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The thermal neutron cross section ( σ 0 ) and the resonance integral ( I 0 ) of the reaction 170 Er(n, γ) 171 Er were measured by an activation method using a reaction 197 Au(n, γ) 198 Au as a single comparator. The high-purity natural erbium ( nat Er) and gold ( 197 Au) foils with and without Cd cover with the thickness of 0.5 mm were irradiated in a neutron field of the Pohang neutron facility. The induced activities in the activated foils were measured with a well calibrated coaxial HPGe detector. The thermal neutron cross section for the 170 Er(n, γ) 171 Er reaction has been determined to be σ 0 = 7.80 ± 0.35 barn, relative to the reference value of 98.65 ± 0.09 barn for the 197 Au(n, γ) 198 Au reaction. By assuming the cadmium cut-off energy of 0.55 eV, the resonance integral for the 170 Er(n, γ) 171 Er reaction is I 0 = 40.4 ± 2.8 barn, which is determined relative to the reference value of 1550 ± 28 barn for the 197 Au(n, γ) 198 Au reaction. In order to improve the accuracy of the experimental results the epithermal neutron spectrum shape factor ( α ) was determined, and the necessary corrections for the counting loss caused by γ-ray attenuation ( F g ), the thermal neutron shelf-shielding ( G th ), the resonance neutron self-shielding ( G epi ) effects, the γ-ray coincidence summing effect, as well as neutron flux fluctuation. The present results are compared with the reference data and discussed.

The purpose of this study is to understand user perception and need of bibliotherapy services in public libraries. A survey was conducted using a questionnaire that asked 648 public library users in Busan, Ulsan, and Gyeongsangnam-do to give their opinions on bibliotherapy services in public libraries, along with the particular areas of the service with which they thought needed the most improvement. The results of the questionnaire were analyzed in order to suggest ways to revitalize bibliotherapy services provided in public libraries.

The structural and morphological properties of the teratoma membrane were investigated to better understand the pathogenesis of ovarian teratomas. A mature cystic teratoma and amnion were obtained from patients who underwent laparoscopic cystectomy and uncomplicated delivery, respectively. The teratoma membrane was divided into three layers according to the results of the histological analysis. Each layer showed distinct morphological properties, including an outer layer that was uniformly arranged, a middle layer with an irregular pattern of fibers, and an inner layer that was structurally dense with a wavy pattern of fibers. The morphology of the layers of the amniotic membrane was the reverse that of the teratoma membrane. In the teratoma membrane, the outer layer was primarily composed of type III collagen and the inner layer had a large amount of type III and IV collagen. The amniotic membrane showed a small amount of type III collagen in the outer layer, whereas the inner layer had large amounts of type I, III, and IV collagen. In the teratoma membrane, the collagen fibrils were arranged regularly in the outer layer, but irregularly in the inner layer. In the amniotic membrane, the arrangement of collagen fibrils was the reverse that of the teratoma membrane. Additionally, the collagen fibrils in the teratoma membrane were thinner than those of the amniotic membrane and had slightly shorter d-spacing. Two membranes showed the differences in collagen fibril arrangement, which may caused by the different functional roles.

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine patient characteristics and other factors associated with discontinuation of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) among cancer patients in Korea. Methods: A national, multicenter, cross-sectional survey of cancer patients was performed in which 674 of 2,661 patients were analyzed for their use of CAM after cancer diagnosis. Multiple logistic regression was used to identify the factors related to CAM discontinuation. Results: Among the surveyed cancer patients, 25.3% (674 of 2,661) had used CAM, whereas 38.3% (258 of 674) of those with CAM experience had discontinued CAM therapy. The most frequently used form of CAM was herbs (43.5%). The major reasons for the discontinuation of CAM included absence of effects (23.9%), financial burden (22.9%), and physician opposition (13.7%). Other factors associated with the discontinuation of CAM included metastatic cancer (OR = 2.06), a long duration of cancer treatment (OR = 3.34), dissatisfaction (OR = 4.34), and side effects (OR = 4.23) of CAM therapy. Conclusions: For cancer patients to correctly employ CAM therapy, increase their satisfaction, and reduce their side effects, efforts should be made to analyze the cost effectiveness of CAM, and valid information must be provided to physicians and cancer patients.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the influencing factors associated to students nurses' cultural awareness toward immigrants for marriage and foreign workers. Methods: The participants were 107 nursing students in C city in Chungnam province. The data were collected with structured questionnaire. Collected data were analyzed using t-test, ANOVA, correlation analysis, and stepwise multiple regression. Results: The mean score of cultural awareness was 3.67. The degree of cultural awareness was different according to educational experience related multiculture and age. The variables predicting cultural awareness were social distance of foreign workers, emotions of immigrants for marriage and age. These factors accounted for 26% of the variance of cultural awareness in nursing students. Conclusion: The results indicate education related multiculture should be provided to nursing students to reduce the social distance between students and foreign workers and enhance positive emotions for immigrants.

Here, a click-cross-linked small intestine submucosa (SIS) drug depot is described for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). To the best of the knowledge, there have been no studies related to the intra-articular injection of methotrexate (Met)-loaded click-cross-linkable SIS (Met-loaded Cx-SIS) for RA treatment. As the key objective of this work, injectable formulations of tetrazine-modified SIS (TE-SIS) and transcyclooctene-modified SIS (TC-SIS) are employed as drug depots. Within a few seconds, the simple mixing of equal amounts of TE-SIS and TC-SIS suspensions forms a gelatinous click-cross-linked SIS (Cx-SIS) drug depot in vitro and in vivo. The formed Cx-SIS depot is maintained in the articular joint over an extended period, while SIS alone rapidly disappears. Injectable formulations of Met-loaded Cx-SIS and Met-loaded SIS are prepared and then injected into articular joints to form drug depots. Compared to animals treated with Met-loaded SIS, RA animals treated with Met-loaded Cx-SIS show effective RA repair, as well as extensive regeneration of chondrocytes and glycosaminoglycan deposits. Collectively, these results indicate that the Met-loaded Cx-SIS depot is successfully formed after intra-articular injection of click-cross-linkable SIS, and that this formulation induces long-lasting Met release and allows Met to act effectively in the articular joint, resulting in RA repair.

Non-thermal plasma has been extensively researched as a new cancer treatment technology. We investigated the selective cytotoxic effects of non-thermal micro-dielectric barrier discharge (micro-DBD) plasma in cervical cancer cells. Two human cervical cancer cell lines (HeLa and SiHa) and one human fibroblast (HFB) cell line were treated with micro-DBD plasma. All cells underwent apoptotic death induced by plasma in a dose-dependent manner. The plasma showed selective inhibition of cell proliferation in cervical cancer cells compared to HFBs. The selective effects of the plasma were also observed between the different cervical cancer cell lines. Plasma treatment significantly inhibited the proliferation of SiHa cells in comparison to HeLa cells. The changes in gene expression were significant in the cervical cancer cells in comparison to HFBs. Among the cancer cells, apoptosis-related genes were significantly enriched in SiHa cells. These changes were consistent with the differential cytotoxic effects observed in different cell lines.

Background/Objectives: This paper attempts to analyze the characteristics of the public advertising contents in terms of the edutainment that is being persuaded amusing the storytelling. Methods/Statistical Analysis: This research analyzes the structure of storytelling and the emotional factors as communication tool of advertising text in terms of cultural semiotics. Findings: The findings are as follows: First, the digital storytelling approach becomes influential. All advertisements are being made from powerful storytelling. Second, the public advertising contents optimize interaction with empathy between producer and consumer and contribute to expansion of the area of cultural contents. Third, the characteristics presented by combining texts with visual images will be different in western countries and Korea. The main factor comes from the social and cultural differences. The text in the surface structure levels at individual values in western countries, on the contrary the community values represented in Korea. Improvements/Applications: Finally, the success of public advertising contents can be attributed to the acceptance of an active sense of users. To do this, it remains a future research area to utilize the meme code by analyzing the culture of Koreans.

This paper presents the performance of scheduling for adaptive modulation and coding based on the dynamic margin control. To cover various wireless channel conditions and requirements for multimedia traffic QoS, the selection of suitable MCS (Modulation and Coding Scheme) is important technique in real deployment and management fields. In this paper, we propose dynamic margin control schemes based on feedback information and measurement values without some efforts for optimizing additional parameters for the algorithm. Compared with existing algorithms, simulation results show that the proposed scheme is well adapted to dynamically change in the radio environment, while ensuring the QoS performance.

The purpose of this study was to identify the correlation factors related to depression among adolescents from multicultural families. The participants were 211 adolescents from multicultural families. The data were collected using a self-report questionnaire. Data analysis was performed using correlation analysis with the SPSS/WIN 20.0 program. The mean age of the participants was 15.8 years, with 112 (53.12%) of them being female. The level of depression was 2.62 (±0.85) points (ranging 1-5) and the stress was 2.53 (±0.82); the authoritarian caring attitude was 2,75 (±0.81); and the acceptance of cultural diversity was 3.66 (±0.79). In correlation analysis, depression was significantly correlated with stress (r=-.55, p

Lasers and photodynamic therapy have been considered a convergence treatment for onychomycosis, which is a fungal infection on the nail bed and nail plate. Laser therapies have shown satisfactory results without significant complications for onychomycosis; however, the mechanism of clearing remains unknown. In this work, we investigated changes in the chemical structure of nail keratin induced by Nd:YAG laser using Raman spectroscopy. Toe nails with onychomycosis were treated with 1064 nm Nd:YAG laser. After laser treatment, the disulfide band (490–590 cm−1) of nail keratin was rarely observed or was reduced in intensity. The amide I band (1500–1700 cm−1) also showed changes induced by the laser. The α-helical (1652 cm−1) structures dominated the β-sheet (1673 cm−1) in nontreated nail, but the opposite phenomenon was observed after laser treatment.

In this study, we examined whether porcine articular cartilage (PAC) is a suitable and effective anti-adhesive material. PAC, which contained no non-collagenous tissue components, was collected by mechanical manipulation and decellularization of porcine knee cartilage. The PAC film for use as an anti-adhesive barrier was easily shaped into various sizes using homemade silicone molds. The PAC film was cross-linked to study the usefulness of the anti-adhesive barrier shape. The cross-linked PAC (Cx-PAC) film showed more stable physical properties over extended periods compared to uncross-linked PAC (UnCx-PAC) film. To control the mechanical properties, Cx-PAC film was thermally treated at 45 degrees C or 65 degrees C followed by incubation at room temperature. The Cx-PAC films exhibited varying enthalpies, ultimate tensile strength values, and contact angles before and after thermal treatment and after incubation at room temperature. Next, to examine the anti-adhesive properties, human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were cultured on Cx-PAC and thermal-treated Cx-PAC films. Scanning electron microscopy, fluorescence, and MTT assays showed that HUVECs were well adhered to the surface of the plate and proliferated, indicating no inhibition of the attachment and proliferation of HUVECs. In contrast, Cx-PAC and thermal-treated Cx-PAC exhibited little and/or no cell attachment and proliferation because of the inhibition effect on HUVECs. In conclusion, we successfully developed a Cx-PAC film with controllable mechanical properties that can be used as an anti-adhesive barrier.

The isomeric yield ratios in the production of nat Fe(γ ,xnp)52m,g Mn have been measured with photonuclear reactions. The high purity natural Fe metallic foils were used and irradiated with bremsstrahlung beams of end point energy 50-, 60-, and 70-MeV. The bremsstrahlung beams are produced with high energy electron beam struck with 0.1mm thin tungsten target. The activation method has been used and hence the induced activities in the irradiated foils were measured by off-line γ -ray spectrometric technique using HPGe detector coupled to a PC-based 4K MCA. The experimental values of isomeric ratios are compared with the theoretical values by statistical model code TALYS. The detail of the formation of isomers by photonuclear reactions together with the literature values of the investigated nuclides are compared and discussed.

We measured the isomeric yield ratios for the 120m,g Sb and 122m,g Sb isomeric pairs produced by nat Sb(γ,xn) 120m,g,122m,g Sb photonuclear reactions in the bremsstrahlung energy region from 40 to 60 MeV with a step size of Δ E = 5 MeV by the activation method. The induced γ-activities of the irradiated samples were measured by a coaxial high purity germanium detector coupled to a PC-based multichannel analyzer. The necessary corrections were made to improve the accuracy of the experimental results. The experimental results at bremsstrahlung energies of 40, 45, 50, 55, and 60 MeV were 0.045 ± 0.003, 0.046 ± 0.003, 0.048 ± 0.003, 0.050 ± 0.003, and 0.049 ± 0.003 for the 120m,g Sb isomeric pair, and 0.341 ± 0.022, 0.362 ± 0.020, 0.374 ± 0.021, 0.371 ± 0.021, and 0.358 ± 0.022 for the 122m,g Sb isomeric pair, respectively. The present results are the first measurements at bremsstrahlung energies just above the giant dipole resonance region. The obtained results confirm the dependence of the isomeric yield ratios on the incident energy and the reaction channel effect observed in some earlier experiments.

The isomeric-yield ratios of 109m,gPd and 115m,gCd were measured by the activation method with uncollimated bremsstrahlung beams of 50-, 60-, and 70-MeV generated from an electron linear accelerator at Pohang Accelerator Laboratory. The induced activities in the irradiated foils were measured by the high-resolution γ-ray spectrometric system consisting of a high-purity germanium detector and a multichannel analyzer. The obtained isomeric-yield ratios in the formation of 109m,gPd and 115m,gCd are compared with the corresponding values found in the other experiments and the calculated values based on the statistical model code TALYS. The present results for 109m,gPd and 115m,gCd in this energy region are the first measurement.

Changes in physicochemical properties of the human hair shaft induced by UVB during the summer climate were investigated. Using atomic force microscopy and thermogravimetric analyzer measurements, we investigated the changes in hair shaft physical properties including morphology, roughness, and water content. The changes in chemical properties were investigated by using FTIR spectroscopy. Hair samples from 20 females without any chemical or physical stresses were investigated. The samples were exposed to various UVB doses of 400, 2,000, and 4,000 mJ/cm(2), which correspond to the radiation times of 0.44, 2.22, and 4.44 h, respectively. The morphology and surface of the hair shaft was not significantly affected by UVB irradiation. The components of keratin were affected by the UVB irradiation where the amide A bands at 3,263 and 3,246 cm(-1) of the proximal and distal roots, respectively, were shifted to higher band region because α-helix converted to β-sheet, and the stretching modes of C-H lipid alkyl chains at 2,965 and 2,850 cm(-1) in the proximal and distal roots, respectively, were developed. As the UVB intensity increased, the water content of the proximal root decreased.

Because the cell membrane is an important regulator of cell function, its morphological changes are important markers of cell apoptosis. These changes can differ for each cell type, and depend on the treatment conditions, including the drug, doses, and treatment time. To quantify morphological changes, HeLa and Ishikawa cells were investigated with atomic force microscopy. Both cells were treated with cisplatin (1 mM) for 24 hours. The viability and proliferation of the cells were analyzed with methylthiazol tetrazolium method. The proliferation rates of both cells treated with cisplatin decreased more than 50%. The morphological changes induced by cisplatin were dependent on the cell type, and the results were determined quantitatively. The surface of HeLa cells became rougher with cisplatin treatment, whereas cisplatin-treated Ishikawa cells were smoother than untreated cells. In both cases, cell height was decreased with cisplatin treatment. These results suggest that atomic force microscopy can be used to analyze anticancer drug activity in cancer cells.

Production cross-sections of the 89Y(p,x)86,88,89gZr, 86m+g,87g,87m,88gY, 85gSr, and 84gRb nuclear processes were investigated up to 42-MeV proton energy by using a stacked-foil activation technique at the MC-50 cyclotron of the Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences. Cumulative cross-sections of the 88gY radionuclide have been reported here for the first time from proton activation on natural yttrium target. The present data were compared with the available experimental data as well as theoretical calculations based on the TALYS and the ALICE-IPPE codes, and found in general good agreement among them. Due to the mono-isotopic characteristics of the natural yttrium, the investigated 89Y(p,x)86,88,89gZr, 86m+g,87g,87m,88gY, 85gSr, and 84gRb processes are suitable for testing of nuclear reaction theories and/or mechanism. A quantitative analysis has also done to understand more accurately the predictive power of the model codes by performing calculations of deviation factors between the measured data and respective model calculations. The thick target integral yields, i.e., induced radioactivity per unit fluence of 42-MeV protons were also deduced from the measured cross-sections of the investigated radionuclides. Optimal production pathway for the 89Zr-PET radionuclide using a cyclotron is discussed elaborately. The measured cross-sections of 87gY, 88gY, 88Zr, and 89gZr radionuclides find importance due to their suitable decay characteristics leading to medical and thin layer activation applications. In addition, the present experimental results will play an important role in enrichment of the literature data base for proton-induced reactions on natural yttrium leading to various applications.

The effectiveness of systemic rheumatoid arthritis (RA) treatments is limited by difficulties in achieving therapeutic doses within articular joints. We evaluated the ability of intra-articular administration of injectable formulations to synergistically enhance repair of RA joints. Methotrexate-loaded hyaluronic acid (Met-HA), dexamethasone-loaded microcapsules (Dex-M) and Dex-M dispersed inside Met-HA were prepared as viscous emulsions and injected into articular joints using a needle to form a drug depot. By near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence imaging, we confirmed the local release of NIR from the depot injected into the articular joint over an extended period. In comparison with the subjects treated with Met-HA or Dex-M alone, subjects treated simultaneously with Met-HA and Dex-M exhibited faster and more significant RA repair. Collectively, these results indicated that the drug depot formed after intra-articular injection of Met-HA/Dex-M induced long-lasting drug release and allowed Met and Dex to effectively act in the articular joint, resulting in enhanced RA repair.

We measured neutron total cross-sections of natural niobium in the neutron energy region from 0.05 to 300 eV by using the time-of-flight method at the Pohang Neutron Facility, which consists of an electron linear accelerator, a water-cooled tantalum target with a water moderator, and a 12-m long time-of-flight path. A 6 Li-ZnS(Ag) scintillator with a diameter of 12.5 cm and a thickness of 1.6 cm was used as a neutron detector, and a high purity natural niobium metallic disc with a diameter of 8.0 cm and a thickness of 15.0 mm thickness was used for the neutron transmission measurement. Notch filters composed of Co, In, Cd were used to estimate the back- ground level and to calculate the length of neutron flight path. In order to reduce the gamma-ray background from bremsstrahlung and from neutron capture, we used a neu- tron-gamma separation system based on their different pulse shapes. The present measurement was compared with the existing experimental and the evaluated data. The res- onance parameters of 93 Nb isotope were obtained from the transmission by using the SAMMY code and were com- pared with other previous results.

The photo-neutron cross-sections of 208Pb and 209Bi induced by 50–70 MeV bremsstrahlung have been measured by using the off-line γ-ray spectrometric technique in the electron linac at the Pohang Accelerator Laboratory. The experimental 208Pb(γ,xn) and the 209Bi(γ,xn) reactions cross-sections at the bremsstrahlung energy region of 50–70 MeV, which are determined for the first time, are in general good agreement with the theoretical values based on the TALYS 1.0 code. We observed that the photo-neutron cross-sections for the (γ,xn) reactions of 209Bi and 208Pb increase with increasing of bremsstrahlung energy from 50 to 70 MeV, which indicates the role of excitation energy. It was also observed that the (γ,xn) reaction cross-sections of the doubly magic shell nuclei 82Pb126 are always higher than those of the singly magic shell nuclei 83Bi126 in the bremsstrahlung energy of 50–70 MeV. This may be due to the fact that either the shell effect are washed out at the higher excitation energy or due to the lower fission cross-section of 208Pb compared to that of 209Bi. This observation indicates that there is a competition reaction between fission and neutron emission.

This research is to investigate the effect of teenagers` motivating factors on their own self-efficacy and school-life satisfaction. Positive analysis of data was made based upon the theoretical background. Also, the casual relation between the motivating factors of teenagers and their self-efficacy and school-life satisfaction was verified. The result of the study was as follows: stress, family effect, and mass communications had an effect on intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation. The intrinsic motivation had an effect on the school-life satisfaction, and the extrinsic motivation was revealed to have an effect on the self-efficacy and school-life satisfaction. Students` self-efficacy also influenced their school-life satisfaction. This study suggested a few methods to improve teenagers` self-efficacy and their school-life satisfaction through the motivating factors.

Production cross-sections of the residual radionuclides for the natNi(p,x)55,56,57,58 m + gCo, 56,57Ni nuclear reactions were measured up to 40 MeV by using a stacked-foil activation technique at the MC-50 cyclotron of the Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences. The results were compared with the reported experimental data as well as the theoretical calculations based on the TALYS and the ALICE-IPPE codes. The present results are in general good agreement with the other experimental data and calculated results. The integral yields for thick target were also deduced from the measured excitation functions of the produced radionuclides. The present experimental results will play an important role in enrichment of the literature data base for proton-induced reactions on natural nickel leading to various applications.

The structural, physical, and chemical properties of hair taken from an ovarian teratoma (teratoma hair) was first examined by atomic force microscopy (AFM), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), and Raman spectroscopy. The similarities and differences between the teratoma hair and scalp hair were also investigated. Teratoma hair showed a similar morphology and chemical composition to scalp hair. Teratoma hair was covered with a cuticle in the same manner as scalp hair and showed the same amide bonding modes as scalp hair according to FT-IR and Raman spectroscopy. On the other hand, teratoma hair showed different physical properties and cysteic acid bands from scalp hair: the surface was rougher and the adhesive force was lower than the scalp hair. The cystine oxides modes did not change with the position unlike scalp hair. These differences can be understood by environmental effects not by the intrinsic properties of the teratoma hair.

This study was conducted to investigate the elementary school students` consciousness of safety, activities to prevent their accidents and factors causing such accidents. For this aim, a research was conducted from Nov. 19 through Dec. 22, 2007 by means of questionnaires distributed to 800 students enrolled in the 5th and 6th grades of 4 elementary schools in a urban-rural combined city. Out of the questionnaires distributed, 785 were collected and put to analysis by using SPSS 13.0 program to determine t-test, ANOVA, logistic regression, etc. 1. The maximum scores of safety consciousness revealing relatively high level of safety consciousness. There was, however, statistically significant difference by grade, type of residence, school life and academic achievements. In detail, 5th graders featured higher level of safety consciousness and those who live in apartments, lead a pleasant life at school and get better academic scores tended to keep higher level of safety consciousness. 2. The subjects of the high scored of activities to prevent accidents, with a statistically significant difference by gender, grade and individual personality. Females, 5th graders and active students were found to be more conscious of preventive activities for accidents. 3. In general, 6th graders and active students turned out to have experienced more accidents. 4. The main factors exerting influence on occurrence of accidents on the part of elementary school students are known to be preventive actions and consciousness of traffic safety in the category of safety consciousness. The significant variable in preventive actions was preventive actions of traffic accidents, burns and intoxication by category of accidents, but individual personality by category of general characters. Sixth graders and male students experienced more accidents, without significantly significant difference, though. As a result, From the above findings, prevention of safety accidents is found to be very important for elementary school students. It is therefore suggested that schools as well as homes should continue to conduct practical education to prevent accidents with priority placed on familiarizing students with preventive activities in daily life in consideration of their personal characters.

Background/purpose: We have investigated the changes of seborrheic dermatitis (SD) on the hair shaft in the morphological and physical properties using atomic force microscopy (AFM). Methods: Hair samples were obtained from the lesional and perilesional regions in 15 patients with SD. Fifteen healthy adults were included as the control group. From the topography of hair obtained by AFM, the height of the scale, step height, roughness, diameter, and pit were determined. Results: The scale thickness of the SD-affected hair was sevenfold more than in the control hair showing statistically significance. The lesional hair showed greater roughness parameters of Sa, Sq, and Sz than the perilesional and the control hair, but this difference was not significant. The cuticle of the lesional hair was significantly damaged while perilesional hair showed a very distinct cuticle structure with smooth edges and a regular interval between the cuticles. The diameter of the lesional hair was significantly lesser by 10–35% than that of the perilesional hair. The pit was rarely observed in the SD-affected hair collected from both the lesional and perilesional regions. Conclusion: The changes in the hair shaft affected SD was measured using AFM non-invasively. AFM could be a useful tool in monitoring the treatment response and the severity of SD.

Background: A thorough characterization of the morphological structure and physical properties is essential for an understanding of human hair. A number of techniques such as scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and confocal microscopy have been used to study hair surfaces. Recently, atomic force microscopy (AFM) has emerged as an ideal method for the non-invasive examination of hair surfaces. Purpose: To investigate the effects of aging on normal Korean hair diameter and surface features using AFM. Methods: We enrolled 60 Korean volunteers of various ages who had no hair diseases. We analyzed hair diameter, AFM images of the hair surface, cuticular descriptors and micro-scale mechanical properties for their associations with aging. Results: Hair diameter was found to increase for the first 20–30 years of life, after which it began to decrease. AFM images of most of the younger subjects showed typical step-like topographic properties with clear scale edges. The AFM images of most of the older subjects revealed dilapidated structures, poorly demarcated scale edges and undulated surfaces. Among the cuticular descriptors, surface roughness increased significantly with age. Force to distance analysis demonstrated a dependence on age. Conclusion: These results suggest that aging causes changes in hair diameter and surface structure.

The thermal neutron cross-section and the resonance integral of the 165 Ho(n,γ) 166g Ho reaction have been measured by the activation method using a 197 Au(n,γ) 198 Au monitor reaction as a single comparator. The high-purity natural Ho and Au foils with and without a cadmium shield case of 0.5 mm thickness were irradiated in a neutron field of the Pohang neutron facility. The induced activities in the activated foils were measured with a calibrated p-type high-purity Ge detector. The correction factors for the γ-ray attenuation ( F g ), the thermal neutron self-shielding ( G th ), the resonance neutron self-shielding ( G epi ) effects, and the epithermal neutron spectrum shape factor ( α ) were taken into account. The thermal neutron cross-section for the 165 Ho(n,γ) 166g Ho reaction has been determined to be 59.7 ± 2.5 barn, relative to the reference value of 98.65 ± 0.09 barn for the 197 Au(n,γ) 198 Au reaction. By assuming the cadmium cut-off energy of 0.55 eV, the resonance integral for the 165 Ho(n,γ) 166g Ho reaction is 671 ± 47 barn, which is determined relative to the reference value of 1550 ± 28 barn for the 197 Au(n,γ) 198 Au reaction. The present results are, in general, good agreement with most of the previously reported data within uncertainty limits.

We measured the isomeric yield ratios for the photonuclear reactions of 93Nb(γ,4n)89m,gNb and natMo(γ,xnp)95m,gNb by using the activation method. The high-purity 93Nb and natMo metallic foils in disc shape were irradiated with uncollimated bremsstrahlung beams of 50-, 60-, and 70-MeV generated from an electron linear accelerator in Pohang Accelerator Laboratory. The induced activities in the irradiated foils were measured by the high-resolution γ-ray spectrometry with a calibrated high-purity Germanium (HPGe) detector coupled to a PC-based 4 K multichannel analyzer. The reaction 93Nb(γ,4n)89m,gNb was studied for the first time which has no comparable literature data. The result of 95m,gNb isomeric pair was measured based on (γ,p), (γ,np), and (γ,2np) reactions which is the first measurement at the intermediate energy region of 50–70-MeV with a natMo target.

We measured the isomeric yield ratios for the 44m,gSc isomeric pairs produced from different reaction channels 45Sc(γ,n)44m,gSc and natTi(γ,xnp)44m,gSc by using the activation method and γ-ray spectroscopic methods at 50-, 60-, and 70-MeV bremsstrahlung energies. The high-purity natural Sc and Ti foils in disc shape were irradiated with uncollimated bremsstrahlung beams generated from an electron linear accelerator at Pohang Accelerator Laboratory. The induced activities in the irradiated foils were measured by the high-resolution γ-ray spectrometric system which consists of a high-purity Germanium detector and a multichannel analyzer. In order to improve the accuracy of the experimental results the necessary corrections were made in the γ-ray activity measurements and data analysis. The measured isomeric yield ratios for the 45Sc(γ,n)44m,gSc reaction are 0.20 ± 0.02, 0.21 ± 0.02, and 0.21 ± 0.02 and those for the natTi(γ,xnp)44m,gSc reaction are 0.063 ± 0.012, 0.079 ± 0.014, and 0.124 ± 0.022 at 50-, 60-, and 70-MeV bremsstrahlung energies, respectively. The obtained results are compared with the corresponding values found in the literature. We observed that the isomeric yield ratios for the 45Sc(γ,n)44m,gSc reaction increase rapidly with the increasing bremsstrahlung energies from the reaction threshold up to giant resonance region, and then those are almost constant in the energy range from about 30 to 2.5 GeV. The isomeric yield ratios for the natTi(γ,xnp)44m,gSc reaction increase with increasing bremsstrahlung energies in a wide range of bremsstrahlung energies from 50 to 2.5 GeV.

An improved method for the study of time reversal (T) violation is described. It consists of measurement of the forward-backward asymmetry in direct γ-ray transitions after unpolarized neutron capture in p-wave resonances. The γ-ray detection system with 12 BGO crystals and the DAQ system based on flash ADC modules were tested.

Background/Objectives: This paper is intended to provide basic data for college students’ mental health management programs by clarifying the factors affecting loneliness of college students. Methods/Statistical analysis: A purposive sample of 205 students from N university in C province of Korea was recruited for the cross-sectional survey design. The instruments were used Korean-version Revised UCLA Loneliness Scales, the self-esteem scaledeveloped by Rosenberg, the Multidimensional Scale on Perceived Social Support (MSPSS). We used SPSS WIN 23.0 program to analyze the quantitative data of the questionnaires. Findings: A consequence of analysis,the mean scores of college students’loneliness was1.67±0.42 point (range 1-4), self-esteem was 3.04±0.47 point (range 1-4), and social support was 5.29±1.67 point (range 1-7). The participants’ loneliness according to general characteristics showed statistically differences in religion (F=13.323, p

Background/Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine the factors related to influencing on the spiritual welling among nursing students. Methods/Statistical analysis: A purposive sample of 219 students from N university was recruited for the cross-sectional survey design. The instruments were used Spiritual Well-Being (SWB) scale, the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC), and the Wong and Law Emotional Intelligence Scale(WLEIS) on emotional intelligence. The collected quantitative data were analyzed using SPSS WIN 22.0 program. Findings: The level of spiritual well-being is 3.81 point (ranging 1-6) and the level of resilience is 3.62 point (ranging 1-5). The level of emotional intelligence_ total is 5.03 point (ranging1-7). It was found that there was a statistically significant difference in spiritual well-being depending on the religious affiliation (t=-9.328, p=.001). Additionally, spiritual well-being was significantly correlated with resilience (r=.437, p

This study is a descriptive study to investigate relevance of dry eye symptoms and physical symptoms of university students using smartphones and to identify the factors affecting dry eye symptoms. We collected data from university students in C province of Korea on March 3–29, 2016. They responded questionnaires of general characteristics, physical symptoms, and eye dry symptoms. 315 questionnaires were collected and 310 questionnaires were analyzed except for the incomplete one. Data were analyzed using t-test, one-way ANOVA, Scheffe test, Descriptive analysis, Pearson's correlation coefficients, and multiple regression analysis. The participants’ dry eye symptoms according to general characteristics showed statistically significant differences in gender (t=-3.306, p=.001), whether to wear contact lenses (t=-3.386, p=.001), smartphone use time (F=5.133, p=.002), and computer use time (F=5.137, p=.002). We were found that 68 (21.9%) were normal, 80 (25.8%) were mild, 58 (18.7%) were moderate and 104 (33.5%) were severe, and that 78.1% of 310 students had dry eye. And OSDI (Ocular Surface Disease Index) showed a significant correlation with turtle neck syndrome (r=.343, p

In recent years, apartment finishing work items have increasing ly become more upscale and diverse, and the kindshave increased in exponential numbers. A huge amount of informa tion about finishing work items is produced andchanged in the stages of planning finishing work item design an d selecting alternatives in the early days of anapartment project. However, there are many problems raised by t he poor information management of finishing workitems. Thus this study suggested a cost-based information manag ement system to manage information aboutfinishing work items generated in the initial stage of an apart ment project. In order to build the suggested system, the investigator design ed an information management system based on theconcepts and organization of system. And after setting a scenar io of selecting finishing work items by conditionsincluding the initial information values of finishing work item s, information management for each alternative, andcost fix or free condition, I implemented and applied a prototy pe of an information management system for finishingwork items among the participants including the project manager , interior designer, and builder. Keywords :Cost-Based, Finishing Workitem, Information Management System, Design Information, CostInformation, Work Information

We measured neutron total cross-sections of natural erbium in the neutron energy region from 0.2 to 120 eV by using the neutron time-of-flight method at the Pohang Neutron Facility, which consists of an electron linear accelerator, a water-cooled tantalum target with a water moderator, and a 12-m-long time-of-flight path. A 6 Li–ZnS(Ag) scintillator with a diameter of 12.5 cm and a thickness of 1.6 cm was used as a neutron detector, and a group of high-purity natural erbium metallic plates with various thickness was used for the neutron transmission measurements. The present measurement was compared with the existing experimental and the evaluated data. The resonance parameters of 166 Er, 167 Er, 168 Er, and 170 Er in the neutron energy region below 120 eV were extracted from the transmission by using the multilevel R -matrix SAMMY code and were compared with the evaluated data from ENDF/B VII.0 and other previous reported results.

The isomeric yield ratios of 110m,g In, 111m,g In, 112m,g In, and 117m,g In were measured in photonuclear reactions for the end point energies of bremsstrahlung about 50, 60, and 70 MeV. The isomeric yield ratios were determined from the induced activities in the irradiated samples using a high-purity germanium detector equipped with a multichannel analyzer. The results are the first measurements in this energy region. Experimental values of the isomeric yield ratios are compared with the corresponding values found in the literature.

The isomeric yield ratios for the natFe(γ,xn1p)52m,gMn reactions have been measured by the activation and the γ-ray spectroscopic methods at 50-, 60-, 70-MeV, and 2.5-GeV bremsstrahlung energies. The high purity natural iron foils in disc shape were irradiated with uncollimated bremsstrahlung beams of the Pohang Accelerator Laboratory. The induced activities in the irradiated foils were measured by the high-resolution γ-ray spectrometry with a calibrated high-purity Germanium (HPGe) detector. In order to improve the accuracy of the experimental results the necessary corrections were made in the gamma activity measurements and data analysis. The obtained isomeric yield ratios for the natFe(γ,xn1p)52m,gMn reactions at 50-, 60-, 70-MeV, and 2.5-GeV bremsstrahlung energies are 0.27 ± 0.03, 0.33 ± 0.04, 0.34 ± 0.04, and 1.25 ± 0.15, respectively. The present results at 50-, 60-MeV, and 2.5-GeV bremsstrahlung energies are the first measurements. We found that the isomeric yield ratio of the natFe(γ,xn1p)52m,gMn reaction depends on the incident bremsstrahlung energy and the mass difference between the product and the target nucleus when we compared the present results with other experimental data at different energies.

We measured isomeric-yield ratios for the 197Au(γ,n)196m,gAu reactions with bremsstrahlung energies of 50-, 60-, 70- MeV, and 2.5-GeV at the two different electron linac of the Pohang accelerator laboratory by using the activation method. The photons were produced when a pulsed electron beam hit a thin tungsten target. The well-known photoactivation method was used and hence the induced activities in the irradiated foils were measured with the high-resolution γ-ray spectrometric system consisting of lithium drifted high-purity Germanium detector and a multichannel analyzer. The measured isomeric-yield ratios for the 197Au(γ,n)196m,gAu reactions were (4.95 ± 0.51) × 10−4, (5.72 ± 0.72) × 10−4, (6.03 ± 0.50) × 10−4, and (9.27 ± 0.83) × 10−4 for 50-, 60-, 70-MeV, and 2.5-GeV bremsstrahlung energies, respectively. The present results measured with the bremsstrahlung energy higher than 60-MeV are the first measurement.

The mass–yield distributions of various fission products have been determined in the 50-, 60- and 70-MeV end point bremsstrahlung induced fission of natPb using off-line γ-ray spectrometric technique in the electron linac at Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Korea. The mass–yield distributions are symmetric with average mass of 102.34, 102.25 and 102.03 and FWHM of 21, 22 and 23 mass unit, respectively. From the present data and literature data in the 50–85 MeV bremsstrahlung induced fission of 209Bi the following observations were obtained: (i) The average masses of the yield distributions in the 50–85 MeV bremsstrahlung induced fission of natPb and 209Bi are around 102.25 ± 0.25 and 103 ± 0.5, respectively. (ii) The FWHM of the mass–yield distributions increases from about 21 mass units at 50 MeV to 23 mass units at 70–85 MeV, which is explained from the point of increase in multi-chance fission probability with increasing excitation energy. (iii) Within the bremsstrahlung energy range of 50–85 MeV, the role of nuclear structure effect in the mass–yield distribution was observed in the photo-fission of 209Bi, whereas it was not seen in case of natPb. This may be due to the presence of so many isotopes in natPb unlike mono-isotopic 209Bi.

We measured the isomeric yield ratios in the photonuclear reactions of nat Zr(γ, n) 89m,g Zr, nat Zr(γ, xn1p) 86m,g Y, and 89 Y(γ, xn) 87m,g,86m,g Y by the activation method. The high-purity natural Zr and Y metallic foils in disc shape were irradiated with uncollimated bremsstrahlung beams of 50-, 60-, and 70-MeV generated from an electron linear accelerator at Pohang Accelerator Laboratory. The induced activities in the irradiated foils were measured by the high-resolution γ-ray spectrometric system consisting of a high-purity germanium detector and a multichannel analyzer. The obtained isomeric yield ratios in the formation of 89m,g Zr, 87m,g Y, and 86m,g Y are compared with the corresponding values found in the literature. The measured isomeric yield ratios at the bremsstrahlung energies of 50-, 60-, and 70-MeV are the first measurement except 87 Y at 50-MeV bremsstrahlung.

The sol-to-gel transition occurring at around body temperature makes the MPEG-PCL diblock copolymer an ideal candidate material for use as an injectable in situ-forming gel containing human adipose tissue-derived stem cells (hADSCs). The sol can be prepared at room temperature, and the gel forms at body temperature. Solutions of the copolymer containing hADSCs and osteogenic factors injected into rats formed gel scaffolds at the injection sites. The gels thus formed showed the interconnective pore structure required to support growth, proliferation, and differentiation of hADSCs. Bromodeoxyuridine-labeled hADSCs were confirmed to be present in gels formed in vivo. Bone formation was observed only in gel implants containing both hADSCs and osteogenic factors. Subcutaneous implantation of the in situ-forming gel scaffold demonstrated that hADSCs embedded in the gel stimulated much lower host tissue responses than did the gel alone, probably because of the unique immunomodulatory properties of hADSCs. In conclusion, our data on hADSCs embedded in an in situ gel scaffold suggest that this formulation may provide numerous benefits as a noninvasive alternative for tissue-engineered bone formation.

The mass-yield distribution of fission products in the 2.5 GeV bremsstrahlung-induced fission of 209Bi have been determined by using the recoil catcher and the off-line γ-spectrometry technique in the high energy electron linac at the Pohang Accelerator Laboratory. The mass-yield determination involves the measurements of cumulative yields for 32 fission products and independent yields of 17 fission products in the photo-fission of 209Bi nuclei. It was found that the mass-yield distribution of fission products in 209Bi is symmetric with an average mass of 95 ± 0.5 and a FWHM of 51 ± 2.0 mass units. Present data at 2.5 GeV along with the literature data at 1 GeV, 700–600 MeV, and 85–28 MeV were interpreted from the point of increase of multi-chance fission and multi-nucleon emission probabilities with an increase in excitation energy. It was found that the average mass of the mass-yield distribution of the fission products decreases from 103 ± 0.5 at 28–85 MeV to 95 ± 0.5 at 2.5 GeV. On the other hand, the FWHM of the mass-yield distribution increases from 19 mass units at 28–40 MeV to 51 mass units at 2.5 GeV. It was also found that the nuclear structure effect observed at the photo-fission of 209Bi with 28–85 MeV bremsstrahlung is washed out at higher energy.