with a diverse array of applications. While paper is not commonly thought of as a material that shrinks, here we present a method for miniaturizing paper via periodate oxidation. Chromatography paper was exposed to varying concentrations of periodate (0.1–0.5 M) over a 96-h period. Following optimization of miniaturization parameters, fourteen different types of paper were miniaturized and reductions in surface area ranging from 60 to 80% were observed. All cellulose paper types, but not cellulose-derivatives, displayed successful miniaturization. Results were highly tunable dependent upon periodate concentration and reaction time. Potential applications of the technique are discussed, including its use as a microfabrication method.

Clofazimine (CFZ), a riminophenazine derivative and a crucial drug in the treatment of lepromatous leprosy, has been reintroduced clinically to treat multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. CFZ holds both antimycobacterial and anti-inflammatory properties. But, due to its highly hydrophobic, polar and photosensitive nature, it is challenging to extract and quantify the drug from different biological fluids and its pharmaceutical formulations. This has also hampered the pharmacokinetic evaluation of the CFZ. This article accentuates various analytical methods viz. Identification methods, titrimetric methods, spectrometric methods such as colorimetric, fluorometric, mass spectroscopy and UV/Vis spectroscopy, Chromatographic methods like paper chromatography, thin-layer chromatography, high-performance thin layer chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography, liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry for the estimation of CFZ in bulk, biological fluids and its pharmaceutical formulations.

ObjectiveTo evaluate the effectiveness of two kinds of Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD)-targeted131I-containing nanoliposomes for the treatment of cervical cancer in vitro and in vivo.MethodsThe nanoparticle liposomes designated RGD-131I-tyrosine peptide chain (TPC)-L and131I-RGD-L were prepared. The emulsion solvent evaporation method was used to encapsulate the polypeptide into liposomes. The quantity of entrapped polypeptide was measured using UV spectrophotometry. The labeling rates, radiochemical purities, and total radioactivities were measured using paper chromatography. Cytotoxicity was assessed using the MTS assay and flow cytometry. Therapeutic efficacy was monitored using a mouse xenograft model of cervical cancer.ResultsThe labeling efficiency, radiochemical purity, and specific radioactivity of RGD-131I-TPC-L were greater than those of131I-RGD-L. The cytotoxicity test indicated that late apoptosis of cells treated with RGD-131I-TPC-L and131I-RGD-L was higher than that of cells treated with Na131I. The therapeutic effect of RGD-131I-TPC-L was better than that of31I-RGD-L in the mouse model.ConclusionsThe specific activity of liposome-encapsulated RGD-131I-TPC-L was higher than that of131I-RGD-L, which labeled liposomes directly. Moreover, the RGD-131I-TPC-L liposomes were more effective for killing xenografted tumor cells.

Bacillus anthracis (B. anthracis), the causative agent of anthrax disease, is a Gram-positive spore-forming bacterium which can be used as a threatening bioterrorism agent. We developed enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)-on-a-chip biosensors for rapid, sensitive analysis of B. anthracis spores based on two-dimensional, cross-flow chromatography. In order to establish optimal assay conditions, a polyclonal antibody and four monoclonal antibodies against B. anthracis were raised and examined to characterize their analytical sensitivity as well as specificity. The biosensor results showed that a monoclonal antibody pair not only offered a relatively low detection limit for B. anthracis compared to other antibody combinations, but also displayed no cross-reactivity with other microorganisms belonging to the Bacillus genus. For detection of ELISA enzyme signal (e.g., horseradish peroxidase), chemiluminescent detection in combination with cooled charge-coupled device enhanced the sensor performance in terms of assay time, compared to that achieved by colorimetry. Under optimal conditions, the biosensor was able to detect a minimum threshold of 5×103 and 5×102 spores/mL for two different B. anthracis strains, NCCP 12860 (Sterne) and NCCP 10666 (Haman #1), respectively. Furthermore, the chemiluminometric sensor was minimally affected by the presence of potential interferents in samples such as baby powder, skim milk, and sucrose, indicating its potential utility for the analysis of bioterrorism agents directly in the field.

Uridine, a pyrimidine nucleoside essential for the synthesis of RNA and biomembranes, was radiolabeled with 99mTc to obtain a potential tumor imaging agent. The maximal radiochemical yield of about 96.5%, as determined by paper chromatography and instant thin-layer chromatography, was reached under the following optimum conditions: 1 mg of uridine, 20 μg of SnCl2·2H2O as reducing agent, 20 mg of mannitol as a stabilizer, and pH 8. 99mTc-uridine is stable in vitro at room temperature for up to 6 h post labeling. The biodistrbution study in tumor-bearing mice shows high target-to-nontarget ratio. These results match with the high docking score of the complex on uridine phosphorylase enzyme. 99mTc-uridine shows promise as a tumor imaging agent.

Renal imaging is a well-established technique in nuclear medicine. The renal imaging agents used in the current methods have some drawbacks as they take lot of time so as to produce good quality images. Hence, newer renal imaging agents were explored that can reduce the time taken to produce quality images. dl-Ritalinic acid (dlRA) was synthesized and d- and l- isomers were separated by resolution using resolving agent, (+)-dibenzoyl-D-tartaric acid. The purity of d-ritalinic acid (dRA) was determined by HPLC analysis and the structure was characterized by spectroscopic techniques (IR, mass, NMR). The complex, 99mTc-dRA, was prepared by the addition of 99mTc sodiumpertechnetate using stannous chloride dihydrate as reducing agent. The various factors which affect the radiolabeling efficiency such as reaction time, amount of ligand (dRA), reducing agent, anti-oxidant, and pH of reaction medium were studied. Radiochemical purity and in vitro stability of the labeled complex, 99mTc-dRA, were studied using ascending paper chromatography in saline and acetone media. Biodistribution studies of the complex (99mTc-dRA) and commercially available renal imaging agents (99mTc-DTPA and 99mTc-EC) in Wistar rats were studied by drawing region of interest over the organs without sacrificing the animal and the results were compared. Radiochemical purity of 99mTc-dRA was found to be 95.65 ± 3.36% at a pH range of 5.5–6.5 and was stable up to 6 h at room temperature. The optimum labeling was found to be in the ratio of 1:4:0.5 of ligand (dRA), ascorbic acid, and stannous chloride dihydrate. Compared to commercial renal imaging agents (99mTc-DTPA and 99mTc-EC), the synthesized complex, 99mTc-dRA, showed high target to non-target (T/NT) counts, clear images in early stages and is harmless as it is a metabolite of drug already taken up by body organs.