Author: "Mahmoud A. A. Ibrahim" - Searchworks@Jio Institute Digital Library Search Results

239 results on '"Mahmoud A. A. Ibrahim"'

201. Synthesis of novel 1,2-bis-quinolinyl-1,4-naphthoquinones : ERK2 inhibition, cytotoxicity and molecular docking studies

Author: Mai A.E. Mourad, Ashraf A. Aly, Martin Nieger, Essmat M. El-Sheref, Stefan Bräse, Momtaz E. M. Bakheet, Mahmoud A. A. Ibrahim, Alan B. Brown, and Department of Chemistry
Subjects: Stereochemistry, Cytotoxicity, ANTITUMOR-ACTIVITY, 116 Chemical sciences, Antineoplastic Agents, 1,4-Naphthoquinone, 010402 general chemistry, 01 natural sciences, Biochemistry, ANTIBACTERIAL AGENTS, chemistry.chemical_compound, DESIGN, ANTIFUNGAL, Cell Line, Tumor, Neoplasms, SUBSTITUTED 1,4-NAPHTHOQUINONES, Drug Discovery, medicine, Humans, BIOLOGICAL EVALUATION, Protein Kinase Inhibitors, Molecular Biology, Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1, 1,2-Bis-quinoloinyl-1,4-naphthoquinones, 010405 organic chemistry, Chemistry, Hydrogen bond, Kinase, Organic Chemistry, KINASES, IN-VITRO, 1,4-NAPHTHOQUINONE DERIVATIVES, ANTIPLATELET, In vitro, 0104 chemical sciences, Molecular Docking Simulation, Solvent, Mechanism of action, Molecular docking, Dimethylformamide, Targeting by ERK2, 1182 Biochemistry, cell and molecular biology, Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor, medicine.symptom, Naphthoquinones
Abstract: Two novel series of N-2,3-bis(6-substituted-4-hydroxy-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinolin-3-yl)naphthalene-1,4-diones 3a-d and substituted N-(methyl/ethyl)bisquinolinone triethyl-ammonium salts 4e,f were successfully synthesized. The synthesized compounds were targeted as new candidates to extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2) with considerable antineoplastic activity. The synthesis involved the reactions of 2 equivalents of 4-hydroxy-2(1H)-quinolinones la-f and one equivalent of 1,4-naphthoquinone (2) in a mixture of ethanol/dimethylformamide (1:1) as a solvent and 0.5 mL Et3N. In the reaction of 6-methyl-4-hydroxyquinolone 1b with 2, a side product 4b of the second series was obtained. In general, the presence of free NH-quinolone gave a single compound of the first series, whereas reaction of N-methyl/ethyl-quinolones 1e, f with 2 enhanced the formation of compounds of the second series. The structures of the new compounds were proved by different spectroscopic techniques such as IR, NMR (2D-NMR) and mass spectra, elemental analysis, and X-ray crystallography. To further elucidate the mechanism of action of these newly synthesized compounds, compounds 3a, 3b, 4e and 4f were selected to investigate for their MAP Kinases pathway inhibition together with molecular docking using ATP-binding site of ERK2. The results revealed that compounds 3a, 3b and 4f inhibited ETS-1 phosphorylation by ERK2 in a dose dependent manner. Also, compound 4f showed highest potency for ERK2 inhibition with ATPcompetitive inhibition mechanism which was confirmed by the formation of three hydrogen bond in the molecular docking studies. The synthesized compounds were then tested for their in vitro anticancer activity against the NCI-60 panel of tumor cell lines. Interestingly, the selected compounds displayed from modest to strong cytotoxic activities. Compound 3b demonstrated broad spectrum anti-tumor activity against the nine tumor subpanels tested, while compound 3d proved to be lethal to most of the cancer cell lines as shown by their promising GI(50) and TGI values in NCI in vitro five dose testing. These results revealed that the synthesized compounds can potentially serve as leads for the development of novel chemotherapeutic agents and structure improvement will be necessary for some derivatives for enhancing their cellular activities and pharmacokinetic profile.
Published: 2018

202. Unexpected favourable noncovalent interaction between chlorine oxyanions (ClO−; x = 1–4) and benzene: Benchmarking DFT and SAPT methods with respect to CCSD(T)

Author: Khaled E. El-Kelany, Sara M. Elgengehi, Mahmoud A. A. Ibrahim, and Sabry El-Taher
Subjects: 010304 chemical physics, Chlorate, Binding energy, chemistry.chemical_element, Interaction energy, 010402 general chemistry, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, Biochemistry, 0104 chemical sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, Perchlorate, chemistry, Polarizability, Computational chemistry, 0103 physical sciences, Chlorine, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Benzene, Chlorite
Abstract: The noncovalent interaction between chlorine oxyanions, namely: (hypochlorite (ClO−), chlorite (ClO2−), chlorate (ClO3−), and perchlorate (ClO4−), and benzene block is explicitly investigated and analyzed theoretically. The performance of a variety of DFT functionals and their dispersion-corrected DFT-D3 functionals as well as various wavefunction-based SAPT methods for the prediction of noncovalent interaction energies of C6H6–ClOx− (x = 1–4) complexes is justified in comparison with the benchmark CCSD(T)/CBS method. The results showed that benzene can form stable hydrogen-bond complexes of moderate strength with chlorine oxyanions. Moreover, the existence of favorable anion-π interactions between chlorine oxyanions and benzene π-system was demonstrated, which is predominantly attributed to attractive dispersion effects that depend on both the anion polarizability and the binding distance. It is worth mentioning that the origin of the binding energy in the studied complexes was found to be attributed in 68–74% to dispersion interaction. The sSAPT0/aVDZ method is found to perform qualitatively well for the prediction of the variation trends for the interaction energy components, compared to the computationally expensive, though provided the most accurate performance, SAPT2+(CCD)δMP2/aVTZ method. The D3-corrected DFT functionals showed good overall performance, particularly those of M06-2X, TPSS, PBE, and B3LYP.
Published: 2021

203. Rutin and flavone analogs as prospective SARS-CoV-2 main protease inhibitors: In silico drug discovery study

Author: Mahmoud A. A. Ibrahim, Ali Mahzari, Khlood A.A. Abdeljawaad, Abdulrahim R. Hakami, Khaled S Allemailem, Mohamed A. M. Atia, Eslam A.R. Mohamed, Mahmoud Moustafa, Alaa H.M. Abdelrahman, and Ahmed M. Shawky
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, 030103 biophysics, medicine.medical_treatment, In silico, Rutin, Pharmacology, Molecular dynamics, Molecular Docking Simulation, Flavones, Article, 03 medical and health sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, SARS-CoV-2 main protease, Drug Discovery, Materials Chemistry, medicine, Humans, Protease Inhibitors, Prospective Studies, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Spectroscopy, chemistry.chemical_classification, Protease, Drug discovery, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, Computer Graphics and Computer-Aided Design, Baicalein, 030104 developmental biology, chemistry, Docking (molecular), Molecular docking, Drug-likeness
Abstract: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a new pandemic characterized by quick spreading and illness of the respiratory system. To date, there is no specific therapy for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Flavonoids, especially rutin, have attracted considerable interest as a prospective SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro) inhibitor. In this study, a database containing 2017 flavone analogs was prepared and screened against SARS-CoV-2 Mpro using the molecular docking technique. According to the results, 371 flavone analogs exhibited good potency towards Mpro with docking scores less than −9.0 kcal/mol. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, followed by molecular mechanics-generalized Born surface area (MM/GBSA) binding energy calculations, were performed for the top potent analogs in complex with Mpro. Compared to rutin, PubChem-129-716-607 and PubChem-885-071-27 showed better binding affinities against SARS-CoV-2 Mpro over 150 ns MD course with ΔGbinding values of −69.0 and −68.1 kcal/mol, respectively. Structural and energetic analyses demonstrated high stability of the identified analogs inside the SARS-CoV-2 Mpro active site over 150 ns MD simulations. The oral bioavailabilities of probable SARS-CoV-2 Mpro inhibitors were underpinned using drug-likeness parameters. A comparison of the binding affinities demonstrated that the MM/GBSA binding energies of the identified flavone analogs were approximately three and two times less than those of lopinavir and baicalein, respectively. In conclusion, PubChem-129-716-607 and PubChem-885-071-27 are promising anti-COVID-19 drug candidates that warrant further clinical investigations., Graphical abstract Image 1
Published: 2021

204. Elucidating the adsorption and detection of amphetamine drug by pure and doped Al12N12, and Al12P12nano-cages, a DFT study

Author: Mahmoud A. A. Ibrahim and H. R. Abd El-Mageed
Subjects: Chemistry, Binding energy, 02 engineering and technology, 010402 general chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, 0104 chemical sciences, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Drug detection, Condensed Matter::Materials Science, Crystallography, Adsorption, Covalent bond, Physics::Atomic and Molecular Clusters, Materials Chemistry, Molecule, Density functional theory, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, 0210 nano-technology, HOMO/LUMO, Spectroscopy, Natural bond orbital
Abstract: In this work, the adsorption of amphetamine (AN) drug onto the exterior surface of two fullerene-like nano-cages, Al12N12 (ALN), and Al12P12 (ALP) was studied by density functional theory (DFT) methods and the quantum theory of atom in the molecule (QTAIM) calculations. Our calculations revealed that the amphetamine drug connects to the Al, N, and P, atoms of Al12N12, and Al12P12 nano-cages through two types of interactions partially-covalent partially-electrostatic (polar covalent) and electrostatic interaction in the gas and water phase. NBO analysis confirmed that the charges were transferred from the σ orbitals of C and H atoms of AN drug to the n* orbitals N, Al, and P atoms of ALN and ALP nano-cages with high charge-transfer energies. The binding energies of ALN-AN and ALP-AN complexes were computed and demonstrate that the binding energy of ALP-AN complexes is larger than those of ALN-AN complexes in both gas and water phases. During the adsorption of amphetamine drug onto the ALN and ALP nano-cages, the energy levels of the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) were significantly changed, resulting in a decrease in the values of band gap (Eg) that caused enhance in their electrical conductivity. Also, the effect of doping of ALN and ALP nano-cages by Zn, Mg, and Ga atoms on their sensitivity and adsorption of AN drug was studied. AIM analysis shows that there are two types of interactions partially-covalent partially-electrostatic (polar covalent) and electrostatic interaction in the gas and water phase formed between amphetamine and Zn, Mg, and Ga doped ALN, and ALP nano-cages. NBO analysis confirmed that the charges were transferred from the σ orbitals of C and H atoms of AN drug to the n* orbitals N, Al, and P atoms of Zn, Mg, and Ga doped ALN and ALP nano-cages with high charge-transfer energies. Mg, and Ga doped ALN and ALP nano-cages benefit from a short recovery time. Therefore, Mg, and Ga doped ALN and ALP nano-cages can be considered as promising biosensors for AN drug detection. This manuscript illustrated that Mg, and Ga doped ALN and ALP nano-cages may be potential electronic sensors as well as suitable candidates for the delivery of amphetamine drug in the biological system.
Published: 2021

205. Azines from one-pot reaction of thiosemicarbazones

Author: Mahmoud A. A. Ibrahim, Alan B. Brown, El-Shimaa S. M. AbdAl-Latif, Ashraf A. Aly, and Alaa A. Hassan
Subjects: 010405 organic chemistry, Chemistry, One pot reaction, Thermal decomposition, Microwave irradiation, Organic chemistry, General Chemistry, 010402 general chemistry, 01 natural sciences, 0104 chemical sciences
Abstract: Thermolysis and/or microwave irradiation of thiosemicarbazones gave the corresponding isothiocyanates, which on addition of either activated nitriles or aldehydes furnished various types of azines. The mechanism was discussed. The structures of products were proved by MS, IR, NMR, and elemental analyses.
Published: 2016

206. Transformation of Egyptian Ex-Jihadism: History and Context

Author: Mahmoud A. A. Ibrahim
Subjects: 021110 strategic, defence & security studies, Militant, media_common.quotation_subject, 05 social sciences, 0211 other engineering and technologies, Jihadism, Gender studies, Context (language use), Islam, 02 engineering and technology, Political process, 050601 international relations, Political Islam, 0506 political science, Education, Politics, Law, Ideology, Sociology, Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality, Safety Research, media_common
Abstract: This article offers a chronological discussion of the history of the Egypt's largest militant Islamist movements, al-Jamā‘a al-Islāmiyya (The Islamic Group or the IG) and al-Jihād Organization who renounced violence and started to argue against the jihadi ideology worldwide. It provides an account of the contextual structural process that has influenced their activities and briefly answers the question: What is the context that led the IG and al-Jihād to practice violence and then retract it? To do so, the article employs the political process approach to highlight the political environment, mobilizing structures and ideological framework of both groups both before and after revisions. To achieve this purpose, the article divided the history of the two groups into six stages, highlighting the general features of each stage from establishment and violence until revisions and participation in political life.
Published: 2016

207. John A. Turner,Religious Ideology and the Roots of the Global Jihad: Salafi Jihadism and International Order

Author: Mahmoud A. A. Ibrahim
Subjects: Argument, media_common.quotation_subject, Jihadism, Sociology, Ideology, Religious studies, Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality, Law, Safety Research, Order (virtue), Education, media_common
Abstract: This review is divided into three parts. Part one provides a short summary of the main argument of the book; part two reviews the main themes in each chapter; and part three offers an evaluation of...
Published: 2016

208. Omar Ashour,The De-Radicalization of Jihadists: Transforming Armed Islamist Movements

Author: Mahmoud A. A. Ibrahim
Subjects: 021110 strategic, defence & security studies, Radicalization, Political science, 05 social sciences, 050602 political science & public administration, 0211 other engineering and technologies, 02 engineering and technology, Criminology, Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality, Law, Safety Research, 0506 political science, Education
Published: 2016

209. The effect of endometrial injury on first cycle IVF/ICSI outcome: A randomized controlled trial

Author: Ahmad Mahran, Mahmoud A. A. Ibrahim, and Haitham Bahaa
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, lcsh:QH471-489, Luteal phase, lcsh:Gynecology and obstetrics, law.invention, Miscarriage, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Primary outcome, Randomized controlled trial, law, medicine, lcsh:Reproduction, Live birth rate, In patient, 030212 general & internal medicine, lcsh:RG1-991, reproductive and urinary physiology, Gynecology, Pregnancy, 030219 obstetrics & reproductive medicine, urogenital system, business.industry, Obstetrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Endometrial injury, medicine.disease, Intra cytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), In vitro fertilization (IVF), Implantation rate, Reproductive Medicine, Ivf icsi outcome, embryonic structures, Original Article, Live birth, business, therapeutics
Abstract: Background: Implantation remains a limiting step in IVF/ICSI. Endometrial injury isa promising procedure aiming at improving the implantation and pregnancy rates after IVF/ICSI. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of endometrial injury induced in precedingcycle on IVF/ICSI outcome. Materials and Methods: Four hundred patients undergoing their first IVF/ICSI cycle in two IVF units in Minia, Egypt were randomly selected to undergo either endometrial injury in luteal phase of preceding cycle (intervention group) or no treatment (control group). Primary outcome wasthe implantation and live birth ratesWhile the secondary outcome was clinical pregnancy, miscarriage, multiple pregnancy rates, pain and bleeding during and after procedure. Results: Implantation and live birth rates were significantly higher in intervention compared with control group (22.4% vs. 18.7%, p=0.02 and 67% vs. 28%, p=0.03), respectively. There was also a significant reduction in miscarriage rate in intervention group (4.8% vs. 19.7%, respectively, p
Published: 2016

210. صور من الشذوذ الجنسي المحرمة في القرآن الكريم والسنة النبوية وأضراره والحكمة من تحريمه.

Author: Mahmoud Ahmed, Ahmed Ibrahim
Subjects: HUMAN sexuality, HADITH, HOMOSEXUALITY, WESTERN society, TEXTBOOKS, LESBIANISM, HATE crimes
Abstract: Copyright of Ma'alim Quran Sunnah is the property of Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia (USIM) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Published: 2021
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211. Ultracompact tunable bifunctional XOR and XNOR photonic crystal logic gates

Author: Salah S. A. Obayya, M. Kotb Gad Hamed, Mahmoud Salman S. Ibrahim, Mohammed M. El-Okr, and Mohamed Farhat O. Hameed
Subjects: Physics, Plane wave expansion method, business.industry, Optical engineering, Photonic integrated circuit, General Engineering, Physics::Optics, 02 engineering and technology, 01 natural sciences, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, 010309 optics, Computer Science::Hardware Architecture, Resonator, 020210 optoelectronics & photonics, XNOR gate, Liquid crystal, Logic gate, 0103 physical sciences, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Optoelectronics, business, Photonic crystal
Abstract: Ultracompact simultaneous XOR and XNOR logic gates are proposed and analyzed. The suggested design is based on two-dimensional Si photonic crystal (PhC) with a central hole infiltrated by nematic liquid crystal (NLC) of type E7. The plane wave expansion method is used to obtain the photonic bandgap for both transverse electric mode and transverse magnetic mode. Further, the transmission through the proposed logic gates is calculated by the full vectorial finite element method. The numerical results show that the reported XOR and XNOR logic gates can be operated around wavelength of 1500 nm. In addition, the operation of the designed logic gates can be switched on/off by controlling the NLC biasing state. Such PhC logic gates have a compact size of 47 μm2 and can achieve a large contrast ratio of 26 dB. Therefore, the suggested design has advantages in terms of tunability, low power consumption, compact size, simplicity, and compatibility with nowadays fabrication technology, which will be suitable for photonic integrated circuits.
Published: 2020

212. Polarization plays the key role in halogen bonding: a point-of-charge-based quantum mechanical study

Author: Abeer A. M. Hasb and Mahmoud A. A. Ibrahim
Subjects: Halogen bond, Materials science, 010304 chemical physics, Electronic correlation, 010402 general chemistry, 01 natural sciences, 0104 chemical sciences, Chemical physics, 0103 physical sciences, Halogen, Molecule, Molecular orbital, Lewis acids and bases, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Solvent effects, Quantum
Abstract: The nature of the halogen bond has been under debate over the last decade. Herein, the nature of the halogen bond was reinvestigated using point-of-charge (PoC) approach in which a point of negative or positive charge was used to mimic a Lewis base or acid, respectively. Halogen bond strength was estimated in terms of stabilization energy of the halo molecule in the presence of PoC. Open-ended questions regarding halogen interaction via σ-hole were discussed. A number of fundamental physical terms including σ-node, −σ-hole and +σ-hole interactions were introduced to describe the unconventional behavior of the halogen’s interactions. Several conflicts in the published results and explanations on the halogen bonding were highlighted and clarified. Based on PoC results, it may be claimed that: (i) halogen bond is mainly an electrostatic interaction and (ii) the polarization of the halogen is the key for understanding the reason behind the formation of halogen···Lewis acid/base interaction at halogen···Lewis acid/base angle of 180°. A–X···PoC angle and solvent effects on the molecular stabilization energy were estimated. Furthermore, electron correlation contribution to molecular stabilization energy was evaluated. Natural bonding orbital calculations were performed on the studied halo molecules. Finally, halogen bond test (σn-hole test) was proposed as a theoretical calculation to examine the ability of a halo molecule to form a halogen bond.
Published: 2018

213. Al-Tahtawi, Rifa’a (1801–1873)

Author: Mahmoud A. A. Ibrahim
Abstract: Rifa’a Rafi’ al-Tahtawi was an Egyptian reformer and thinker who is widely recognised as the pioneer of the Egyptian ‘Awakening’ (nahda) in the 19th century. He stands at the cultural heart of the intellectual awakening of Egypt’s modernisation movement that sought to import and implement military, scientific, technical, and educational innovations from the West. His thought influenced many later scholars including prominent sheikhs such as Muhammad Abduh and Rashid Rida. Al-Tahtawi was born in Tahta in Upper Egypt into a family of prominent scholars. In 1817 he moved to Cairo to join the renowned al-Azhar University. His professor sheikh Hasan al-`Attar (1766–1834) had the greatest influence on him. In 1824, Rifa`a was appointed as an imam.
Published: 2018

214. Euphosantianane A–D: Antiproliferative Premyrsinane Diterpenoids from the Endemic Egyptian Plant Euphorbia Sanctae-Catharinae

Author: Thomas Efferth, Eman G. Haggag, Hisashi Matsuda, Paul W. Paré, Faiza Hammouda, Mahmoud A. A. Ibrahim, Ahmed R. Hamed, Seikou Nakamura, Eman H. Reda, Mohamed-Elamir F. Hegazy, Nahla S. Abdel-Azim, and Zienab Talat
Subjects: Pharmaceutical Science, Tumor cells, 01 natural sciences, Analytical Chemistry, TDDTF-ECD, lcsh:QD241-441, tumor anti-proliferative activity, lcsh:Organic chemistry, Drug Discovery, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Solvent extraction, A549 cell, Euphorbia, biology, Traditional medicine, 010405 organic chemistry, Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, Euphorbiaceae, diterpenes, Euphorbia sanctae-catharinae, biology.organism_classification, 0104 chemical sciences, 010404 medicinal & biomolecular chemistry, Chemistry (miscellaneous), flavonoids, Molecular Medicine
Abstract: Euphorbia species are rich in diterpenes. A solvent extraction of Euphorbia sanctae-catharinae, a species indigenous to the Southern Sinai of Egypt, afforded several premyrsinane diterpenoids (1&ndash, 4) as well as previously reported metabolites (5&ndash, 13) that included three flavonoids. Isolated compounds were chemically characterized by spectroscopic analysis. Identified compounds were bioassayed for anti-proliferative activity in vitro against colon (Caco-2) and lung (A549) tumor cell lines. Compound 9 exhibited robust anti-proliferative activity against A549 cells (IC50 = 3.3 &micro, M). Absolute configurations for 8 versus 9 were determined by experimental and TDDFT-calculated electronic circular dichorism (ECD) spectra.
Published: 2018

215. Euphosantianane A⁻D: Antiproliferative Premyrsinane Diterpenoids from the Endemic Egyptian Plant

Author: Mohamed-Elamir F, Hegazy, Ahmed R, Hamed, Mahmoud A A, Ibrahim, Zienab, Talat, Eman H, Reda, Nahla S, Abdel-Azim, Faiza M, Hammouda, Seikou, Nakamura, Hisashi, Matsuda, Eman G, Haggag, Paul W, Paré, and Thomas, Efferth
Subjects: Circular Dichroism, Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, Euphorbiaceae, diterpenes, Euphorbia sanctae-catharinae, Article, TDDTF-ECD, Inhibitory Concentration 50, tumor anti-proliferative activity, A549 Cells, Euphorbia, flavonoids, Humans, Caco-2 Cells, Carbon-13 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, Cell Proliferation
Abstract: Euphorbia species are rich in diterpenes. A solvent extraction of Euphorbia sanctae-catharinae, a species indigenous to the Southern Sinai of Egypt, afforded several premyrsinane diterpenoids (1–4) as well as previously reported metabolites (5–13) that included three flavonoids. Isolated compounds were chemically characterized by spectroscopic analysis. Identified compounds were bioassayed for anti-proliferative activity in vitro against colon (Caco-2) and lung (A549) tumor cell lines. Compound 9 exhibited robust anti-proliferative activity against A549 cells (IC50 = 3.3 µM). Absolute configurations for 8 versus 9 were determined by experimental and TDDFT-calculated electronic circular dichorism (ECD) spectra.
Published: 2018

216. Quantum-mechanical investigation of tetrel bond characteristics based on the point-of-charge (PoC) approach

Author: Mohamed E. A. Safy, Nayra A. M. Moussa, and Mahmoud A. A. Ibrahim
Subjects: Materials science, Bond strength, Organic Chemistry, Charge (physics), 02 engineering and technology, 010402 general chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 01 natural sciences, Catalysis, 0104 chemical sciences, Computer Science Applications, Inorganic Chemistry, Electronegativity, symbols.namesake, Crystallography, Computational Theory and Mathematics, Atom, symbols, Molecule, Lewis acids and bases, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, van der Waals force, 0210 nano-technology, Quantum
Abstract: The point-of-charge (PoC) approach was employed to investigate the characteristics of the tetrel bond from an electrostatic perspective. W–T–XYZ···B nomenclature was suggested where T is a tetrel atom, W is the atom along the σ-hole extension, B is a Lewis base, and X, Y, and Z are three atoms on the same side of the σ-hole. Quantum-mechanical calculations were carried out on F–T–F3 systems (where T = C, Si, Ge, or Sn) at the MP2/aug-cc-pVTZ level of theory, with PP functions for Ge and Sn atoms. The tetrel bond strength was estimated via the molecular stabilization energy. Tetrel bond strength was found to increase with increasing PoC negativity (i.e., Lewis basicity) and the electronegativity of the W atom. Moreover, the effects of the T···PoC distance, the W–T···PoC angle, and the aqueous medium on the tetrel bond strength were also investigated. Correlations between tetrel bond strength and several atomic and molecular descriptors such as the natural charge on the tetrel atom, EHOMO, and the p-orbital contribution to W–T bond hybridization were observed. Contrary to expectations, the tetrel bond strength in F–C–X3 increased as the electronegativity of X decreased. The σ-node criteria for the studied molecules were also introduced and discussed. The ability of these molecules to simultaneously form more than one tetrel bond was examined via the σn-hole test. In conclusion, the tetrel bond strength was found to be governed by the strengths of (i) the attractive electrostatic interaction of the Lewis base with the σ-hole, (ii) the attractive/repulsive interaction between the Lewis base and the X, Y, and Z atoms, and (iii) the van der Waals interaction between the Lewis base and the X, Y, and Z atoms.
Published: 2018

217. Kaemgalangol A: Unusual seco-isopimarane diterpenoid from aromatic ginger Kaempferia galanga

Author: Takehiro Tominaga, Midori Suenaga, Masaaki Noji, Akemi Umeyama, Mahmoud A. A. Ibrahim, Abdelsamed I. Elshamy, Ningombam Swapana, Hiroshi Imagawa, Mohamed-Elamir F. Hegazy, and Ch. Brajakishor Singh
Subjects: Circular dichroism, Stereochemistry, 01 natural sciences, HeLa, Zingiberaceae, Drug Discovery, Kaempferia galanga, Humans, Pharmacology, biology, Molecular Structure, 010405 organic chemistry, Chemistry, Absolute configuration, General Medicine, biology.organism_classification, Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic, Terpenoid, 0104 chemical sciences, Rhizome, 010404 medicinal & biomolecular chemistry, Diterpenes, Two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, HeLa Cells
Abstract: A new unusual seco-isopimarane, kaemgalangol A (1) and 12 usual analogs (2−13) were isolated from the rhizomes of Kaempferia galanga (Family: Zingiberaceae). KaemgalangolA (1) represented a rarely isolated 9,10-seco-isopimarane skeleton. The chemical structures of the isolated compounds were mainlyinvestigated by spectroscopic techniques such as 1D, 2D NMR, and HRMS. The absolute configuration of 1–3 was studied by X-ray diffraction analysis as well as experimental and TDDFT-calculated electronic circular dichroism. Among the isolated diterpenoids, 5, 6 and 9 exhibited cytotoxic activity against HeLa (IC50 75.1, 74.2 and 76.5 μM, respectively) and HSC-2 (IC50 69.9, 53.3 and 58.2 μM, respectively) cancer cells.
Published: 2018

218. Study of Performance Impact from Powering RF Receiver Front-End Circuits with a DC-DC Converter

Author: Marvin Onabajo, Aatmesh Shrivastava, Nasim Shafiee, Nikita Mirchandani, and Mahmoud A. A. Ibrahim
Subjects: business.industry, Computer science, Low-pass filter, Amplifier, 020208 electrical & electronic engineering, Electrical engineering, 020206 networking & telecommunications, 02 engineering and technology, Noise (electronics), Boost converter, Hardware_INTEGRATEDCIRCUITS, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Baseband, Radio frequency, business, Electronic circuit
Abstract: This paper studies the effects of DC-DC switching converters on RF and analog baseband circuits. Simulations of a low-noise amplifier, mixer, and lowpass filter have shown that the impact of switching supply noise can be kept to small levels by design. For the case of loads with frequency conversion, a boost converter design technique to shift the switching frequency of the converter out of the band of interest is proposed.
Published: 2018

219. Identification of novel Plasmodium falciparum PI4KB inhibitors as potential anti-malarial drugs: Homology modeling, molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations

Author: Alaa H.M. Abdelrahman, Alaa A. Hassan, and Mahmoud A. A. Ibrahim
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Stereochemistry, Binding energy, Plasmodium falciparum, Molecular Dynamics Simulation, Ligands, Biochemistry, 03 medical and health sciences, Molecular dynamics, Antimalarials, 0302 clinical medicine, Structural Biology, Catalytic Domain, Drug Discovery, Homology modeling, Amino Acid Sequence, 1-Phosphatidylinositol 4-Kinase, Protein Kinase Inhibitors, biology, Molecular Structure, Chemistry, Drug discovery, Organic Chemistry, AutoDock, biology.organism_classification, Molecular Docking Simulation, Computational Mathematics, 030104 developmental biology, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, Test set, Pharmacophore, Sequence Alignment, Databases, Chemical, Protein Binding
Abstract: The current study was set to discover selective Plasmodium falciparum phosphatidylinositol-4-OH kinase type III beta (pfPI4KB) inhibitors as potential antimalarial agents using combined structure-based and ligand-based drug discovery approach. A comparative model of pfPI4KB was first constructed and validated using molecular docking techniques. Performance of Autodock4.2 and Vina4 software in predicting the inhibitor-PI4KB binding mode and energy was assessed based on two Test Sets: Test Set I contained five ligands with resolved crystal structures with PI4KB, while Test Set II considered eleven compounds with known IC50 value towards PI4KB. The outperformance of Autodock as compared to Vina was reported, giving a correlation coefficient (R2) value of 0.87 and 0.90 for Test Set I and Test Set II, respectively. Pharmacophore-based screening was then conducted to identify drug-like molecules from ZINC database with physicochemical similarity to two potent pfPI4KB inhibitors –namely cpa and cpb. For each query inhibitor, the best 1000 hits in terms of TanimotoCombo scores were selected and subjected to molecular docking and molecular dynamics (MD) calculations. Binding energy was then estimated using molecular mechanics–generalized Born surface area (MM-GBSA) approach over 50 ns MD simulations of the inhibitor-pfPI4KB complexes. According to the calculated MM-GBSA binding energies, ZINC78988474 and ZINC20564116 were identified as potent pfPI4KB inhibitors with binding energies better than those of cpa and cpb, with ΔGbinding ≥ −34.56 kcal/mol. The inhibitor-pfPI4KB interaction and stability were examined over 50 ns MD simulation; as well the selectivity of the identified inhibitors towards pfPI4KB over PI4KB was reported.
Published: 2018

220. Role and nature of halogen bonding in inhibitor⋅⋅⋅receptor complexes for drug discovery: casein kinase-2 (CK2) inhibition as a case study

Author: Gamal A.H. Mekhemer, Mahmoud A. A. Ibrahim, and Abeer A. M. Hasb
Subjects: inorganic chemicals, Benzimidazole, Halogen bond, 010304 chemical physics, Drug discovery, Binding energy, 010402 general chemistry, 01 natural sciences, Molecular mechanics, 0104 chemical sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, symbols.namesake, chemistry, Computational chemistry, 0103 physical sciences, Halogen, symbols, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Casein kinase 2, van der Waals force
Abstract: Halogen bond effectively contributes to inhibitor⋅⋅⋅receptor binding affinity. Several critical questions remain about the nature of halogenated inhibitor⋅⋅⋅receptor interactions. In the current study, the role and nature of the halogen bonding in halo-derivatives of benzimidazole in complex with casein kinase-2 (CK2) protein was clarified from molecular mechanical perspective. The molecular mechanics/generalized Born surface area (MM-GBSA) binding energy was calculated for the energetically minimized halogenated inhibitor⋅⋅⋅CK2 complexes and compared to the experimental data. The results were further assessed with the help of halogen bond test (–σ-hole test) at AMBER-molecular mechanical (MM) level. A molecular mechanical estimation of the halogen’s atomic parameter contribution (e.g., electrostatic and van der Waals contributions) was performed to characterize the nature of the halogen bonding using our previously proposed atomic parameter contribution to molecular interaction (APCtMI) approach. In accordance with the results, the inhibitor⋅⋅⋅CK2 binding energy increased with increasing the charge value of halogen’s σ-hole in the order iodo- > bromo- > chloro-derivative. One unanticipated finding was the disability of chloro-derivative to form a halogen bonding with the hinge region of the CK2 protein. APCtMI results revealed that halogen’s negative charge has no significant contribution to the total MM-GBSA binding energy. Furthermore, van der Waals interactions have a significant impact on the halogenated inhibitors⋅⋅⋅receptor binding energy. The APCtMI results were assessed by evaluating the binding energies of several hydrogen-substituted derivatives of tetrabromo-benzimidazole with CK2. These results should further the role of halogens for the purpose of drug discovery and development.
Published: 2018

221. An Efficient Semantic Analysis Technique for the Question Answering Systems

Author: Mahmoud Ibrahim Alturani, Ibrahim, additional and Pouzi Bin Hamzah, Mohd, additional
Published: 2019
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222. An ultra-low-power MPPT architecture for photovoltaic energy harvesting systems

Author: Mohamed M. Aboudina, Ahmed N. Mohieldin, and Mahmoud A. A. Ibrahim
Subjects: Engineering, business.industry, Buck converter, 020208 electrical & electronic engineering, 010401 analytical chemistry, Photovoltaic system, 02 engineering and technology, Input impedance, 01 natural sciences, Maximum power point tracking, 0104 chemical sciences, CMOS, Boost converter, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Electronic engineering, business, Energy harvesting, Voltage
Abstract: In this paper, a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) architecture for micro-scale photovoltaic (PV) energy harvesting systems is presented. A switching DC-DC boost converter is used to provide the required voltage for the circuits of the ultra-low-power application. The MPPT tracks different illumination intensities through changing the input impedance of the boost converter. The proposed technique depends on maximizing the voltage delivered by the boost converter to a test load whose value is constant. Maximizing the voltage of the test load leads to extracting the maximum available source power. The proposed algorithm employs simple and low-power circuits to change the switching frequency of the boost converter to track different illumination conditions. The proposed system has been implemented in a low-cost CMOS 130nm technology. It consumes a quiescent current less than while achieving an average tracking efficiency (TE) of 96% and occupies an area of 0.175mm2.
Published: 2017

223. 1,3,4-Thiadiazoles and 1,3-thiazoles from one-pot reaction of bisthioureas with 2-(bis(methylthio)methylene)malononitrile and ethyl 2-cyano-3,3-bis(methylthio)acrylate

Author: Mahmoud A. A. Ibrahim, Stefan Bräse, Alaa A. Hassan, Martin Nieger, El-Shimaa S. M. Abd Al-Latif, Eduard Spuling, Ashraf A. Aly, Department of Chemistry, and Department
Subjects: Structure analysis, 116 Chemical sciences, 010402 general chemistry, 01 natural sciences, Medicinal chemistry, X-ray, chemistry.chemical_compound, Thiadiazoles, Organic chemistry, Methylene, Malononitrile, bis(methylthio)acrylate, Acrylate, 010405 organic chemistry, DERIVATIVES, 4-thiadiazoles, General Chemistry, 3. Good health, 0104 chemical sciences, chemistry, One pot reaction, Bisthioureas, 3-thiazoles, bis(methylthio)malononitrile
Abstract: Bisthioureas reacted with either 2-(bis(methylthio)methylene)malononitrile or ethyl 2-cyano-3,3-bis(methylthio)acrylate to give 1,3,4-thiadiazoles and 1,3-thiazoles. Only, the reactive allyl derivative of bisthioureas reacted with the bis(methylthio)methylene compounds to give 1,3-thiazoles. The mechanism was discussed. The structures of products were proved by MS, IR, NMR and elemental analyses and X-ray structure analysis. [GRAPHICS]
Published: 2017

224. A Facile Synthesis of Oxoindenothiazine and Dioxospiro(indene-2,4′-thiazine) Derivatives from (Substituted ethylidene)hydrazinecarbothioamides

Author: Mahmoud A. A. Ibrahim, Stefan Bräse, Essmat M. El-Sheref, Yusria R. Ibrahim, and Alaa A. Hassan
Subjects: chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, Thiazine, Stereochemistry, Organic Chemistry, Ethyl acetate, Indene, Mass spectrometry
Abstract: (E)-2-[2-(1-Substituted ethylidene)hydrazinyl]-5-oxo-9b-hydroxy-5,9b-dihydroindeno[1,2-d][1,3]-thiazine-4-carbonitriles and (E)-5-oxo-[(E)-(1-substituted ethylidene)hydrazinyl]-2,5-dihydroindeno[1,2-d][1,3]thiazine-4-carbonitriles have been obtained from the reaction of 2-(substituted ethylidene)hydrazinecarbothioamides with 2-(1,3-dioxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-ylidene)propanedinitrile (1) in ethyl acetate solution. However, (Z)-6′-amino-1,3-dioxo-3′-substituted-2′-[(E)-(1-phenylethylidene)hydrazono]-1,2′,3,3′-tetrahydrospiro(indene-2,4′-[1,3]thiazine)-5′-carbonitriles were observed during the reaction of N-substituted-2-(1-phenylethylidene)hydrazinecarbothioamides with (1). The structure assignment of products has been confirmed on the basis of 1H-, 13C-NMR, and mass spectrometry, as well as theoretical calculations.
Published: 2014

225. Risk factors and outcome of patients with eclampsia at a tertiary hospital in Egypt

Author: Ahmad Mahran, Eissa M. Khalifa, Mahmoud A. A. Ibrahim, Ahmad Sameer Sanad, Alaa Gamal, Reham Elkhateeb, Mohamed Zeeneldin, Haitham Bahaa, Ahmed M. Abdelghany, and Hashem Fares
Subjects: Adult, medicine.medical_specialty, HELLP syndrome, medicine.medical_treatment, Reproductive medicine, lcsh:Gynecology and obstetrics, Tertiary Care Centers, maternal morbidity, 03 medical and health sciences, Young Adult, 0302 clinical medicine, Pregnancy, Risk Factors, Case fatality rate, Medicine, Humans, Caesarean section, Eclampsia, 030212 general & internal medicine, lcsh:RG1-991, reproductive and urinary physiology, Perinatal Mortality, Retrospective Studies, 030219 obstetrics & reproductive medicine, business.industry, Obstetrics, maternal mortality, Medical record, Incidence (epidemiology), Infant, Newborn, Pregnancy Outcome, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Retrospective cohort study, medicine.disease, Delivery, Obstetric, perinatal outcome, Egypt, Female, business, Research Article
Abstract: Background Eclampsia is a major cause of maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality in low and middle income countries. The aim of this study was to assess the risk factors and maternal and perinatal outcome in patients with eclampsia in order to get reliable data that helps in reducing the incidence and improving the outcome in an area with high incidence of eclampsia. Methods Retrospective study including 250 patients diagnosed with eclampsia at Minia Maternity University Hopsital, Minia, Egypt in the period between January 2013 and December 2014.We analyzed the data obtained from medical records of these patients including patient characteristics, medical, obstetric, current pregnancy history, data on hospital admission, treatment given at hospital and maternal and perinatal outcome. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS version 21. Results During the study period, 21690 women gave birth in the hospital; of which 250 cases of eclampsia were diagnosed (1.2%).Four women died (case fatality rate 1.6%). The main risk factors identified were young age, nulliparity, low level of education, poor ante-natal attendance and pre-existing medical problems. The most common complication was HELLP syndrome (15.6%). Magnesium sulphate therapy was given to all patients but there was lack of parenteral anti-hypertensive therapy. Forty six cases delivered vaginally (18.4%). Assisted delivery was performed in 22 (8.8%) cases and caesarean section in 177 (70.8%) cases; 151(60.4%) primary caesarean sections and 26 (10.4%) intra-partum. Perinatal deaths occurred in 11.9% on cases. Prematurity and poor neonatal services were the main cause. Conclusion Morbidity and mortality from eclampsia are high in our setting. Improving ante-natal and emergency obstetric and neonatal care is mandatory to improve the outcome.
Published: 2016

226. A low-power MPPT architecture for micro-scale photovoltaic transducers

Author: Mohamed M. Aboudina, Ahmed N. Mohieldin, and Mahmoud A. A. Ibrahim
Subjects: Engineering, business.industry, 020208 electrical & electronic engineering, Photovoltaic system, 02 engineering and technology, Input impedance, Maximum power point tracking, Power (physics), CMOS, Boost converter, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Electronic engineering, business, Voltage reference, Electronic circuit
Abstract: In this paper, a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) system for indoors photovoltaic transducers is presented. The proposed system is used in conjunction with a switching DC-DC boost converter that generates a 1.2 V output for the circuits of the ultra-low-power application. The MPPT tracks different illumination intensities through changing the input impedance of the boost converter. The open circuit voltage of the photovoltaic transducer is compared with a reference voltage and the switching frequency of the boost converter is changed accordingly. The stability of the MPPT feedback system is analyzed for a wide range of illumination intensities. The proposed system has been implemented in a low-cost CMOS 130nm technology. It consumes a quiescent current less than 2.5μA and achieves an average tracking efficiency (TE) of 99%.
Published: 2016

227. Comparison of the Molecular Dynamics and Calculated Binding Free Energies for Nine FDA-Approved HIV-1 PR Drugs Against Subtype B and C-SA HIV PR

Author: Mahmoud E. S. Soliman, Glenn E. M. Maguire, Previn Naicker, Mahmoud A. A. Ibrahim, Yasien Sayed, Thirumala Govender, Hendrik G. Kruger, and Shaimaa Ahmed
Subjects: Pharmacology, Stereochemistry, Chemistry, Hydrogen bond, Organic Chemistry, Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), medicine.disease_cause, Biochemistry, Molecular mechanics, Affinities, Molecular dynamics, Crystallography, Drug Discovery, medicine, Molecular Medicine, Free energies, Binding affinities, Electrostatic interaction
Abstract: We report the first account of a comparative analysis of the binding affinities of nine FDA-approved drugs against subtype B as well as the South African subtype C HIV PR (C-SA). A standardized protocol was used to generate the inhibitor/C-SA PR complexes with the relative positions of the inhibitors taken from the corresponding X-ray structures for subtype B complexes. The dynamics and stability of these complexes were investigated using molecular dynamics calculations. Average relative binding free energies for these inhibitors were calculated from the molecular dynamics simulation using the molecular mechanics generalized Born surface area method. The calculated energies followed a similar trend to the reported experimental binding free energies. Postdynamic hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interaction analysis of the inhibitors with both subtypes reveal similar interactions. Most inhibitors show slightly weaker binding affinities for C-SA PR. Molecular dynamics studies demonstrated increased flap movement for C-SA PR, which can perhaps explain the weaker affinities. This study serves as a standardized platform for optimizing the design of future more potent HIV C-SA PR inhibitors.
Published: 2012

228. Performance Assessment of Semiempirical Molecular Orbital Methods in Describing Halogen Bonding: Quantum Mechanical and Quantum Mechanical/Molecular Mechanical-Molecular Dynamics Study

Author: Mahmoud A. A. Ibrahim
Subjects: Halogen bond, Protein Conformation, Chemistry, General Chemical Engineering, Binding energy, Solvation, Charge density, Benzene, General Chemistry, Molecular Dynamics Simulation, Library and Information Sciences, Computer Science Applications, Molecular dynamics, Halogens, Computational chemistry, Lewis Bases, Solvents, Halobenzene, Quantum Theory, Thermodynamics, Molecule, Molecular orbital, Casein Kinase II, Protein Kinase Inhibitors
Abstract: The performance of semiempirical molecular-orbital methods--MNDO, MNDO-d, AM1, RM1, PM3 and PM6--in describing halogen bonding was evaluated, and the results were compared with molecular mechanical (MM) and quantum mechanical (QM) data. Three types of performance were assessed: (1) geometrical optimizations and binding energy calculations for 27 halogen-containing molecules complexed with various Lewis bases (Two of the tested methods, AM1 and RM1, gave results that agree with the QM data.); (2) charge distribution calculations for halobenzene molecules, determined by calculating the solvation free energies of the molecules relative to benzene in explicit and implicit generalized Born (GB) solvents (None of the methods gave results that agree with the experimental data.); and (3) appropriateness of the semiempirical methods in the hybrid quantum-mechanical/molecular-mechanical (QM/MM) scheme, investigated by studying the molecular inhibition of CK2 protein by eight halobenzimidazole and -benzotriazole derivatives using hybrid QM/MM molecular-dynamics (MD) simulations with the inhibitor described at the QM level by the AM1 method and the rest of the system described at the MM level. The pure MM approach with inclusion of an extra point of positive charge on the halogen atom approach gave better results than the hybrid QM/MM approach involving the AM1 method. Also, in comparison with the pure MM-GBSA (generalized Born surface area) binding energies and experimental data, the calculated QM/MM-GBSA binding energies of the inhibitors were improved by replacing the G(GB,QM/MM) solvation term with the corresponding G(GB,MM) term.
Published: 2011

229. A dual source microscale energy harvesting system for wireless sensor networks

Author: Mohamed M. Aboudina, Mahmoud Elhebeary, Ahmed N. Mohieldin, and Mahmoud A. A. Ibrahim
Subjects: Engineering, Transducer, Maximum power principle, Buck converter, business.industry, Photovoltaic system, Electronic engineering, Electrical engineering, business, Energy source, Energy harvesting, Wireless sensor network, Maximum power point tracking
Abstract: This paper presents a muli-input multi-output battery-less energy harvesting system for microscale wireless sensor nodes that combines piezoelectric and photovoltaic energy sources. The system undergoes four states of operation to achieve two voltage levels at the output of 1.2V and 3V. It is a dual path system that uses a single inductor for both boost and buck converter. A maximum power point tracking technique is introduced to lock to the maximum power voltage of the photovoltaic transducer. The system was implemented in UMC CMOS 130nm technology. It achieves an efficiency up to 74% at 10mW of harvested power.
Published: 2015

230. Infection control program is a key in hepatitis C eradication in Egypt

Author: Hussien Elsiesy, Mahmoud, Talaat Z. Ibrahim, Attallah, Khaled, Almoutaz Hahim, Al-Hamoudi, Waleed K., Sebayel, Mohammed Al, and Abaalkhail, Faisal A.
Published: 2013
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231. The Impact Of High Pre-Transplant MELD Score On Live Donor Liver Transplant Outcome

Author: Almoutaz Hahim, Mahmoud, Talaat Z. Ibrahim, Ibrahim, Abeer, Attallah, Khaled, Abaalkhail, Faisal A., Al-Hamoudi, Waleed K., Sebayel, Mohamed Al, and Hussien Elsiesy
Published: 2013
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232. Structural insights into the South African HIV-1 subtype C protease: impact of hinge region dynamics and flap flexibility in drug resistance

Author: Mahmoud A. A. Ibrahim, Yasien Sayed, Ikechukwu Achilonu, Sylvia Fanucchi, Previn Naicker, Mahmoud E. S. Soliman, Heini W. Dirr, and Manuel A. Fernandes
Subjects: Models, Molecular, Proteases, medicine.medical_treatment, Molecular Sequence Data, HIV Infections, Drug resistance, Molecular Dynamics Simulation, medicine.disease_cause, Crystallography, X-Ray, Virus, Protein Structure, Secondary, South Africa, Protein structure, HIV-1 protease, HIV Protease, Structural Biology, Catalytic Domain, Drug Resistance, Viral, Enzyme Stability, medicine, Humans, Amino Acid Sequence, Molecular Biology, Escherichia coli, Peptide sequence, Protease, Polymorphism, Genetic, biology, Sequence Homology, Amino Acid, virus diseases, General Medicine, HIV Protease Inhibitors, Virology, Protein Structure, Tertiary, biology.protein, HIV-1, Protein Multimerization
Abstract: The HIV protease plays a major role in the life cycle of the virus and has long been a target in antiviral therapy. Resistance of HIV protease to protease inhibitors (PIs) is problematic for the effective treatment of HIV infection. The South African HIV-1 subtype C protease (C-SA PR), which contains eight polymorphisms relative to the consensus HIV-1 subtype B protease, was expressed in Escherichia coli, purified, and crystallized. The crystal structure of the C-SA PR was resolved at 2.7 Å, which is the first crystal structure of a HIV-1 subtype C protease that predominates in Africa. Structural analyses of the C-SA PR in comparison to HIV-1 subtype B proteases indicated that polymorphisms at position 36 of the homodimeric HIV-1 protease may impact on the stability of the hinge region of the protease, and hence the dynamics of the flap region. Molecular dynamics simulations showed that the flap region of the C-SA PR displays a wider range of movements over time as compared to the subtype B proteases. Reduced stability in the hinge region resulting from the absent E35-R57 salt bridge in the C-SA PR, most likely contributes to the increased flexibility of the flaps which may be associated with reduced susceptibility to PIs.
Published: 2012

233. Comparison of the molecular dynamics and calculated binding free energies for nine FDA-approved HIV-1 PR drugs against subtype B and C-SA HIV PR

Author: Shaimaa M, Ahmed, Hendrik G, Kruger, Thirumala, Govender, Glenn E M, Maguire, Yasien, Sayed, Mahmoud A A, Ibrahim, Previn, Naicker, and Mahmoud E S, Soliman
Subjects: Models, Molecular, Binding Sites, HIV Protease, Protein Conformation, United States Food and Drug Administration, Drug Design, HIV-1, Thermodynamics, Computer Simulation, Hydrogen Bonding, HIV Protease Inhibitors, Molecular Dynamics Simulation, United States
Abstract: We report the first account of a comparative analysis of the binding affinities of nine FDA-approved drugs against subtype B as well as the South African subtype C HIV PR (C-SA). A standardized protocol was used to generate the inhibitor/C-SA PR complexes with the relative positions of the inhibitors taken from the corresponding X-ray structures for subtype B complexes. The dynamics and stability of these complexes were investigated using molecular dynamics calculations. Average relative binding free energies for these inhibitors were calculated from the molecular dynamics simulation using the molecular mechanics generalized Born surface area method. The calculated energies followed a similar trend to the reported experimental binding free energies. Postdynamic hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interaction analysis of the inhibitors with both subtypes reveal similar interactions. Most inhibitors show slightly weaker binding affinities for C-SA PR. Molecular dynamics studies demonstrated increased flap movement for C-SA PR, which can perhaps explain the weaker affinities. This study serves as a standardized platform for optimizing the design of future more potent HIV C-SA PR inhibitors.
Published: 2012

234. AMBER empirical potential describes the geometry and energy of noncovalent halogen interactions better than advanced semiempirical quantum mechanical method PM6-DH2X

Author: Mahmoud A. A. Ibrahim
Subjects: Halogen bond, Extra point, Chemistry, Binding energy, Molecular Dynamics Simulation, Force field (chemistry), Surfaces, Coatings and Films, Halogens, Computational chemistry, Halogen, Atom, Lewis Bases, Materials Chemistry, Quantum Theory, Thermodynamics, Lewis acids and bases, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Casein Kinase II, Quantum, Protein Kinase Inhibitors, Protein Binding
Abstract: A recently published study on halogen bonding in casein kinase 2 (CK2)-inhibitor complexes claimed that the halogen-bond-corrected PM6 semiempirical method (PM6-DH2X) describes the halogen bonding properties correctly, whereas the AMBER empirical potential fails. The current study employs our positive extra-point (PEP) approach for halogen bonding, in which the σ-hole on the halogen atom is represented by an extra point of charge. The performance of the two methods in describing halogen bonding in halobenzene···Lewis base and CK2-inhibitor complexes was reassessed. Compared to basis set superposition error- (BSSE-) corrected MP2/aug-cc-pVDZ (with PP functions on the Br and I atoms) data, the AMBER force field described the halogen bonding in halobenzene···Lewis base complexes slightly better than the PM6-DH2X method. Fifteen polyhalogenated benzimidazole inhibitors (taken from a study of Dobeš et al.) complexed to CK2 protein were studied. The binding energies were calculated using the molecular mechanical-generalized Born surface area (MM-GBSA) approach. Compared to the corresponding experimental data, the AMBER force field yielded much better results than the PM6-DH2X method. Finally, the performance of both methods in describing C-X···π-system and C-X···H-O/C interactions was examined. A comparison with MP2 data revealed that the PM6-DH2X method failed to describe them, whereas the AMBER force field performed well.
Published: 2012

235. Molecular mechanical perspective on halogen bonding

Author: Mahmoud A. A. Ibrahim
Subjects: Models, Molecular, Static Electricity, Catalysis, Inorganic Chemistry, symbols.namesake, Halogens, Computational chemistry, Formaldehyde, Atom, Physics::Atomic and Molecular Clusters, Molecule, Non-covalent interactions, Van der Waals radius, Physics::Atomic Physics, Lewis acids and bases, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Mechanical Phenomena, chemistry.chemical_classification, Halogen bond, Organic Chemistry, Benzene, Computer Science Applications, Atomic radius, Computational Theory and Mathematics, chemistry, Chemical physics, symbols, Methyl Chloride, Thermodynamics, van der Waals force
Abstract: The nature and strength of halogen bonding in halo molecule–Lewis base complexes were studied in terms of molecular mechanics using our recently developed positive extra-point (PEP) approach, in which the σ-hole on the halogen atom is represented by an extra point of positive charge. The contributions of the σ-hole (i.e., positively charged extra point) and the halogen atom to the strength of this noncovalent interaction were clarified using the atomic parameter contribution to the molecular interaction (APCtMI) approach. The molecular mechanical results revealed that the halogen bond is electrostatic and van der Waals in nature, and its strength depends on three types of interaction: (1) the attractive electrostatic interaction between the σ-hole and the Lewis base, (2) the repulsive electrostatic interaction between the negative halogen atom and the Lewis base, and (3) the repulsive/attractive van der Waals interactions between the halogen atom and the Lewis base. The strength of the halogen bond increases with increasing σ-hole size (i.e., magnitude of the extra-point charge) and increasing halogen atom size. The van der Waals interaction’s contribution to the halogen bond strength is most favorable in chloro complexes, whereas the electrostatic interaction is dominant in iodo complexes. The idea that the chloromethane molecule can form a halogen bond with a Lewis base was revisited in terms of quantum mechanics and molecular mechanics. Although chloromethane does produce a positive region along the C–Cl axis, basis set superposition error corrected second-order Moller–Plesset calculations showed that chloromethane–Lewis base complexes are unstable, producing halogen–Lewis base contacts longer than the sum of the van der Waals radii of the halogen and O/N atoms. Molecular mechanics using the APCtMI approach showed that electrostatic interactions between chloromethane and a Lewis base are unfavorable owing to the high negative charge on the chlorine atom, which overcomes the corresponding favorable van der Waals interactions.
Published: 2012

236. Immune response, oxidative stress, and histological changes of Wistar rats after being administered with Parascaris equorum antigen

Author: Salma Adel Yehia, Abeer Mahmoud Badr, Abdel-Rahman Bashtar, Mahmoud Abdel-Aziz Ibrahim, Mohamed Refat Mousa, and Nesma Abbas Mostafa
Subjects: P. equorum, Wistar rats, Cytokines, CBC, Oxidative stress, Histopathology, Medicine, Science
Abstract: Abstract Worldwide, particularly in developing nations, helminth infections are the leading causes of livestock illness and mortality. Parascaris (P.) equorum, a parasitic worm from the Ascarididae family, significantly impacts the production, health, and working performance of equines. This study aimed to investigate the impact of intraperitoneal sensitization of P. equorum on the immune system, oxidative stress, and histology in Wistar rats. After acclimatization for 7 days, we divided the rats into five groups, each consisting of six rats. Group I, serving as the control, was administered distilled water, followed by groups II (day 7), III (day 14), IV (day 21), and V (day 33). The rats were euthanized every day mentioned (Days 7–33). On day 0, a dosage of 1ml/100 gm rat (containing 500 μg/ml protein content) emulsified crude antigen extract with an incomplete Freund’s adjuvant (1:1 volume), followed by a second dose of the same antigen concentration on day 7. To assess the allergenicity of this nematode, we measured a whole blood profile, serum levels of IFN-γ, IL-5, IL-10, IL-13, and IL-33, total immunoglobulins IgE and IgG, and oxidative stress markers. Also, we examined histological changes in the liver, kidney, and spleen. The results showed that values of total leukocyte count, granulocytes, monocytes, and lymphocytes were significantly (P
Published: 2024
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237. Phytopathological and biochemical impacts of Trichoderma harzianum and certain plant resistance inducers on faba bean root rot disease

Author: Hassan Mohamed Masoud, Allam Arafat Megahed, Mohamed Salah Eldin Helmy, Mahmoud Abdel-Aziz Ibrahim, Nehal Samy El-Mougy, and Mokhtar Mohamed Abdel-Kader
Subjects: Antioxidants, Biochemical studies, Faba bean, Inorganic salts, Root rot, Trichoderma harzianum, Agriculture
Abstract: Abstract Background Faba bean attacked by soil-borne pathogens causing root rot disease. This disease has serious damage to both plant stand and produced yield. The present study aimed to evaluate effectiveness of the bioagents; Trichoderma harzianum and some plant resistance inducers as fungicide alternatives against root rot disease incidence at both pre- and post-emergence growth stages. Results Under open greenhouse conditions, the incidence of faba bean root rot in pre- and post-emergence growth phases was considerably reduced by using six inorganic salts and five antioxidants individually or combining with each other or with the bio-stimulator T. harzianum that exceeded the used fungicide, Rhizolex-T. Application of enervit agitated the highest significant defensive impact during pre-emergence stage versus root rot incidence (5.0%), followed by calcium sulfate and [cysteine + T. harzianum] (6.7%). At post-emergence stage, majority of the treatments completely suppressed (100.0%) root rot incidence, except vitamax plus and the fungicide (Rizolex-T) which expressed by 91.7 and 18.8%, respectively. Duplicate irrigations of 23 treatments after faba bean dressing improved the synthesis of different protein contents with the 2nd of which enhanced higher protein contents than the 1st one, except [T. harzianum + vitamin E + vitamin C + enervit + selenium + vitamax plus], [T. harzianum + vitamax plus] and cysteine. Disodium phosphate induced the highest catalase (CAT) activity (1820.8 and 1677.2 U/g FWt) after both irrigations. [T. harzianum + vitamax plus] and vitamin E induced the highest peroxidase (POD) activity 217.4 and 356.9 U/g FWt after 1st and 2nd irrigations, respectively. Disodium phosphate and [T. harzianum + vitamin E + vitamin C + enervit + selenium + vitamax plus] induced the highest chitinase (CHIA) activity 52.8 and 54.4 U/g FWt after 1st and 2nd irrigations, respectively. Application of disodium phosphate, calcium sulfate, potassium metabisulfite, sodium sulfate, cysteine, [cysteine + potash alum], enervit, vitamin E, [vitamin E + vitamin C + enervit + selenium + vitamax plus], [T. harzianum + enervit], [T. harzianum + selenium], [T. harzianum + vitamin E], [T. harzianum + vitamin E + vitamin C + enervit + selenium + vitamax plus] and vitamin C stimulated the formation of new protein bands on SDS-PAGE after the 2nd irrigation treatment. Conclusions Such treatments are considered good and environmentally safe alternatives against root diseases for getting rid of the negative effects of fungicides.
Published: 2023
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238. Highly Sensitive Triple-Band THz Metamaterial Biosensor for Cancer Cell Detection

Author: Ahmed Refaat Elhelw, Mahmoud Salman S. Ibrahim, Ahmed Nabih Zaki Rashed, Abd El-Naser A. Mohamed, Mohamed Farhat O. Hameed, and Salah Sabry Ahmed Obayya
Subjects: Terahertz sensor, triple-band, cancer cell biosensor, metamaterial biosensor, plasmonics, Applied optics. Photonics, TA1501-1820, Optics. Light, QC350-467
Abstract: Highly sensitive triple-band metamaterial-based biosensor for different cancer cells detection is suggested and numerically analyzed. The reported sensor has a polyimide dielectric layer which is sandwiched between gold bottom plane and top metallic patches. The analyte sample covers the metallic patch where multiple resonances occur with high absorption. The resonance frequencies depend on the optical properties of the analyte sample. Therefore, the proposed sensor can distinguish between different cancer cell types such as skin cancer, blood cancer, and Breast cancer. Full vectorial finite element method is used to study the effects of the geometrical parameters with the aim to maximize the sensor sensitivity. The suggested sensor has high sensitivity of 2050 GHz/RIU (which is much higher than those suggested in the literature) with high quality factor of 55.34 in the frequency range from 4.25 THz to 4.75 THz. Further, the proposed biosensor is a label-free, and easy for fabrication using the state-of-the-art fabrication technologies.
Published: 2023
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239. Surgical site infection after gastrointestinal surgery in children: An international, multicentre, prospective cohort study

Author: Harrison E. M., Drake T. M., Ghosh D., Ademuyiwa A. O., Bhangu A., Fitzgerald J. E., Glasbey J., Borda-Luque G., Costas-Chavarri A., Ntirenganya F., Fergusson S. J., Ingabire J. C. A., Ismail L., Lilford R., Mihaljevic A. L., Morton D., Mutabazi A. Z., Adisa A. O., Ots R., Pinkney T., Poskus T., Shaw C. A., Verjee A., Runigamugabo E., Khatri C., Mohan M., Jaffry Z., Altamini A., Kirby A., Soreide K., Cornick J., Iyer D., King S., Arthur T., Nahar S. N., Waterman A., Lawini I., Rouse T., Correa J. C., Salem H. K., Worku M., Arnaud A., Kalles V., Aguilera M. L., Recinos G., Quek R., Altibi A., Whitaker J., Bent Z., Al-Slaibi I., Tahboub H., Alser O. H., Shu S., Mironescu A., Bratu M., Altwijri A., Alsaggaf M. U., Jubran A. F., Seisay S., Jeyakumar J., Senanayake K., Abdulbagi O., Raptis D., Kong C., Suresh S., Scott M., Grizhja B., Ymeri S., Galiqi G., Klappenbach R., Antezana D., Beleno A. E. M., Costa C., Sanchez B., Aviles S., Modolo M. M., Fermani C. G., Balmaceda R., Villalobos S., Carmona J. M., Hamill D., Deutschmann P., Sandler S., Cox D., Nataraja R., Sharpin C., Ljuhar D., Gray D., Haines M., Niranjan N., D'Amours S., Ashtari M., Franco H., Mitul A. R., Karim S., Aman N. F., Estee M. M., Salma U., Razzaque J., Hamidkanta T., Tori S., Alamin Md. S., Roy S., Al Amin Md. S., Haque M., Faruq A., Iftekhar F., O'Shea M., Padmore G., Jonnalagadda R., Litvin A., Filatau A., Paulouski D., Shubianok M., Shachykava T., Khokha D., Khokha V., Djivoh F., Lawani I., Dossou F., Seto D. M., Gbessi D. G., Noukpozounkou B., Souaibou Y. I., Keke K. R., Hodonou F., Ahounou E., Alihonou T., Denakpo M., Ahlonsou G., Bedada A. G., Nsengiyumva C., Kwizera S., Barendegere V., Choi P., Stock S., Jamal L., Firdouse M., Zani A., Azzie G., Kushwaha S., Agarwal A., Chen T. -L., Yip C., Montes I., Zapata F., Sierra S., Lanau M. I. V., Arango M. C. M., Restrepo I. M., Giraldo R. S. R., Mendozaarango M., Domini E., Karlo R., Mihanovic J., Youssef M., Elfeki H., Thabet W., Sanad A., Tawfik G., Zaki A., Abdel-Hameed N., Mostafa M., Omar M. F. W., Ghanem A., Abdallah E., Denewer A., Emara E., Rashad E., Sakr A., Elashry R., Emile S., Khafagy T., Elhamouly S., Elfarargy A., Mamdouhmohamed A., Saiednagy G., Esam A., Elwy E., Hammad A., Khallaf S., Ibrahim E., Saidbadr A., Moustafa A., Eldosoukymohammed A., Elgheriany M., Abdelmageed E., Al Raouf E. A., Elbanby E., Elmasry M., Morsyfarahat M., Yahyamansor E., Magdyhegazy E., Gamal E., Gamal H., Kandil H., Maherabdelrouf D., Moaty M., Gamal D., El-Sagheer N., Salah M., Magdy S., Salah A., Essam A., Ali A., Badawy M., Ahmed S., Mohamed M., Assal A., Sleem M., Ebidy M., Abdelrazek A., Zahran D., Adam N., Nazir M., Hassanein A. B., Ismail A., Elsawy A., Mamdouh R., Mabrouk M., Ahmed L. A. M., Hassabalnaby M., Magdy E., Abd-Elmawla M., Fahim M., Mowafy B., Mahmoud M. I., Allam M., Alkelani M., El Gendy N. H., Aboul-Naga M. S., Alaael-Din R., Elgendy A. H., Ismail M., Shalaby M., Elsharkawy A. A., Moghazy M. E., Elbisomy K. H., Shakshouk H. A. G., Hamed M. F., Ebidy M. M., Abdelkader M., Karkeet M., Ahmed H., Adel I., Omar M. E., Ibrahim M., Ghoneim O., Hesham O., Gamal S., Hilal K., Arafa O., Awad S. A., Salem M., Elsherif F. A., Elsabbagh N., Aboelsoud M. R., Rida A. H. E. F., Hossameldin A., Hany E., Asar Y. H., Anwar N., Gadelkarim M., Abdelhady S., Morshedy E. M., Saad R., Soliman N., Salama M., Ezzat E., Mohamed A., Ibrahim A., Fergany A., Mohammed S., Reda A., Allam Y., Saad H. A., Abdelfatah A., Fathy A. M., El-Sehily A., Kasem E. A., Hassan A. T. A., Mohammed A. R., Saad A. G., Elfouly Y., Elfouly N., Hassaan A., Mohammed M. M., Elhoseny G., Magdy M., Elkhalek E. A., Zakaria Y., Ezzat T., El Dahab A. A., Kelany M., Arafa S., Hassan O. M. M., Badwi N. M., Sleem A. S., Abdelbadeai K., Abdullah M. A., Lokman M., Bahar S., Radyabdelazeam A., Adelshone A., Hasnan M. B., Zulkifli A., Kamarulzamil S. N. A., Elhendawy A., Latif A., Adnan A. B., Shaharuddin S., Majid A. H. H. A., Amreia M., Al-Marakby D., Salma M., Basir E. R. M., Ali C. D. M., Ata A. Y., Nasr M., Rezq A., Sheta A., Tariq S., Sallam A., Darwish A. K. Z., Elmihy S., El Hadry S., Farag A., Hajah H., Seliem A., Aglan A., Zohair A., Essam M., Moussa O., El-Gizawy E., Samy M., Ali S., Elhalawany E., Ata A., Elhalawany M., Nashat M., Soliman S., Elazab A., Abdelaziz M. A., Ibrahim K., Ibrahim A. M., Gado A., Hantour U., Eldeen E. A., Loaloa M. R., Abouzaid A., Ahmedbahaaeldin M., Hashad E., Sroor F., Gamil D., Mahmoudabdulhakeem E., Zakaria M., Mohamed F., Abubakr M., Ali E., Magdy H., Ramadan M., Abdelatymohamed M., Mansour S., Abdulazizamin H., Rabiemohamed A., Saami M., Ahmedredaelsayed N., Tarek A., Mohyeldeenmahmoud S., El Sayed I. M., Yusufshawky M., Mousasalem M., El-Din S. A., Soliman N. A., Talaat M., Abdelmoenelhusseiny S. A. -D. A., Abdullah N., Elshaar M., Abdelfatahibraheem A., Abdulaziz H., Ismail M. K., Hamdymadkor M., Abdelaty M., Kader S. M., Mohamedsalah O., Eldafrawy M., Zakieldeeb A., Mahmoudeid M., Attia A., El-Dien K. S., Shwky A., Badenjki M. A., Soliman A., Al Attar S. M., Sayed F., Abdelsabour F., Azizeldine M. G., Shawqi M., Hashim A., Aamer A., Raouf A. M. A., Abdelshakour M., Mahmoud B., Mahmoud M. A., Qenawy M., Rashed A. M., Dahy A., Sayed M., Shamsedine A. W., Mohamed B., Hasan A., Saad M. M., Abdulbassit K., Khalidabdelatif N., Elzahed N., Elkashash A., Bekhet N. M., Hafez S., Gad A., Maher M. E., Abdelsameea A., Hafez M., Sabe A., Ahmed A., Shahine A., Dawood K., Gaafar S., Husseiny R., Aboelmagd O., Mesbah N., Emadeldin H., Almeligy A., Bekhet A. H., Hasan D., Alhady K., Sabe A. K., Elnajjar M. A., Aboelella M., Hamsho W., Hassan I., Saad H., Abdelazim G., Mahmoud H., Wael N., Kandil A. M., Magdy A., Saidelkholy S., Adel B., Dabbour K., Elsherbiney S., Mattar O., Abdrabou A. K., Aly M. Y. M., Geuoshy A., Elnagar A., Abdelmotaleb I., Saleh A. A., Mohammedbakry H., Saeed M., Mahmoud S., Tawfik B., Ismail S. A., Zakaria E., Gad M. O., Elhelbawy M., Bassem M., Khaledabdel-Latif N., Maraie N., Elhadary N. M., Semeda N., Rabiemohamed S., Bakry H. M., Essam A. A., Tarek D., Ashour K., Elhadad A., Abdel-Aty A., Rakha I., Matter S. M., Abdelhamed R., Abdelkader O., Soliman Y., Ghanem S., Farouk S. A. M., Ibrahim E. M., El-Taher E., Mahrousbadr M., El-Sawy R. E. A., Bakr A., Al Rafati A. A. R., Saar S., Reinsoo A., Talving P., Seyoum N., Worku T., Fitsum A., Tolonen M., Leppaniemi A., Sallinen V., Parmentier B., Peycelon M., Irtan S., Dardenne S., Robert E., Maillot B., Courboin E., Arnaud A. P., Hascoet J., Abbo O., Kaci A. A., Prudhomme T., Ballouhey Q., Grosos C., Fourcade L., Cecilia T., Jean-Francois C., Helene F. -C., Delforge X., Haraux E., Dousset B., Schiavone R., Gaujoux S., Marret J. -B., Haffreingue A., Rod J., Renaux-Petel M., Lecompte J. -F., Breaud J., Gastaldi P., Taieb C., Claire R., Anis E., Bustangi N., Lopez M., Scalabre A., Grella M. G., Mariani A., Podevin G., Schmitt F., Hervieux E., Broch A., Muller C., Tabiri S., Kojo A. T. T., Bandoh D., Abantanga F., Kyereh M., Asumah H., Appiah E. K., Wondoh P., Gyedu A., Dally C., Amoah K. A. M., Yifieyeh A., Agbedinu K., Owusu F., Amoako-Boateng M., Dayie M., Hagan R., Debrah S., Ohene-Yeboah M., Clegg-Lampety J. -N., Etwire V., Dakubo J., Essoun S., Bonney W., Glover-Addy H., Osei-Nketiah S., Amoako J., Adu-Aryee N., Appeadu-Mensah W., Bediako-Bowan A., Dedey F., Ekow M., Akatibo E., Yakubu M., Kordorwu H. E. K., Asare-Bediako K., Tackie E., Aaniana K., Acquah E., Opoku-Agyeman R., Avoka A., Kusi K., Maison K., Gyamfi F. 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C., Razuri C., Ortiz N., Rodriguez X., Carrasco N., Saravia F., Miyasato H. S., Valcarcel-Saldana M., Bermudez Y. E. A., Carpio J., Ruizpanez W., Toribioorbegozo P., Duenas C. G., Espinoza K. T., Barrantes A. M. S., Chungui J., Fuentes-Rivera L., Fernandez C., Romani D., Barbara, Ye J., Velasquez R., Salcedo J., Contreras-Vergara A. L., Mejia A. G. V., Montejo M. S. G., Escalantesalas M., Alccaticona W., Vargas M., Manriquesila G., Mas R., del Pilar Paucar A., Velasquez A. J. R., Robledo-Rabanal A., Solis L. A. Z., Hamaguchi J. L. H., Farfan E. S. F., Barrientos L. A. M., Matta J. J. H., Mora J. J. V., Redota M. A. P., Roxas M. F., Mano M. J. B., Parreno-Sacdalan M. D., Lapitan M. C., Almanon C. L., Waledziak M., Roszkowski R., Janik M., Lasek A., Major P., Radkowiak D., Rubinkiewicz M., Fernandes C., Costa-Maia J., Melo R., Muntean L., Mironescu A. S., Vida L. C., Kourdouli A., Popa M., Mircea H., Vartic M., Diaconescu B., Bratu M. 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D., Irwin G., Johnston R., Gani M., Gravante G., Rajmohan S., Majid K., Dindyal S., Smith C., Palliyil M., Patel S., Nicholson L., Harvey N., Baillie K., Shillito S., Kershaw S., Bamford R., Orton P., Reunis E., Tyler R., Soon W., Jama G. M., Dhillon D., Patel K., Nanthakumaran S., Heard R., Chen K. Y., Barmayehvar B., Datta U., Kamarajah S. K., Iftekhartani S., Monaghan E., Donnelly P., Walker M., Parakh J., Blacker S., Kaul A., Paramasivan A., Farag S., Nessa A., Awadallah S., Lim J., Cheankhunng J., Gash K., Kiran R. P., Murray A., Etchill E., Dasari M., Puyana J., Haddad N., Zielinski M., Choudhry A., Caliman C., Beamon M., Duane T., Narayanan R., Swaroop M., Myers J., Deal R., Schadde E., Hemmila M., Napolitano L., To K., Makupe A., Musowoya J., Maimbo M., van der Naald N., Kumwenda D., Reece-Smith A., Otten K., Verbeek A., Prins M., Suarez A. A. B., Deane C., Dijan E., Elfiky M., Koskenvuo L., Thollot A., Limoges B., Capito C., Alexandre C., Kotobi H., Leroux J., Pinnagoda K., Henric N., Azzis O., Rosello O., Francois P., Etienne S., Buisson P., Hmila S., Clegg-Lamptey J. -N., Imoro O., Abem O. E., Papageorgiou D., Soulou V., Asturias S., Pena L., Connor D. B. O., Luc A. R., Russo A. A., Ruzzenente A., Taddei A., Cona C., Bottini C., Pascale G., Rotunno G., Solaini L., Pascale M. M., Notarnicola M., Corbellino M., Sacco M., Ubiali P., Cautiero R., Bocchetti T., Muzio E., Guglielmo V., Morandi E., Mao P., de Luca E., Ali F. M., Strupas K., Kondrotas P., Baltrunas R., Kutkevicius J., Ignatavicius P., Tan C. L., Siaw J. Y., Yam S. Y., Wilson L., Aziz M. R. A., Bondin J., Zorrilla C. D., Majbar A., Sale D., Abdullahi L., Osagie O., Faboya O., Fatuga A., Taiwo A., Nwabuoku E., Bliksoen M., Khan Z. A., Coronel J., Miranda C., Vasquez I., Helguero-Santin L. M., Rickard J., Adedeji A., Alqahtani S., Rath M., van Niekerk M., Koto M. Z., Matos-Puig R., Israelsson L., Schuetz T., Yuksek M. A., Mericliler M., Wolf B., Fairfield C., Yong G. L., Whitehurst K., Redgrave N., Musyoka C. K., Olivier J., Lee K., Cox M., Farhan-Alanie M. M. H., Callan R., Chibuye C., Ali T. H. A., Rekhis S., Rommaneh M., Sam Z. H., Pugliesi T. B., Pardo G., Harrison, E. M., Drake, T. M., Ghosh, D., Ademuyiwa, A. O., Bhangu, A., Fitzgerald, J. E., Glasbey, J., Borda-Luque, G., Costas-Chavarri, A., Ntirenganya, F., Fergusson, S. J., Ingabire, J. C. A., Ismail, L., Lilford, R., Mihaljevic, A. L., Morton, D., Mutabazi, A. Z., Adisa, A. O., Ots, R., Pinkney, T., Poskus, T., Shaw, C. A., Verjee, A., Runigamugabo, E., Khatri, C., Mohan, M., Jaffry, Z., Altamini, A., Kirby, A., Soreide, K., Cornick, J., Iyer, D., King, S., Arthur, T., Nahar, S. N., Waterman, A., Lawini, I., Rouse, T., Correa, J. C., Salem, H. K., Worku, M., Arnaud, A., Kalles, V., Aguilera, M. L., Recinos, G., Quek, R., Altibi, A., Whitaker, J., Bent, Z., Al-Slaibi, I., Tahboub, H., Alser, O. H., Shu, S., Mironescu, A., Bratu, M., Altwijri, A., Alsaggaf, M. U., Jubran, A. F., Seisay, S., Jeyakumar, J., Senanayake, K., Abdulbagi, O., Raptis, D., Kong, C., Suresh, S., Scott, M., Grizhja, B., Ymeri, S., Galiqi, G., Klappenbach, R., Antezana, D., Beleno, A. E. M., Costa, C., Sanchez, B., Aviles, S., Modolo, M. M., Fermani, C. G., Balmaceda, R., Villalobos, S., Carmona, J. M., Hamill, D., Deutschmann, P., Sandler, S., Cox, D., Nataraja, R., Sharpin, C., Ljuhar, D., Gray, D., Haines, M., Niranjan, N., D'Amours, S., Ashtari, M., Franco, H., Mitul, A. R., Karim, S., Aman, N. F., Estee, M. M., Salma, U., Razzaque, J., Hamidkanta, T., Tori, S., Alamin, Md. S., Roy, S., Al Amin, Md. S., Haque, M., Faruq, A., Iftekhar, F., O'Shea, M., Padmore, G., Jonnalagadda, R., Litvin, A., Filatau, A., Paulouski, D., Shubianok, M., Shachykava, T., Khokha, D., Khokha, V., Djivoh, F., Lawani, I., Dossou, F., Seto, D. M., Gbessi, D. G., Noukpozounkou, B., Souaibou, Y. I., Keke, K. R., Hodonou, F., Ahounou, E., Alihonou, T., Denakpo, M., Ahlonsou, G., Bedada, A. G., Nsengiyumva, C., Kwizera, S., Barendegere, V., Choi, P., Stock, S., Jamal, L., Firdouse, M., Zani, A., Azzie, G., Kushwaha, S., Agarwal, A., Chen, T. -L., Yip, C., Montes, I., Zapata, F., Sierra, S., Lanau, M. I. V., Arango, M. C. M., Restrepo, I. M., Giraldo, R. S. R., Mendozaarango, M., Domini, E., Karlo, R., Mihanovic, J., Youssef, M., Elfeki, H., Thabet, W., Sanad, A., Tawfik, G., Zaki, A., Abdel-Hameed, N., Mostafa, M., Omar, M. F. W., Ghanem, A., Abdallah, E., Denewer, A., Emara, E., Rashad, E., Sakr, A., Elashry, R., Emile, S., Khafagy, T., Elhamouly, S., Elfarargy, A., Mamdouhmohamed, A., Saiednagy, G., Esam, A., Elwy, E., Hammad, A., Khallaf, S., Ibrahim, E., Saidbadr, A., Moustafa, A., Eldosoukymohammed, A., Elgheriany, M., Abdelmageed, E., Al Raouf, E. A., Elbanby, E., Elmasry, M., Morsyfarahat, M., Yahyamansor, E., Magdyhegazy, E., Gamal, E., Gamal, H., Kandil, H., Maherabdelrouf, D., Moaty, M., Gamal, D., El-Sagheer, N., Salah, M., Magdy, S., Salah, A., Essam, A., Ali, A., Badawy, M., Ahmed, S., Mohamed, M., Assal, A., Sleem, M., Ebidy, M., Abdelrazek, A., Zahran, D., Adam, N., Nazir, M., Hassanein, A. B., Ismail, A., Elsawy, A., Mamdouh, R., Mabrouk, M., Ahmed, L. A. M., Hassabalnaby, M., Magdy, E., Abd-Elmawla, M., Fahim, M., Mowafy, B., Mahmoud, M. I., Allam, M., Alkelani, M., El Gendy, N. H., Aboul-Naga, M. S., Alaael-Din, R., Elgendy, A. H., Ismail, M., Shalaby, M., Elsharkawy, A. A., Moghazy, M. E., Elbisomy, K. H., Shakshouk, H. A. G., Hamed, M. F., Ebidy, M. M., Abdelkader, M., Karkeet, M., Ahmed, H., Adel, I., Omar, M. E., Ibrahim, M., Ghoneim, O., Hesham, O., Gamal, S., Hilal, K., Arafa, O., Awad, S. A., Salem, M., Elsherif, F. A., Elsabbagh, N., Aboelsoud, M. R., Rida, A. H. E. F., Hossameldin, A., Hany, E., Asar, Y. H., Anwar, N., Gadelkarim, M., Abdelhady, S., Morshedy, E. M., Saad, R., Soliman, N., Salama, M., Ezzat, E., Mohamed, A., Ibrahim, A., Fergany, A., Mohammed, S., Reda, A., Allam, Y., Saad, H. A., Abdelfatah, A., Fathy, A. M., El-Sehily, A., Kasem, E. A., Hassan, A. T. A., Mohammed, A. R., Saad, A. G., Elfouly, Y., Elfouly, N., Hassaan, A., Mohammed, M. M., Elhoseny, G., Magdy, M., Elkhalek, E. A., Zakaria, Y., Ezzat, T., El Dahab, A. A., Kelany, M., Arafa, S., Hassan, O. M. M., Badwi, N. M., Sleem, A. S., Abdelbadeai, K., Abdullah, M. A., Lokman, M., Bahar, S., Radyabdelazeam, A., Adelshone, A., Hasnan, M. B., Zulkifli, A., Kamarulzamil, S. N. A., Elhendawy, A., Latif, A., Adnan, A. B., Shaharuddin, S., Majid, A. H. H. A., Amreia, M., Al-Marakby, D., Salma, M., Basir, E. R. M., Ali, C. D. M., Ata, A. Y., Nasr, M., Rezq, A., Sheta, A., Tariq, S., Sallam, A., Darwish, A. K. Z., Elmihy, S., El Hadry, S., Farag, A., Hajah, H., Seliem, A., Aglan, A., Zohair, A., Essam, M., Moussa, O., El-Gizawy, E., Samy, M., Ali, S., Elhalawany, E., Ata, A., Elhalawany, M., Nashat, M., Soliman, S., Elazab, A., Abdelaziz, M. A., Ibrahim, K., Ibrahim, A. M., Gado, A., Hantour, U., Eldeen, E. A., Loaloa, M. R., Abouzaid, A., Ahmedbahaaeldin, M., Hashad, E., Sroor, F., Gamil, D., Mahmoudabdulhakeem, E., Zakaria, M., Mohamed, F., Abubakr, M., Ali, E., Magdy, H., Ramadan, M., Abdelatymohamed, M., Mansour, S., Abdulazizamin, H., Rabiemohamed, A., Saami, M., Ahmedredaelsayed, N., Tarek, A., Mohyeldeenmahmoud, S., El Sayed, I. M., Yusufshawky, M., Mousasalem, M., El-Din, S. A., Soliman, N. A., Talaat, M., Abdelmoenelhusseiny, S. A. -D. A., Abdullah, N., Elshaar, M., Abdelfatahibraheem, A., Abdulaziz, H., Ismail, M. K., Hamdymadkor, M., Abdelaty, M., Kader, S. M., Mohamedsalah, O., Eldafrawy, M., Zakieldeeb, A., Mahmoudeid, M., Attia, A., El-Dien, K. S., Shwky, A., Badenjki, M. A., Soliman, A., Al Attar, S. M., Sayed, F., Abdelsabour, F., Azizeldine, M. G., Shawqi, M., Hashim, A., Aamer, A., Raouf, A. M. A., Abdelshakour, M., Mahmoud, B., Mahmoud, M. A., Qenawy, M., Rashed, A. M., Dahy, A., Sayed, M., Shamsedine, A. W., Mohamed, B., Hasan, A., Saad, M. M., Abdulbassit, K., Khalidabdelatif, N., Elzahed, N., Elkashash, A., Bekhet, N. M., Hafez, S., Gad, A., Maher, M. E., Abdelsameea, A., Hafez, M., Sabe, A., Ahmed, A., Shahine, A., Dawood, K., Gaafar, S., Husseiny, R., Aboelmagd, O., Mesbah, N., Emadeldin, H., Almeligy, A., Bekhet, A. H., Hasan, D., Alhady, K., Sabe, A. K., Elnajjar, M. A., Aboelella, M., Hamsho, W., Hassan, I., Saad, H., Abdelazim, G., Mahmoud, H., Wael, N., Kandil, A. M., Magdy, A., Saidelkholy, S., Adel, B., Dabbour, K., Elsherbiney, S., Mattar, O., Abdrabou, A. K., Aly, M. Y. M., Geuoshy, A., Elnagar, A., Abdelmotaleb, I., Saleh, A. A., Mohammedbakry, H., Saeed, M., Mahmoud, S., Tawfik, B., Ismail, S. A., Zakaria, E., Gad, M. O., Elhelbawy, M., Bassem, M., Khaledabdel-Latif, N., Maraie, N., Elhadary, N. M., Semeda, N., Rabiemohamed, S., Bakry, H. M., Essam, A. A., Tarek, D., Ashour, K., Elhadad, A., Abdel-Aty, A., Rakha, I., Matter, S. M., Abdelhamed, R., Abdelkader, O., Soliman, Y., Ghanem, S., Farouk, S. A. M., Ibrahim, E. M., El-Taher, E., Mahrousbadr, M., El-Sawy, R. E. A., Bakr, A., Al Rafati, A. A. R., Saar, S., Reinsoo, A., Talving, P., Seyoum, N., Worku, T., Fitsum, A., Tolonen, M., Leppaniemi, A., Sallinen, V., Parmentier, B., Peycelon, M., Irtan, S., Dardenne, S., Robert, E., Maillot, B., Courboin, E., Arnaud, A. P., Hascoet, J., Abbo, O., Kaci, A. A., Prudhomme, T., Ballouhey, Q., Grosos, C., Fourcade, L., Cecilia, T., Jean-Francois, C., Helene, F. -C., Delforge, X., Haraux, E., Dousset, B., Schiavone, R., Gaujoux, S., Marret, J. -B., Haffreingue, A., Rod, J., Renaux-Petel, M., Lecompte, J. -F., Breaud, J., Gastaldi, P., Taieb, C., Claire, R., Anis, E., Bustangi, N., Lopez, M., Scalabre, A., Grella, M. G., Mariani, A., Podevin, G., Schmitt, F., Hervieux, E., Broch, A., Muller, C., Tabiri, S., Kojo, A. T. T., Bandoh, D., Abantanga, F., Kyereh, M., Asumah, H., Appiah, E. K., Wondoh, P., Gyedu, A., Dally, C., Amoah, K. A. M., Yifieyeh, A., Agbedinu, K., Owusu, F., Amoako-Boateng, M., Dayie, M., Hagan, R., Debrah, S., Ohene-Yeboah, M., Clegg-Lampety, J. -N., Etwire, V., Dakubo, J., Essoun, S., Bonney, W., Glover-Addy, H., Osei-Nketiah, S., Amoako, J., Adu-Aryee, N., Appeadu-Mensah, W., Bediako-Bowan, A., Dedey, F., Ekow, M., Akatibo, E., Yakubu, M., Kordorwu, H. E. K., Asare-Bediako, K., Tackie, E., Aaniana, K., Acquah, E., Opoku-Agyeman, R., Avoka, A., Kusi, K., Maison, K., Gyamfi, F. E., Naabarnabas, G., Abdul-Latif, S., Taahamoako, P., Davor, A., Dassah, V., Dagoe, E., Kwakyeafriyie, P., Akoto, E., Ackom, E., Mensah, E., Atkins, E. T., Coompson, C. L., Ivros, N., Ferousis, C., Agalianos, C., Kyriazanos, I., Barkolias, C., Tselos, A., Tzikos, G., Voulgaris, E., Lytras, D., Bamicha, A., Psarianos, K., Stefanopoulos, A., Patoulias, I., Sfougaris, D., Valioulis, I., Balalis, D., Korkolis, D., Manatakis, D. K., Kyrou, G., Karabelias, G., Papaskarlatos, I. -A., Konstantina, K., Zampitis, N., Germanos, S., Papailia, A., Theodosopoulos, T., Gkiokas, G., Mitroudi, M., Panteli, C., Feidantsis, T., Farmakis, K., Kyziridis, D., Ioannidis, O., Parpoudi, S., Gemenetzis, G., Parasyris, S., Anthoulakis, C., Nikoloudis, N., Margaritis, M., Aguilera-Arevalo, M. -L., Coyoy-Gaitan, O., Rosales, J., Tale, L., Soley, R., Barrios, E., Rodriguez, S. T. T., Pazgalvez, C., Herreracruz, D., Rosenberg, G. S., Matheu, A., Cohen, D. M., Paul, M., Charles, A., Lam, J. C. Y., Yeung, M. H. A., Fok, C. Y. J., Li, K. H. G., Lai, A. C. -H., Cheung, Y. H. E., Wong, H. Y., Leung, K. W., Lee, T. S. B., Lam, W. H., Dao, W., Kwok, S. H. -W., Chan, T. -Y. K., Ng, Y. K., Liu, Q., Foo, C. C., Yang, J., Kumar, B., Bhatnagar, A., Upadhyaya, V., Kumar, S., Muddebihal, U., Dar, W., Kc, J., Alexander, P., Aruldas, N., Adella, F. J., Rulie, A. S., Iskandar, F., Setiawan, J., Evajelista, C. V., Natalie, H., Arlindawati, Gunawan, R., Karismaningtyas, H., Mata, L., Andika, F., Hasanah, A., Widiastini, T. A., Purwaningsih, N., Mukin, A. D. F., Rahmah, D., Nurqistan, H., Arsyad, H., Adhitama, N., Jeo, W., Sutandi, N., Clarissa, A., Gultom, P. A., Billy, M., Haloho, A., Amandito, R., Johanna, N., Lee, F., Dorani, R. M. N. R., Glynn, M., Alherz, M., Goh, W., Shiwani, H. A., Sproule, L., Conlon, K. C., Bala, M., Kedar, A., Turati, L., Bianco, F., Steccanella, F., Gallo, G., Trompetto, M., Clerico, G., Papandrea, M., Sammarco, G., Sacco, R., Benevento, A., Pata, F., Giavarini, L., Giglio, M. C., Bucci, L., Pagano, G., Sollazzo, V., Peltrini, R., Luglio, G., Birindelli, A., Di Saverio, S., Tugnoli, G., Paludi, M. A., Mingrone, P., Pata, D., Selvaggi, F., Selvaggi, L., Pellino, G., Di Martino, N., Curletti, G., Aonzo, P., Galleano, R., Berti, S., Francone, E., Boni, S., Lorenzon, L., Lo Conte, A., Balducci, G., Confalonieri, G., Pesenti, G., Gavagna, L., Vasquez, G., Targa, S., Occhionorelli, S., Andreotti, D., Pata, G., Aquilino, F., Chetta, N., Picciariello, A., Abdelkhalek, M., Belli, A., de Franciscis, S., Bigaran, A., Favero, A., Basso, S. M. 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Ella, Irwin, Gareth, Stoddart, Michael, Kabariti, Rakan, Suresh, Sukrit, Gash, Katherine, Scott, Mark, Narayanan, Ragavan, Maimbo, Mayaba, Grizhja, Besmir, Ymeri, Shpetim, Galiqi, Gezim, Klappenbach, Roberto, Antezana, Diego, Enrique MendozaBeleño, Alvaro, Costa, Cecilia, Sanchez, Belen, Aviles, Susan, Gabriel Fermani, Claudio, Balmaceda, Rubén, Villalobos, Santiago, Manuel Carmona, Juan, Hamill, Daniel, Deutschmann, Peter, Sandler, Simone, Cox, Daniel, Nataraja, Ram, Sharpin, Claire, Ljuhar, Damir, Gray, Demi, Haines, Morgan, Iyer, Dush, Niranjan, Nithya, D'Amours, Scott, Ashtari, Morvarid, Franco, Helena, Rahman Mitul, Ashrarur, Karim, Sabbir, F Aman, Nowrin, Mahfuz Estee, Mahnuma, Salma, Umme, Razzaque, Joyeta, Hamidkanta, Tasnia, Tori, Sayeedaaktar, Shadid Alamin, Md, Roy, Swapnil, Shadid Al Amin, Md, Haque, Muhtarima, Faruq, Amreen, Iftekhar Margaret, Farhana, Padmore O'Shea, Greg, Jonnalagadda, Ramesh, Litvin, Andrey, Filatau, Aliaksandr, Paulouski, Dzmitry, Shubianok, Maryna, Shachykava, Tatsiana, Khokha, Dziani, Khokha, Vladimir, Djivoh, Fernande, Lawani, Ismaïl, Dossou, Franci, Morel Seto, Djifid, Gaspard Gbessi, Dansou, Noukpozounkou, Bruno, Imorou Souaibou, Yacoubou, René Keke, Kpèmahouton, Hodonou, Fred, Ahounou, Ernestyemalinstephane, Alihonou, Thierry, Dénakpo, Max, Ahlonsou, Germain, Ginbo Bedada, Alemayehu, Nsengiyumva, Carlo, Kwizera, Sandrine, Barendegere, Venerand, Choi, Philip, Stock, Simon, Jamal, Luai, Azzie, George, Kushwaha, Sameer, Chen, Tzu-Ling, Yip, Chingwan, Montes, Irene, Zapata, Felipe, Sierra, Sebastian, Youssef, Mohamed, Elfeki, Hossam, Thabet, Waleed, Sanad, Aly, Tawfik, Gehad, Zaki, Ahmed, Abdel-Hameed, Noran, Mostafa, Mohamed, Abd Elkhalek, Esraa, Zakaria, Yehia, Ezzat, Tarek, Abo ElDahab, Ali, Kelany, Mohamed, Arafa, Sara, Mohamed Hassan, Osamamokhtar, Mohamed Badwi, Nermin, Saber Sleem, Ahmad, Ahmed, Hussien, Abdelbadeai, Kholoud, Abozed Abdullah, Mohamed, Lokman, Muhammadamsyarauni, Bahar, Suraya, Radyabdelazeam, Anan, 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Zanini, Nicola, Landolfo, Giovanni, Aljiffry, Murad, Idris, Faisal, Saleh AAlghamdi, Mohammed, Maghrabi, Ashraf, Altaf, Abdulmalik, Khalifah, Eyad, Albiety, Adel, Alkaaki, Aroub, Alshareef, Reham, Khoja, Ahmad, Nawawi, Abrar, Najjar, Mohammed, Turkustani, Sondo, Sahel, Sarah, Alzahrani, Ahmed, Alghamdi, Ahmed, Alhazmi, Wedyan, Al Saied, Ghiath, Alamoudi, Mohammed, Masood Riaz, Muhammed, Hassanain, Mazen, Alhassan, Basmah, Altamimi, Abdullah, Alyahya, Reem, Alsubaie, Norah, Albastawis, Fatema, Altamimi, Afnan, Nouh, Thamer, Khan, Roaa, Radojkovic, Milan, Jeremic, Ljiljana, Nestorovic, Milica, Hao Law, Jia, Say Kwang Tan, Keith, Kin Tan, Joel, WenLiang Joel, Lau, Wei Chan, Xue, QiHui Leong, Faith, Seng Chong, Choon, Koh, Sharon, Yin Lee, Kai, Chung Lee, Kuok, Pluke, Kent, Dedekind, Britta, Nashidengo, Puyearashid, Ian Hampton, Mark, Joosten, Johanna, Sobnach, Sanju, Roodt, Liana, Sander, Anthony, Pape, Jame, Maistry, Niveshni, Ndwambi, Phumudzo, Kinandu, Kamau, Tun, Myint, Du Toit, Frederick, Ellison, Quinn, Burger, Sule, C Grobler, D, Bongani Khulu, Lawrence, Moore, Rachel, Jennings, Vicky, Leusink, Astrid, Kariem, Nazmie, Gouws, Juan, Chu, Kathryn, Bougard, Heather, Noor, Fazlin, Dell, Angela, Van Straten, Stephanie, Khamajeet, Arvin, Kapenda Tshisola, Serge, Kabongo, Kalangu, Kong, Victor, Moodley, Yoshan, Anderson, Frank, Madiba, Thandinkosi, du Plooy, Flip, Hartford, Leila, Chilton, Gareth, Karjiker, Parveen, Mabitsela, Matlouernest, Ndlovu, Sibongileruth, Badicel, Maria, Jaich, Robert, Ruiz-Tovar, Jaime, Garcia-Florez, Lui, L Otero-Díez, Jorge, Ramospérez, Virginia, Aguadosuárez, Nuria, Minguez García, Javier, Corral Moreno, Sara, Vicenta Collado, Maria, Jiménez Carneros, Virginia, García Septiem, Javier, Gonzalez, Mariana, Picardo, Antonio, Esteban, Enrique, Ferrero, Esther, Espin-Basany, Eloy, Blanco-Colino, Ruth, Andriola, Valeria, Solargarcía, Lorena, Contreras, Elisa, Garcíabernardo, Carmen, Pagnozzi, Janet, Sanz, Sandra, Miyardeleón, Alberto, Dorismé, Asnel, Rodicio, Joselui, Suarez, Aida, Stuva, Jessica, Diazvico, Tamara, Fernandez-Vega, Laura, Soldevila-Verdeguer, Carla, Sena-Ruiz, Fatima, Pujol-Cano, Natalia, Diaz-Jover, Paula, Maria Garcia-Perez, José, Jose Segura-Sampedro, Juan, Pineño-Flores, Cristina, Ambrona-Zafra, David, Craus-Miguel, Andrea, Jimenez-Morillas, Patricia, Mazzella, Angela, B Jayathilake, A, B Thalgaspitiya, S P, S Wijayarathna, L, N Wimalge, P M S, Ayomi Sanni, Hakeem, Ndajiwo, Aliyu, Okenabirhie, Ogheneochuko, Homeida, Anmar, Younis, Abobaker, Abdelbagi Omer, Omer, Abdulaziz, Mustafa, Mussad, Ali, M Gilani, Ali, Björklund, Ida, Ahlqvist, Sandra, Thorell, Ander, Wogensen, Fredrik, Sokratous, Aresti, Breistrand, Michaela, Thorarinsdottir, Hildur, Sigurdadottir, Johanna, Nikberg, Maziar, Chabok, Abba, Hjertberg, Maria, Elbe, Peter, Saraste, Deborah, Rutkowski, Wiktor, Forlin, Louise, Niska, Karoliina, Sund, Malin, Oswald, Denni, Peros, Georgio, Bluelle, Rafael, Reinisch, Katharina, Frey, Daniel, Palma, Adrian, Raptis, Dimitriaristotle, Zumbühl, Luciu, Zuber, Marku, Schmid, Roger, Werder, Gabriela, Nocito, Antonio, Gerosa, Alexandra, Mahanty, Silke, Werner Widmer, Luka, Müller, Julia, Gübeli, Alissa, Zuk, Grzegorz, Bilgin Gulcicek, Osman, Vartanoglu, Talar, Kose, Emin, Rustu Karahan, Servet, Can Aydin, Mehmet, Alper Sahbaz, Nuri, Halicioglu, Ilkay, Alis, Halil, Sapci, Ipek, Adıyaman, Can, Murat Pektaş, Ahmet, Bora Cengiz, Turgut, Tansoker, Ilkan, Işler, Vedatcan, Cevik, Muazzez, Mutlu, Deniz, Ozben, Volkan, Baris Ozmen, Berk, Bayram, Sefa, Yolcu, Sinem, Buse Kobal, Berna, Faruk Toto, Ömer, Cem Çakaloğlu, Haluk, Karabulut, Kagan, Mutlu, Vahit, Busra Ozkan, Bahar, Celik, Saban, Semiz, Anil, Bodur, Selim, Gül, Enisburak, Murutoglu, Busra, Yildirim, Reyyan, Emre Baki, Bahadir, Arslan, Ekin, Ulusahin, Mehmet, Guner, Ali, Walker, Nathan, Shrimanker, Nikhita, Cole, Simon, Breslin, Ryan, Srinivasan, Ravi, Elshaer, Mohamed, Hunter, Kristina, Al-Bahrani, Ahmed, Liew, Ignatiu, Grace Mairs, Nora, Rocke, Alistair, Dick, Lachlan, Qureshi, Mobeen, Chowdhury, Debkumar, Wright, Naomi, Skerritt, Clare, Ho, Adrienne, Dissanayake, Tharindra, Tennakoon, Athula, Ali, Wadah, Jane Lim, Shujing, Tan, Charlene, O'Neill, Stephen, Jones, Catrin, Knight, Stephen, Nassif, Dima, Sharma, Abhishek, Warren, Oliver, White, Rebecca, Mehdi, Aia, Post, Nathan, Kalakouti, Eliana, Dashnyam, Enkhbat, Stourton, Frederick, Mykoniatis, Ioanni, Currow, Chelise, Wong, Francisca, Gupta, Ashish, Shatkar, Veeranna, Luck, Joshua, Kadiwar, Suraj, Smedley, Alexander, Wakefield, Rebecca, Herrod, Philip, Blackwell, Jame, Lund, Jonathan, Cohen, Fraser, Bandi, Ashwath, Giuliani, Stefano, Bond-Smith, Gile, Pezas, Theodore, Farhangmehr, Neda, Urbonas, Toma, Perenyei, Miklo, Ireland, Philip, Blencowe, Natalie, Bowling, Kirk, Bunting, David, Longstaff, Lydia, Keogh, Kenneth, Jeon, Hyunjin, Rafaih Iqbal, Muhammad, Khosla, Shivun, Jeffery, Anna, Perera, Jame, Aboelkassem Ibrahem, Ahmad, Alhammali, Tariq, Salama, Yahya, Oram, Shaun, Kidd, Thoma, Cullen, Fraser, Owen, Christopher, Wilson, Michael, Chiu, Seehui, Sarafilovic, Hannah, Ploski, Jennifer, Evans, Elizabeth, Abbas, Athar, Kamya, Sylvia, Ishak, Norzawani, Bisset, Carly, Andress, Cedar, Ru Chin, Ye, Patel, Priya, Evans, David, Haslegrave, Aidan, Boggon, Adam, Laurie, Kirsten, Connor, Katie, Mann, Thoma, Mansuri, Anahita, Davies, Rachel, Griffiths, Ewen, Raza Shahbaz, Aized, Eng, Calvin, Din, Farhat, L'Heveder, Ariadne, G Park, Esther H, Ravishankar, Ramanish, Mcintosh, Kirsten, Dar Yau, Jih, Chan, Luke, Mcgarvie, Susan, Tang, Lingshan, Lim, Hui, Yap, Suhhuey, Park, Jay, Ng, Zhanherr, Mirza, Shahrukh, Lin Ang, Yun, Walls, Luke, Roy, Chloe, Paterson-Brown, Simon, Camilleri-Brennan, Julian, Mclean, Kenneth, D'Souza, Michelle, Pronin, Savva, Ewart Henshall, David, Ter, Eunicezuling, Fouad, Dina, Minocha, Ashish, English, William, Morgan, Catrin, Townsend, Dominic, Maciejec, Laura, Mahdi, Shareef, Akpenyi, Onyinye, Hall, Elisabeth, Caydiid, Hanaan, Rob, Zakaria, Abbott, Tom, D Torrance, Hew, Johnston, Robin, Gani, Mohammedakil, Gravante, Gianpiero, Rajmohan, Shivanchan, Majid, Kiran, Dindyal, Shiva, Smith, Christopher, Palliyil, Madanmohan, Patel, Sanjay, Nicholson, Luke, Harvey, Neil, Baillie, Katie, Shillito, Sam, Kershaw, Suzanne, Bamford, Rebecca, Orton, Peter, Reunis, Elke, Tyler, Robert, Soon, Waicheong, M Jama, Guled, Dhillon, Dharminder, Patel, Khyati, Nanthakumaran, Shayanthan, Heard, Rachel, Yan Chen, Kar, Barmayehvar, Behrad, Datta, Uttaran, K Kamarajah, Sivesh, Iftekhartani, Sobhana, Monaghan, Eimear, Donnelly, Philippa, Walker, Michael, Parakh, Jehangirshaw, Blacker, Sarah, Kaul, Anil, Paramasivan, Arjun, Farag, Sameh, Nessa, Ashrafun, Awadallah, Salwa, Lim, Jieqi, Cheankhunng, Jame, P Kiran, Ravi, Murray, Alice, Etchill, Eric, Dasari, Mohini, Puyana, Juan, Haddad, Nadeem, Zielinski, Martin, Choudhry, Asad, Caliman, Celeste, Beamon, Mieshia, Duane, Therese, Swaroop, Mamta, Myers, Jonathan, Deal, Rebecca, Schadde, Erik, Hemmila, Mark, Napolitano, Lena, To, Kathleen, Makupe, Alex, Musowoya, Joseph, Van Der Naald, Niel, Kumwenda, Dayson, Reece-Smith, Alex, Otten, Kar, Verbeek, Anna, Prins, Marloe, Andres Baquero Suarez, Alibeth, Balmaceda, Ruben, Deane, Chelsea, Dijan, Emilio, Elfiky, Mahmoud, Koskenvuo, Laura, Thollot, Aurore, Limoges, Bernard, Capito, Carmen, Alexandre, Challine, Kotobi, Henri, Leroux, Julien, Pinnagoda, Kalitha, Henric, Nicola, Azzis, Olivier, Rosello, Olivier, Francois, Poddevin, Etienne, Sara, Buisson, Philippe, Hmila, Sophian, Clegg-Lamptey, Joe-Nat, Imoro, Osman, Emmanuel Abem, Owusu, Papageorgiou, Dimitrio, Soulou, Vasiliki, Asturias, Sabrina, Peña, Lenin, B O'Connor, Donal, Realis Luc, Alberto, Alessandro Russo, Alfio, Ruzzenente, Andrea, Taddei, Antonio, Cona, Camilla, Bottini, Corrado, Pascale, Giovanni, Rotunno, Giuseppe, Solaini, Leonardo, Maria Pascale, Marco, Notarnicola, Margherita, Corbellino, Mario, Sacco, Michele, Ubiali, Paolo, Cautiero, Roberto, Bocchetti, Tommaso, Muzio, 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Chibuye, Chali, Hassanein Ahmed Ali, Tebian, Rekhis, Syrine, Rommaneh, Muna, Hao Sam, Zi, Lawani, Ismail, Brunelli Pugliesi, Thay, Pardo, Gabriel, Blanco, Ruth, and GlobalSurg Collaborative: Aneel Bhangu, Adesoji O Ademuyiwa, Maria Lorena Aguilera, Philip Alexander, Sara W Al-Saqqa, Giuliano Borda-Luque, Ainhoa Costas-Chavarri, Thomas M Drake, Faustin Ntirenganya, J Edward Fitzgerald, Stuart J Fergusson, James Glasbey, Jc Allen Ingabire, Lawani Ismaïl, Hosni Khairy Salem, Anyomih Theophilus Teddy Kojo, Marie Carmela Lapitan, Richard Lilford, Andre L Mihaljevic, Dion Morton, Alphonse Zeta Mutabazi, Dmitri Nepogodiev, Adewale O Adisa, Riinu Ots, Francesco Pata, Thomas Pinkney, Tomas Poškus, Ahmad Uzair Qureshi, Antonio Ramos-De la Medina, Sarah Rayne, Catherine A Shaw, Sebastian Shu, Richard Spence, Neil Smart, Stephen Tabiri, Ewen M Harrison, Chetan Khatri, Midhun Mohan, Zahra Jaffry, Afnan Altamini, Andrew Kirby, Kjetil Søreide, Gustavo Recinos, Jen Cornick, Maria Marta Modolo, Dushyant Iyer, Sebastian King, Tom Arthur, Sayeda Nazmum Nahar, Ade Waterman, Michael Walsh, Arnav Agarwal, Augusto Zani, Mohammed Firdouse, Tyler Rouse, Qinyang Liu, Juan Camilo Correa, Peep Talving, Mengistu Worku, Alexis Arnaud, Vassilis Kalles, Basant Kumar, Sunil Kumar, Radhian Amandito, Roy Quek, Luca Ansaloni, Ahmed Altibi, Donatas Venskutonis, Justas Zilinskas, Tomas Poskus, John Whitaker, Vanessa Msosa, Yong Yong Tew, Alexia Farrugia, Elaine Borg, Zineb Bentounsi, Tanzeela Gala, Ibrahim Al-Slaibi, Haya Tahboub, Osaid H Alser, Diego Romani, Sebestian Shu, Piotr Major, Aurel Mironescu, Matei Bratu, Amar Kourdouli, Aliyu Ndajiwo, Abdulaziz Altwijri, Mohammed Ubaid Alsaggaf, Ahmad Gudal, Al Faifi Jubran, Sam Seisay, Bettina Lieske, Irene Ortega, Jenifa Jeyakumar, Kithsiri J Senanayake, Omar Abdulbagi, Yucel Cengiz, Dmitri Raptis, Yuksel Altinel, Chia Kong, Ella Teasdale, Gareth Irwin, Michael Stoddart, Rakan Kabariti, Sukrit Suresh, Katherine Gash, Ragavan Narayanan, Mayaba Maimbo, Besmir Grizhja, Shpetim Ymeri, Gezim Galiqi, Roberto Klappenbach, Diego Antezana, Alvaro Enrique Mendoza Beleño, Cecilia Costa, Belen Sanchez, Susan Aviles, Claudio Gabriel Fermani, Rubén Balmaceda, Santiago Villalobos, Juan Manuel Carmona, Daniel Hamill, Peter Deutschmann, Simone Sandler, Daniel Cox, Ram Nataraja, Claire Sharpin, Damir Ljuhar, Demi Gray, Morgan Haines, Dush Iyer, Nithya Niranjan, Scott D'Amours, Morvarid Ashtari, Helena Franco, Ashrarur Rahman Mitul, Sabbir Karim, Nowrin F Aman, Mahnuma Mahfuz Estee, Umme Salma, Joyeta Razzaque, Tasnia Hamid Kanta, Sayeeda Aktar Tori, Shadid Alamin, Swapnil Roy, Shadid Al Amin, Rezaul Karim, Muhtarima Haque, Amreen Faruq, Farhana Iftekhar, Margaret O'Shea, Greg Padmore, Ramesh Jonnalagadda, Andrey Litvin, Aliaksandr Filatau, Dzmitry Paulouski, Maryna Shubianok, Tatsiana Shachykava, Dzianis Khokha, Vladimir Khokha, Fernande Djivoh, Francis Dossou, Djifid Morel Seto, Dansou Gaspard Gbessi, Bruno Noukpozounkou, Yacoubou Imorou Souaibou, Kpèmahouton René Keke, Fred Hodonou, Ernest Yemalin Stephane Ahounou, Thierry Alihonou, Max Dénakpo, Germain Ahlonsou, Alemayehu Ginbo Bedada, Carlos Nsengiyumva, Sandrine Kwizera, Venerand Barendegere, Philip Choi, Simon Stock, Luai Jamal, Georges Azzie, Sameer Kushwaha, Tzu-Ling Chen, Chingwan Yip, Irene Montes, Felipe Zapata, Sebastian Sierra, Maria Isabel Villegas Lanau, Maria Clara Mendoza Arango, Ivan Mendoza Restrepo, Ruben Santiago Restrepo Giraldo, Edgar Domini, Robert Karlo, Jakov Mihanovic, Mohamed Youssef, Hossam Elfeki, Waleed Thabet, Aly Sanad, Gehad Tawfik, Ahmed Zaki, Noran Abdel-Hameed, Mohamed Mostafa, Muhammad Fathi Waleed Omar, Ahmed Ghanem, Emad Abdallah, Adel Denewer, Eman Emara, Eman Rashad, Ahmad Sakr, Rehab Elashry, Sameh Emile, Toqa Khafagy, Sara Elhamouly, Arwa Elfarargy, Amna Mamdouh Mohamed, Ghada Saied Nagy, Abeer Esam, Eman Elwy, Aya Hammad, Salwa Khallaf, Eman Ibrahim, Ahmed Said Badr, Ahmed Moustafa, Amany Eldosouky Mohammed, Mohammed Elgheriany, Eman Abdelmageed, Eman Abd Al Raouf, Esraa Samir Elbanby, Maha Elmasry, Mahitab Morsy Farahat, Eman Yahya Mansor, Eman Magdy Hegazy, Esraa Gamal, Heba Gamal, Hend Kandil, Doaa Maher Abdelrouf, Mohamed Moaty, Dina Gamal, Nada El-Sagheer, Mohamed Salah, Salma Magdy, Asmaa Salah, Ahmed Essam, Ahmed Ali, Mahmoud Badawy, Sara Ahmed, Mazed Mohamed, Abdelrahman Assal, Mohamed Sleem, Mai Ebidy, Aly Abd-Elrazek, Diaaaldin Zahran, Nourhan Adam, Mohamed Nazir, Adel B Hassanein, Ahmed Ismail, Amira Elsawy, Rana Mamdouh, Mohamed Mabrouk, Lopna Ahmed Mohamed Ahmed, Mohamed Hassab Alnaby, Eman Magdy, Manar Abd-Elmawla, Marwan Fahim, Bassant Mowafy, Moustafa Ibrahim Mahmoud, Meran Allam, Muhammad Alkelani, Noran Halim El Gendy, Mariam Saad Aboul-Naga, Reham Alaa El-Din, Alyaa Halim Elgendy, Mohamed Ismail, Mahmoud Shalaby, Aya Adel Elsharkawy, Mahmoud Elsayed Moghazy, Khaled Hesham Elbisomy, Hend Abdel Gawad Shakshouk, Mohamed Fouad Hamed, Mai Mohamed Ebidy, Mostafa Abdelkader, Mohamed Karkeet, Hayam Ahmed, Israa Adel, Mohammad Elsayed Omar, Mohamed Ibrahim, Omar Ghoneim, Omar Hesham, Shimaa Gamal, Karim Hilal, Omar Arafa, Sawsan Adel Awad, Menatalla Salem, Fawzia Abdellatif Elsherif, Nourhan Elsabbagh, Moustafa R Aboelsoud, Ahmed Hossam Eldin Fouad Rida, Amr Hossameldin, Ethar Hany, Yomna Hosny Asar, Nourhan Anwar, Mohamed Gadelkarim, Samar Abdelhady, Eman Mohamed Morshedy, Reham Saad, Nourhan Soliman, Mahmoud Salama, Eslam Ezzat, Arwa Mohamed, Arwa Ibrahim, Alaa Fergany, Sara Mohammed, Aya Reda, Yomna Allam, Hanan Adel Saad, Afnan Abdelfatah, Aya Mohamed Fathy, Ahmed El-Sehily, Esraa Abdalmageed Kasem, Ahmed Tarek Abdelbaset Hassan, Ahmed Rabeih Mohammed, Abdalla Gamal Saad, Yasmin Elfouly, Nesma Elfouly, Arij Ibrahim, Amr Hassaan, Mohammed Mustafa Mohammed, Ghada Elhoseny, Mohamed Magdy, Esraa Abd Elkhalek, Yehia Zakaria, Tarek Ezzat, Ali Abo El Dahab, Mohamed Kelany, Sara Arafa, Osama Mokhtar Mohamed Hassan, Nermin Mohamed Badwi, Ahmad Saber Sleem, Hussien Ahmed, Kholoud Abdelbadeai, Mohamed Abozed Abdullah, Muhammad Amsyar Auni Lokman, Suraya Bahar, Anan Rady Abdelazeam, Abdelrahman Adelshone, Muhammad Bin Hasnan, Athirah Zulkifli, Siti Nur Alia Kamarulzamil, Abdelaziz Elhendawy, Aliang Latif, Ahmad Bin Adnan, Shahadatul Shaharuddin, Aminah Hanum Haji Abdul Majid, Mahmoud Amreia, Dina Al-Marakby, Mahmoud Salma, Mohamad Jeffrey Bin Ismail, Elissa Rifhan Mohd Basir, Citra Dewi Mohd Ali, Aya Yehia Ata, Maha Nasr, Asmaa Rezq, Ahmed Sheta, Sherif Tariq, Abd Elkhalek Sallam, Abdelrhman Kz Darwish, Sohaila Elmihy, Shady Elhadry, Ahmed Farag, Haidar Hajeh, Abdelaziz Abdelaal, Amro Aglan, Ahmed Zohair, Mahitab Essam, Omar Moussa, Esraa El-Gizawy, Mostafa Samy, Safia Ali, Esraa El Halawany, Ahmed Ata, Mohamed El Halawany, Mohamed Nashat, Samar Soliman, Alaa Elazab, Mostada Samy, Mohamed A Abdelaziz, Khaled Ibrahim, Ahmed Mohamed Ibrahim, Ammar Gado, Usama Hantour, Esraa Alm Eldeen, Mohamed Reda Loaloa, Arwa Abouzaid, Mostafa Ahmed Bahaa Eldin, Eman Hashad, Fathy Sroor, Doaa Gamil, Eman Mahmoud Abdulhakeem, Mahmoud Zakaria, Fawzy Mohamed, Marwan Abubakr, Elsayed Ali, Hesham Magdy, Menna Tallah Ramadan, Mohamed Abdelaty Mohamed, Salma Mansour, Hager Abdul Aziz Amin, Ahmed Rabie Mohamed, Mahmoud Saami, Nada Ahmed Reda Elsayed, Adham Tarek, Sabry Mohy Eldeen Mahmoud, Islam Magdy El Sayed, Amira Reda, Martina Yusuf Shawky, Mohammed Mousa Salem, Shahinaz Alaa El-Din, Noha Abdullah Soliman, Muhammed Talaat, Shahinaz Alaael-Dein, Ahmed Abd Elmoen Elhusseiny, Noha Abdullah, Mohammed Elshaar, Aya Abdelfatah Ibraheem, Hager Abdulaziz, Mohammed Kamal Ismail, Mona Hamdy Madkor, Mohamed Abdelaty, Sara Mahmoud Abdel-Kader, Osama Mohamed Salah, Mahmoud Eldafrawy, Ahmed Zaki Eldeeb, Mostafa Mahmoud Eid, Attia Attia, Khalid Salah El-Dien, Ayman Shwky, Mohamed Adel Badenjki, Abdelrahman Soliman, Samaa Mahmoud Al Attar, Farrag Sayed, Fahd Abdel Sabour, Mohammed G Azizeldine, Muhammad Shawqi, Abdullah Hashim, Ahmed Aamer, Ahmed Mahmoud Abdelraouf, Mahmoud Abdelshakour, Amal Ibrahim, Basma Mahmoud, Mohamed Ali Mahmoud, Mostafa Qenawy, Ahmed M Rashed, Ahmed Dahy, Marwa Sayed, Ahmed W Shamsedine, Bakeer Mohamed, Ahmad Hasan, Mahmoud M Saad, Khalil Abdul Bassit, Nadia Khalid Abd El-Latif, Nada Elzahed, Ahmed El Kashash, Nada Mohamed Bekhet, Sarah Hafez, Ahmed Gad, Mahmoud Elkhadragy Maher, Ahmed Abd El-Sameea, Mohamed Hafez, Ahmad Sabe, Ataa Ahmed, Ahmed Shahine, Khaled Dawood, Shireen Gaafar, Reem Husseiny, Omnia Aboelmagd, Ahmed Soliman, Nourhan Mesbah, Hossam Emadeldin, Amgad Al Meligy, Amira Hassan Bekhet, Doaa Hasan, Khaled Alhady, Ahmad Khaled Sabe, Mahmoud A Elnajjar, Majed Aboelella, Ward Hamsho, Ihab Hassan, Hala Saad, Galaleldin Abdelazim, Hend Mahmoud, Noha Wael, Ahmedali M Kandil, Ahmed Magdy, Shimaa Said Elkholy, Badr Eldin Adel, Kareem Dabbour, Saged Elsherbiney, Omar Mattar, Abdulshafi Khaled AbdRabou, Mohammed Yahia Mohamed Aly, Abdelrahman Geuoshy, Ahmedglal Elnagar, Saraibrahim Ahmed, Ibrahem Abdelmotaleb, Amr Ahmed Saleh, Hesham Mohammed Bakry, Manar Saeed, Shady Mahmoud, Badreldin Adel Tawfik, Samar Adel Ismail, Esraay Zakaria, Mariam O Gad, Mohamed Salah Elhelbawy, Monica Bassem, Noha Maraie, Nourhan Medhat Elhadary, Nourhan Semeda, Shaza Rabie Mohamed, Hesham Mohammed Bakry, A A Essam, Dina Tarek, Khlood Ashour, Alaa Elhadad, Abdulrahman Abdel-Aty, Ibrahim Rakha, Sara Mamdouh Matter, Rasha Abdelhamed, Omar Abdelkader, Ayat Hassaan, Yasmin Soliman, Amna Mohamed, Sara Ghanem, Sara Amr Mohamed Farouk, Eman Mohamed Ibrahim, Esraa El-Taher, Merna Mostafa, Mohamed Fawzy Mahrous Badr, Rofida Elsemelawy, Aya El-Sawy, Ahmad Bakr, Ahmad Abdel Razaq Al Rafati, Sten Saar, Arvo Reinsoo, Nebyou Seyoum, Tewodros Worku, Agazi Fitsum, Matti Tolonen, Ari Leppäniemi, Ville Sallinen, Benogreît Parmentier, Matthieu Peycelon, Sabine Irtan, Sabrina Dardenne, Elsa Robert, Betty Maillot, Etienne Courboin, Alexis Pierre Arnaud, Juliette Hascoet, Olivier Abbo, Amir Ait Kaci, Thomas Prudhomme, Quentin Ballouhey, 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Antanas Zadoroznas, Nerijus Kaselis, Greta Žiubrytė, Finaritra Casimir Fleur Prudence Rahantasoa, Luc Hervé Samison, Fanjandrainy Rasoaherinomenjanahary, Todisoa Emmanuella Christina Tolotra, Cornelius Mukuzunga, Chimwemwe Kwatiwani, Nelson Msiska, Feng Yih Chai, Siti Mohd Desa Asilah, Khuzaimah Zahid Syibrah, Pui Xin Chin, Afizah Salleh, Nur Zulaika Riswan, April Camilla Roslani, Hoong-Yin Chong, Nora Abdul Aziz, Keat-Seong Poh, Chu-Ann Chai, Sandip Kumar, Mustafa Mohammed Taher, Nik Ritza Kosai, Dayang Nita Abdul Aziz, Reynu Rajan, Rokayah Julaihi, Durvesh Lacthman Jethwani, Muhammad Taqiyuddin Yahaya, Nik Azim Nik Abdullah, Susan Wndy Mathew, Kuet Jun Chung, Milaksh Kumar Nirumal, R Goh Ern Tze, Syed Abdul Wahhab Eusoffee Wan Ali, Yiing Yee Gan, Jesse Ron Swire Ting, Samuel S Y Sii, Kean Leong Koay, Yi Koon Tan, Alvin Ee Zhiun Cheah, Chui Yee Wong, Tuan Nur'Azmah Tuan Mat, Crystal Yern Nee Chow, Prisca Al Har, Yishan Der, Fitjerald Henry, Xinwei Low, Ya Theng Neo, Hian Ee Heng, Shu Ning Kong, Cheewei Gan, Yi Ting Mok, Yee Wen Tan, Kandasami Palayan, Mahadevan Deva Tata, Yih Jeng Cheong, Kuhaendran Gunaseelan, Wan Nurul 'Ain Wan Mohd Nasir, Pigeneswaren Yoganathan, Eu Xian Lee, Jian Er Saw, Li Jing Yeang, Pei Ying Koh, Shyang Yee Lim, Shuang Yi Teo, Nicole Grech, Daniela Magri, Kristina Cassar, Christine Mizzi, Malcolm Falzon, Nihaal Shaikh, Ruth Scicluna, Stefan Zammit, Sean Mizzi, Svetlana Doris Brincat, Thelma Tembo, Vu Thanh Hien Le, Tara Grima, Keith Sammut, Kurt Carabott, Ciskje Zarb, Andre Navarro, Thea Dimech, Georgette Marie Camilleri, Isaac Bertuello, Jeffrey Dalli, Karl Bonavia, Samantha Corro-Diaz, Marisol Manriquez-Reyes, Amina Abdelhamid, Abdelmalek Hrora, Sarah Benammi, Houda Bachri, Meryem Abbouch, Khaoula Boukhal, Redouane Mammar Bennai, Abdelkader Belkouchi, Mohamed Sobhi Jabal, Chaymae Benyaiche, Maarten Vermaas, Lucia Duinhouwer, Javier Pastora, Greta Wood, Maria Soledad Merlo, Akinlabi Ajao, Omobolaji Ayandipo, Taiwo Lawal, Abdussemiu Abdurrazzaaq, Muslimat Alada, Abdulrasheed Nasir, James Adeniran, Olufemi Habeeb, Ademola Popoola, Ademola Adeyeye, Ademola Adebanjo, Opeoluwa Adesanya, Adewale Adeniyi, Henry Mendel, Bashir Bello, Umar Muktar, Adedapo Osinowo, Thomas Olagboyega Olajide, Oyindamola Oshati, George Ihediwa, Babajide Adenekan, Victor Nwinee, Felix Alakaloko, Olumide Elebute, Abdulrazzaq Lawal, Chris Bode, Mojolaoluwa Olugbemi, Alaba Adesina, Olubukola Faturoti, Oluwatomi Odutola, Oluwaseyi Adebola, Clement Onuoha, Ogechukwu Taiwo, Omolara Williams, Fatai Balogun, Olalekan Ajai, Mobolaji Oludara, Iloba Njokanma, Roland Osuoji, Stephen Kache, Jonathan Ajah, Jerry Makama, Ahmed Adamu, Suleiman Baba, Mohammad Aliyu, Shamsudeen Aliyu, Yahaya Ukwenya, Halima Aliyu, Tunde Sholadoye, Muhammad Daniyan, Oluseyi Ogunsua, Lofty-John Anyanwu, Abdurrahaman Sheshe, Aminu Mohammad, Samson Olori, Philip Mshelbwala, Babatunde Odeyemi, Garba Samson, Oyediran Kehinde Timothy, Sani Ali Samuel, Anthony Ajiboye, Isaac Amole, 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David Bunting, Lydia Longstaff, Kenneth Keogh, Hyunjin Jeon, Muhammad Rafaih Iqbal, Shivun Khosla, Anna Jeffery, James Perera, Ahmad Aboelkassem Ibrahem, Tariq Alhammali, Yahya Salama, Shaun Oram, Thomas Kidd, Fraser Cullen, Christopher Owen, Michael Wilson, Seehui Chiu, Hannah Sarafilovic, Jennifer Ploski, Elizabeth Evans, Athar Abbas, Sylvia Kamya, Norzawani Ishak, Carly Bisset, Cedar Andress, Ye Ru Chin, Priya Patel, David Evans, Aidan Haslegrave, Adam Boggon, Kirsten Laurie, Katie Connor, Thomas Mann, Anahita Mansuri, Rachel Davies, Ewen Griffiths, Aized Raza Shahbaz, Calvin Eng, Farhat Din, Ariadne L'Heveder, Esther Hg Park, Ramanish Ravishankar, Kirsten McIntosh, Jih Dar Yau, Luke Chan, Susan McGarvie, Lingshan Tang, Hui Lim, Suhhuey Yap, Jay Park, Zhan Herr Ng, Shahrukh Mirza, Yun Lin Ang, Luke Walls, Chloe Roy, Simon Paterson-Brown, Julian Camilleri-Brennan, Kenneth Mclean, Michelle S D'Souza, Savva Pronin, David Ewart Henshall, Eunice Zuling Ter, Dina Fouad, Ashish Minocha, William English, Catrin Morgan, Dominic Townsend, Laura Maciejec, Shareef Mahdi, Onyinye Akpenyi, Elisabeth Hall, Hanaan Caydiid, Zakaria Rob, Tom Abbott, Hew D Torrance, Robin Johnston, Mohammed Aki Gani, Gianpiero Gravante, Shivanchan Rajmohan, Kiran Majid, Shiva Dindyal, Christopher Smith, Madanmohan Palliyil, Sanjay Patel, Luke Nicholson, Neil Harvey, Katie Baillie, Sam Shillito, Suzanne Kershaw, Rebecca Bamford, Peter Orton, Elke Reunis, Robert Tyler, Wai Cheong Soon, Guled M Jama, Dharminder Dhillon, Khyati Patel, Shayanthan Nanthakumaran, Rachel Heard, Kar Yan Chen, Behrad Barmayehvar, Uttaran Datta, Sivesh K Kamarajah, Sharad Karandikar, Sobhana Iftekhar Tani, Eimear Monaghan, Philippa Donnelly, Michael Walker, Jehangirshaw Parakh, Sarah Blacker, Anil Kaul, Arjun Paramasivan, Sameh Farag, Ashrafun Nessa, Salwa Awadallah, Jieqi Lim, James Chean Khun Ng, Ravi P Kiran, Alice Murray, Eric Etchill, Mohini Dasari, Juan Puyana, Nadeem Haddad, Martin Zielinski, Asad Choudhry, Celeste Caliman, Mieshia Beamon, Therese Duane, Mamta Swaroop, Jonathan Myers, Rebecca Deal, Erik Schadde, Mark Hemmila, Lena Napolitano, Kathleen To, Alex Makupe, Joseph Musowoya, Niels van der Naald, Dayson Kumwenda, Alex Reece-Smith, Kars Otten, Anna Verbeek, Marloes Prins, Alibeth Andres Baquero Suarez, Ruben Balmaceda, Chelsea Deane, Emilio Dijan, Mahmoud Elfiky, Laura Koskenvuo, Aurore Thollot, Bernard Limoges, Carmen Capito, Challine Alexandre, Henri Kotobi, Julien Leroux, Kalitha Pinnagoda, Nicolas Henric, Olivier Azzis, Olivier Rosello, Poddevin Francois, Sara Etienne, Philippe Buisson, Sophian Hmila, Joe-Nat Clegg-Lamptey, Osman Imoro, Owusu Emmanuel Abem, Dimitrios Papageorgiou, Vasiliki Soulou, Sabrina Asturias, Lenin Peña, Donal B O'Connor, Alberto Realis Luc, Alfio Alessandro Russo, Andrea Ruzzenente, Antonio Taddei, Camilla Cona, Corrado Bottini, Giovanni Pascale, Giuseppe Rotunno, Leonardo Solaini, Marco Maria Pascale, Margherita Notarnicola, Mario Corbellino, Michele Sacco, Paolo Ubiali, Roberto Cautiero, Tommaso Bocchetti, Elena Muzio, Vania Guglielmo, Eugenio Morandi, Patrizio Mao, Emilia de Luca, Farah Mahmoud Ali, Justas Žilinskas, Kestutis Strupas, Paulius Kondrotas, Robertas Baltrunas, Juozas Kutkevicius, Povilas Ignatavicius, Choy Ling Tan, Jia Yng Siaw, Sir Young Yam, Ling Wilson, Mohamed Rezal Abdul Aziz, John Bondin, Carmina Diaz Zorrilla, Anass Majbar, Danjuma Sale, Lawal Abdullahi, Olabisi Osagie, Omolara Faboya, Adedeji Fatuga, Agboola Taiwo, Emeka Nwabuoku, Marte Bliksøen, Zain Ali Khan, Jazmin Coronel, Cesar Miranda, Idelso Vasquez, Luis M Helguero-Santin, Jennifer Rickard, Adesina Adedeji, Saleh Alqahtani, Max Rath, Michael Van Niekerk, Modise Zacharia Koto, Roel Matos-Puig, Leif Israelsson, Tobias Schuetz, Mahmut Arif Yuksek, Meric Mericliler, Mehmet Ulusahin, Bernhard Wolf, Cameron Fairfield, Guo Liang Yong, Katharine Whitehurst, Natalie Redgrave, Caroluce K Musyoka, James Olivier, Kathryn Lee, Michael Cox, Muhamed M H Farhan-Alanie, Rory Callan, Chali Chibuye, Tebian Hassanein Ahmed Ali, Syrine Rekhis, Muna Rommaneh, Zi Hao Sam, Thays Brunelli Pugliesi, Gabriel Pardo, Ruth Blanco
Subjects: Male, paediatric, Cohort Studies, 0302 clinical medicine, Primary outcome, gastro-enterologic surgery, Risk Factors, Prospective Studies, 030212 general & internal medicine, paediatrics, Prospective cohort study, Child, Digestive System Surgical Procedures, Original Research, lcsh:R5-920, Paediatric surgery, Health Policy, Human development (humanity), 3142 Public health care science, environmental and occupational health, 3. Good health, CONGENITAL-ANOMALIES, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, Child, Preschool, surgical infection, Female, lcsh:Medicine (General), Surgical site infection, Cohort study, Human, AFRICA, medicine.medical_specialty, CARE-ASSOCIATED INFECTION, Adolescent, lcsh:Infectious and parasitic diseases, NO, 03 medical and health sciences, MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRIES, medicine, Humans, Surgical Wound Infection, lcsh:RC109-216, In patient, Human Development Index, business.industry, Kirurgi, Risk Factor, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Infant, Newborn, Infant, Digestive System Surgical Procedure, GLOBAL BURDEN, 3126 Surgery, anesthesiology, intensive care, radiology, Surgery, Prospective Studie, Cohort Studie, business
Abstract: Background: Surgical site infection (SSI) is one of the most common infections associated with health care, but its importance as a global health priority is not fully understood. We quantified the burden of SSI after gastrointestinal surgery in countries in all parts of the world. Methods: This international, prospective, multicentre cohort study included consecutive patients undergoing elective or emergency gastrointestinal resection within 2-week time periods at any health-care facility in any country. Countries with participating centres were stratified into high-income, middle-income, and low-income groups according to the UN's Human Development Index (HDI). Data variables from the GlobalSurg 1 study and other studies that have been found to affect the likelihood of SSI were entered into risk adjustment models. The primary outcome measure was the 30-day SSI incidence (defined by US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria for superficial and deep incisional SSI). Relationships with explanatory variables were examined using Bayesian multilevel logistic regression models. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02662231. Findings: Between Jan 4, 2016, and July 31, 2016, 13 265 records were submitted for analysis. 12 539 patients from 343 hospitals in 66 countries were included. 7339 (58·5%) patient were from high-HDI countries (193 hospitals in 30 countries), 3918 (31·2%) patients were from middle-HDI countries (82 hospitals in 18 countries), and 1282 (10·2%) patients were from low-HDI countries (68 hospitals in 18 countries). In total, 1538 (12·3%) patients had SSI within 30 days of surgery. The incidence of SSI varied between countries with high (691 [9·4%] of 7339 patients), middle (549 [14·0%] of 3918 patients), and low (298 [23·2%] of 1282) HDI (p
Published: 2020

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