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A selective and sensitive method for the analysis of Miconazole and its associated impurities is developed. The separation is carried out using a Thermo Scientific Hypersil Gold C18 Column (50 mm x 4.6 mm i.d., 1.9 µm particle size) with a mobile phase of acetonitrile–methanol–ammonium acetate (1.5 w/v) (30:32:38 v/v) at a flow rate of 2.5 mL/min and UV detection at 235 nm. The method is validated according to ICH guidelines with respect to precision, accuracy, linearity, specificity, robustness, and limits of detection and quantification. All parameters examined are found to be well within the stated guidelines. Naturally aged samples are also tested to determine sample stability. A profile of sample and impurity breakdown was presented. The analysis time was more than halved from just under 20 min (the current European Pharmacopeia Method) to under 8 min (developed method) and the method is applicable for assay and related substance determination. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article discusses a study aimed at clarifying the roles of direct physical effects like water movement and biological effects such as grazing and predation on rocky shores. It tested if the establishment of benthic species differed between exposed and sheltered shores and examined experimentally whether the presence of consumers impacted the establishment of benthic species. The study was conducted on mussel-dominated rocky shores in County Cork, Ireland where 3 sheltered shores and 3 exposed shores were chosen randomly to represent extremes of the exposure scale in this area. It suggests that consumers can plan an important role in regulating the establishment of benthic species.

In this paper we present the development and application of a real time atmospheric pressure discharge monitoring diagnostic. The software based diagnostic is designed to extract latent electrical and optical information associated with the operation of an atmospheric pressure dielectric barrier discharge (APDBD) over long time scales. Given that little is known about long term temporal effects in such discharges, the diagnostic methodology is applied to the monitoring of an APDBD in helium and helium with both 0.1% nitrogen and 0.1% oxygen gas admixtures over periods of tens of minutes. Given the large datasets associated with the experiments, it is shown that this process is much expedited through the novel application of multivariate correlations between the electrical and optical parameters of the corresponding chemistries which, in turn, facilitates comparisons between each individual chemistry also. The results of these studies show that the electrical and optical parameters of the discharge in helium and upon the addition of gas admixtures evolve over time scales far longer than the gas residence time and have been compared to current modelling works. It is envisaged that the diagnostic together with the application of multivariate correlations will be applied to rapid system identification and prototyping in both experimental and industrial APDBD systems in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Objective: Amphotericin B lipid complex (ABLC), a lipid-based formulation of amphotericin B, is an effective treatment for fungal infections, but is associated with mild to moderate drug delivery reactions (DDRs), such as fever, rigors and chills, in some patients. Although clinical studies have indicated that premedication with hydrocortisone may reduce the incidence of DDRs, there are currently limited confirmatory data from clinical practice. The aim of the audit was to assess prospectively a hydrocortisone premedication strategy with ABLC to reduce the rate of DDRs.Methods: Over an 18-month period, all cancer patients treated with ABLC at The Royal Shrewsbury Hospital were audited prospectively. Each patient received 100 mg of intravenous hydrocortisone 15-30 minutes prior to each ABLC infusion. The primary outcome was to determine the DDR rate per cycle of ABLC.Results: A total of 275 cycles of ABLC (mean dosage 930.6 mg) were administered during the course of the study period, and 16.0% were associated with DDRs. The majority of reactions occurred following the first infusion of a cycle (15.3%; subsequent infusions: 2.9%). The most common DDRs were rigor (15.3%) and fever (12.7%). There was no significant difference in the DDR rate (17.2 vs. 15.5%) or types of reactions between ABLC-naïve and previously treated patients. The dosage of ABLC administered had no effect on the DDR rate. Female gender, being neutropenic and younger age were found to be predictive of having a DDR.Conclusions: The audit demonstrates that premedication with hydrocortisone results in a low incidence of DDRs following ABLC. The main limitation of this study is the lack of a randomised control group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Failure to follow up outpatient test results in a timely manner is a growing patient safety concern. To investigate the follow-up of markedly elevated serum potassium levels in the ambulatory setting, the authors reviewed the medical records of all patients seen in a large primary care practice between September 1, 2003, and August 31, 2004, with potassium levels > or = 5.8 mEq/L. Of the 12,914 serum potassium tests performed, there were 109 cases of markedly elevated serum potassium levels in 86 patients. The median potassium level was 5.9 mEq/L (range, 5.8-7.3). More than half the patients were recalled to the clinic specifically for repeat testing; however, 25% of patients had no repeat tests until they were seen at routine follow-up visits. The median time to a repeat potassium level was 6 days (range, 0-445). Patients > or = 65 years old had a lower likelihood of having repeat testing within 1 week (odds ratio = 0.38, P = .03). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Larvae of many benthic invertebrates metamorphose in response to habitat cues, which include the presence of adult conspecifics. Prior research showed that fiddler crab [Uca pugnax(Smith)] megalopae advance molting to the first crab stage in seawater in which conspecific adult crabs were maintained. In the present study, extracts of adult crabs were prepared and the specificity and protein content were characterized.U.pugnaxmegalopae were reared in the laboratory to minimize their prior exposure to potential molting cues. Then they were presented with extract solutions (in 1995, 1996, 1997, and 2000) to determine the specificity of the molting response to extracts of several crab species and the effects of the protein concentration of the extract, age of the megalopae at exposure to extract, and the duration of exposure on the molting response. Megalopae ofU.pugnaxmolted sooner in seawater containing extract from adult conspecifics than in filtered seawater without extract or in seawater containing extract from the congenerU.minax. Extract from the mud crabDyspanopeus sayiretarded molting ofU.pugnaxmegalopae. The stimulatory effect ofU.pugnaxextract on molting of megalopae was dependent on extract concentration.U.pugnaxmegalopae did not respond to extract until 6 days after molting, and only 1 day of exposure was sufficient to stimulate molting. The boiled extract was effective after being frozen (-15°C) for 2 years. The preparation of stable extract provides a uniform stimulus for multiple experiments examining the specificity of molting cues for brachyuran crustacean larvae and the onset of receptivity to cues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Base decomposition of 4-(substituted phenyl)-1,2,3-selenadiazoles at room temperature resulted in 2-(substituted phenyl)-ethynylselenolate anions, which were immediately reacted with bromoacetonitrile to give a series of 2-(substituted phenyl)ethynylselanylacetonitriles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY A linear model of information processing led to many experiments on learning difficulties in the subnormal and severely subnormal. It assumes learning can result from a break in the chain of information flow at any point but overlooks compensatory mechanisms common to a developing organism. To compensate for the model's difficulties, we compared blind and deaf children with subnormal and subnormal autistic children (i.e. localized with general cognitive incapacities). Absence of a modality led to alternative encoding strategies, but in certain circumstances they also occurred in the centrally handicapped. Reasons for the similarities and differences are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focuses on the perception of and recognition of memory for shapes by artistically gifted children of normal intelligence and idiot-savant artists. Observation that IQ was the determining factor in matching and recognizing performance; Importance of artistic ability on copying and reproduction ability; Interpretation of study results in terms of access to an intelligence-independent system of graphic representations.

This article discusses various issues related to the cognitive psychology and mental handicaps. The problems described here in the article by the author are relevant to the overall question of the relationship between the experimental findings of cognitive psychology and to the concept of intelligence. They are relevant to the role which cognitive psychology may hope to play in relation to mental handicap. Psychology, properly enough, has seen its role as predominantly anchored to education, a manipulable environmental force.

Intellectually gifted children and controls were compared on their ability to name and classify words and pictures of high or low frequency. High IQ children had shorter response latencies than other children and also showed no word frequency effects in the word naming tasks. When having to recall or recognize words of different frequency effects in the word naming tasks. When having to recall or recognize words of different frequency in a second experiment, no significant frequency effects in recognition were found for either group. With recall, the frequency effect was only significant for the control but not for the gifted children. The results are discussed in terms of 'relative' and 'absolute' frequencies of words and pictures, and in relation to similar lexical search and comparison processes involved in the naming and the recall of words. Intellectually gifted children and controls were compared on their ability to name and classify words and pictures of high or low frequency. High IQ children had shorter response latencies than other children and also showed no word frequency effects in the word naming tasks. When having to recall or recognize words of different frequency effects in the word naming tasks. When having to recall or recognize words of different frequency in a second experiment, no significant frequency effects in recognition were found for either group. With recall, the frequency effect was only significant for the control but not for the gifted children. The results are discussed in terms of 'relative' and 'absolute' frequencies of words and pictures, and in relation to similar lexical search and comparison processes involved in the naming and the recall of words. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examines the ability of normal, deaf and autistic children to recall digits. Sensitivity of normal and deaf children to spatial display conditions and recall requirements; Effect of the direction of recall on autistic children; Dependence of the serial position effects on order of retrieval in the normal and deaf groups.

The value of DNA hybridisation (using immunoglobulin and T cell receptor gene probes) was assessed during the diagnosis of problematical lymphoid tissue biopsy specimens. In 14 of 18 specimens (78%), which contained a malignant lymphoproliferation of uncertain aetiology, this technique permitted the demonstration of a monoclonal proliferation of B cells (nine cases) or T cells (five cases). In five further lymph node biopsy specimens, in which the differential diagnosis lay between a reactive or malignant process, a clonal proliferation was shown in three cases. DNA analysis is, therefore, of practical value in resolving many of the diagnostic problems that arise in the assessment of lymphoid tissue biopsy specimens. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The arrangement of the T cell receptor and immunoglobulin genes was analysed in lymphoid tissue biopsy specimens from 25 cases of angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy. Nineteen cases showed a rearrangement of the gene coding for the beta chain of the T cell receptor, and in one case a clonal rearrangement of immunoglobulin genes was shown (in which the T cell receptor gene was in a germline configuration). These findings indicate that a monoclonal T cell proliferation is present in most cases of angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy, and they also correlate with the fact that some patients who present with this disorder subsequently develop a T cell lymphoma. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]