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Highlights: [•] New parameter relationships for efficient public lighting design were obtained. [•] Optimization criteria included maximum energy efficiency and overall uniformity. [•] The values of mounting height and spacing between luminaires are calculated by simple lineal relations. [•] The results have been successfully tested with a well-known and reliable free software. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents an example of integration of various functionalities opensource GIS software to improve decision-making in local governments. It shows the synergistic possibilities of integrating various opensource GIS software to support decision- making (DSS). Special attention is paid to geoprocessing capability. Further, it is analyzed the significance of building spatial data infrastructure at the local level as basis of DSS. The research was done on the example of choosing the best options for the reconstruction of public lighting. The results of this study contribute for promote the growing trend of integration the compatibility of various GIS open source software solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers the author's insight on urban lighting project in United Arab Emirates (UAE), particularly in the municipality of Abu Dhabi. He states that the basic principles for sustainable lighting strategy in Abu Dhabi include transition to light emitting diodes (LEDs), roadway lighting levels reduction, and improvement in the public realm lighting. He says that all calculations for all levels of applications and lighting designs guidance is provided to the project consultants.

Cities produce considerable ecological light pollution (ELP), yet the effects of artificial night lighting on biological communities and ecosystem function have not been fully explored. From June 2010 to June 2011, we surveyed aquatic emergent insects, riparian arthropods entering the water, and riparian spiders of the family Tetragnathidae at nine stream reaches representing common ambient ELP levels of Columbus, Ohio, USA, streams (low, 0.1-0.5 lux; moderate, 0.6-2.0 lux; high, 2.1 -4.0 lux). In August 2011, we experimentally increased light levels at the low- and moderate-treatment reaches to 10-12 lux to represent urban streams exposed to extremely high levels of ELP. Although season exerted the dominant influence on invertebrate fluxes over the course of the year, when analyzed by season, we found that light strongly influenced multiple invertebrate responses. The experimental light addition resulted in a 44% decrease in tetragnathid spider density (P = 0.035), decreases of 16% in family richness (P = 0.040) and 76% in mean body size (P = 0.022) of aquatic emergent insects, and a 309% increase in mean body size of terrestrial arthropods (P = 0.015). Our results provide evidence that artificial light sources can alter community structure and ecosystem function in streams via changes in reciprocal aquatic-terrestrial fluxes of invertebrates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Usually, the three-phase power lines, with charges evenly distributed along their length, such as the public lighting installations, are sized as if they were a three-phase power line feeding just one consumer. The difference is that the charge of the consumer represents a sum of the evenly distributed charges and the equivalent consumer is concentrated at half the length of the power line to be sized. An economical sizing of such a type of power line is possible if one uses the method of the minimum conductor material volume, also used in designing main three-phase power lines. The paper gives an example of sizing a three-phase power line with evenly distributes charges, using the two methods, and pointing out to the characteristics of application for the economical designing method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Technological developments in municipal lighting are altering the spectral characteristics of artificially lit habitats. Little is yet known of the biological consequences of such changes, although a variety of animal behaviours are dependent on detecting the spectral signature of light reflected from objects. Using previously published wavelengths of peak visual pigment absorbance, we compared how four alternative street lamp technologies affect the visual abilities of 213 species of arachnid, insect, bird, reptile and mammal by producing different wavelength ranges of light to which they are visually sensitive. The proportion of the visually detectable region of the light spectrum emitted by each lamp was compared to provide an indication of how different technologies are likely to facilitate visually guided behaviours such as detecting objects in the environment. Compared to narrow spectrum lamps, broad spectrum technologies enable animals to detect objects that reflect light over more of the spectrum to which they are sensitive and, importantly, create greater disparities in this ability between major taxonomic groups. The introduction of broad spectrum street lamps could therefore alter the balance of species interactions in the artificially lit environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper considers the justification for the application of light-emitting diode (LED) technology to urban lighting. The results suggest that LEDs are convenient for architectural lighting and deserve to be considered for use in ambient lighting. The recently developed Commission Internationale de l’Eclairage (CIE) mesopic system enabled the inclusion of mesopic effects into a comprehensive techno-economic analysis, which dealt with efficiency, maintenance and financial aspects of the use of LEDs in street and roadway lighting. It is concluded that the average energy savings when using LED instead of high-pressure sodium (HPS) luminaires amount to 19–26% for single-sided, staggered and opposite layouts, although they are frequently negligible if mesopic effects are not included. The total costs of the LED lighting solutions, even including mesopic effects, are 1.36 to 6.44 times higher than those of the comparable HPS lighting solutions. Therefore, LEDs are questionable for street and roadway lighting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes an electronic driver for public lighting systems. The input stage is based on the integration of two flyback converters with different polarities, in order to avoid the use of the input diode bridge rectifying stage. The output stage is a boost converter with an output current control. The proposed circuit is introduced and analyzed, and a design example for a 50-W light-emitting diode lamp is presented. The most relevant simulation and experimental results are also shown, in order to validate the idea. A comparison in terms of efficiency for the input stage is carried out between the proposed topology and the conventional flyback converter, showing an efficiency enhancement in the proposed converter. However, the most important advantage of the proposed converter is outlined in the final part of this paper. This advantage comes from the avoidance of the input diode bridge, thus enabling the bidirectional power flow at the input stage. Therefore, the topology can be used to deliver energy into the power grid. In recent lighting applications, the use of micro renewable generators in lighting points has made the use of special electronics to handle the energy flows in the ballast necessary. The present topology is an alternative to standard bidirectional input stages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Through the last three decades, Paris has been known as «La Ville-Lumiere» («The City of Light»). Paris owes this name firstly to its fame for being in the centre of edu-cation and ideas during the enlightenment age which gathered many writers and artists of that era. But later on, Paris become famous for its early adoption of street lighting and this event made the city's identity; an identity which has continued till today and has become a pre-text for lighting to be considered as a specific guideline. In this city, the historical and main public buildings are decorated with lights very delicately and carefully and these illuminations make Paris nights so poetic and full of romance. Paris night lighting was launched since 1318 and its initial purpose was to bring security to the dark areas. It took about 2 centuries for Paris bourgeoisie to accept to pay for lighting candles at houses' windows in the parliament area. In 18th century Paris lighting system was by oil-lights. These kinds of lights were trans-formed to gas-lights at late 19th. Nowadays, Paris nights light with about 200 thousand sources and 304 sites (monuments, hotels, churches, bridges, statues, public build-ings and waterfronts) are illuminated. The elec-tricity for lighting the city costs about 12 million Euros per year and a large part of the Paris budget is allocated to that. Providing security, beauty and creativity, identity and harmony with the context, per-sistence and sustainability, saving energy, environmental protection, visual comfort and light pollution control, modifying the day views, flexibility and change according to the time and adapting to the needs of users can be men-tioned as nightscape design principles outlined in the Paris. Policies for urban lighting design in Paris have created a nightscape which identically belongs to this city. Paris nightscape, despite being formed based on lighting the day land-scape, makes a different image of the city in the remembrance of visitors. This image varies at different times of the year. Some effective components of the Paris nightscape could be: Creating vitality and shine in general view of buildings (especially historical buildings) in contrast with the daily figures which is somewhat neuter and colorless, emphasizing on landmarks and signs in the urban landscape, controlling the light pollution in order to avoid visual confusion, using colors in lighting (espe-cially in occasional lighting) with various tech-niques and performing various special images by lightings monuments in the national celebra-tions and events. Keep the title «City of Light» as an identity for Paris nights has been made possible by the enormous economic cost, expertise and management. Despite the restrictions made by government programs to reduce energy consumption and air pollution (carbon 2020 program), this identity does not seem to be al-tered. Planning for optimizing the Paris lighting system is being compiled based on two crite-ria, «time» and «need», with an emphasis on creative answers and coordination with the city night life. These innovative solutions will add more richness and beauty to Paris nights in the coming years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a brief article, the author discusses various strategies for the management of municipal lighting in the city of Tehran, Iran. Topics addressed include: lighting as a primary element in the nightlife of the city, the role of lighting in the city's ceremonies, rituals and other special events, and urban lighting as an artistic activity.

The cityscape is closely related to mentalities and realities of a city. Thus, man-agement of urban nightscape should be done under two main themes. On the one hand, physical and functional expressions of city must be considered, but on the other hand, per-ceptual concepts derived from identity and old traditions are also to be strictly emphasized. An appropriate model for organizing night scenes of city is one that represents physical beauty of the city and indicates, moreover, physiologi-cal needs of citizens. The continuity of urban night life is required by making the space more inviting. Achieving such characteristics in night urban spaces needs qualitative and quantita-tive promotion of space, in turn, is matter of paying attention to subjectivity and objectiv-ity of urban environment and consequently of providing appropriate lighting, a wide variety of activities, a sustainable economy at night, and security and legibility of space. Megacity of Tehran as Iran capital and also as one of important cities in Middle East needs to pro-duce or revitalize night urban spaces. Real-izing potentials available in its public spaces and places, city of Tehran can fulfill dream of nightlife for its citizens, provided that physical, perceptual, and cultural requirements could be incorporated. Additionally, it is good to mention that new comprehensive plan of Tehran (2008) has provided a strong valid and legitimate sup-port for doing it. Among statements of vision of this plan, keywords such as global, safe, lively, and vibrant put a strict emphasis on necessity of turning Tehran to a 24 hours city. Hence, an exhaustive planning for continuing urban night-life in City of Tehran should be considered by both urban management and experts of urban affairs. With a concise literature review and a reasoned documentation, this paper tries to ex-plain significance of realization of urban night-scape management potentials in city of Tehran, to express its requirements, and finally, to offer added economic and social values obtained from suitable organization of Tehran urban spaces at night time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Atjeh Street is one of the oldest streets in Rotterdam city of Netherlands. During the past decade, city officials were searching for a new solution to revitalize the street due to its social security problems, particularly in the night life. Their final solution was not an ana-tomical restoration of the street, but the idea of lighting at night. The chosen idea called Broken lighting improves the quality of life of the streets at night, saving the identity and lost values of street. Street lighting design is not limited only to lighting requirements and the performance objectives. However with a different look of the designer to the light and lighting, this type of lighting creates a work of art in the city and makes the street distinct as well. Consequently, it has a great impact on identity and legibility of the street and could change the street from an insecure and a low quality place to some where safe and pleasant for night walks of the neigh-bors. Street lighting includes both horizontal and vertical lighting. Vertical Lighting is created by illuminated columns on the facades of build-ings and shining lights from precise grooves of the lamps. Horizontal lighting illuminates the sidewalk of the street by the idea of Broken lighting and creates artistic patterns. Municipal laws and traffic regulations limits the designers in using this idea in the whole Street. Imagi-native and beautiful patterns that are created on the surface of the sidewalk gives a different personality to Atjeh street; a character which is a result of a new experience of public space. Providing adequate lighting with an ice and ar-tistic pattern of lighting at night, make light as a reviver and life - giving of space. In fact, in the lighting of Atjeh street, art in the form of special lightings of floor and facades of the street is a factor in attracting people and shape their collective memories in the Ambigu-ity halo of dancing lights. Involving pedestrians feelings and a new visual experience for them in addition to changing the old street into a» pil-lar of light» in the context of the city, has blown rejuvenation in the empty spaces between the buildings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today, enhancing the quality of ur-ban spaces through providing pedestrian night life is the main concern of architects' and urban planners' main concerns. Since urban space lighting can lead to the presence of citizens at night, lighting plans, especially in developing and rejuvenating the older urban spaces has been taking more attention. This importance and global attention to the lighting of urban landscapes, has lead to various national and international lighting ceremonies and compe-titions. One of the most famous lighting com-petitions is an international competition named «City-People-Light», which is considered a premier project due to its reduction of energy consumption and incorporation of the prin-ciples of sustainable development. Lighting of Kanazawa's castle park won this competition's third prize in 2011. This project's first phase be-gan in 2000 and the second phase was com-pleted in 2010. In this article, this lighting project's positive and negative points and its mutual effects on reaching the urban landscape goals are dis-cussed and analyzed, especially in aspect of landscape managing of the Kanazawa's older area. Through creating a dramatic sense be-tween the modern and historical parts of the city, this project achieves to emphasize on the city's culture and history. This article also represents and emphasize the city's identity through creating a harmony between the lighting elements. Lighting is both used to emphasize the natu-ral elements and cultural historical symbols while keeping Kanazawa's famous peaceful space. Recognizing the permanent and tem-porary landscape shaping components in vari-ous scales, makes the design to have a spe-cial cascading pattern. The Kanazawa's castle park lighting project is a successful sample of using light energy with minimal damage to the natural environment which causes the pres-ence of night life while keeping the area's cul-tural historical identity using artifact elements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is about a century that lighting in the city is considered a field of urban art. Nowadays, urban lighting is being tested pace with technological developments and the introduction of urban social theories in various fields that gives variety to urban landscape. The interactive and participatory design is one of the new areas of urban sociology and urban planning relied on technology which is imported in the field of urban lighting. In this context, the relationship that exists between space and light provides a different perception of light as one of the defining factors of landscape with the audience and entering contact as a factor that plays a role in lighting space. This paper introduces and analyzes the interactive lighting project "Light Scraper" in Melbourne. In this project the special scope of designer is the significant role of audience in space. Depending on the movements, the media scenes and special music will be created tailored to the space, so that it shapes the audience as the third factor in urban space lighting which impresses the public space form that challenges of citizen under-standing of space and city in different scales and dimensions. Interactive design that emphasizes on relationship between the project and the audience and their interactive dialog, attracts the audience to participate in creating the space and add variety to it. Therefore, the diversity of audiences is considered as an appropriate approach for creating dynamic urban spaces. "Light scraper" project with providing a context for attracting participants of audiences and converting their movements in to light and sound have created a space in which the audience will figure out the importance of his presence in the space. This approach will help in creating vitality, space legibility, excitement and create the memorial role of the city. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Public lighting applications, including street and pedestrian lighting provide crucial services for human safety, productivity and comfort in the modern urban and suburban landscape. However, energy charges for these lighting applications represent the largest part of all expenses for public lighting. The increasing price of electricity is, by itself, responsible for the majority of the increase in streetlight operation budgets. Telemanagement systems that control public lighting networks offer a significant opportunity to save energy and decrease the impact of artificial lighting on the environment. When high intensity discharge lamps are used regulation of light flux can be achieved using either step-dimming or continuous dimming ballasts (1-10V, DALI). This paper presents the variation of electrical parameters of two lighting solutions due to continuous dimming of light output. The first solution consists of a high pressure sodium SON-T 150W lamp and the electronic DynaVision SON ballast. The ceramic metal halide CDO-TT 150W lamp and the electronic DynaVision CDO ballast represent the second studied solution. Both solutions use the 1-10V analogic protocol technology for continuous dimming of lamp light flux. The results are presented as a comparison of the influence of light output dimming on the electrical parameters of the two solutions. This comparison is defined in terms of active and reactive power consumption, current harmonics and power factor values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on back to basics reports on best practice in public lighting maintenance which is determined by activities, strategies, planning and design. Optical maintenance is aimed at ensuring that as much of the light as possible reaches the target area while electrical maintenance ensures the safety of the public, operator and maintenance operatives. Maintenance strategies involve optimization of visits by operatives and carrying out of multiple onsite operations.

The article discusses the achievements of Patrick Baldrey, chairman of Urbis Lighting, a large British company in public lighting. Baldrey has been president of Institution of Lighting Professionals in 1998 and CIBSE Society of Light & Lighting in 2008. Bardley stated that Great Britain's street lighting over the years was dominated by Thorn, Philips and GEC and lighting specification was non-performance based. Urbis was chosen in the 1980s for Hong Kong's road tunnel lighting projects.

Sean Lally of WEATHERS urges designers to realise the performative capabilities of the ambient effects of the urban wash - the artificial light given off by cities at night. Taking up this principle of a wash within his designs for the Museum of the Second World War in Gdansk, he demonstrates how a 'climatic wash' could create an artificial microclimate that extends the seasonal activities of the museum's programmes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents the historical evolution of the service of public lighting in Colombia, posing a reflection about the tax of public lighting as related activity and not regulated by the regime of Public Services Home in the country, law 142 of 1994. The interest in this issue arises from the continuing conflicts from the determination of the legal nature of the service of public lighting, its affinity with the public services home and the doctrinal and legal lack of clarity in this regard. In this way, the main objective of this work is to make a presentation of the development and legal doctrine of the service of public lighting, based on the historical evolution of this service. Similarly, a presentation of the service from their characteristics and components, and then to specify the nature of the service and to overcome the interpretations around it. To achieve this objective, it was revised the rules, judgments and the little doctrine, national and foreign, which have addressed this subject. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The high potential recorded by desert of Algeria in terms of sun exposure offers scope to exploit this source of renewable energy to answer the needs for water supply and public lighting in isolated populations. Our objective is to guarantee the reliability of the photovoltaic power generation equipments located in remote and isolated areas, including photovoltaic pumping stations, expected to supply water to local people for human consumption and for livestock from drilling isolated. Thus, we are focused particularly on the reliability of these systems and their maintenance in operational mode. The introduction of the e-maintenance can reduce cost and time management of equipment, and provide easy access to relevant information for the user by freeing up geographical constraints. Our study aims to introduce the techniques proposed by the e-Maintenance, to improve the management of the maintenance process. In this project a cooperative distributed platform of e-maintenance is proposed, including data acquisition systems, control, maintenance management, diagnosis assistance, management of documentation, etc. An e-maintenance platform is a collaboration platform offering a set of software components and software services for maintenance support (integrated and/or distant) all enable maintenance actors to find each other, and the information they need, and to be able to communicate and work together to achieve maintenance process. In this platform, the process of the various modules must be designed following a process of knowledge capitalization and data processing to ensure the diagnosis and prognosis of the pumping system of the Photovoltaic system and thus ensure its reliability. This processing chain will be tested in a first time in a mini-solar station to show the feasibility of the approach. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The article presents a summary of a study of the potential of sustainable technologies for public lighting and the development of a conceptual solar lighting system that was presented at the conference of the Institution of Lighting Professionals (ILP) in Harrogate, North Yorkshire, England on September 29, 2011. A brief background of the project is presented. Its objectives are cited, one of which was to design a reliable and sustainable retrofit renewable energy system for street lighting.

In this article, we analyzed the current public lighting control deficiencies and trends. A dynamic teaching building design of intelligent energy-saving controller was promoted based on single-chip microcomputer and combined with the exploration of visible light, voice detection, touch detection, induction of infrared detection of the human body of four sensing systems and software control technology. By using the controller, the lights can be on and off automatically according to the light intensity and the number of real-time of teaching building. Using of it can control the lights of the various school classroom and office automatically and extend the lamp service life, save the energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Cities all around the world are faced with a rapid increase of urban population, and their crucial sustainable development issue becomes energy management. Moreover, the national energy management sector is slowly passing from government surveillance to the responsibility of local municipalities. The energy efficiency management in cities helps local governments to focus on important energy projects that have strong environmental aspects and financial feasibility. This paper analyzes the public lighting energy management in the Croatian city of Rijeka in order to determine the connection of the energy market liberalization and sustainable development in urban areas. Research results indicate a significant connection between investments in energy management of public lighting and its influence on lower emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The reduction of energy consumption is a growing concern at the global level. An important domain where the reduction of energy consumption can be achieved is public lighting. Energy charges for street and pedestrian lighting applications represent the largest part of all expenses for public lighting. This is conditioned by many factors, one of them being the use of energy in-efficient lamps and ballasts. This paper's goal is to present and underline possibilities to reduce energy consumption in public lighting systems by the use of energy efficient lamps and ballasts. Some solutions used nowadays to increase efficiency in public lighting are represented in the paper. The results of a search regarding to existing solutions to fulfill the increase of the public lighting network performances will be presented. These will include energy efficient solutions for every type of lamp and energy efficient solutions for lamp and ballast combination used in street and pedestrian lighting applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The quality reliability and maintenance of a street lighting system are highly related to society, which reflect the administrative performance of a local government. However, the existing published studies seldom discuss the specific civil customer-oriented street lighting system, which is the key factor of both the local administration performance indicators and resident's satisfaction. This study proposes a management conclusion based on an empirical electronic street lighting system (ESLS) and the 280 resident questionnaire surveys in Taiwan. The implication of the existing perspective on management concept is that electronic governance (e-governance) systems emerging in Eastern Europe are going to meet the needs of local governments in terms of the experience level of townships that practice e-governance in Taiwan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The project presents a data transmission system in real time using the local public lighting system, with an enhanced application for a mediumsmall city in Romania. The project contains the standard configuration, the integration in the monitoring system, the value quantification and the calculation and experimental data regarding the efficiency of using this system, together with the effects aimed at reducing the technological consumption generating green house gas [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers an analysis of required conditions for public lighting management system deployed in a mid-size city in Romania. In order to acquire the optimal solution of technical and economic efficiency it is necessary to establish system requirements, technology availability and a complex analysis of economic efficiency. The subject primarily aims public lighting services and/or administration of each residential area in attempt to set an opinion on the benefits of network monitoring and control of public lighting systems. The deployment of a modular system performance is of major importance to decrease consumption and reduce power losses in lighting networks. This study comes for supporting sustainable development, ensuring environmental conditions and eliminating the effects of pollutants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents advantages of a single lighting plan for an entire city illustrated with Lyon, France, as one of rare examples of towns whose lighting was entirely pre-planned. It also brings the implementation of the so called ecological lighting upon the installation of new lighting systems. It also shows similar approaches to illuminating Croatian cities, such as Zagreb, Dubrovnik and several other towns (creation of lighting feasibility study) and problems of their adoption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Outdoor lighting fixtures are used to illuminate surrounding streets, parking lots, walkways, and the landscape surrounding many buildings. Examples of these light fixtures are cobra head streetlights, Acorns and Colonials. These streetlights are typically designed to achieve illumination levels required by published design standards such as minimum illuminance levels on parking as well as pedestrian walkways. The light from poles close to buildings often spills off onto building façades. This influences the illumination of the façade and impacts on light trespass ordinances of some municipalities. This paper develops a method for studying such an effect and outlines ways to minimize the effect of outdoor lighting on façade illumination without compromising parking lot and walkway illumination. A comparison is made between various types of area and road light fixtures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the field of Smart Cities, especially for Smart Street Lighting and Smart Mobility, the use of low-cost devices is considered an advantageous solution due to their easy availability, cost reduction and, consequently, technological and methodological development. However, this type of transducers shows many critical issues, e.g., in metrological and reliability terms, which can significantly compromise their functionality and safety. Such issue has a large relevance when temperature and humidity are cause of a rapid aging of sensors. The aim of this work is to evaluate the effects of accelerated aging in extreme climatic conditions on the performance of a control system, based on a low-cost ultrasonic distance sensor, for public-lighting management in Smart Cities. The presented architecture allows for the detection of vehicles, pedestrians and small animals and contains a dedicated algorithm, developed in an Edge/Cloud environment, that is able to display the acquired measurements to users connected on the web. The obtained results highlight that the effect of accelerated aging is to significantly reduce the linearity of the calibration curve of the sensor and, moreover, to exponentially increase the number of outliers and invalid measurements. These limitations can be overcome by developing an appropriate self-calibration strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When it comes to saving energy in the home it is not only saving money that motivates better practices. As the author discovers when talking to a Swedish research institute, it is the feel good factor that motivates behavioural change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• This paper investigated a smart public lighting implementation from a city business model perspective. • The Value Creation Ecosystem (VCE) and the City Model Canvas (CMC) are used to visualize the long-term public value of the solution. • Fundamental patterns and recommendations are provided to effectively scaleup the public business model. • The proposed strategy enables the transformation of lighting infrastructure into a smart, valuable, energy-efficient, and sustainable asset. • The solution makes urban areas more accessible and ensure that the city itself is safer, more modern, efficient, and attractive. Public lighting connects hundreds of millions of streetlights with access to power across the globe, being responsible for 19% of global electricity usage, 30% - 50% of a typical city's energy bill and the already exceeding levels of CO2 emissions. Consequently, this represents a priority issue for cities in their strategy towards sustainability. In this framework, the momentum for smart public lighting is growing as its implementation represent quick wins (such as increase security and safety, improve mobility, increase the attractiveness of public spaces, or improve quality of life for citizens) with a massive impact on energy savings and maintenance, and can be achieved through low-cost connectivity. This paper discusses the effectiveness, efficiency, and feasibility of any city establishing a smart public lighting infrastructure network. With this aim, a pilot intervention in San Sebastian's public lighting network is presented together with a holistic analysis based on the Value Creation Ecosystem (VCE) and the City Model Canvas (CMC) to visualise how such plans may offer public value with a long-term and sustainable approach. Additionally, relevant, and fundamental patterns and recommendations are provided, which may help other public managers effectively implement this service and scale-up its use and business model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This study proposes the application of a rational-design process for street-lighting design considering the characteristics of space and the apartment complex on the basis of the recommended illumination levels for such. In this study, space syntax theory, which is used to generate a strategic-design framework based on detailed analysis of spatial configuration and represent any urban area as a matrix of connected spaces using computer simulations, is implemented in the design process. Based on previous research, which utilized the application of the space syntax theory to street-lighting design in a commercial area, this study extends such research to include street-lighting design of residential areas. In addition, this study evaluates current street-lighting designs in apartment complexes including selection of proper luminaires and relocation of existing luminaires. This study proposes further detailed improvements of the street-lighting design process. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This paper investigates the benefits of improved street lights to households, associated with the replacement of low-pressure sodium orange/yellow street lights with high-pressure sodium white street lights. Improved street lighting provides higher luminosity, improved colour rendition and less light pollution into the night sky. Benefits include reductions in crime and road accidents, streetscape enhancements and increased amenity attributable to less light pollution. The benefit estimation uses a double-bounded discrete choice contingent valuation approach, incorporating a factor analytical procedure. Results reveal safety concerns as the main factor influencing willingness-to-pay and that considerable differences exist in willingness-to-pay between households in urban and rural areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Street lighting on coastal roadways is often visible at sea turtle nesting beaches, and disrupts the nocturnal orientation of hatchlings as they crawl toward the sea. Our objective was to determine whether an alternative lighting system (light-emitting diodes, embedded in the roadway pavement) prevented orientation disruption. Hatchlings at the beach oriented normally when only the embedded lights were on, or when all lighting was switched off. However, turtles showed poor orientation when street lighting was on. Measurements confirmed that street lighting was scattered to the beach, whereas embedded lighting was not. We conclude that embedded lighting keeps the beach dark and thus protects sea turtles. However, on two overcast evenings, lighting (“skyglow”) from nearby development, reflected by cloud cover to the beach, weakened hatchling orientation. Thus, both indirect (reflected) and direct sources of lighting negatively impact the turtles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The disaster information system, the Early Damaged Area Estimation System (EDES), was developed to estimate damaged areas of natural disaster using the night-time imagery of the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program Operational Linescan System (DMSP-OLS). The system employs two estimation methods to detect the city lights loss or reduction as possible impacted areas; one is the bi-temporal images (BTI) method and the other is the time-series images (TSI) method. Both methods are based on significance tests assuming that brightness of city lights fluctuates as normal random variables, and the BTI method is simplified by introducing the assumption that the standard deviation of city lights fluctuation is constant. The validity of the estimation method is discussed based on the result of the application to the 2001 Western India earthquake disaster. The estimation results identify the damaged areas distant from the epicentre fairly well, especially when using the TSI method. The system is designed to estimate the global urban damage and to provide geographic information through the Internet within 24 h after a severe disaster event. The information is expected to support the disaster response and relief activities of governments and non-governmental organizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The major systematic review on street lighting and crime, Home Office Research Study 251, suggests that claims for the effectiveness of lighting against crime are justified. The review at first sight appears to be an appropriate statistical synthesis of all studies on street lighting and crime across the world. However on close examination, the statistical claims and methods are unfounded. In three cases examined there is a clear conflict between the evidence and the reviewers' interpretation of this. One of the principal problems is easily seen. The time-series of the original data from the Bristol study shows no good evidence for the crime reduction benefit of lighting. However the review gives the result for the same data as being extremely statistically significant. It is suggested that such a difference between the newly lit and the control areas occurring purely by chance is less than one in a billion, but this is manifestly wrong. Two other component studies, Birmingham and Dudley, are examined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Therefore, to take the human-centred integrative lighting approach one step further and account for architectural environment spill-over effects, there should be a realisation that lighting designers and architects I can i influence light exposure wherever humans are. Some state that lighting designers should provide the proper light at the appropriate time for their design projects, but they cannot influence a person's exposure to light when that person is somewhere other than the design location (e.g., in transit or at home). The realisation that the effects of light on humans are a complex interaction between multiple types of photoreceptors in the human retina fed the scientific discussion about "proper lighting design". [Extracted from the article]

Study of light at night has increased in recent decades due to the recognition of its impact on the environment, potential health concerns, as well as both the financial and carbon cost of energy waste. The advent of more extensive and improved ground-based measurements together with quantifiable satellite data has revolutionised the field, and provided data to test improved theoretical models. However, "closing the loop" and finding a detailed connection between these measurements requires knowledge of the "city emission function", the angular distribution of upwelling radiation with zenith distance. Simplified analytical functions have been superseded by more complex models involving statistical approximation of emission sources and obstructions and inversion techniques now permit the estimation of emission functions from the observed sky brightness measurements. In this paper, we present an efficient GIS-based method to model public lighting using real-world photometric data and high-resolution digital elevation maps of obstructions such as buildings and trees at a 1 m scale. We discuss the results of this work for a sample of Irish towns as well as a city area. We also compare our results to previous emission functions as well as to observed asymmetries in emission detected by satellites such as SUOMI VIIRS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]