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Aim of this article is to introduce and present advantages and possibilities of using simulation tools to calculate energy flows of tractive vehicle in all phases of its ride. The focus is on the braking phase, especially on the braking energy recuperation that offers the highest energy saving potential. Energetic simulation was carried out as a part of a current railway reconstruction study, which is a good example of possible energetic calculation use. Energetic calculation in the simulation are performed using so called "exact method" developed at the Faculty of Transportation. The advantage of the method is that it provides a high degree of accuracy. Due to the simulation calculation being performed in real-time, the user can enter the calculation even during the simulation. Crucial part of every simulation are quality input data, such as vehicle braking characteristic (including all working points below the envelope line together with the efficiency characteristics of the power train parts (engine, transmission, convertor and others)). Also, sufficiently precise (with a precision of 1 meter) railway track details (detailed geometrical and other information on the current and reconstructed railway track or on the railway track proposal. To present savings during the ride, the railway track section on the track Montreál-Sherbrooke was chosen. On this track, (especially electrification and partial reconstruction of the superstructure) is planned. Reconstruction level will be dependant on the local economical and social conditions. However, in the most optimistic case, total electrification of the track will be undertaken, or lower level of the reconstruction when the vehicles that have very similar characteristics. The railway track section is located between the cities of Montreál and Sherbrooke, that are 160 km apart. To compare the current, and possible future, state, comparison of energy consumption of the vehicle was conducted on the same track with the same geometrical characteristics. We can assume that the overall energy intensity of the ride on the newly reconstructed track (eg. with greater radius of the arches) will be lower than the overall energy intensity of the ride on the track before reconstruction. Current data on energetic consumption are not available, therefore they were obtained by simulation and verified by calculations and considered sufficiently accurate. Presumably, the input simulation parameters required for the simulation will not always be delivered in the sufficient quality or will be partly missing completely. In these cases they will be substituted by various algorithms, that can be machine-processed and that are part of the simulation calculations. One of the crucial algorithms is so called "moment efficiency". Its machine processing is not entirely developed and therefore, this simulation will be conducted without its usage. For financial reasons, simulation calculation was verified only by the theoretical physical calculation method. Based on several partial results, emergent computing tool is functional and sufficiently accurate. The simulation program is supposed to be experimentally verified after its finishing. The outcomes presented in this article are calculated by simulated computation and were not confronted with the real situation in any way. However, relevant calculation algorithms, processes and theoretical background of the simulation were already verified on the older software versions. Therefore, the simulated outcomes are supposed to be at least sufficiently accurate to provide preliminary study for the railway reconstruction. Presented calculations were executed by using author’s simulation software. Part of the methodology was taken from the previous, already verified, versions of the software for vehicle ride simulation.

In many places of the world, the interruption of touristic activities in the aftermath of a catastrophic earthquake is often neglected in the evaluation of seismic risks; however, these activities can account for a significant proportion of short-term and long-term economic impacts for these regions. In the last decade, several rapid visual screening techniques have been developed to define the typology of buildings and to estimate their seismic vulnerability and potential for damage. We adapted the existing screening procedures that have been developed for generic buildings to specific circumstances that are most common for tourist accommodations. The proposed approach considered six criteria related to structural and nonstructural elements of buildings, as well as local soil conditions. A score was assigned to each criterion as a function of the capacity of the elements to resist ground shaking. A vulnerability index in four levels of building vulnerability was developed combining the scores of the six criteria. The approach was tested in a pilot area of Montreal to a set of 70 typical buildings grouped in four categories based on their accommodation capacity. In Montreal, tourism is an important source of income for the city where 351,000 room-nights were booked with total stay expenditures of CAD 4.9 billion in 2019. The results indicated potential significant disruptions in activities related to tourism; 46% of the buildings investigated have a high to very high vulnerability index. Among them, 4/5 are located in the old city and 1/5 in the downtown area of the pilot zone.

Aspiring to mobility is a component of modernity and of the ideology underpinning the modern movement in architecture. This value determines the unstable relationship modern man has with land, while belief in progress has guided his futuristic notion on time. It accounts for the transportation revolution that occurred almost two hundred years ago with the advent of mechanized locomotion.

Background: The Canadian Paediatric Society no longer recommends the use of universal ocular prophylaxis with erythromycin ointment to prevent ophthalmia neonatorum. Screening for Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in all pregnant women is considered the most effective way of preventing vertical transmission and ophthalmia neonatorum. Objective: The aims of this study were to assess prenatal screening rates of C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae and to compare sociodemographic factors between those screened and those not screened. Methods: The list of all women who delivered at a tertiary care hospital in Montréal, Québec, between April 2015 and March 2016, was cross-referenced with the list of samples tested for C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae. Maternal medical records were reviewed for demographic, prenatal and diagnostic information. Results: Of 2,688 mothers, 2,245 women were screened at least once, but only 2,206 women had at least one valid C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae result the day of delivery (82.1%; 95% CI: 80.6%–83.5%). Infection was detected in 46/2,206 (2.1%) screened women: 42 had C. trachomatis infection, two had N. gonorrhoeae infection and two were co-infected. C. trachomatis infection was more frequent in women younger than 25 years (9.8%; 95% CI: 6.7%–13.8%) than in older women (0.8%; 95% CI: 0.4%–1.3%; p

Contexte : La Société canadienne de pédiatrie ne recommande plus la prophylaxie oculaire universelle avec l’onguent d’érythromycine pour prévenir la conjonctivite néonatale. Le dépistage des infections à Chlamydia trachomatis et à Neisseria gonorrhoeae chez toutes les femmes enceintes est considéré comme le moyen le plus efficace de prévenir la transmission verticale et la conjonctivite néonatale. Objectif : Les objectifs de l’étude étaient d’évaluer les taux de dépistage prénatal des infections à C. trachomatis et à N. gonorrhoeae et de comparer les facteurs sociodémographiques entre les personnes ayant fait l’objet d’un dépistage et celles n’ayant pas fait l’objet d’un dépistage. Méthodes : La liste des femmes ayant accouché dans une maternité tertiaire de Montréal au Québec, entre avril 2015 et mars 2016, a été croisée avec la liste des résultats de dépistage. Les dossiers médicaux des mères ont été révisés pour les variables démographiques, prénatales et diagnostiques. Résultats : Sur 2 688 mères, 2 245 ont fait l’objet d’un dépistage au moins une fois, mais seulement 2 206 femmes avaient au moins un résultat valide pour C. trachomatis et N. gonorrhoeae le jour de l’accouchement (82,1 %, IC 95 % : 80,6 %–83,5 %). Une infection a été détectée chez 46 sur 2 206 femmes dépistées (2,1 %) : 42 présentaient une infection à C. trachomatis, deux avaient une infection à N. gonorrhoeae et deux étaient co-infectées. L’infection à C. trachomatis était plus fréquente chez les femmes de moins de 25 ans (9,8 %, IC 95 % : 6,7 %–13,8 %) que chez les femmes plus âgées (0,8 %, IC 95 % : 0,4 %–1,3 %, p < 0,001). Chaque augmentation de la parité diminuait la probabilité d’être testé (rapport de cote ajusté = 0,89, IC 95 % : 0,80 %–0,97 %, p = 0,01). Parmi celles dont le résultat initial était négatif, 35 sur 267 (13,1 %, IC 95 % : 9,3 %–17,8 %) femmes de moins de 25 ans et 122 sur 1 863 (6,6 %, IC 95 % : 5,5 %–7,8 %, p < 0,001) femmes âgées ont été retestées. Une infection subséquente a été détectée chez 4 femmes sur 35 (11 %), toutes dans le groupe des moins de 25 ans. Conclusion : Le taux sous-optimal de dépistage de C. trachomatis et N. gonorrhoeae suggère qu’actuellement, la prophylaxie oculaire universelle ne peut être abandonnée. La répétition du dépistage universel devrait être envisagée, en particulier chez les femmes de moins de 25 ans.

Starting from the relationship between urban planning and mobility management, TeMA has gradually expanded the view of the covered topics, always following a rigorous scientific in-depth analysis. This section of the Journal, Review Notes, is the expression of a continuous updating of emerging topics concerning relationships among urban planning, mobility and environment, through a collection of short scientific papers. The Review Notes are made of four parts. Each section examines a specific aspect of the broader information storage within the main interests of TeMA Journal. In particular, the Urban practices section aims at presenting recent advancements on relevant topics that underlie the challenges that the cities have to face. The present note provides an overview of the policies and initiatives undertaken in three North American cities in response to the Covid-19 outbreak: New York City (US), Mexico City (MX) and Montreal (CA). A cross-city analysis is used to derive a taxonomy of urban policy measures. The contribution discusses the effectiveness of each measures in providing answers to epidemic threats in urban areas while, at the same time, improving the sustainability and resilience of urban communities.

Using location theory as a starting point, this paper aims to understand how coworking spaces (CSs) locate within the city and how they reacted to the stress of COVID-19. Through a case study of the city of Montreal (Canada), we show that most CSs locate in areas of high transit accessibility and in central districts, but there is a trend – possibly accelerated by COVID – towards more suburban locations. These location strategies follow logics similar to those of Knowledge intensive services (KIS), including the tendency of some to agglomerate and of others to disperse. For some CSs, there is also heightened sensitivity to interactions with, and contributions to, the local community. Hence, faced with COVID, CSs in transit-accessible places combine an inward strategy, centralizing their activities around members, with a networking strategy , pooling some services and developing partnerships with local or other nearby CSs. Furthermore, CSs in peri -central neighbourhoods are the most vulnerable and have adopted retraction strategies. In contrast, CSs located in low accessibility districts outside the agglomeration adopt an expansion strategy, opening new branches near suburban residential areas to attract nearby workers. As hybrid work evolves, these results can help urban planners better understand the location rationales of CSs, how they adapt, and to what extent they bring added value to local urban development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), historically subdivided into Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, is a very heterogeneous condition. While the tendency in medicine is to try to reduce complexity, IBD is a disease that cannot justify a one-size-fits-all principle. Our current clinical classification tools are suboptimal and need further refinement to capture, at least in part, the variety of phenotypes encountered in daily clinical practice. Although these revised classification tools alone will not be sufficient and should be complemented by more detailed molecular subclassifications, optimized clinical phenotypes can contribute to improved trial designs, future translational research approaches, and better treatment outcomes. In the current review, we discuss key clinical features important in IBD disease heterogeneity, tackle limitations of the current classification systems, propose some potential improvements, and raise priorities for future research in this domain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cities struggle to balance vitality and livability, and noise is at the center of many of these debates. Preconceived ideas on the sonic expectations and needs of groups of city users can be misleading, particularly in entertainment districts such as the Quartier des Spectacles in Montreal (CA). We investigated what life was like in QDS for its year-round users during the 2019 festival season (the last before the COVID-19 pandemic), building on insights from residents, workers and visitors collected through online surveys. Respondents described an overall positive view of their district marked by a diversity of experiences and frustrations, with subtle intragroup differences between residents and workers. Age was an important variable framing these experiences, but unexpectedly, older respondents enjoyed their life in QDS just as much as younger users. Dissatisfaction with residing or working in QDS was rarely geared toward the frequency or loudness of festivals, but rather to other everyday life situations. Emergent from the data, we argued for the development of soundscape personas to refer to typologies of users whose experiences differ in terms of sonic priorities and evaluations. Our findings could inform strategies for organizing large events in urban areas, maintaining an awareness of diversity of users. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Property relations in 1980s Montreal were a venue of struggle and change. In this period, a well-organized tenants' movement and the election of progressive governments spawned a series of legal and policy changes that strengthened tenants' rights in the city. During the same period, however, an emerging police, government and media discourse cast Black communities as criminal 'ghettos', and a variety of mechanisms, including new policies meant to protect tenants' rights, were used to evict criminalized Black tenants. Guided by recent work on property and Black geographies, respectively, this article examines how racial subjects are constituted in struggles over tenants' rights. The racial limits of tenants' rights in Montreal, it argues, are traceable to the socio-spatial relations of slavery and the intensifying criminalization of Black life in the 1980s, each of which nullified Black spatial belonging in the city. The tenant, the article concludes, is never just a tenant, but also a racial subject – a subject formed at the edges of blackness. In a terrain forged by slavery and its afterlives, the possibility of expansive tenants' rights presupposes a right systemically denied in advance for Black people in the Americas: the right to exist here in the first place. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Health History is the property of University of Toronto Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The 1969 Sir George Williams computer centre occupation has always felt like a secret, or underground, history, with whose protection Black Montreal has been entrusted. It is underground because it is often buried by mainstream Quebec history. When the FLQ (Front de libération du Québec), Quebec nationalism, and the October Crisis of 1970 are discussed, little or no reference is made to the occupation. That omission is telling, because people of my generation have grown up hearing about those events as centrepieces of "recent" Canadian history, and because, at the very least, the occupation shares the timeline. The occupation, in fact, preceded the October Crisis, and there is anecdotal evidence of a kind of cultural overlap. As a Black writer in Quebec, I am attracted to minor characters and suppressed histories, and this informs part of my interest in the occupation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the 1990s and early 2000s, the Montreal hardcore scene was a vibrant, thriving and dynamic subculture with a strong sense of community. The generational and cyclical nature of such scenes has led, over the past two decades, to a significant crowd turnover with older people leaving and newcomers taking over. However, through the emergence of an Instagram account created by a man named Andy Chico Mak, its past memories are resurfacing. The recent dissemination of the Bone in the Throat series on social media, along with other archives including flyers, interviews and never-seen-before footage from the era, sparks a series of questions regarding the role and impact of archiving subcultures. Since the archival turn in social sciences, archives are considered as a reflexive and constitutive process of identity building and collective memory creating. In the case of subcultures, often overlooked by official heritage institutions, the importance of understanding archives as a site of cultural production is paramount. The collection and preservation of self-produced documents is key to scholars in order to understand the social and political dynamics at the heart of those communities. This article analyses the impact of years of video archives, gathered and organized through the work of Andy Chico Mak, in the process allowing the creation of collective memory and the development of 'scene identity'. By relating to contemporary conversations about archiving subcultures, it also provides insight into the impact of new technologies and the creation of 'subcultural collective memory'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Urban History Review / Revue d'Histoire Urbaine is the property of University of Toronto Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Urban History Review / Revue d'Histoire Urbaine is the property of University of Toronto Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Urban History Review / Revue d'Histoire Urbaine is the property of University of Toronto Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

It is largely consented that the bicycle is a sustainable mobility alternative in the city. Despite its many benefits, cycling comprises risks of injury or death. Among others, these risks are a result of unsafe overtaking manoeuvres performed by motorized vehicles against cyclists. This study aims to identify the characteristics of the road network and traffic influencing the lateral distance and duration of overtaking. Using bicycles equipped with distance sensors, GPS, and cameras, four cyclists covered 1689 km in Montréal. Hence, 3591 overtakings were identified with an average distance of 176 cm; 111 overtaking manoeuvres took place at distances less than 1 m, resulting in an unsafe event for every 32 overtakings. On average, the duration of an overtaking was 1.082 s and dangerous overtakings (less than one metre) lasted 0.57 s more than safe overtakings (one metre and over). A generalized additive logit model (GAM) is built to predict the likelihood of a dangerous lateral passing (less than 1 m). The results show that in taking a major route, the presence of parked vehicles and the time required for overtaking significantly increase the probability of experiencing a dangerous overtaking. However, the participant, type of vehicle, or presence of a bike lane have no significant effect. Therefore, the results demonstrate the importance of keeping cyclists isolated from traffic. Furthermore, providing a bike path along parking spaces seems to be a solution that does not enhance cyclist safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In mid-1930, the Yiddish novelist, playwright, poet, journalist, and world traveller Leib Malach visited Montreal to attend the dedication of a new home for the Jewish Public Library. He then sent the Buenos Aires Yiddish daily Di Prese a three-part travelogue devoted to: Social, cultural, and linguistic conditions in Montreal and the Province of Quebec; the Jewish School Question in Montreal; and Yiddish culture in Montreal. By making implicit comparisons between the two deeply Catholic, but very different societies of Argentina and Quebec, Malach’s travelogue held up a mirror to his intended readership in South America. Quebec’s proximity to the United States and Canada’s status as a British Dominion suggested one point of contrast with Argentina. The long-festering Jewish School Question crystallized the colliding issues of religious confession, public policy, and provincial and internal Jewish community politics in Quebec, which lacked obvious parallels in Argentina. Descriptions of the Yiddish cultural milieu of Montreal offered oblique comparisons with conditions prevailing in the larger Yiddish-speaking community of Buenos Aires. This essay thus attempts to situate Malach’s Montreal travelogue within the frameworks of Canadian and Latin American Jewish Studies, along with transnational Yiddish Studies. En 1930, le romancier, dramaturge, poète, journaliste et globe-trotter yiddish Leib Malach s’est rendu à Montréal pour assister à l’inauguration de la nouvelle bibliothèque publique juive. Il a ensuite envoyé au quotidien yiddish Di Prese de Buenos Aires un récit de voyage en trois parties consacrées aux conditions sociales, culturelles et linguistiques à Montréal et dans la province de Québec, à la question des écoles juives à Montréal, et à la culture yiddish à Montréal. En établissant des comparaisons implicites entre les deux sociétés profondément catholiques, mais très différentes, de l’Argentine et du Québec, le carnet de voyage de Malach tendait un miroir à ses lecteurs d’Amérique du Sud. La proximité du Québec avec les ÉtatsUnis et le statut du Canada en tant que dominion britannique suggèrent un point de contraste avec l’Argentine. La question de l’éducation juive, qui perdure depuis longtemps, cristallise les enjeux de la confession religieuse, de la politique publique et de la politique provinciale et interne de la communauté juive au Québec, qui n’ont pas de parallèles évidents en Argentine. Les descriptions du milieu culturel yiddish de Montréal offraient des comparaisons indirectes avec les conditions prévalant dans la grande communauté yiddishophone de Buenos Aires. Cet essai tente donc de situer le récit de voyage de Malach à Montréal dans le cadre des études juives canadiennes et latino-américaines, ainsi que des études yiddish transnationales.

Waterfront redevelopment is one of the main categories of urban project in major cities since the 1980s. However, waterfronts are faced with issues of fragmented land ownership and a lack of integration with other central neighbourhoods. Using Montreal's waterfront as a case study, this paper shows how the governance framework of urban design may undermine their integration. The observation of user behaviour within public spaces offers a new perspective for the redesign of these links between neighbourhoods, and seeks to contribute to a vision of waterfront precincts beyond the limits imposed by administrative constraints. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The amalgamation of the City of Montreal in 2002 required hard work to harmonize tax practices and decentralize local functions to newly amalgamated cities and historic neighbourhoods suddenly transformed into boroughs. The 2006 de-amalgamation added another level of complexity in the governance structure of the city, leading to the creation of the agglomeration. Using data from budgets and financial statements produced over the last municipalités et ministères au Québec sur ces enjeux. ORCID : 0000-0002-8792-2344 twenty years, this article analyzes the evolution of fiscal centralization and decentralization processes that occurred through structures like the agglomeration and the boroughs of the City of Montreal. The analysis shows that the harmonization of tax rates within the new amalgamated city took place on a short period. The divergence in tax rates that remains in 2021 is mainly due to differences in the boroughs' tax rates. The use of these taxes has contributed to increasing the boroughs' financial autonomy. But their budgetary weight within the city steadily decreased over this period, showing a trend towards centralization. At the agglomeration level, financial indicators have been relatively stable since 2006. Our analysis shows that changes in governance structures have however enabled the City of Montreal to improve its relative position among the municipalities of the island of Montreal since the 2002 amalgamation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While the concept of an ecological transition is still being defined through an ambiguous process, it also becomes an increasingly urgent municipal governance issue. In places where this governance is multiscalar and the responsibilities are shared among a number of juris- dictions, the absence of a stable and operational definition of a transition adds to the chal- lenge of defining and implementing effective interventions. This paper presents the results of a partnership research with the borough of Rosemont--La Petite-Patrie, in Montreal, that aimed at tackling two questions : "what is an ecological transition at an infra municipal level ?" and "how can it be implemented ?" The analysis of our partner's documents and interven- tions led to the creation of two typologies. The first typology classifies the topics with the concept of ecological transition, while the second identifies the policy instruments used to act on these topics. The results led us to identify three challenges related to the inframuni- cipal governance of ecological transition : conciliating the living environment-focused approach of the borough and the principles of a just transition, finding new levers for shared responsibility issues, and applying incitative tools and planning regulations (discretionary and/or regulatory) more thoroughly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Lublin Studies in Modern Languages & Literature / Lubelskie Materialy Neofilologiczne is the property of Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Department of German & Applied Linguistics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Thanks to numerous immigrants moving to Montreal, the city has become very favorable to a meeting of cultures and individuals among which many artists of Jewish origin. Those who seek to integrate into the new society go through an often painful journey complicated by the feeling of loneliness, the effort to belong to the community, the desire for love and fulfillment, as well as the dark past common to the entire Jewish world of Eastern Europe. All these features are present in two Montreal novels: Régine Robin’s La Québécoite and Naïm Kattan’s La Célébration. Two facets of sadness will be analysed: melancholy and nostalgia.

After a literature review of space, urbanity, and religion, this article identifies some descriptive categories and analytical frameworks to theorize problems faced by religious minorities, especially Muslims, in obtaining space for their cemeteries and places of worship. A second section focuses on debates and an analysis related to these themes in the province of Quebec (Canada), especially in the City of Montreal, showing that while spatial dimensions rarely constitute an analytical category, this aspect is nevertheless a continual source of tension. The article illustrates how dysfunctional administrative processes have dominated the public scene in recent years. A case study shows how a few actors are exploiting provincial regulations in order to oppose public decisions that seek to accommodate the needs of Muslims, using a process for approving amendments to zoning bylaws by way of referendum. After a brief examination of the case related to a Muslim cemetery in a village near Quebec City, to shed light on the recent debates surrounding regulations, the article analyzes the decision-making process resulting in a failure to modify zoning regulations in order to welcome new places of worship in a borough of Montreal. While analyzing administrative and legal aspects, the article also exposes the complexity of the social and spatial dynamics at stake. Our conclusion is that any successful public policy on diversity must employ multilayered strategies, particularly to support space regulations with foundational intercultural and interreligious initiatives. It also brings attention to the perverse effect of some local participatory procedures, whereby a few actors maneuver to mobilize citizens, in order to resist the religious pluralization of space.

According to the World Health Organization, high levels of exposure to road traffic noise are associated with adverse health effects. Earlier studies suggest that cyclists are exposed to higher noise levels than motorists. Other studies have demonstrated that cyclists’ exposure to noise could vary significantly according to their routes. The aim of this study is to compare cyclists’ exposure to noise and their determinants in three cities. Three participants cycled equipped with noise dosimeters and GPS watches: 1823, 967, and 1362 km in Copenhagen, Paris, and Montreal, respectively. We fitted three generalized additive mixed model with an autoregressive term models to predict the cyclists’ exposure to noise according to the type of route and bicycle infrastructure after controlling for the day of the week, as well as spatial and temporal trends. The overall noise means were 73.4, 70.7, and 68.4 dB(A) in Paris, Montreal, and Copenhagen, respectively. The exposure to road traffic noise is strongly associated with the type of bicycle infrastructure taken by the cyclist; riding on a cycleway significantly decreases it, while riding in a shared lane has no impact. Our findings demonstrate that it is possible to achieve a substantial reduction in cyclists′ exposure by adopting new practices that include noise exposure in the planning of future cycling infrastructure.

La fusion de la Ville de Montréal en 2002 a exigé un travail colossal pour harmoniser les pratiques fiscales et piloter la décentralisation des fonctions de proximité vers les villes fusionnées et les quartiers soudainement transformés en arrondissements. La défusion survenue en 2006 est venue ajouter un élément de complexité en reconfigurant les structures de gouvernance, notamment par la création de l’agglomération. Cet article explore l’évolution des processus de centralisation et de décentralisation financières au sein des structures centralisée (l’agglomération) et décentralisées (les arrondissements) de la Ville de Montréal à l’aide de données issues des budgets et des états financiers des vingt dernières années. L’analyse permet de constater que l’harmonisation des taux de taxation au sein de la nouvelle ville fusionnée s’est effectuée rapidement. La divergence dans les taux qui subsiste en 2021 découle essentiellement d’écarts dans les taux des taxes d’arrondissement. L’utilisation de ces taxes a permis d’accroître l’autonomie financière des arrondissements. Leur poids budgétaire dans les finances de la Ville a toutefois diminué constamment au cours de la période, marquant une tendance à la centralisation. Au niveau de l’agglomération, les indicateurs financiers sont relativement stables depuis 2006. Notre analyse montre que les changements dans les structures de gouvernance ont tout de même permis à la Ville de Montréal de s’extirper d’une situation qui semblait lui être désavantageuse sur l’île de Montréal avant la fusion de 2002.

Bien que la notion de transition écologique continue aujourd’hui à faire l’objet d’un processus de définition qui est loin d’être univoque, elle devient un enjeu de gouvernance municipale de plus en plus urgent. Dans les nombreuses situations où cette gouvernance est organisée de manière multiscalaire entre différents ordres de gouvernement ayant un certain nombre de compétences partagées, le problème de l’inexistence d’une définition stabilisée et opérationnelle de la transition se double du défi de l’identification et de la mise en oeuvre des actions à entreprendre. Cet article présente les résultats d’une recherche partenariale effectuée avec l’Arrondissement de Rosemont–La Petite-Patrie à Montréal autour de deux questions principales, à savoir « qu’est-ce que la transition écologique à l’échelle inframunicipale ? » et « comment la mettre en oeuvre ? ». L’analyse des documents et des interventions de ce partenaire a, entre autres, mené à la création de deux typologies : l’une sur les thématiques abordées et l’autre sur les types d’instruments utilisés. Les résultats ainsi obtenus permettent d’identifier trois défis pouvant être associés à cette gouvernance inframunicipale de la transition écologique, soit de concilier l’approche par les milieux de vie et la transition juste, de trouver des leviers pour les enjeux à responsabilité distribuée et de miser davantage sur les instruments réglementaires et incitatifs.

The creative economy has put back at the heart of urban development discourse concerning the proximity and local specificities of neighbourhoods and their communities, in order to attract businesses and skilled workers. Our research focuses on the role of urban planning facing the issue of consumption and the renewal of territorial resources. This issue concerns some post-industrial neighbourhoods where creative economy firms and tactical urbanism projects are located. Our analysis is based on semi-structured interviews with creative industry managers, tactical urbanism instigators and urban and economic development actors, as well as on a documentary analysis of reports from the Saint-Viateur Est district revitalization commitee. The results show the consumption and renewal dynamics emerging from the relations between Ubisoft, a global leader in the video game industry, and tactical urbanism instigators, and the role urban planning is playing in this process from the standpoint of certain innovative practices.