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This article discusses a representative sampling of texts from the 17th century to today in which indigenous writers of North America reflect on or make use of the Latin language, simultaneously no one's native language and marker of that European antiquity which has played a distinct role in colonizing processes on a continent which has its own still-living antiquity. With varying emphases, strategies, and effects, sometimes reflecting on education in general and language learning in particular, and not infrequently talking back to prejudiced or misinformed views of Native culture, these writers have cumulatively and collectively contributed to what has been called indigenous survivance. I end by considering some implications for those who study and teach Greco-Roman antiquity in North America today. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper aims to reflect the state of clusters and diphthongs in the discourse of Rahovec and its district. The study methodology has been done through unstructured interviews and free conversations with the subjects. Whereas, the results show these types of clusters and diphthongs: vowel cluster ue, vowel cluster ye, cluster ie and je, cluster ae and oe as well as the transition of the group vo to va. Based on the findings of the study, we can come to the conclusion that the discourse of Rahovec with its district has an old origin from the Indo-European and Latin languages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyses the emergence and development of Dutch sonnets through Netherlandish alba amicorum from the period 1560 to 1660. It discusses the advent of the sonnet in the Renaissance literature of the Low Countries in the 1560s, showing how artists, scholars, and poets with connections to the Dutch refugee community in London became early adapters of this genre through their alba amicorum. We argue that this group used the sonnet as a form of exile literature, which communicated attachment to the fatherland and the righteous causes of the Dutch Revolt. Next, the essay explores the Dutch sonnets in the alba amicorum of Janus Dousa and Jan van Hout. Instrumental in establishing Leiden University in 1575 and expanding its reputation, both Dousa and van Hout encouraged the writing of sonnets in their alba as a means to advocate the use of Dutch as a literary language. Tracing the Dutch sonnet within the alba amicorum of the Low Countries, it is clear that the Dutch sonnet should be considered as the outcome of an emancipatory effort. At a moment in time where traditional non-personal inscriptions in alba amicorum were the mode, these poets used the sonnet to distinguish themselves from other contributors in the album, while at the same time conveying a clear message. First, Dutch sonnets in alba were written to claim a specific group identity connected to a Dutch migrant community. Second, these sonnets were adopted within the friendship books of the intellectual elite in Holland in order to assert a forefront position for the vernacular language equal to that of Latin, and which supported political and linguistic emancipation. After the establishment of the Dutch Republic and the emancipation of the Dutch language were completed in the first quarter of the seventeenth century, the sonnet seemed to have achieved currency in Netherlandish culture. Around the same time the number of sonnets in alba drastically dropped. The lack of exclusivity might have been the main cause of this decline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Freshman students at the College of Languages and Translation received direct instruction in plural formation. Instruction covered regular plural nouns, irregular plural nouns, plural formation of words ending in -f, and -o, nouns that have the same plural and singular form, and words with Latin and foreign plurals. The students did all the exercises in the textbook, then took an immediate test a week after instruction and a delayed test at the end of the semester (3 months later). Responses were scored and a corpus of 3099 errors was collected from both tests. No significant differences were found in the amount and types of errors made by the students in the immediate and delayed tests. Results revealed that freshman students tended to regularize English plural formation and overgeneralize regular English plural morphemes (63.28%), i.e., they deleted the regular plural suffix from nouns ending in an -s or -es (35.37%) or tended to add the regular plural suffix to words that do not have it (27.91%). They also confused singular and plural endings of Latin words (15.07%). They either confused the singular and plural forms of the same Latin word or added a faulty Latin suffix to a Latin word or even a non-Latin word such as criterium, *curriculon, *natia, *salma, *petrolea. In other cases, they thought the singular and plural forms of a word were the same (7%). In addition, findings showed that the most difficult plurals to master were those of words that end with an -s or -es but have no singular form such as measles, news, pajamas, means, linguistics (28.85%); words with Latin plurals (21.85%); non-count nouns such as information, electricity, petroleum, salmon with no plural form (21.4%), and words that have a plural, but they thought they have no plural form such as nation, illness, infection, African (8.55%). Interference among the English plural morphemes themselves and confusing plural formation rules caused most errors. No interference from Arabic pluralization was found. Recommendations for improving students' English plural formation competence are given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article deals with the ancient name of the longest river solely in England, the Trent, flowing past Stoke-on-Trent and Nottingham to the North Sea. In a passage that has raised debate and led to a number of misinterpretations in literature, Tacitus recorded it as (emended) Trisantona, which has been explained from Old Irish sét ‘course’ and Welsh hynt ‘path’ as ‘trespasser, one that overflows’ (of a stream liable to flood). Trisantona or the like would be the name of other rivers, including the Tarrant in Dorset and Tarannon or Trannon in mid-Wales. Yet the interpretation ‘trespasser’ has grave phonetic and semantic defects. They are removed by a new etymology on the basis of Old Irish sét ‘treasure’ (Modern Irish seoid) and Welsh chwant ‘desire’ from hypothetical Common Celtic *suanto-. The paper provides textual, historical and linguistic arguments supporting this etymological interpretation. Trisantona or (preferably) reconstructed *Trisuantona (from *Tresuantona) would thus (instead of ‘trespasser, flooder’) mean ‘she of great desire, she who is much loved.’ The implication is that the Trent (like the English rivers Dee ‘goddess’ or Brent ‘she who is exalted’) was regarded as a Celtic female deity, a passionate and perhaps dangerous entity.

The article analyses the use of Latin mottos in the modern world. The main areas of Latin mottos application are medicine, education, in English-speaking countries also territorial symbols and sports. For Russian linguistic culture, the revival of the tradition of Latin mottos in personal symbolism has been established. In the field of medicine mottoes-quotations are predominate; in sports specially composed phrases translated into Latin are mainly used; about a third of the mottoes in territorial and personal symbols are quotations. The main values declared in the mottos are providentialism (territorial symbolism in English-speaking countries), diligence and the will to win (sport), an active life position and self-development (personal symbolism in modern Russian culture).

A personal reflection on the experience of introducing Latin to the curriculum. School S. (non-selective, secondary) introduced Latin as a timetabled subject at Key Stage 3 between 2016 and 2019. This is a case study and personal reflection from the teacher who instigated and taught the course, comprising the extracurricular efforts which paved the way for the class, methodological considerations, an evaluation of the project, and the reasons why Latin was ultimately discontinued from the curriculum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Languages are cultural epiphenomena: they, and their varieties, emerge at stages of development in the life of a culture. In some important respects they are peculiar to their culture, and the meanings of certain terms used in the language of their culture are not therefore readily transferable to the languages of other cultures. There are culturally-laden terms that do not have semantic equivalents in the languages of other cultures. Generally speaking, translations can more easily reproduce semantic equivalents that are culturally neutral. So, the term 'dog' is able to be translated in most other languages, since whatever term is used has the same recognised referent. The efficacy of translation generally depends upon the nature and number of semantic equivalents that are culturally neutral. The trouble is that there is a large number of terms that are not semantically equivalent because they are not culturally neutral; the greater the number, the less the efficacy of translation. It would seem, therefore, that translation cannot in many instances convey what is distinctive of the culture of the original language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper studies the use of Latin in Neurology terminology. Specialised communication in medicine is impossible without recognizing the unique role of Latin being the language of scientific progress in the processes of accumulation, preservation, documentation, and transfer of knowledge and expertise. The comparative terminology research deals with the identification, analysis, and assessment of Latin terms used in the English and Slovak neurological environment in the modern era. Latin presents the foundation of medical terminology and has been used since the beginning of the formation of medicine as a scientific discipline. The theoretical part of the paper defines basic terminological concepts and focuses on the field of neurology, English/Slovak neurology specialty, research methods, and methods of terminology work. To achieve the objective of the paper the following methods have been used: observation, excerption, conceptual analysis, term analysis, comparative analysis, classification of terms, and synthesis of data. It also describes the historical development of Latin, and medicine including medical terminology. Specialised medical language and terminology performs at international and national levels. Besides that, the paper describes the Greek influence on medical terminology and the importance of terminology literacy and terminology culture. The empirical part deals with the terminology work consisting of excerption, harmonization, and terminography. Many bilingual terminology records have been compiled with equivalents and terminology contexts and prepared for multiple uses as a terminology product: glossary, dictionary, database…). Neurological terms of Latin origin are excerpted from highly specialised neurology papers (100 terms from English papers, 155 terms from Slovak ones, 255 excerpted terms with their equivalents in total). As a result of partial comparative terminology, analysis terms have been classified according to their degree of assimilation and latinity. 100 neurological terms excerpted from the English written papers are divided into 3 categories: 46 multiple-assimilated terms, 45 Latin assimilated terms, and 9 semi-assimilated terms. 155 neurological terms excerpted from the Slovak written papers are assigned into 4 categories: 75 multiple-assimilated terms, 63 Latin assimilated terms, 15 nonassimilated terms, and 2 semi-assimilated terms. As a conclusion of comparative terminological research there are some findings and recommendations for practice pointing out that firstly, neurology specialists from both countries prefer use of Latin terms in communication with professionals, secondly, Latin terms are more dominant in the Slovak professional environment using the origin unchanged pronunciation, thirdly, studying the Latin language and terminology is essential for comprehending and defining the medical (neurological) concepts even in contemporary age, thoroughly, there are non-assimilated Latin terms in English written neurology papers, the English language prefers its own pronunciation rules, fifthly, findings help to model concept structures based on specialised knowledge of the field and clarify the relations between concepts, sixthly, preference for native language is recommended in national terminology, seventhly, the conceptual system facilitate the comparative analysis of concepts and designations across languages, and finally, the terminology literacy and competence is important for language users in every subject field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper, developed under the hermeneutic-documentary method, aims to analyze the role of teaching English as a foreign language in the Latin American scenario. To achieve this end, the research explores the following aspects: 1) It presents the conceptualization of coloniality as a fundamental element for understanding colonial legacies, the advancement of global society and the epistemic impositions present in the Latin American region. 2) Point out how English has become the hegemonic language par excellence, transmitting, more than words, a cultural imprint that codifies existence, by promoting globalization, capitalism, as well as ways of living and expressing oneself, which do not reflect the reality of the regional context. 3) Indicates the role of English teaching in Latin America, which has been determined by the development of instrumental skills, which emphasize the monitoring and evaluation of students, leaving aside aspects inherent to the understanding of culture and intercultural dialogue. 4) It raises the urgency of decolonizing the teaching of English as a foreign language, modifying the banking conception of education, tending towards a critical pedagogy and the projection of an inclusive society. It concludes on the importance of the decolonization of knowledge, the dialogue between cultures and the use of other methods for teaching English. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Senior church dignitaries realized more or less correct controls of certain church communities in their area and kept detailed records of that, which are of immense importance for church history. Due to the fact that the text was written in modern Latin (which is different from classical Latin), this invaluable primary source was available only to a small number of researchers. Thanks to the translation of about 200 pages of Latin text (out of that several pages of biblical Czech, German and Hungarian) into Slovak, as well as additional explanations in the footnotes, records of canonical visits of Slovak Evangelical Church communities in Vojvodina from 1835 and 1836 are now available, not only to the scientific, but also to the general public. Decoding the text, manuscripts of almost twenty clergymen (of different writing styles and different levels of Latin language skills, with the use of common abbreviations in church language vocabulary of the time) and its transcription into digitized form was a great challenge. The Latin text is full of long sentences, lack of verbs and punctuation and ornate stylistic formulations, and requires detailed analysis of words and sentence structures in order to preserve the accuracy of translation in the spirit of time, while forming meaningful sentences in the target Slovak language. The work on these manuscripts exceeded the task of mere translation. The complexity of the translation of this type of text, specific both in form and content, is manifested primarily in its critical publishing. In addition to transcription and translation, as a result of detailed research, the footnotes provide closer information on significant events, circumstances, individuals, church and school literature. An aggravating circumstance was the lack of translation of canonical visitations or other similar church records among Slovak evangelicals on the territory of Southern Hungary and the impossibility of relying on the translation skills of other researchers-translators. At a time when the entire Slovak historiography lacks interest in critical publishing of historical sources from the 19th century, this translation fills a large gap in this area and has a tendency to be a starting point for future research in (not only church) history of Slovaks in Vojvodina. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pink pages of the Petit Larousse illustré constitute a familiar corpus, widely consulted by readers whether they are Latinists or not. These pages are not limited to Latin and widely accept Greek, English, German or Italian. Latin language is however predominant, for the reason that the use of the mother tongue expresses the proverbial wisdom of the ancients. This wisdom is partially understood by all due to the proximity of the word to the Romance language and its etymon. At the origin of Romanity, Latin can thus express advice for the use of all, legal concepts, proverbs, situational sentences, easy to place in conversations and agreeable to translate and gloss, while showing pleasantly its culture. This is one of the causes of their favour. All proverbs must be based on some authority. The proverb in Latin requires a translation, if the words it contains are far from their development in the Romance language. This study will analyze the corpus of the dictionary, classify its entries typologically and consider some aspects of their use, emphasizing the rather traditional wisdom they contain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The bilingual Latin-Polish editions of the grammar book by Aelius Donatus, published in the 16th-18th c., are among the earliest studies comprising Polish grammatical terms. The terminology found in these editions forms an organised, hierarchical structure, which was transferred from the Latin original to the Polish translation. There are particular coincidences between Latin-Polish editions of Donatus and the dictionary of 1542 by Bartholomew of Bydgoszcz, which ascertains the thesis on a major influence of these editions on the dictionary and might serve as an argument for the existence of an earlier version of Donatus, one dating back to ca. 1530. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In many respects Latin poetry deviates from the linguistic norms of prose; such deviations are often attributed to non-linguistic factors, with the result that the language of Latin poetry is more often studied by literary scholars than by linguists. A frequent poetic phenomenon are discontinuous adjective-noun phrases, which tend to be explained by appeal to various artistic considerations. The present contribution argues that syntactic discontinuity in poetry is not arbitrary, but is subject to linguistic constraints, which are largely the same as in prose. By scrutinising 120 non-discontinuous adjective-noun phrases in the Ciris (out of a total of 531 adjective-noun phrases), it is demonstrated that the overwhelming majority of such phrases fall into a number of specific syntactic and semantic categories, while outside these categories discontinuity appears to be the rule. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes subordinate clauses which have gained both syntactic and discursive independence through insubordination, the diachronic conventionalization of main clause usage. First, I introduce the notion of insubordination and discuss its application to a corpus language such as Latin from both a synchronic and a diachronic perspective. Second, cases of insubordination from Archaic and Classical Latin are critically evaluated on the basis of evidence from different grammars and corpus research, yielding insubordinate directives (commands and requests with ut(ei) + subjunctive), insubordinate wishes (with ut, utinam and si + subjunctive) and assertives (with quasi + subjunctive). Special attention is paid to the pragmatic and syntactic characteristics of these insubordinate constructions such as (i) syntactic versus pragmatic independence from the linguistic common ground, (ii) main clause syntactic complexity, and (iii) the role of discourse particles of adversativity (at, sed) and positive polarity (quidem). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This paper explores which market and product category characteristics could influence the use of foreign language brand names (i.e. whether a brand uses a foreign language versus local language brand name) in some of the largest Latin American countries. Design/methodology/approach: Hypotheses are tested using 880 brands from 39 product categories and nine Latin American markets using a hierarchical logistic regression. Findings: Results revealed that foreign language brand names are more likely to be used in product categories related to local infrastructure, high-tech and global community. In contrast, local language brand names are more likely to be used in product categories associated to subscriptions. Findings also suggest that Hofstede's national cultural dimensions are significant factors. Finally, the results revealed that foreign language brand names are more likely to be used in markets with a low level of foreign language proficiency. Originality/value: This paper shows the importance of considering market and product category characteristics and their potential influence on local versus foreign language branding in Latin America – an ignored issue in previous research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influence of Greek poetry on Latin poetry is well known. Why, then, is the reciprocal influence of Latin poetry on Greek not so readily discernible? What does that reveal about Greek–Latin bilingualism and biculturalism? Perhaps not very much. The evidence that Daniel Jolowicz surveys in the densely written 34-page introduction to his 400-page Latin Poetry in the Ancient Greek Novel amply testifies to Greek engagement with Latin language and culture on a larger scale than is usually recognized. That this engagement is more readily discernible in Greek novels than in Greek poetry is no reason to dismiss the evidence that the novels provide. On the contrary, the seven main chapters provide 'readings of the Greek novels that establish Latin poetry...as an essential frame of reference' (2). In Chapters 1–3 Chariton engages with the love elegy of Propertius, Ovid and Tibullus, with Ovid's epistolary poetry and the poetry of exile, and with the Aeneid. In Chapters 4–5 Achilles Tatius engages with Latin elegy and (again) the Aeneid, and also with the 'destruction of bodies' (221) in Ovid, Lucan, and Seneca. In Chapter 7 Longus engages with Virgil's Eclogues and the Aeneid. The strength of the evidence requires only a brief conclusion. Jolowicz's rigorously argued and methodologically convincing monograph deserves to be read widely, and with close attention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The second volume of Harm Pinkster's Oxford Latin Syntax is a stunning achievement and an admirably thorough account of the Latin 'complex sentence and discourse'. Far from restricting itself to classical prose, the work covers Latin texts from c. 200 bc to c. ad 450, in both poetry and prose. Overall, I was struck by the good balance that Pinkster maintains between presenting Latin syntax in a systematic and well-structured way and leaving enough room for the portrayal of the Latin language as a dynamic phenomenon, in which the frequency of and predilection for certain linguistic constructions keeps changing and the 'correctness' of certain expressions is a matter of time and context. Equally salutary are Pinkster's reminders of the role that intonation must have played in the production and reception of Latin – and of what we lose by no longer having access to it. Throughout, Pinkster gives due consideration to the fact that it is often hard to securely classify a grammatical phenomenon, but that several analyses might be possible. Similarly, where appropriate, the importance of the larger interpretive context of a sentence for understanding and classifying its grammatical phenomena is acknowledged as well – which is a great achievement in a monumental work that quotes a wealth of examples from such a wide range of Latin texts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The article considers the peculiarities of the use of confessionalisms in Latin poetry of Ukrainian baroque in such genres as elegy, ode and epigram. It was determined that the use of mythological motives in Christian context became the distinguishing trait of these poems. The most frequent epithets for describing Christian God and Godmother were analyzed along with the means of verbalization of paradise and the underworld. A single group of Graeco-Roman epithets was marked for drawing the Christian God, which states the fact of contamination of the two worlds. It was ascertained that Latin language of the Ukrainian poetry was under the influence of the baroque aesthetics and poetry, with its variety of linguostylistic innovations, preserving the lexical, grammatical and syntactic rules of the classical Latin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Studia Universitatis Babes-Bolyai, Philologia is the property of Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article aims at investigating some diachronic aspects of the Italian negative system, considering a time span ranging from Old Latin to Modern Italian. Most of the negative polarity phenomena populating the Modern Italian system are consequences of a crucial change that occurred in Old Latin: The Latin negative morpheme nōn ("not"), which initially displayed a maximal projection status, and became a syntactic (negative) head. This change caused the shift from a double negation system to a negative concord one, which affects many Romance languages (and their dialects). It also determines the availability of the expletive reading of negation in Italian, as well as in other Romance languages (ex. French), calling for a new generalization: only languages (and structures) displaying a negative head allow the expletive interpretation of negation, languages displaying a maximal projection status do not. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Center for Greek, Byzantine, and Neohellenic Studies carried out various activities in the year 2022. These included diploma programs in classical languages such as Greek and Latin, as well as Greek studies, Greek thought, and Byzantine studies. Extension courses were also offered on topics such as Greek art, Roman history, and Greek mythology. In addition, research and publications related to Greek culture were conducted, and the Ambassador of Greece to Chile visited. [Extracted from the article]

In this paper, we present the diachronic maps of a selection of 75 Latin modal markers designed through the tool 'Pygmalion'. Both the maps and 'Pygmalion' were conceived in the framework of the 'WoPoss' project, which aims at analysing the diachronic pathways of modality in Latin. While the description of the tool and its functionalities is beyond the scope of this paper, we focus here on the description of our diachronic modal maps. Using visualisations to represent semantic shifts is a well-known practice in some linguistic fields such as typology and lexicography, and they have already been applied to modality. Though the situation is rapidly evolving, typological semantic maps as well as lexicographic maps are still for the most part static and usually not-interactive visualisations. Our modal maps stand out not only for their interactivity, but also for the richness of the information conveyed: chronology, etymology, semantics, syntax, first attestation and diachronic relationships between the meanings. After presenting our conceptual framework for modality, we illustrate the process of conceptualisation and development of our diachronic maps of modality. More specifically, we explain how we gathered and organised the data in order to transpose it into a visual representation. We then showcase the map of 'possum' as an example of our results. Subsequently, we discuss the results with respect to previous literature concerning both visualisation of modal evolution from a general point of view and the investigation of modality in Latin. Finally, we outline possible applications within and beyond the 'WoPoss' project.

It is commonly supposed that all Anglo-Saxon laws were composed in Old English. This article argues that the law-code in the name of King Ine of Wessex (r. 688–726) was written in Latin in his reign and only assumed its surviving Old English form in the ninth century when it was translated from Latin and appended to King Alfred's law-code. Linguistic evidence indicates that Ine 's language is that of a ninth-century translator, possibly working with Alfred's law-code, while its legal content is that of seventh-century Wessex. There are also several close parallels to continental legislation in Ine's laws, both in language and in content. This article suggests that these may be the result of Frankish legislation serving as a model for or inspiration to the makers of Ine's laws. The translation theory presented here explains many of the notorious linguistic peculiarities and problems of this text and its role within Alfred's code. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article "Politics and the English Language" by George Orwell discusses the decline of language and its relationship with political and economic causes. The incorrect and pretentious use of language in writing is criticized, especially in areas such as politics and art criticism. Examples of poorly used metaphors and false verbal extensions that seek to give an appearance of symmetry to sentences are mentioned. The excessive use of foreign words and political terms without a clear meaning is also criticized. The author proposes rules for writing clearly and avoiding the use of worn-out words, and suggests simplifying language to avoid manipulation and lies in politics. [Extracted from the article]

The "Western" order of the gospels—Matthew–John–Luke–Mark—is found in a few important ancient codices in both the Greek and the Latin tradition. Previous attempts to identify Greek minuscule manuscripts with this sequence have been inconclusive. This article presents five Greek minuscules which feature the gospels in the Western order. These five manuscripts, along with two Greek majuscules, contain the earliest form of the catena commentary on Matthew, John, and Luke. The analysis of these catenae reveals that the sequence of their composition is reflected in the codicology of these manuscripts, as well as non-standard orders of the gospels in other catena witnesses. It is therefore the presence of the commentary which explains the adoption of the Western order in seven of the eleven known occurrences in Greek. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The perception of Latin as the "best" language has a long history in the West and in the United States. Many Americans view Latin as more logical and more grammatical than English. Other Americans view the study and use of Latin as elitist. When religious convictions are added to linguistic views of Latin, attitudes towards Latin take on a spiritual, and thus more spirited, edge. The present study examines sociolinguistic views about Latin's status in the religious context of the Catholic Mass. Through a large-scale online survey, the authors examine how Latin as a language and its use in the Traditional Latin Mass (TLM) are viewed by Catholics. Both quantitative and qualitative data reveal that a positive sociolinguistic view of Latin plays a role in some American Catholics' affinity for the TLM. Proponents of the TLM support this form of the Mass primarily for religious reasons, but positive views of the Latin language undergird their support. American Catholics who prefer Mass in the vernacular often do so because they view Latin as an impediment to comprehension and participation in the Mass. In addition, they view the use of Latin as elitist and divisive, particular in the current religious climate. The data show a sharp religious divide between "conservative" and "progressive" American Catholics about the question of the use of Latin in Catholic Masses, which present a dilemma for religious leaders in establishing language policy for Masses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work, which contributes to the scientific building of a historiographic Catalan narrative, analyses three seriocomical pieces that satirize the Latin teacher and his method in the Mallorca of the early 19th Century, through a Social History of Language approach. In addition, it reflects literary disputes between two grammarians and their preferences for Catalan or Spanish. In Carta de un maestro a su discípulo (1802), the ignorance of the Semperist master, who used to lecture in Catalan, is lambasted and the case is made for imposing the Nebrija and the Torrella texts in Spanish. In two biting rebuttals, the Obreta petita and the Empatadera, the author of the Carta is attacked as a pedantic Latin pedagogue – a recognisable character within the sub-genre of satire about grammar. These works also advocate for Sempere and local culture and for the need to rise above such debates to make real educational gains in the teaching of Latin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Proper names derived from the nexus of the ancient Graeco-Roman tradition, namely of Greek and Latin languages, are due to cultural and identity-related reasons a vital component of the contemporary Polish language namespace. These onyms mostly belong to such varieties of Polish as academic, literary/bookish, and are mostly written. In onomastics they are considered transmitters of modernday popular culture among whose products features the crime novel aimed at the mass reader. The present exploration or first approximation, with its qualitative rather thsn quantitative (statistical) character, sets out to try to present, arrange, classify, and describe the ways in which a recipient is onymically referred to the cultures of antiquity within Marek Krajewski's eight crime stories, paying particular attention to their functional aspect and onymic status. The research should form part of cultural onomastics and literary onomastics as well as other linguistic disciplines such as lexicology and phraseology/phrasematics. The excerpts of the novels contain: (a) onyms of ancient origin used in their primary sense to identify and differentiate the referents associated with the culture of classical antiquity (e.g. the personal names of the men of culture of Antiquity and of philosophy); (b) proper names based on onyms or appellatives deriving from classical languages and antiquity; (c) ancient eponymisms, or common names taken at their root from ancient nomina propria, appellative derivatives stemming from Greek or Latin onyms among them; and (d) eponymous phrasemes incorporating either onyms of ancient pedigree or the appellatives and derivatives they gave rise to. The linguistic tapestry thus reviewed is a testimony to antiquity's impact on Polish, whose facets clearly reflects its multicultural and intertextual nature. At the same time, it displays how antiquity is received in Polish culture as an ongoing process but here of the popular sort. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Among bilinguals code-switching, the mixing of languages, is extremely common, especially in spoken language, but also in writing. This phenomenon has been studied extensively over the last decennia in bilingual communities all over the world. The present article looks into a similar bilingual community in the past, namely sixteenth and seventeenth-century academics, who were as fluent in Latin as in the vernacular. The source material for the study is taken from the minutes of the professors' assembly, the consistorium, at the University of Copenhagen, 1599-1608. These texts are written partly in Danish, partly in Latin, and partly in a mixture of the two. Some passages may reflect the words actually spoken at the meetings, but in general it is advisable to consider the material as written language. The code-switching is in many ways typical of a bilingual community, but it also demonstrates the different roles of the two languages within this community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After the last known copy of Sallust's Historiae (covering the period 78-67 BC) perished in the early Middle Ages, little was remembered of this "plenissima" and "perpetua" history. But we see a reawakening of interest in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries: in Petrarch's praises of the work; in the efforts of humanists, especially Pomponio Leto, to preserve and publish the larger fragments (the speeches and letters from Vatican City, Bibliotheca Apostolica Vaticana, Vat. lat. 3864); and in the growing attention, especially by Valla and Perotti, to the smaller fragments from the indirect tradition, important sources for the study of the Latin language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Średniowiecze Polskie i Powszechne is the property of Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Slaskiego and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Digital Studies / Champ Numérique is the property of Open Library of Humanities and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

I found three books in Latin language written by Bulgarian authors, students of the Urban College in Rome. These are speeches on the occasion of Pentecost, delivered in presence of the Pope and subsequently printed by the Holy Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith in 1804, 1805 and 1816. The first two books are in the British Library, they are digitized, the names of their authors are Carolus Pancio and Marinus Razdillovich. A third similar book can be found in the library catalogue of Biblioteca Palafoxiana in Puebla, Mexico, but the book itself is not digitized. The author's name is Franciscus Draganus, the book is printed in 1816. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revue Bossuet is the property of Classiques Garnier and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The objective of the article. This article uses the text of a unique bi-lingual document, demonstrates the strategies of naming and written representation of people who gathered on October 19, 1404 in Medyka near Peremyshl (now - Przemyśl) to resolve a land dispute between the King Władysław II Jagiełło on the one hand, and Jadwiga Pilecka and her daughter Elżbieta Granowska, on the other. The definitions of 42 persons, their names, nicknames, and surnames are presented in two language versions of this document - Latin and Ruthenian. The applied methodology consists of comparative, prosopographic, linguistic and anthropological research methods to outline and analyze the names, nicknames, and surnames of the parties of the dispute (litigation). Scientific novelty. For the first time, the author uses such a bilingual document to present ways of identifying persons mentioned in public legal bills of the second half of the 14th - first half of the 15th century coming from Ukrainian lands. Conclusions. The article uses numerous examples, documents and historical dictionaries, to show the dependence of the use of the form of a name, an optional nickname, and a surname on a certain written tradition in the definition of persons. The stability of the Latin form of the document and the clarity of the representation of persons in it are clearly visible, especially when it comes to district and castles officials. The Ruthenian version of the document shows a completely different approach to the written representation of persons. The Ruthenian-speaking scrivener identified local Ruthenians and those who had lived here for a long time quite well. However, when it comes to the crown nobility accompanying the King during this trip to the Ruthenian lands, he shortened or tried to adapt their names, nicknames, and surnames to the Ruthenian alphabet and relied on own preferences choosing the form of representation for people, or ignored them. In general, this bilingual document demonstrates completely different ways of defining and representing people who lived at that time in Latin and Ruthenian written cultures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Prodravski zbornik is the property of Koprivnica Town Museum and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)