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Presence of invasive alien plant species in urban areas has become an issue throughout the globe. City administrations are making efforts to avoid invasions, to eradicate and/or control invasive species, or alternatively, try to process them into useful products. To monitor the spread of species over a region, it is important to map invasive species. In the scope of the APPLAUSE project, we have developed a One-Class support vector machine (SVM) approach to detect invasive species from individual aerial and multiple Sentinel-2 satellite images over the City of Ljubljana (Slovenia). In this paper, we focus specifically on the detection of Japanese knotweed, because it produces large stands and is therefore the most detectable invasive species in the studied area. The proposed SVM approach uses red-green-blue (RGB) band composites and infrared (IR) bands as input data for aerial images, while for satellite images additionally normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and enhanced vegetation index (EVI) are used. In the study, we used ground truth data collected by experts both as training and as validation data. On aerial images, we first perform segmentation, which is followed by two One-Class SVM classifications. On these classification outputs, we use K-means algorithm on the IR band, which groups the samples and removes the ones that were falsely recognized as Japanese knotweed. Merging the results together and masking out small samples and areas where Japanese knotweed is not present, we get the final result. On satellite data the approach is similar; the only difference is the usage of multiple input images from different acquisition dates for SVM classification. For detection of Japanese knotweed from the aerial images the accuracy was 83%, and 90% for stands larger than 100 m2 on satellite data. The results demonstrate that the applied methodology with the qualitative ground truth data can be used operationally for automatic detection of Japanese knotweed on the municipality level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geographical factors play an essential role in the occurrence and spread of invasive species worldwide, and their particular analysis at regional and local scales becomes important in understanding species development patterns. The present paper discusses the relationships between some key geographical factors and the Invasive Terrestrial Plant Species (ITPS) distribution, and their environmental implications in a few protected areas in Romania. The authors focused their attention on three of the foremost invaders (i.e. Amorpha fruticosa, Ailanthus altissima and Fallopia japonica) making use of the information provided by the scientific literature and some illustrative examples developed in the framework of the FP7 enviroGRIDS project. The study is aimed to increase the knowledge of the ITPS and, specifically, to contribute to the geographical understanding of the role played by the driving factors in their distribution and spread in various habitats and ecosystems. The results will further support the control efforts in protected areas where, often, valuable native species are at risk of being replaced by non-native species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Japanese knotweed (Reynoutria japonica) and the other invasive knotweeds, collectively known as knotweed s.l., are significant invasives worldwide, especially of riparian areas. While R. japonica and other knotweed s.l. can reproduce sexually, their dispersal to and spread within new regions is often accomplished through vegetative reproduction from rhizome and stem fragments. Once established, knotweed s.l. can displace riparian plants, meaning that soil stability once provided by displaced roots is lost, carrying significant knock‐on implications for watershed management. We propose that knotweed s.l. rhizomes both displace roots and the structure they provide to soil, and also amplify bank‐erosion forces, especially during floods. Further, erosive forces create propagules, with larger flow events creating larger numbers of propagules and providing the vector for short‐ and long‐distance downstream spread within the watershed. Induced erosion is therefore the main driver of knotweed s.l. invasions along waterways. As some hydrological regimes shift towards more frequent and severe storm events in response to climate change, positive feedback loops may develop in these regions between existing knotweed s.l. populations, sudden riverbank failure, and increased flood‐related damage, with presumably significant impacts on riparian infrastructure. While the continued spread of this invasive could have significant riparian flood resiliency consequences if left unchecked, mindful action to control these plants is likely to be beneficial financially, socially, and ecologically within any invaded watershed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a laboratory experiment, we studied the insecticidal effects of invasive alien plants on the rice weevil. The research was carried out in two parts. In the first part, we studied the insecticidal properties of seven different plant species, namely, Bohemian knotweed (Fallopia × bohemica), Japanese knotweed (Fallopia japonica), false indigo-bush (Amorpha fruticosa), tree of heaven (Ailanthus altissima), staghorn sumac (Rhus typhina), Canada goldenrod (Solidago canadensis), and giant goldenrod (Solidago gigantea). Mixtures of powders and wheat were prepared in two different concentrations, namely, 2.5 w% and 1.25 w%. The experiment was performed at temperatures 20 °C and 25 °C and at two humidity levels, 55% R.h. and 75% R.h. Very low mortality (below 8%) was found when using combinations with the higher relative humidity. No significant differences were observed between the effects of these concentrations. In the second part of the experiment, Norway spruce wood ash and diatomaceous earth (product SilicoSec®) were added to the powder obtained by milling leaves of four different invasive plant species (Canada goldenrod, staghorn sumac, tree of heaven, false indigo). In the independent application, wheat was added to the powder at a concentration 2.5 w%. In the treatments that involved mixtures of powder and wood ash/diatomaceous earth, we applied 1.25 w% plant powder and 1.25 w% wood ash or 1.25 w% plant powder and 450 ppm of a SilicoSec® preparation. The positive control was carried out as two separate treatments with 2.5 w% wood ash of Norway spruce and 900 ppm of the SilicoSec® product, while untreated wheat represented the negative control. The experiment was performed at two temperatures (20 °C and 25 °C) and two R.h. values (55 and 75% R.h.). The mortality of beetles was recorded on the 7th, 14th, and 21st day after the start of the experiment. Higher mortality rates of rice weevil adults were found at the higher relative humidity, and an important factor of mortality was also the day of exposure, as a higher mortality was found when the exposure of individuals to the tested substances was for a longer time period. After 21 days at 25 °C and 55% R.h., the combinations in which the lower concentration of Norway spruce wood ash was added to the powder of invasive alien plants achieved more than 90% mortality of beetles. By adding the plant powder of invasive alien plants to wood ash, we achieved a greater insecticidal efficacy of invasive plants and lower concentrations of wood ash. Nevertheless, the results of our research do not indicate any great usefulness of the plant powder of invasive plants in suppressing the rice weevil. Additional studies should primarily focus on the insecticidal efficacy of powder from the genus Solidago, which in our study, displayed the greatest insecticidal potential among the tested invasive plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resveratrol (trans-3,5,4'-trihydroxystilbene) is a phytoalexin produced naturally by 72 different plant species especially grapevines, Japanese knotweed and pines in response to some exogenous factors such as UV radioation, chemical stress and fungal parasites. With the discovery of the „French paradox" resveratrol had entered in the spotlight of researchers. The French paradox is a term generated in 1992 that refers to the cardioprotective effects of resveratrol that have been discovered based on data from French people that has shown an inverse correlation between wine consumption and the incidence of coronary heart disease (CHD) despite the consumption of a diet in hight saturated fat. The aim of the present study is to determine the trans-resveratrol content in 11 Romanian comercial wine samples by direct injection into the HPLC instrument coupled with diode array detector after being filtered through 0.45 µm PTFE membrane filtres. The total resveratrol content in alayses samples varied from 0.03 mg/L to 6.64 g/L. Pinot Noir wines had the highest average resveratrol content, while the lowest was found for the Sauvignion Blanc variety. All wines analyzed contained resveratrol in variable quantities. This study could contribute to the analysis made on the variety of Romanian wines for resveratrol content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to assess the tolerance of the highly invasive weed Fallopia japonica to heavy metals, a greenhouse experiment was conducted in which this plant was cultivated in control soil and in the soils polluted by different levels of Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn. The content of heavy metals in soil did not eliminate the F. japonica rhizome's capacity to regenerate. However, at the beginning of the experiment, the presence of some metal doses: Cd (100, 200 mg·kg-1), Pb (200 mg·kg-1 ) and Zn (300 mg·kg-1 ) delayed the rhizome regeneration compared to the control plants. In the soils contaminated with any level of Cr or Pb, shoots grew with similar vigour to the control plants. Only the high doses of Cd (100, 200 mg·kg-1 ), Cu (300 mg·kg-1 ) and Zn (300 mg·kg-1 ) significantly delayed the plants' growth. The morphological features of F. japonica from the soils polluted with Cr and Pb were not significantly different from the control plants. Among the tested heavy metals that had the greatest impact on the morphology of F. japonica were Cd (100, 200 mg·kg-1 ), Cu (300 mg·kg-1) and Zn (300 mg·kg-1 ). A chemical analysis indicated that this weed accumulated large quantities of metals when cultivated in the contaminated soil. Particular attention was paid to its relatively high Cd uptake. In the variant where a dose of 100 mg Cd·kg-1 was applied, the plants (aboveground part) accumulated more than 630 times the amount of cadmium found in the control. The abilities of F. japonica to regenerate from rhizome fragments, to grow and develop under the stress conditions created by heavy metals, and to take up metals are evidence that this plant is characterised by metal tolerance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The management of some invasive plant species is difficult because species can exhibit high productivity despite control measures. Inefficient control methods may even produce unwanted side effects. We conducted an experimental study on Fallopia spp., a major invasive plant in Europe. We tested the effects of two different stem-cutting frequencies on the aboveground and belowground traits of several genotypes in a greenhouse experiment against control plants (no cuts). Plants receiving one cut per month for a total of 4 cuts experienced 30% mortality of the individuals, surviving plants had greatly reduced values of the measured traits, especially for biomass and height. In contrast, plants in the treatment group, consisting of a single cut in five months, were eventually able to compensate for the loss of aboveground parts despite reduced length and biomass of the rhizome. Our results indicate that minimal mechanical intervention has limited effects on Fallopia spp. During the vegetative season, managers can increase control efficacy through regular cutting rather than a one-time intervention for these species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The knotweed psyllid, Aphalara itadori, is a biological control agent for invasive knotweed species in North America and Europe. Initial releases were conducted in Canada in 2014 but establishment has been slow, seemingly as a result of low nymphal survival. We conducted two field experiments in Ontario, Canada, to explore the effects of native predators and the age of knotweed (Fallopia japonica) foliage on nymphal survival in A. itadori. Survival of A. itadori nymphs was significantly reduced on potted plants that were exposed to native predators in the field, compared to plants from which predators were excluded. The number of surviving nymphs was also significantly reduced on older F. japonica foliage, compared to recent regrowth after a summer cutting treatment. We discuss our findings in the context of biological invasion theory and emphasize the potential for increased overlap between the fields of invasion ecology and biological control. Finally, we advocate the use of A. itadori in combination with other control measures as part of an integrated pest management programme, rather than as a solitary measure. Specifically, we recommend that future releases of A. itadori be concentrated shortly after cutting or herbicide treatments in order to maximize the availability of young tender foliage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We welcome Martin et al.'s (2020) significant contributions toward advancing understanding of Reynoutria japonica var. japonica (Japanese knotweed) clonal growth strategies and resource allocation in response to environmental heterogeneity; understanding knotweed ecophysiology is essential to inform and enhance large-scale invasive knotweed management. However, we strongly disagree that mowing should be recommended for the landscape management of invasive knotweeds on the grounds of limited efficacy, practicality and environmental and economic sustainability. To achieve the successful control and long-term management of invasive rhizome-forming plants, we should do more with less, as the evidence guides us (Jones et al. 2018). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Featured Application: This work was focused in the generation of six yeast lines able to produce resveratrol from p-coumaric acid. Industrial use of these strains may be contemplated. Resveratrol is a nutraceutical with relevant benefits to human health. This investigation reports on the generation and evaluation of six recombinant yeast lines that produce resveratrol from p-coumaric acid. The yeast lines contained a single p-coumaric acid-Co-A ligase from Plagiochasma appendiculatum combined with the stilbene synthases from Parthenocissus henryana, Polygonum cuspidatum, Morus alba var. atropurpurea, Rheum tataricum, Vitis vinifera and Arachis hypogaea. Codon optimized versions of these sequences were inserted in an expression vector flanked by the constitutive PGK and GPD promoters before expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Batch fermentation (60 h) revealed that yeast lines had different capacities (p < 0.01) to produce resveratrol. Slightly acidic pH (6) and concentrations <100 mg L−1p-coumaric acid improved resveratrol yields. Among the six lines, those containing the stilbene synthases (STS) from P. cuspidatum and M. alba produced up to 39 mg L−1 using 70 mg L−1p-coumaric acid. On the other hand, lines expressing STS from V. vinifera, A. hypogaea and R. tataricum generated resveratrol faster than other lines but accumulated lower amounts at the end of the batch period (27–30 mg L−1). The simultaneous consumption of ethanol and p-coumaric acid corroborates the role of ethanol as a carbon source involved in the conversion of p-coumaric acid into resveratrol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sepsis is a life-threatening condition. Polydatin (PD), a small natural compound from Polygonum cuspidatum, possesses antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. However, the protective mechanism of PD on sepsis-induced acute myocardial damage is still unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect and mechanism of action of PD on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced H9c2 cells and in a rat model of sepsis, and explored the role of PD-upregulated sirtuin (SIRT)6. LPS-induced H9c2 cells were used to simulate sepsis. Cecal ligation and puncture (CLP)-induced sepsis in rats were used to verify the protective effect of PD. ELISA, western blotting, immunofluorescence, immunohistochemistry, and flow cytometry were used to study the protective mechanism of PD against septic myocardial injury. PD pretreatment suppressed LPS-induced H9c2 cell apoptosis by promotion of SIRT6-mediated autophagy. Downregulation of SIRT6 or inhibition of autophagy reversed the protective effect of PD on LPS-induced apoptosis. PD pretreatment also suppressed LPS-induced inflammatory factor expression. CLP-induced sepsis in rats showed that PD pretreatment decreased CLP-induced myocardial apoptosis and serum tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6 expression. 3-Methyladenine (autophagy inhibitor) pretreatment prevented the protective effect of PD on septic cardiomyopathy. SIRT6 expression was increased with PD treatment, which confirmed that PD attenuates septic cardiomyopathy by promotion of SIRT6-mediated autophagy. All these results indicate that PD has potential therapeutic effects that alleviate septic myocardial injury by promotion of SIRT6-mediated autophagy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using disposable screen-printed electrodes is a convenient way of monitoring environmental pollution, production process control etc. Usually, commercially available screen-printed electrodes are used, but more and more studies are being carried out in the field of printing electrodes on thinner, low-cost and versatile substrates, including paper. In the present research, the comparison of screen-printed electrodes printed on different paper-based materials is presented. Two unique and innovative invasive plant-based papers made from (1) Japanese knotweed, (2) Canadian and Giant goldenrod and (3) commercially available cardboard were used as a printing material for the electrodes. The selected paper substrates were characterized, and screen-printed electrodes were printed. The influence of substrates' properties and pre- or post-treatment of the screen-printed electrodes on the electrochemical behaviour is thoroughly analyzed. The results indicate that the printing substrate (roughness) had the most significant influence on the cyclic voltammetry response. Comparing pre- and post-treatment of screen-printed electrodes, it was shown that grinding influenced the electrochemical activity significantly, while corona discharge does not have as significant influence. Besides, it was shown that the invasive plant-based papers are viable alternatives to commercially available papers and can be used as low-cost and eco-friendly alternatives for disposable screen-printed electrodes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In this study, fungal endophytes were screened from samples of Polygonum cuspidatum and 24 endophytes were obtained. The fungal endophytes were allocated to 6 orders and 9 genera by phylogenetic analysis. Based on the ability of fungal endophytes to induce biotransformation, Penicillium sp. F5 was selected for the biotransformation of resveratrol. Fermentation of media using Penicillium sp. F5 yielded transformation products, giving a main product that was purified using silica gel column chromatography. The structure of main product was established as pterostilbene (trans-3,5-dimethoxy-4'-hydroxystilbene) by using 1H-NMR, 13C -NMR, HSQC and HMBC spectroscopy. Pterostilbene plays an important role in resisting disease in humans and shows more metabolic stability, stronger pharmacological activities, and longer half-life when compared with resveratrol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work is focused on separation and purification of resveratrol from Polygonum cuspidatum by macroporous adsorption resin (MAR) mixed-bed technology. Firstly, the optimal MAR mixed-bed was obtained according to the adsorption and desorption performance of 32 kinds of MAR. Then, operation conditions of adsorption and desorption were investigated and optimized, and optimal operation conditions were obtained. Under optimal conditions, the adsorption capacity and adsorption ratio arrived at 23.89 mg g−1 and 98.53% separately, while the desorption ratio and purity would be 82.05% and 19.32%. The purity was increased by 5 times in the crude extraction after an adsorption/desorption circle. Finally, the adsorption kinetics and thermodynamics were discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell (BMSC) transplantation represents a promising repair strategy following spinal cord injury (SCI), although the therapeutic effects are minimal due to their limited neural differentiation potential. Polydatin (PD), a key component of the Chinese herb Polygonum cuspidatum, exerts significant neuroprotective effects in various central nervous system disorders and protects BMSCs against oxidative injury. However, the effect of PD on the neuronal differentiation of BMSCs, and the underlying mechanisms remain inadequately understood. In this study, we induced neuronal differentiation of BMSCs in the presence of PD, and analysed the Nrf2 signalling and neuronal differentiation markers using routine molecular assays. We also established an in vivo model of SCI and assessed the locomotor function of the mice through hindlimb movements and electrophysiological measurements. Finally, tissue regeneration was evaluated by H&E staining, Nissl staining and transmission electron microscopy. PD (30 μmol/L) markedly facilitated BMSC differentiation into neuron‐like cells by activating the Nrf2 pathway and increased the expression of neuronal markers in the transplanted BMSCs at the injured spinal cord sites. Furthermore, compared with either monotherapy, the combination of PD and BMSC transplantation promoted axonal rehabilitation, attenuated glial scar formation and promoted axonal generation across the glial scar, thereby enhancing recovery of hindlimb locomotor function. Taken together, PD augments the neuronal differentiation of BMSCs via Nrf2 activation and improves functional recovery, indicating a promising new therapeutic approach against SCI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is considered as one of the most lethal malignancies worldwide. However, the effective therapies remain limited. Polydatin, a main effective component of the Chinese herb Polygonum cuspidatum, has multiple antitumor activities; however, whether Polydatin has anti-CRC activity is not fully understood. Materials and Methods: CRC cell proliferation and apoptosis were measured after treatment of Polydatin using Cell Counting Kit-8 assay, colony formation assay, and flow cytometer assay. The expression of miR-382 and programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) were determined in CRC cell lines by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot, respectively. Furthermore, dual-luciferase reporter assay was conducted to determine the target of miR-382. Moreover, loss-of-functional experiments were used to identify the effect of Polydatin on miR-382. Finally, tumor xenograft experiments were conducted to determine the effect of Polydatin in vivo.Results: As a result, Polydatin effectively inhibited cell proliferation and promoted cell apoptosis in CRC cell lines. PD-L1 was confirmed as a direct target of miR-382. Furthermore, Polydatin could suppress the expression of PD-L1 by upregulating miR-382. Moreover, Polydatin inhibits proliferation and promotes apoptosis of CRC cells by regulating miR-382 and suppressing CRC tumor growth in vivo. Conclusion: Polydatin inhibits CRC cell proliferation and promotes apoptosis by regulating miR-382/PD-L1 axis. Polydatin could be a potential compound to synthesize novel antitumor drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graph All the isolated compounds were evaluated for their ability to reactivate HIV latency transcription in a model system of J-Lat A2 cells for 24 h. The preliminary structure-activity relationships of these compounds suggested that stilbenes with free hydroxy groups at C-3 and C-5 exhibited a more potent effect toward reactivating HIV latency than compounds where the hydroxy groups are replaced by glycosyl groups; compounds B 5 b and B 10 b showed more potent effects than the 3-OH glycosylated compounds B 6 b and B 9 b . Subfraction 3.2 was further subjected to Sephadex LH-20 CC eluted with H SB 2 sb O-CH SB 3 sb OH (2:3) and purified by semipreparative HPLC on an ODS column with H SB 2 sb O-CH SB 3 sb CN (15:85) to afford compounds B 1 b (20.8 mg), B 2 b (14.1 mg), and B 11 b (7.6 mg). Fraction 4 (18.24 g) was first subjected to MCI HP20P gel column chromatography eluting with H SB 2 sb O-CH SB 3 sb OH (2:8 to 0:1), successively, to give eight different subfractions (Subfrs. [Extracted from the article]

Powdery mildew (PM) caused by Podosphaera xanthii is one of the most important courgette diseases with high yield losses and is currently controlled by fungicides and sulphur applications in conventional and organic production. Plant derived elicitors/inducers of resistance are natural compounds that induce resistance to pathogen attack and promote a faster and/or more robust activation of plant defense responses. Giant knotweed (Reynoutria sachalinensis, RS) extract is a known elicitor of plant defenses but its mode of action remains elusive. The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanisms of foliar RS applications and how these affect PM severity and crop performance when used alone or in combination with genetic resistance. RS foliar treatments significantly reduced conidial germination and PM severity on both an intermediate resistance (IR) and a susceptible (S) genotype. RS application triggered plant defense responses, which induced the formation of callose papillae, hydrogen peroxide accumulation and the Salicylic acid (SA) - dependent pathway. Increased SA production was detected along with increased p-coumaric and caffeic acid concentrations. These findings clearly indicate that RS elicits plant defenses notably as a consequence of SA pathway induction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (Psa), the causal agent of bacterial canker of kiwifruit, is considered the main pathogen of yellow-, green- and red-fleshed kiwifruit. All major kiwifruit producing countries in the world have been affected by this bacterial pathogen, leading to substantial economic losses. The control of bacterial canker of kiwifruit is based only on preventive methods or on the use of copper compounds that can cause phytotoxicity problems. In this study, the in vitro antibacterial activity of seven different plant extracts against eight Psa strains has been evaluated. The inhibition of 100% of the Psa growth was observed, after 24 h, for the extracts of Polygonum cuspidatum roots (POL-roots), Hypericum perforatum roots elicited with chitosan oligosaccharides (HYP-COS roots) and non-fermented grape pomace (ITA-pomace). The strongest antibacterial activity was exhibited by POL-roots, with a geometric mean of minimum inhibitory concentration of 100% of growth (GMMIC100) of 105.11 µg/mL after 24 h, and with a GMMIC100 value of 148.65 µg/mL after 48 h. Moreover, POL-roots extract showed the best bactericidal activity with a GMMBC of 210.22 µg/mL. No phytotoxic activity was observed up to 15 days in the leaves of Actinidia chinensis "Belen" treated with plant extracts at 500 µg/mL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Off‐line comprehensive two‐dimensional reversed‐phase countercurrent chromatography with high‐performance liquid chromatography was investigated in separation of crude ethanol extract from traditional Chinese medicinal herb Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb. et Zucc. Two‐dimensional contour plots for countercurrent chromatography with high‐performance liquid chromatography was obtained after comprehensive separation was completed. Total peak capacity was evaluated and approximately 810 peaks were obtained through a comprehensive two‐dimensional separation. A highly orthogonality of 52.23% and a large separation space occupancy of 88.86% were achieved. Meanwhile, it was found that several components could be well separated by countercurrent chromatography while they could not be separated by high‐performance liquid chromatography, and vice versa, which further indicated the orthogonality of the two separation methods. The off‐line comprehensive two‐dimensional countercurrent chromatography with high‐performance liquid chromatography provided a promising and powerful method for separation of complex natural products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Invasive alien plant species often have negative environmental and social impacts, such as loss of biodiversity and alteration of ecosystem services. As a result, managing the introduction, establishment, and abundance of invasive species is a major priority. To do this effectively, we need evidence on the effect of management interventions (such as using herbicide or cutting to control invasive plants). This evidence should not only include the effects of these management interventions on invasive alien species, but also on native species and other non-target outcomes such as ecosystem services. Such evidence would allow for comparison of the trade-offs between different management interventions. In the planned review we aim to assess how management interventions to control nine priority invasive alien plants species in England and Wales affect environmental outcomes. These species are: Japanese knotweed (Fallopia japonica) Nuttall's waterweed (Elodea nuttallii), Chilean rhubarb (Gunnera tinctoria), Giant hogweed (Heracleum mantegazzianum), Floating pennywort (Hydrocotyle ranunculoides), Himalayan balsam (Impatiens glandulifera), Curly waterweed (Lagarosiphon major), American skunk cabbage (Lysichiton americanus), Parrot's feather (Myriophyllum aquaticum). Methods: Searches will be in English and use bibliographic databases (Scopus, Web of Science Core Collection, Open Access Theses and Dissertations, and Conservation Evidence) and internet searches (Google Scholar), as well as specialist databases. Our methodology will only use the names of each species (scientific names and common names, including synonyms) as our search string (we will not use qualifiers, such as "AND invasive"). This will give low specificity but will increase the likelihood of capturing all relevant information. We will use predefined criteria for study inclusion and data extraction. We will screen publications in two stages: (1) using titles and abstracts and (2) using full texts. Consistency of inclusion will be checked by two people screening a random sample of 10% of titles and abstracts. This dual-screening will be subject to kappa analysis and any disagreements resolved through discussion. We will use critical appraisal to assess study validity by identifying studies that are potentially prone to bias. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The effect of Polygonum cuspidatum extract on Pancreatic cancer cell line Panc-1 was investigated by extracting Polygonum cuspidatum extracts into human pancreatic cancer cell proliferation and apoptosis phenotype. Methods: Different concentrations(0, 10, 50, 100, 150, 200 μg/m L) of Polygonum cuspidatum extract were prepared, and each concentration of Polygonum cuspidatum extract was added to the human pancreatic cancer Panc-1 cell line to be treated for 24 h. The proliferation activity of the cell line Panc-1 was detected by CCK-8(cell counting kit-8) method; the human pancreatic cancer cell line Panc-1 was treated with 100 μg/m L Polygonum cuspidatum extract for 24 h, and then flow cytometry was used( FCM) was used to detect the cell cycle and apoptosis distribution; 100 μg/m L Polygonum cuspidatum extract was used to treat human pancreatic cancer cell line Panc-1 for 24 h, and the total RNA and total protein were extracted. Subsequent real-time PCR and Western blot were used to detect human pancreatic cancer.Transcription and translation levels of the cell line Panc-1 proliferation marker genes PCNA, CDK2 and apoptosis marker genes BAD,BAX. Results: The results of CCK-8 showed that the inhibition rate of Polygonum cuspidatum extract on the proliferation of human pancreatic cancer cell line Panc-1 increased with concentration. The results of flow cytometry showed that Polygonum cuspidatum extract inhibited the proliferation of human pancreatic cancer cells and promoted its apoptosis. The results of real-time PCR and Western blot showed The extract of Polygonum cuspidatum can decrease the expression of PCNA and CDK2 in human pancreatic cancer cell proliferation, and the expression of apoptosis marker gene BAD and BAX increased. Conclusion: Polygonum cuspidatum extract can inhibit the proliferation and promote apoptosis of human pancreatic cancer cell line Panc-1 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Native Mexican woody bamboos (Poaceae: Bambusoideae: Bambuseae) are classified in subtribes Arthrostylidiinae, Chusqueinae and Guaduinae. They grow from sea level up to 3200 m along the main mountain ranges and occupy different vegetation types. The aims of this study were to: identify the areas with the most species diversity; detect areas of endemism; and discuss the conservation status of the native Mexican woody bamboos. We gathered presence records for 51 Mexican woody bamboo species, based on herbarium records and personal collections. Richness was analysed taking into account: Mexican political divisions; biogeographical regions and provinces; a grid cell size of 55 × 55 km; and elevation. Areas of endemism were obtained using endemicity analysis. Thirty-five of the 51 species are endemic to Mexico. Chiapas has 24 species, followed by Veracruz with 19 and Oaxaca with 16. However, Veracruz harbours the greatest number of endemics with 14 species, followed by Oaxaca with 13 and Chiapas with 11. The Veracruzan province has the highest species richness with 20 species, followed by Chiapas Highlands and Sierra Madre del Sur with 19 species each. Twenty-six of the 35 endemic species were known only from ten or fewer sites, and eight of the 26 species are considered to be Critically Endangered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In nature there are more and more problems caused by invasive alien plant species. They not only threaten and displace native plants, but also cause economic damage. The aim of this study was to investigate and determine the percentage of weeking of prints on papers made from invasive alien plant species, i.e. Japanese knotweed and goldenrod. The same pattern was printed on both invasive alien plant species papers, Japanese knotweed and goldenrod, using two different printing techniques, i.e. inkjet and electrophotographic. We measured the percentage of the appearance of the week on both printing techniques. The highest percentage deviation of 9.42% was found on paper made of cellulose fibres obtained from goldenrod using the inkjet printing process, while the deviation from the ideal print using the electrophotographic printing process on the same paper was 2.02%. From the research results we can conclude that the electrophotographic printing technique is more suitable for printing on papers made from invasive alien plant species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is the first report on identification of all B-type proanthocyanidins from monomers to decamers (monomers—flavan-3-ols, dimers, trimers, tetramers, pentamers, hexamers, heptamers, octamers, nonamers, and decamers) and some of their gallates in leaves of Japanese knotweed (Fallopia japonica Houtt.), giant knotweed (Fallopia sachalinensis F. Schmidt) and Bohemian knotweed (Fallopia × bohemica (Chrtek & Chrtkova) J.P. Bailey). Flavan-3-ols and proanthocyanidins were investigated using high performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) coupled to densitometry, image analysis, and mass spectrometry (HPTLC–MS/MS). All species contained (−)-epicatechin and procyanidin B2, while (+)-catechin was only detected in Bohemian and giant knotweed. (−)-Epicatechin gallate, procyanidin B1 and procyanidin C1 was only confirmed in giant knotweed. Leaves of all three knotweeds have the same chemical profiles of proanthocyanidins with respect to the degree of polymerization but differ with respect to gallates. Therefore, chromatographic fingerprint profiles of proanthocyanidins enabled differentiation among leaves of studied knotweeds, and between Japanese knotweed leaves and rhizomes. Leaves of all three species proved to be a rich source of proanthocyanidins (based on the total peak areas), with the highest content in giant and the lowest in Japanese knotweed. The contents of monomers in Japanese, Bohemian and giant knotweed were 0.84 kg/t of dry weight (DW), 1.39 kg/t DW, 2.36 kg/t, respectively, while the contents of dimers were 0.99 kg/t DW, 1.40 kg/t, 2.06 kg/t, respectively. Giant knotweed leaves showed the highest variety of gallates (dimer gallates, dimer digallates, trimer gallates, tetramer gallates, pentamer gallates, and hexamer gallates), while only monomer gallates and dimer gallates were confirmed in Japanese knotweed and monomer gallates, dimer gallates, and dimer digallates were detected in leaves of Bohemian knotweed. The profile of the Bohemian knotweed clearly showed the traits inherited from Japanese and giant knotweed from which it originated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Knotweed is in Europe and America a highly invasive plant, originating from Asia. Three different taxons are identified in Europe, namely Japanese knotweed (Fallopia japonica), Sakhalin knotweed (Fallopia sachalinensis) and Bohemian knotweed (Fallopia x bohemica). The best-known among them is F. japonica that has been since ancient times used in traditional Chinese medicine for treatment of different kind of diseases (e.g. inflammatory diseases, hepatitis, tumors, burns and hyperlipidemia). Several studies have recently been performed to confirm that the Japanese knotweed extract possess several different bioactivities, namely antioxidant, antidiabetic, antiviral, antibacterial, and antimycotic activity. It was shown that many different bioactive components are responsible for this. However, much less studies have been performed on the other two knotweed species, particularly on the Bohemian knotweed, which is the most widely spread due to its highest invasiveness among the three taxons. The results of our study confirmed antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of extracts obtained from different tissues (rhizomes, leaves, stalks and flowers) of all three knotweed species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photosynthetic response to environmental conditions of an invaded habitat were evaluated as indices of invasive species acclimation. Photosynthesis measurements of Fallopia japonica, Heracleum sosnowskyi, and Rumex confertus were performed every month along grassland or forest ecotones in Kaunas distr., Central Lithuania, during the plant vegetation period in 2016. Photosynthetic capacity and its positive relationship to environment tolerance confirmed that the assessed recently developed invasive species will also exhibit enhanced photosynthetic performance during their vegetative growth in new invaded habitats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to investigate the potential of native and invasive plant species for the uptake and accumulation of lithium (Li) and strontium (Sr) along the Sava River, focusing on their bioindication and phytoremediation capabilities. Sampling was carried out in riparian zones exposed to different pollution sources in Slovenia, Croatia, and Serbia. Plant samples of native (Salix alba, Populus alba, Populus nigra, Ulmus glabra, Juglans regia) and invasive (Amorpha fruticosa, Reynoutria japonica, Solidago canadensis, Impatiens glandulifera) species were collected. The content of Li and Sr was analyzed in the soils, roots, and leaves of the selected plants, as well as physical and chemical soil properties. Both Li and Sr content in the soils increased from the source to the mouth of the Sava River. The native species showed significant potential for Li and Sr accumulation based on the metal accumulation index. The highest Sr accumulation was measured in the leaves of Salix alba and the roots of Juglans regia, while the highest Li accumulation was measured in Ulmus glabra. Native species, especially Salix alba, proved to be better bioindicators of Li and Sr. Invasive species, especially Amorpha fruticosa and Impatiens glandulifera , showed a remarkable ability to translocate Sr and Li, respectively, to leaves. These results provide valuable insight into the suitability of plants for biomonitoring soil contamination and potential applications in phytoremediation strategies. In summary, the study shows the importance of native species in the context of the accumulation and bioindication of soil pollution. • Li contents in soils has the increasing trend from the source to the river mouth. • The analyzed soils contain a relatively uniform level of Sr. • Native plants have higher potential for Li and Sr accumulation. • Salix alba emerge as key bioindicator for Li and Sr. • Amorpha fruticosa have phytoremediation potential for Sr. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Denitrification is considered the major pathway leading to soil gaseous (N) losses, affecting N availability for plants and consequently plant productivity. Biological denitrification inhibition (BDI) in Fallopia spp., a plant species complex with a high level of growth and competitiveness for mineral N, acts through procyanidin production. However, the soil factors governing BDI development are still unknown. Through a mesocosm experiment using two treatments – soil planted with Fallopia japonica and unplanted–, nine biologically and physically contrasting soils were studied with the aim to ascertain how each can affect BDI development. Microbial enzyme activities (respiration - SIR, denitrification - DEA), denitrifying functional gene abundance (nirK , nirS), total bacterial community abundance (rRNA 16S) and soil physicochemical parameters (N mineral forms, soil texture, moisture, pH) were measured before and after plant growth, and the DEA:SIR ratio was used as a BDI proxy. The DEA:SIR ratio decreased for six soils. BDI development is related to a small number of soil factors, mainly initial soil moisture and ammonium concentration, and unexpectedly, with the initial abundance of nirK(in) , nirS(in) and rRNA 16S(in). The intensity of this decrease is positively correlated to the level of DEA in unplanted soil: the higher the DEA in unplanted soil, the more intense the BDI under F. japonica. The procyanidin concentration of the F. japonica belowground system was positively correlated to BDI intensity. These results suggest that a procyanidin assay from the plant belowground system could be a new proxy for measuring BDI intensity. Interestingly, this research shows that BDI is not systematic, and that few (a)biotic soil parameters influence its development. More importantly, this research is the first to highlight that biotic factors are relevant in explaining BDI. This paper also presents new perspectives on plant-microorganism interactions in terms of plant awareness of the soil microbial community. • This study investigated the soil factors governing biological denitrification inhibition. • The microbial denitrification/respiration ratio was used to identify BDI strategy. • BDI strategy is correlated with soil initial biotic factors (initial gene abundances). • Procyanidin levels in plant belowground systems are a new proxy for BDI development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Known especially for its negative ecological impact, Fallopia japonica (Japanese knotweed) is now considered one of the most invasive species. Nevertheless, its chemical composition has shown, beyond doubt, some high biological active compounds that can be a source of valuable pharmacological potential for the enhancement of human health. In this direction, resveratrol, emodin or polydatin, to name a few, have been extensively studied to demonstrate the beneficial effects on animals and humans. Thus, by taking into consideration the recent advances in the study of Japanese knotweed and its phytochemical constituents, the aim of this article is to provide an overview on the high therapeutic potential, underlining its antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and anticancer effects, among the most important ones. Moreover, we describe some future directions for reducing the negative impact of Fallopia japonica by using the plant for its beekeeping properties in providing a distinct honey type that incorporates most of its bioactive compounds, with the same health-promoting properties.

Rhizomes of Reynoutria japonica Houtt. are a traditional Chinese medicinal herb (Polygoni cuspidati rhizoma, hu zhang) used for treatment of numerous diseases including wound healing support. The aim of this study was to provide evidence for the value of this herbal drug’s traditional use as a gingival healing treatment as well as to obtain the most active extract. In vitro studies were performed using primary human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) with determination of viability (MTT assay), cell proliferation (the confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) was used to visualize histone 3 expression), cell migration (wound healing assay), and evaluation of the expression of collagen type III (immunocytochemical staining) after incubation with extracts from R. japonica rhizomes (25% or 40% ethanol or 60% acetone). In addition to these extracts, commercial dental rinse (containing chlorhexidine digluconate 0.2%) was tested as the gold standard of choice for gum healing in dental practice. The studied extracts were qualitatively and quantitatively characterized using the validated HPLC/DAD/ESI-HR-QTOF-MS method. Total phenols and tannins content were determined using the Folin–Ciocalteu assay. Low concentration of all extracts after 24 h incubation caused significant increase in HGF viability. This effect was most pronounced at a concentration of 50 µg/mL, which was selected for further experiments. All extracts (at 50 µg/mL) stimulated HGF to proliferate, migrate, and increase collagen III synthesis, but with different strength. The highest stimulated proliferation and migration activity was observed after incubation with 25% EtOH, which according to phytochemical analysis may be related to the highest content of resveratrol and an appropriate composition of procyanidins. The 25% EtOH extract from R. japonica rhizomes appears to be a promising gingival wound healing agent worthy of animal and clinical trials.

In this study, fermentation-based organic fertilizer (OF) was produced from the aboveground parts of Fallopia japonica (Houtt.) Ronse Decr. The quantity of N in OF (17.2 kg t−1 fresh lactic-fermented OF) was higher than average in cattle farmyard manure, but on a comparable level to solid poultry and rabbit manure. The OF was applied on a field to evaluate its effect on Chinese cabbage. The applied nutrients with OF N159 were 159, 19 and 100 kg ha−1 for N, P, and K, respectively. The applied nutrients with OF N317 were 317, 38, and 200 kg ha−1 for N, P, and K, respectively. The average mass of marketable Chinese cabbage (Brassica pekinensis Rupr.) single heads ranged from 253 g with N0 treatment to 602 g with N317 treatment. The nutrient recovery efficiency REN,P,K was 37, 20, and 50% for N317 and 55, 48, and 77% for N159. The OF was found to be a suitable alternative to farmyard manure. Additionally, OF produced from F. japonica could complement existing approaches to limit the spread of invasive species in cities. Further research should focus on perennial crop rotations and cropping patterns, different soil types, and a greater variety of crops and consider the possible retention of urban farmers using fertilizer from invasive plants.

Intraspecific hybridization between distinct populations could increase the fitness and adaptive potential of biological control agents that often have low genetic diversity and can be inbred due to long-term laboratory rearing often at small population sizes. Hybridization can also alter host preference and performance when the parental insect populations are adapted to different host plants. We investigated the effects of hybridization between two populations (Northern and Southern) of the psyllid, Aphalara itadori , that have different fitness on three invasive knotweed species (Japanese, giant, and Bohemian). Fecundity, host choice, and developmental success of second-generation reciprocal hybrids and the parental psyllid populations were compared on the three knotweed species in multiple-choice tests. Hybridization did not increase fecundity. All three knotweed species were accepted for oviposition without preference by the Southern and the two hybrid psyllid populations. The northern psyllid population laid the most eggs on Bohemian knotweeds but those were maladaptive choices since almost all eggs failed to develop. The developmental success of the parental psyllid populations was highest on the knotweed species they were originally collected from, on Japanese knotweed of the Southern psyllids and giant knotweed of the Northern psyllids. Hybrids had intermediate or higher survival on given knotweed hosts compared to their parents. These results can inform release tactics of A. itadori in different regions especially where there appear to be climatic and/or host mismatches such as in Michigan. In southern Michigan, based on climate the Northern psyllid population should be released. However, the most common knotweed species in the region are Bohemian and Japanese knotweeds that do not support the development of the Northern psyllids. In this case, hybrids that may carry cold adaptations of the Northern psyllids but have better developmental success on the prevailing knotweed species may be considered for release to increase establishment success., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest., (© 2024 The Authors. Ecology and Evolution published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Background: Polygonum cuspidatum of the Polygonaceae family is a traditional medicinal plant with many bioactive compounds that play important roles in human health and stress responses. Research has attempted to identify biosynthesis genes and metabolic pathways in this species, and quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) has commonly been used to detect gene expression because of its speed, sensitivity, and specificity. However, no P. cuspidatum reference genes have been identified, which hinders gene expression studies. Here, we aimed to identify suitable reference genes for accurate and reliable normalization of P. cuspidatum RT-qPCR data. Results: Twelve candidate reference genes, including nine common (ACT, TUA, TUB, GAPDH, EF-1γ, UBQ, UBC, 60SrRNA, and eIF6A) and three novel (SKD1, YLS8, and NDUFA13), were analyzed in different tissues (root, stem, and leaf) without treatment and in leaves under abiotic stresses (salt, ultraviolet [UV], cold, heat, and drought) and hormone stimuli (abscisic acid [ABA], ethylene [ETH], gibberellin [GA3], methyl jasmonate [MeJA], and salicylic acid [SA]). Expression stability in 65 samples was calculated using the △CT method, geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper, and RefFinder. Two reference genes (NDUFA13 and EF-1γ) were sufficient to normalize gene expression across all sample sets. They were also the two most stable genes for abiotic stresses and different tissues, whereas NDUFA13 and SKD1 were the top two choices for hormone stimuli. Considering individual experimental sets, GAPDH was the top-ranked gene under ABA, ETH, and GA3 treatments, while 60SrRNA showed good stability under MeJA and cold treatments. ACT, UBC, and TUB were suitable genes for drought, UV, and ABA treatments, respectively. TUA was not suitable because of its considerable variation in expression under different conditions. The expression patterns of PcPAL, PcSTS, and PcMYB4 under UV and SA treatments and in different tissues normalized by stable and unstable reference genes demonstrated the suitability of the optimal reference genes. Conclusions: We propose NDUFA13 and EF-1γ as reference genes to normalize P. cuspidatum expression data. To our knowledge, this is the first systematic study of reference genes in P. cuspidatum which could help advance molecular biology research in P. cuspidatum and allied species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Relationships between invasive plants and other species in their introduced ranges may facilitate or hinder the process of invasion. Fallopia japonica (Japanese knotweed), Fallopia sachalinensis (giant knotweed), and their hybrid Fallopia × bohemica (Bohemian knotweed) are widespread invasive plants in North America and Europe. These species possess extrafloral nectaries (EFNs) that attract mutualist insect protectors in their native ranges. Popillia japonica Newman, 1841 (Japanese beetle) is a primary herbivore of invasive Fallopia spp. in these species' native range in Japan. These natural enemies are reunited in North America, where Fallopia spp. have been repeatedly introduced as ornamental plantings of residential and commercial properties since the 1800s, and the Japanese beetle has become a widespread insect pest. Spread of Fallopia spp. and their hybrids along linear features of urban landscapes such as roads, railways, and waterways make their performance in urban environments important to these invasive species' impact. To test the role of insect interactions in the success of Fallopia japonica and F. × bohemica in urban conditions in their invasive range, we examined ant visitation, Japanese beetle abundance and herbivory, ant-Japanese beetle interactions, pollinator visits, and seed production. All active herbivory observed was by Japanese beetles. Leaf area loss to herbivory was much lower than levels reported in Japan, suggesting partial enemy release. New Fallopia leaves were more frequently visited by ants than mature leaves, while Japanese beetle herbivory was observed on mature but not on new leaves. All ant species observed visiting invasive Fallopia EFN were native to North America. Active physical defense by these ants against Japanese beetles was observed but was rare. Native and non-native insects visited Fallopia flowers, followed by seed production. Our results indicate that both native and non-native species may facilitate invasion of Fallopia through pollination and protection mutualisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polygonum cuspidatum (Japanese knotweed, also known as Huzhang in Chinese), a plant that produces bioactive components such as stilbenes and quinones, has long been recognized as important in traditional Chinese herbal medicine. To better understand the biological features of this plant and to gain genetic insight into the biosynthesis of its natural products, we assembled a draft genome of P. cuspidatum using Illumina sequencing technology. The draft genome is ca. 2.56 Gb long, with 71.54% of the genome annotated as transposable elements. Integrated gene prediction suggested that the P. cuspidatum genome encodes 55,075 functional genes, including 6,776 gene families that are conserved in the five eudicot species examined and 2,386 that are unique to P. cuspidatum. Among the functional genes identified, 4,753 are predicted to encode transcription factors. We traced the gene duplication history of P. cuspidatum and determined that it has undergone two whole-genome duplication events about 65 and 6.6 million years ago. Roots are considered the primary medicinal tissue, and transcriptome analysis identified 2,173 genes that were expressed at higher levels in roots compared to aboveground tissues. Detailed phylogenetic analysis demonstrated expansion of the gene family encoding stilbene synthase and chalcone synthase enzymes in the phenylpropanoid metabolic pathway, which is associated with the biosynthesis of resveratrol, a pharmacologically important stilbene. Analysis of the draft genome identified 7 abscisic acid and water deficit stress-induced protein-coding genes and 14 cysteine-rich transmembrane module genes predicted to be involved in stress responses. The draft de novo genome assembly produced in this study represents a valuable resource for the molecular characterization of medicinal compounds in P. cuspidatum , the improvement of this important medicinal plant, and the exploration of its abiotic stress resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The Court of Appeal in Network Rail Infrastructure Ltd v Williams and Waistell [2018] EWCA Civ 1514 held that the encroachment of Japanese Knotweed can be grounds for an action in nuisance if development or improvement of the property would require the treatment of contaminated soil and/or its licensed removal as controlled waste. The damage in this case was to the quiet enjoyment of the owners' properties as a result of the loss in amenity value occasioned by the limitations on their use of the property without being encumbered with requirements for costly remediation. The case has potentially serious implications for conveyancing. The nature of the risk posed by Japanese Knotweed has recently been questioned and is being considered by the House of Commons Select Committee on Science and Technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, processed meats appear increasingly as a nonhealthy food because of their content of fat, salt, nitrite, and particularly in red meat, for the heme-iron concerning oxidant effect and radicals formation in human gut. Polygonum cuspidatum and rosemary extract has been tested to counteract these effects and experiments were carried out to add polyphenols into whole meat cuts with the aims to improve their healthiness. The addition of these extracts can reduce the oxidation-reduction potential of products, increasing the antioxidant power. Nevertheless, a low percentage of polyphenols were found in the products because of the process effects and an interaction with the ascorbate residue was observed. In addition, some drawbacks were a decrease in of yield and a worsening of some sensorial properties when large amount of extract was added. The balance between the improvement of the wholesomeness content and the acceptability of products is the challenge the current research have to overcome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• First four HPTLC methods for the separation of proanthocyanidins on diol plates. • First four on-line HPTLC-MS methods on diol for proanthocyanidins up to decamers. • A-type (procyanidins A1, A2) separated from B-type dimers (procyanidins B1, B2, B3). • Stability testing after development revealed a phenomenon of enhanced absorption. • Enhanced absorption is influenced by developing solvent, stationary phase and light. We developed the first four HPTLC methods for the separation of proanthocyanidins according to degree of polymerization on HPTLC diol F 254S plates. Acetonitrile, ethyl acetate, ethyl acetate–formic acid (9:0.1, v/v) and toluene–acetone–formic acid (3:6:1, v/v) were used as developing solvents and 4-dimethylaminocinnamaldehyde (DMACA) as the detection reagent. Each of these methods enables separation of standards of procyanidin dimers from procyanidin trimer (procyanidin C1) and separation of B-type dimers (procyanidins B1, B2, B3) from A-type dimers (procyanidins A1, A2). Based on these HPTLC methods we developed four new HPTLC-MS/MS methods for analyses of proanthocyanidins on HPTLC diol F 254S plates and we identified B-type proanthocyanidins from monomers up to decamers in crude extracts of invasive Japanese knotweed (Fallopia japonica Houtt., Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb. & Zucc.) rhizomes. Monomers, monomer gallates, dimers, dimer gallates, dimer digallates, trimers, trimer gallates, tetramers, tetramer gallates, pentamers, pentamer gallates, hexamers, hexamer gallates, heptamers, octamers, nonamers and decamers were tentatively identified in Japanese knotweed rhizomes using developing solvents acetonitrile and toluene–acetone–formic acid (3:6:1, v/v). Ethyl acetate enabled separation from monomers up to hexamer gallates and ethyl acetate–formic acid (9:0.1, v/v) from monomers up to hexamers. During the five hours of stability testing of (–)-epicatechin and procyanidin B2 standards on HPTLC diol plates developed with all solvents we observed enhanced absorption at 280 nm. This was a totally unexpected phenomenon. This new discovery confirmed what we reported in our previous study on HPTLC silica gel. Enhanced absorption is influenced by the developing solvent (more than 30%), the stationary phase (up to 24%) and the light (up to 15%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We carried out sequencing of samples cultivated in floating beds with different Chinese medicinal herbs (Control, Houttuynia cordata Thunb., Polygonum cuspidatum, and a combination of H. cordata with Ipomoea aquatica Forssk.; named groups A, B, C, D, respectively) to analyze changes in the composition of gut microbiota of tilapia feces. Fusobacteria (ranging from 49.0% to 73.3%), Firmicutes (12.3%–37.8%), and Proteobacteria (5.1%–23.0%) were found to be the most dominant phyla present in all samples. The operational taxonomic units and the Ace and Chao1 indices of groups A and D were significantly higher than those of group C. Polygonum cuspidatum decreased the species richness and diversity of microbial communities in tilapia intestinal feces. The phylum WCHB1-60, order Enterobacteriales, and genus Plesiomonas significantly decreased (in group A); the species Plesiomonas shigelloides significantly decreased (in groups B and C); and the genus Leucobacter significantly increased (in group D) when compared with the control. The relative abundance of the class Verrucomicrobiae (groups B vs C) significantly decreased. In the presence of I. aquatica, the phylum Bacteroidetes significantly decreased, while the genera Leucobacter and Pelotomaculum significantly increased. The ratio of Bacteroidetes to Firmicutes was significantly higher in groups B and C relative to the controls, while it decreased significantly in group D. The algae (i.e., Anabaena and Microcystis) and beneficial pathogenic bacteria decreased in groups C and D, respectively. In addition, Enterovibrio decreased in all treatment groups. The present data demonstrate that floating bed cultivation with Chinese medicinal herbs significantly alters the gut microbiota of tilapia, which may enhance its immune activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]