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This study introduces a novel computational framework for Robust Topology Optimization (RTO) considering imprecise random field parameters. Unlike the worst-case approach, the present method provides upper and lower bounds for the mean and standard deviation of compliance as well as the optimized topological layouts of a structure for various scenarios. In the proposed approach, the imprecise random field variables are determined utilizing parameterized p-boxes with different confidence intervals. The Karhunen-Lo\`eve (K-L) expansion is extended to provide a spectral description of the imprecise random field. The linear superposition method in conjunction with a linear combination of orthogonal functions is employed to obtain explicit mathematical expressions for the first and second order statistical moments of the structural compliance. Then, an interval sensitivity analysis is carried out, applying the Orthogonal Similarity Transformation (OST) method with the boundaries of each of the intermediate variable searched efficiently at every iteration using a Combinatorial Approach (CA). Finally, the validity, accuracy, and applicability of the work are rigorously checked by comparing the outputs of the proposed approach with those obtained using the particle swarm optimization (PSO) and Quasi-Monte-Carlo Simulation (QMCS) methods. Three different numerical examples with imprecise random field loads are presented to show the effectiveness and feasibility of the study.

Background: A child’s temperament could have an influence on his/her behaviour in the dental environment. This review aims to present the main temperament surveys and their clinical use and to discuss the relationship between certain temperament dimensions and Dental Behaviour Management Problems (DBMP). Methods: A literature search was conducted in Medline/PubMed, ScienceDirect, Wiley Online Library and Cochrane library electronic databases for publications, up to June 2022, investigating the link between child’s temperament and DBMP. Results: From 733 potentially eligible studies, 12 were included in qualitative synthesis. Conclusion: According to studies using the Child Behaviour Questionnaire (CBQ) scale, the most impactful dimensions are activity, extraversion and surgency, high-intensity pleasure and attention control. For those using the Emotionality–Activity–Sociability (EAS) scale, emotionality and shyness have a statistically significant positive linear correlation with dental anxiety and DBMP. It has yet to be determined whether the use and interpretation of these questionnaires can be carried out in a daily clinical situation as an aid to sharpen the indications for the several levels of sedation.

BACKGROUND: Spirulina platensis contains a large amount of chlorophylls, chlorophyll a, that are starting materials to synthesize functionalized chlorins. Chlorin e6 (Ce6) as well as its derivatives are second generation sensitizers using in photodynamic therapy (PDT) of various cancers. In this study, we transfer chlorophyll a of S. platensis to Ce6derivatives and determine their several applications. AIM: to evaluate the effects of Ce6 derivatives to treat cancer cells. METHODS: Ce6 trimethylester was created from methyl pheophorbide a2 in S. platensis provided by the Hidumi Company, Nghe An province, Viet Nam. Hela cells were incubated with Ce6 trimethylester and the irradiated with the diode laser dose of 1.2 J/cm2/min through the system of filters £ 650 nm. MTT assay and clonogenic assay were used to determine survival rate and cloning efficiency of cells. Antimicrobial effect of Ce6 trimethylester with halogen light were studied with Propionibacterium acnes VTCC 0218 and Staphylococcus aureus VTCC 0173. RESULTS: From dry biomass (700 g) of S. platensis, after extracting chlorophyll a and methanolysis, 4.2 g of methyl pheophorbide a was obtained. The reaction to give Ce6 trimethylester with 82% yield was performed with potassium hydroxide (KOH) in MeOH/THF/CHCl3. After irradiation with a 650 nm laser at 1.2 J, the cell viability in all samples decreased with Ce6 trimethylester treatment, the survival declining trend of Hela cells treated with Ce6 trimethylester were proportional when concentration of Ce6 trimethylester increased. The rate of colony formation was declined as the concentration of Ce6 trimethylester treated was increased. The growth of both S. aureus and P. acnes can be inactivated by Ce6 trimethylester PDT. The MIC99 value against P. acnes VTCC 0218 and S. aureus VTCC 0173 of Ce6 trimethylester with halogen light was 1.25 μg/ml. CONCLUSION: The Ce6 trimethylester from S. platensis cultivated in Viet Nam could be used as a potential photosentizer for photodynamic therapy for treatment of cancer and acne.

Curcuma aromatica, the herbal medicine belongs to Zingiberaceae family, is well known for anti-tumor activity through multiple pathways and a potential candidate for complementary medicine in cancer treatment. The aims of this study were to distinguish between Curcuma species based on polymorphisms of the nucleotide sequence of chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) and preliminarily analyze their potential-anticancer compounds. Totally six samples supposed C. aromatica growing in An Giang province, Vietnam were collected. The contents of curcumin, curdione, and germacrone in the six samples were analyzed and compared by using the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. All specimens were identified according to their trnSfMintergenic spacer sequences by Sanger sequencing. Among the six samples, three were determined as C. aromatica, two were C. longa, and one was C. zedoaria. Curcumin, curdione, and germacrone, known as anticancer compounds, were simultaneously found in sample NT3 that identified as C. aromatica by Sanger sequencing. The obtained results revealed a potential herbal candidate for complementary and alternative medicine.

Introduction: Ginger has had a long history of use in healthcare in Asian countries, including Vietnam. Internationally, there have been a few studies done to assess the anticancer activity and potency of ginger. In this study, we investigated the activity (cytotoxicity) of various ginger root extracts that were produced by different preparation methods on human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line (HepG2 cell line). Methods: Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) root extract were extracted from the fresh ginger roots by three methods, which included maceration (G1), Soxhlet (G3), and ultrasonic (G5) methods. The extracts were then evaluated for cytotoxic activity on HepG2 hepatocellular carcinoma cell line based on IC50 calculation. The most potent extract was then evaluated for its cytotoxicity by Propidium iodide (PI) staining method and microscopic examination by fluorescence microscopy for both 2D and 3D culture conditions. After treatment, cells were also stained with Annexin-V to assess the apoptosis-inducing ability of the extract. Results: The results showed that the ginger root extract prepared by the Soxhlet method (G3) had the strongest activity, and showed significant differences compared to extracts from methods G1 and G5, on the hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines cultured in both 2D and 3D conditions. Indeed, the IC50 value of ginger root extract of the G3 was 83.3 +/- 0.9189 ug/ml, compared to 159 +/- 7.6 ug/ml of G1, and 284 +/- 5.116 ug/ml of G5 in 2D culture latform; the IC50 value was 228 +/- 33.52 ug/ml for G3 compared to 341+/- 3.93 ug/ml for G1, and 603.7 +/- 56.33 ug/ml for G5 in 3D culture platform. The results of PI staining of cells in 2D and 3D culture conditions showed that ginger root extract killed HepG2 cells in a concentration-dependent manner. The nuclei of HepG2 cells in 2D culture showed nuclear fragmentation when treated with ginger root extract; this is one of the apoptosis indicators. Moreover, Annexin-V staining results showed that HepG2 cells underwent apoptosis when treated with ginger root extract. Conclusion: The results of the study show that ginger root extract prepared by the Soxhlet method induced strong cytotoxicity of hepatocellular carcinoma cells cultured in both 2D and 3D conditions, through induction of apoptosis. The evidence suggests that ginger is a potential agent for anticancer therapy. It is necessary to perform further research to isolate compounds from fresh ginger root extract by the Soxhlet method to evaluate the mechanism of anti-tumor activity.

BACKGROUND: Lung cancer screening trials generally enroll motivated, relatively healthy, and adherent populations. We therefore evaluated the prevalence and effects of comorbidities in a real-world population undergoing low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) scans. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We calculated the Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) of patients for whom an initial low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) for lung cancer screening was ordered between February 2017 and February 2019 in an integrated safety-net healthcare system. We examined the association between CCI and initial LDCT completion using multivariable logistic regression, assessed the association between specific medical comorbidity and LDCT completion using Chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test as appropriate, and examined the association between CCI and LDCT Lung-RADS results using Fisher’s exact test. RESULTS: A total of 1,358 patients were included in the analysis. Mean age was 63 years, 57% were women, and 50% were Black. Patients had moderate comorbidity burden (median CCI 3) with chronic pulmonary disease the most common comorbidity. Overall, 943 LDCT (70%) were completed. There was no difference in 30-day, 90-day, or 1-year completion rates of initial LDCT according to CCI. However, 30-day LDCT completion rates did increase over time (P

Background Integral membrane protein 2A (ITM2A) is a transmembrane protein whose function is not well described. This target was identified as highly enriched in human brain vs peripheral endothelial cells by transcriptomic and proteomic studies during the European Collaboration on the Optimization of Macromolecular Pharmaceutical Innovative Medicines Initiative (COMPACT IMI) consortium. The object of the present paper is to report the work we have undertaken to characterize this protein as a potential brain delivery target. Methods A series of ITM2A constructs, cell lines and specific anti-human and mouse ITM2A antibodies were generated. Binding and internalization in Human Embryonic Kidney 293 (HEK293) cells overexpressing ITM2A and in brain microvascular endothelial cells from mouse and non-human primate (NHP) were performed with these tools. The best antibody was evaluated in an in vitro human blood brain barrier (BBB) model and in a mouse in vivo pharmacokinetic study to validate blood brain barrier crossing. Results Antibodies specifically recognizing extracellular parts of ITM2A or tags inserted in its extracellular domain showed selective binding and uptake in ITM2A-expressing cells. However, despite high RNA expression in mouse and human microvessels, this protein, is rapidly downregulated upon endothelial cells culture, probably explaining why transcytosis could not be evidenced in vitro. An attempt to directly demonstrate in vivo transcytosis in mice turned out unconvincing, using a cross reactive anti ITM2A antibody on one hand and in vivo phage panning of an anti ITM2A phage library on the other hand. Conclusions The present article describes the work we have undertaken to explore the potential of ITM2A as target to mediate transcytosis through BBB. This work highlights the multiple challenges linked to the identification of new brain delivery targets.

Background: Nanocovax is a recombinant severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 subunit vaccine composed of full-length prefusion stabilized recombinant SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoproteins (S-2P) and aluminum hydroxide adjuvant. Methods: We conducted a dose-escalation, open label trial (phase 1) and a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial (phase 2) to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of the Nanocovax vaccine (in 25 microgram (mcg), 50 mcg, and 75 mcg doses, aluminum hydroxide adjuvanted). In phase 1, 60 participants received two intramuscular injection of the vaccine following dose-escalation procedure. The primary outcomes were reactogenicity and laboratory tests to evaluate the vaccine safety. In phase 2 which involved in 560 healthy adults, the primary outcomes are vaccine safety, and anti-S IgG antibody response. Secondary outcomes were surrogate virus neutralization, wild-type SARS-CoV-2 neutralization, and T-cell responses by intracellular staining (ICS) for interferon gamma (IFNg). Anti-S IgG and neutralizing antibody levels were compared with convalescent serum samples from symptomatic Covid-19 patients. Findings: For phase 1 study, no serious adverse events (SAE) were observed for all 60 participants. Most adverse events (AE) were grade 1 and disappeared shortly after injection. For phase 2 study, after randomization, 480 participants were assigned to receive the vaccine with adjuvant, and 80 participants were assigned to receive placebo. Reactogenicity was absent or mild in the majority of participants and of short duration (mean ≤3 days). Unsolicited adverse events were mild in most participants. There were no serious adverse events related to Nanocovax. Regarding the immunogenicity, Nanocovax induced robust anti-S antibody responses. In general, there humoral responses were similar among vaccine groups up to day 90. Anti S-IgG levels and neutralizing antibody titers at the peak response on day 42 were all higher than those of convalescent sera. Interpretation: Up to day 90, Nanocovax was found to be safe, well tolerated, and induced robust immune responses. 25 mcg was selected for a phase 3 trial to evaluate the vaccine efficacy. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT04683484. NCT04683484, registration date in clinicaltrial.gov is Dec24, 2020, We has started our Phase 1 clinical trial in Vietnam on Dec 17, 2020, Funding: Research funded by Nanogen Pharmaceutical Biotechnology JSC., and the Ministry of Science and Technology of Vietnam Declaration of Interest: The following authors Thuy Phuong Nguyen, Hiep Khong, Tri Minh Le, Tuyen Thi Ngoc Trang, Thanh Thi Dinh, Thuong Van Vo, Thao Thi Thu Vu, Quynh Bao Phuong Nguyen, Vuong Tan Phan, Vinh The Tran, Mai Thi Nhu Tran, Truc Thi Thanh Nguyen, Phat Tan Ha, Hieu Trong Huynh, Khanh Duy Nguyen, Chung Chinh Doan, Thuan Trong Ung, Si Minh Do are employees of Nanogen Pharmaceutical Biotechnology JSC. All other authors declare no competing interests. Ethical Approval: The trials were designed and funded by Nanogen Pharmaceutical Biotechnology JSC and the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) of Vietnam. The trial protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee/Protocol Review Board of the Ministry of Health (Vietnam)

A new menthane-type monoterpene, alpigalanol ( 1 ), together with four known terpenes ( 2 - 5 ) were isolated from the ethyl acetate soluble fraction of the 70% ethanol extract of the Alpinia galanga rhizomes. The structure of 1 was determined by spectroscopic analyses, including 1D- and 2D-NMR. The extract of the A. galanga rhizomes and all isolated compounds ( 1 - 5 ) possessed Vpr inhibitory activities against the TREx-HeLa-Vpr cells at a concentration of 1.25 μM without showing any cytotoxicity.

Three new flavanols, (2R,3S)-7-methoxy-flavan-3-ol (1), (2R,3S)-7-hydroxy-flavan-3-ol (2), and (2R,3S)-2′-hydroxy-7-methoxy-flavan-3-ol (3), together with two known flavans (4 and 5), were isolated from the chloroform extract of Crinum asiaticum. Their structures were elucidated by various spectroscopic methods, including 1D and 2D NMR, HR-ESI-MS, and CD data. The isolated compounds 1 and 3−5 showed inhibitory activity toward LPS-induced nitric oxide (NO) production. Further investigation of the NF-κB pathway mechanisms indicated that 1 and 3−5 inhibited the LPS-induced IL-6 production and p65 subunit phosphorylation of NF-κB in RAW264.7 cells, with an effective dose of 10 µM.

(1) Background: Wounds with damages to the subcutaneous are difficult to regenerate because of the tissue damages and complications such as bacterial infection. (2) Methods: In this study, we created burn wounds on pigs and investigated the efficacy of three biomaterials: polycaprolactone-gelatin-silver membrane (PCLGelAg) and two commercial burn dressings, Aquacel® Ag and UrgoTulTM silver sulfadiazine. In vitro long-term antibacterial property and in vivo wound healing performance were investigated. Agar diffusion assays were employed to evaluate bacterial inhibition at different time intervals. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) and time-kill assays were used to compare antibacterial strength among samples. Second-degree burn wounds in the pig model were designed to evaluate the efficiency of all dressings in supporting the wound healing process. (3) Results: The results showed that PCLGelAg membrane was the most effective in killing both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria bacteria with the lowest MBC value. All three dressings (PCLGelAg, Aquacel, and UrgoTul) exhibited bactericidal effect during the first 24 h, supported wound healing as well as prevented infection and inflammation. (4) Conclusions: The results suggest that the PCLGelAg membrane is a practical solution for the treatment of severe burn injury and other infection-related skin complications.

Background: Pemphigus is a group of rare, life-threatening bullous autoimmune diseases that affect the skin and mucous membranes and are associated with high morbidity and morbidity. HLA class II genes, particularly HLA-DRB1 and HLA-DQB1, play roles in pemphigus. Objectives: To investigate the susceptibility of HLA class II DRB1 and DQB1 alleles in Vietnamese patients with pemphigus vulgaris (PV) or pemphigus foliaceus (PF). Methods: The study enrolled 31 participants (22 with PV, 9 with PF) with diagnoses confirmed by clinical manifestations, histopathology, and direct immunofluorescence from November 2019 to June 2020. The HLA polymorphisms were determined by Sanger sequencing. The HLA-DRB1 and HLA-DQB1 profiles of the 101 healthy individuals in the control group have been published previously. Results: The frequencies of HLA-DRB1*14, DRB1*13:07, DRB1*04:04, DRB1*03:02, DQB1*02:02, and DQB1*05:03 were significantly higher, whereas those of DRB1*09:01, DRB1*12:02, DQB1*03:03, DQB1*05:01, and DQB1*06:01 were significantly lower, in the PV group than in the controls. The frequencies of DRB1*14:54, DRB1*13:07, and HLA-DQB1*03:02 were significantly higher in the PF group than in the controls. Conclusions: Alleles HLA-DRB1*14:54, DRB1*14:04, DRB1*14:03, DRB1*14:01, DRB1*14:12, DRB1*13:07, DRB1*04:04, DRB1*03:02, DQB1*02:02, and DQB1*05:03 were associated with an increased risk of PV, whereas alleles DRB1*09:01, DRB1*12:02, DQB1*03:03, DQB1*05:01, and DQB1*06:01 might protect against PV. In PF, DRB1*14:54, DRB1*13:07, and HLADQB1* 03:02 are promising susceptibility alleles.

Targeted therapy with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) provides survival benefits to a majority of patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, resistance to TKI almost always develops after treatment. Although genetic and epigenetic alterations have each been shown to drive resistance to TKI in cell line models, clinical evidence for their contribution in the acquisition of resistance remains limited. Here, we employed liquid biopsy for simultaneous analysis of genetic and epigenetic changes in 122 Vietnamese NSCLC patients undergoing TKI therapy and displaying acquired resistance. We detected multiple profiles of resistance mutations in 51 patients (41.8%). Of those, genetic alterations in EGFR, particularly EGFR amplification (n = 6), showed pronounced genome instability and genome-wide hypomethylation. Interestingly, the level of hypomethylation was associated with the duration of response to TKI treatment. We also detected hypermethylation in regulatory regions of Homeobox genes which are known to be involved in tumor differentiation. In contrast, such changes were not observed in cases with MET (n = 4) and HER2 (n = 4) amplification. Thus, our study showed that liquid biopsy could provide important insights into the heterogeneity of TKI resistance mechanisms in NSCLC patients, providing essential information for prediction of resistance and selection of subsequent treatment.

The paper describes a support tool for a technique that alleviates the notorious state space explosion problem in model checking. The technique is called the L + 1-layer divide & conquer approach to leads-to model checking. As indicated by the name, the technique is dedicated to leads- to properties. In a temporal logic called UNITY designed by Chandy and Misra, the leads-to temporal connective plays an important role and many case studies have been conducted in UNITY, demonstrating that many systems requirements can be expressed as leads-to properties. Hence, it is worth dedicating to the properties. The paper also reports on some experiments that demonstrate that the tool can alleviate the state space explosion problem to some extent.

This paper describes the analysis of interior ballistics of 9x19 mm Luger cartridge using the Monte Carlo method. Varieties of input data are changed pseudo-random following a certain distribution function. The number of iterations was determined based on the stability of the output data, which are the initial velocity of the bullet and maximum pressure of gases in the barrel bore. Based on the analysis of output data, the tolerances of inputs (risk variables) were determined. For the 9x19 mm Luger cartridge, the number of iterations 2 000 was taken; if the tolerance of maximal pressure is 1 0%, the tolerance of propellant’s mass has to be lower than 4 % within the tolerance of 3 % for all other risk variables; if the tolerance of initial velocity is 3 %, the tolerance of projectile’s mass has to be lower than 4 % (resp. m q =8± 0. 16g) within the tolerance of 3 % for all other risk variables. The research method in this paper can be used in the development of a new cartridge.

Phenolic resin can be formed from the powder of cashew nut shell waste (CNSW), phenoland sulfuric acid. In this study, the powder of CNSW, phenol and sulfuric acid were mixed withvarious ratios in the reactions for formation of phenolic resin at 150oC during 180 minutes. Theformation of phenolic resin was evaluated by the non-reactive residue of CNSW, which was used tofind the best composition. The molecular mass and the separation of the constituents in the sampleswere also identified by gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The samples with optimizedcomposition were characterized molecular structures and functional groups using Fourier transforminfrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR).

Purpose: Retinoblastoma (RB) is a rare childhood malignant disorder caused by the biallelic inactivation of the RB1 gene. Early diagnosis and identification of carriers of heritable mutations in RB1 can improve disease outcome and management. In this study, we present the spectrum of mutations in the RB1 gene in Vietnamese patients with RB. Methods: Tumor RNA from 50 probands with RB, including 12 bilateral and 38 unilateral cases, was extracted. cDNA, after reverse transcription, was sequenced to identify the RNA mutation of the RB1 gene. At the genomic DNA level, mutational analysis of all RB1 exons, exon–intron boundaries, and the promoter region was conducted using PCR and direct sequencing. Multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) analysis was performed for patients for whom the first two results were negative. For patients for whom either the sequencing or MLPA results were positive for a tumor mutation, patients’ and their parents’ blood DNA was analyzed to determine the germline mutation. Results: Forty-one different kinds of RB1 tumor mutations were identified in 41 probands (82.0%), including 11 of 12 bilateral cases (91.7%) and 30 of 38 unilateral cases (78.9%). The majority of the detected mutations were nonsense (15 different kinds), followed by frameshift (11 kinds), and splice site mutations (nine kinds). Each splice site mutation was confirmed to create a deletion of the corresponding exon with RNA sequencing. The single promoter mutation c.-197G>A was reported previously; however, both missense mutations identified in exon 6 (c.601G>C: p.A201P) and exon 22 (c.2264T>C: p.F755S) were novel. Gross deletions were detected with MLPA in three probands. The detection rate of germline mutations in bilateral and unilateral cases with mutations were 81.8% and 30.0%, respectively. Only one father out of the 20 parents tested was positive for a germline mutation. Conclusions: Mutations in the RB1 gene in Vietnamese patients were heterogeneous and highly prevalent with pathogenic truncated mutations. With advancement in therapeutics, early detection of RB is important for eye salvation.

This study conducted a series of laboratory experiments and established numerical models on selected undisturbed soil samples in the Red River Delta (RRD) to determine the effect of change in soils...

Methane (CH4) emission from the aquatic environment is considered as one of the sources of greenhouse gas contributes significantly important to the global warming. For measuring continuously the methane emission from the water-atmospheric interface an automatic sampling and measurement system using floating chamber integrated methane sensor (Automated Floating Chamber integrated Methane Sensor - AFCMS) has been fabricated including the control and PIC datalogger boards with a lower cost than a commercial product. The floating chamber integrated a methane sensor (Panterra, Neodym Technologies, Canada) which works well not only on the quiet water surface but even on the oscillated one. The sensor (coded 1501-1) has a low LOD = 0.45 ppm and a good linearity (R2 = 0.9947) of methane concentration ranging from 2 to 30 ppm. AFCMS system shows a good performance of the equipment deployment for sampling and measuring the methane emissed from the urban canals.

In this paper, we numerically study pool boiling of a binary (water and nitrogen) mixture on a surface endowed with a combination of hydrophobicity and hydrophilicity (i.e., the so called biphilic surface). Here we adopt a numerical approach based on the phase field theory, where the vapor-liquid interface is assumed to be of a finite thickness (hence diffusive in nature) and requires no explicit tracking schemes. The theoretical modeling of two-phase heat and mass transfer in water diluted with nitrogen demonstrates the significant impact of impurities on bubble dynamics. The simulations show that locally high concentrations of nitrogen gas within the vapor bubble is essential to weakening the condensation effect, which results in sustained bubble growth and ultimately (partial) departure from the surface under the artificially enlarged gravity. Simply increasing the solubility of nitrogen in water, however, turns out to be counterproductive because possible re-dissolution of the aggregated nitrogen by the bulk water could deprive the bubble of vital gas contents, leading instead to continuous bubble shrinkage and collapse. Additionally, it is found that with the significant accumulation of nitrogen, the bubble interface is increasingly dominated by a strong interfacial thermocapillary flow due to the Marangoni effect.

Background/Aims Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has been known as an autoimmune and inflammatory disease. Previous studies found individuals with RA had a two-fold increased risk of infections compared to general population. For infectious disease as influenza, vaccination may confer protection. However, whether or not influenza vaccination is safe to be given to genetically predisposed individuals with RA still on debate since there is an evidence that influenza vaccine as inflammatory stimulus could induce RA. Methods This study aims to provide an up-to-date epidemiological evidence between influenza vaccination and RA among American adults from 18 years old. Methods With case-control study design using 2014 Full year consolidated data in Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS), the association between influenza vaccination and RA among adult 18 years old and above were assessed using logistic regression analysis adjusted for potential covariates (age, sex, comorbidity, body mass index (BMI), education, smoking status, and insurance status) to estimate odds ratio (OR). Results In the crude model, individuals who reported receiving influenza vaccine were 2.02 (95% CI: 0.97-4.22) times more likely to develop RA, although the association were not significant. In the full adjusted model, the magnitude of association was decreased to 0.25 (95% CI: 0.06-1.05), but the significance was still not reached. Conclusion Analysing a comprehensive and large-scale population-based survey dataset (MEPS 2014) with adjustment for potential confounders suggested that receiving influenza vaccine did not increase the risk of RA and we have no evidence to suggest that influenza vaccination is not safe to be given to genetically predisposed individuals with RA. Further studies with more complete confounders, such as physical activity level and nutrition intake are strongly recommended. Disclosure N. Juber: None. A. Wannasri: None. T. Do: None.

The paper proposes a new technique to mitigate the state of explosion in model checking. The technique is called a divide and conquer approach to eventual model checking. As indicated by the name, the technique is dedicated to eventual properties. The technique divides an original eventual model checking problem into multiple smaller model checking problems and tackles each smaller one. We prove a theorem that the multiple smaller model checking problems are equivalent to the original eventual model checking problem. We conducted a case study that demonstrates the power of the proposed technique.