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Polypharmacy is a frequent phenomenon. For that reason, drugs side effects are increasing, including lesions in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Multiple drugs can induce damage to the GI mucosa. NSAIDs are the most characteristic, however there are other drugs, that can cause a harmful effect in the digestive tract, such as iron. We present the case of a 91-year-old man with hematemesis due to iron intake.

Background. Given that the dysregulation of iron homeostasis leads to genomic instability, iron has been linked to cellular aging. However, epidemiological research on dietary iron intake and cellular aging markers is scarce. The aim of this study was to explore the relationship between dietary iron intake and cellular aging markers and to investigate whether tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) mediated this relationship. Methods. We conducted a cross-sectional analysis with a total of 467 subjects. Detailed dietary data were obtained using 24 h food recalls. Peripheral blood leukocyte telomere length (LTL) and mitochondrial DNA copy number (mtDNAcn) were assessed using real-time PCR assay. The association between dietary iron intake and cellular aging markers and TNFα and superoxide dismutase (SOD) was analyzed by Pearson correlation analysis and regression models adjusted by covariates. Simple mediation models were generated to examine whether TNFα mediated the association between iron intake and cellular aging markers using PROCESS macro Version 3.3. Results. The study population contained more women than men, but their basic demographic and metabolic characteristics did not differ. After adjusting for age, LTL was the same for men and women, while mtDNAcn was lower in men. Multiple linear regression adjusted for confounding factors found that iron intake was negatively associated with LTL only in women and negatively associated with mtDNAcn only in men. Moreover, iron intake was positively associated with TNFα in both women and men but positively associated with SOD only in men. Path modeling showed that TNFα significantly mediated the indirect detrimental effect of iron intake on LTL only in women; in men, mediation of the indirect effect of iron intake on mtDNAcn by TNFα did not reach significance. Conclusions. The study found sex-specific negative associations between dietary iron intake and cellular aging markers in that iron intake had deleterious effects on LTL attrition in women and mtDNAcn in men; only the former was partly mediated by TNFα. Consequently, when dietary iron intake and iron supplementation is recommended, the effects of iron imbalance on genomic stability and cellular aging markers must be considered.

International audience; Dietary iron deficiency (ID) is the first nutritional deficiency in the world, in terms of disability adjusted life years (DALY). This nutritional deficiency may lead to anemia, especially among children, adolescents, and adult women. The aim of this study was to build an original probabilistic model to quantitatively assess the ID, the iron deficiency anemia (IDA) and the subsequent health burden in France expressed in DALY, per age class and gender. The model considered the distribution of absorbed iron intake, the iron requirement distribution established by the European Food Safety Authority and the iron status in France. Uncertainty due to lack of data and variability due to biological diversity were taken into account and separated using a second-order Monte Carlo procedure. A total of 1290 (95% CI = 1230–1350) IDA cases corresponding to 16 (95% CI = 11–20) DALY were estimated per 100,000 individuals per year. The major contributors to IDA burden were menstruating females aged from 25 to 44 years old. Then, a consumption scenario was built with ground beef as intake, an increase in red meat consumption to 100 g/d would not eliminate entirely the IDA burden. The quantitative methodology applied here for France could be reused for other populations. View Full-Text

OBJECTIVES: Concerns relative to excessive iron intake are raised when high iron status exposure has been linked in observational studies to a greater risk of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). We aimed to examine the association between iron intake during pregnancy and GDM risk in Chinese women. METHODS: The study included 2174 pregnant women from the Tongji Maternal and Child Health Cohort (TMCHC), a prospective cohort in Wuhan, China. Iron intakes from food and supplementation prior to GDM diagnosis were assessed using a validated food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and a detailed supplement questionnaire collected at 13–28 weeks of gestation. GDM was ascertained by an oral glucose tolerance test at 24–28 weeks of gestation. Odd ratios (ORs) of GDM in relation to categories of iron intake (i.e., quartiles of total and food iron intake, categories of supplemental iron intake [0, 0–30, >30 mg/day]) were estimated using logistic regression models, with adjustment for demographic, dietary and lifestyle factors. RESULTS: A total of 242 (11.1%) women were diagnosed with GDM. The adjusted ORs (95% CIs) for the risk of GDM associated with the higher quartiles compared with the lowest quartile of total iron intake were 1.44 (0.89, 2.33), 2.03 (1.27, 3.25), and 2.86 (1.84, 4.43), respectively (P for trend 30 mg/day during pregnancy had an OR for GDM of 2.32 (95% CI: 1.60, 3.36). Moreover, the significant positive effect of supplemental iron was mainly attributed to iron supplementation during mid-pregnancy (≥60 vs. 0 mg/day, OR: 1.46, 95% CI: 1.00, 2.13), while no effect of iron supplementation during early pregnancy was observed. No significant association was found between food iron intake and GDM. CONCLUSIONS: Higher supplemental iron intake during pregnancy was significantly associated with elevated GDM risk. Adverse effect of indiscriminate iron supplementation, especially inappropriate supplementation during mid-pregnancy, would likely outweigh benefits for maternal health. FUNDING SOURCES: Funding was received from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC81673159), National Program on Basic Research Project of China (NO.2013FY114200) and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (HUST 2019kfyXMPY008) (Nianhong.Yang.).

The current study considers tackling iron deficiency and nutritional anaemia through consumption of functional iron-rich foods, which are produced from plant-based ingredients. The study proposes the approach of developing functional beverages recipes. It includes ingredients selection, formula calculation, drink sample evaluation and iron measurement. Manufactured drinks are aimed at vulnerable groups and cover certain amount of iron daily dosage. The approach may act as the way of producing safer food options to avoid immoderate iron intake and prevent chronic iron overload. As the result of the study, the iron content of the best-evaluated sample was measured, and it was estimated that produced Hibiscus-based beverage may be utilized as the tool to prevent deficiency and anaemia in specific groups, without creating the threat for non-targeted individuals.

Introduction: Iron is essential for child’s development and growth. Children’s iron requirements are secured from daily food intake that might be affected by Covid-19 pandemic. This study aims to determine iron intake and its relationship with ferritin and hemoglobin levels as indicators of iron status among children in Jakarta.Method: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Kampung Melayu, Jakarta from September to October 2020. Seventy seven healthy children aged 24–36 months were taken using total population sampling method. Interviews were conducted to obtain characteristics data and iron intake using a semi-quantitative-food frequency questionnaire (SQ-FFQ). Blood tests are performed to check the levels of ferritin (controlled by hs-CRP value), and hemoglobin.Pearson’s/Spearman’s correlation test was performed using SPSS version 20.0. Result: Median of iron intake was 9.6 (1.5–40,7) mg/day, in which 33.8% of subjects was below the Indonesian Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) recommendation. The median ferritin value was 18.1 (1.4–91.1) 𝜇g/L and the hemoglobin was 11.8 (6.6–15.2) g/dL, in which 40.3% and 27.3% subjects with iron insufficient-deficient and anemia, respectively. There were positive correlations between iron intake and ferritin (r = 0.328, p = 0.002) and iron intake and hemoglobin (r = 0.308, p = 0.003). A strong positive correlation was found between ferritin and hemoglobin (r = 0.769, p < 0.001).Conclusion: Iron intake of children aged 24–36 months had a weak positive correlation with ferritin and hemoglobin level. Keywords: children 24–36 months, ferritin, hemoglobin, iron intake, Jakarta

Globally about two billion people suffer from anemia of various types amongstwhich Iron Deficiency Anemia (IDA) is the most prevalent type. According to National NutritionSurvey of Pakistan 2011 (NNS), 50.4 % of non-pregnant females suffer from IDA, despite thefact that a variety of low cost, indigenous food sources of iron are available, affordable andaccessible in Pakistan. IDA is a risk factor for complications of pregnancy and low birth weightbaby and is also an independent cause of morbidity and mortality in all ages. Therefore thisstudy was conducted to determine the dietary patterns of iron intake in females of reproductiveage group who had IDA without any other known cause. Study Design: A cross sectionalstudy. Setting: Three tertiary care centers of Ziauddin Hospital located at Clifton, Kemari andNorth Nazimabad. Methods: Reproductive age females suffering from IDA according to theirCBC profile within three months prior to the study were selected through purposive sampling.Females taking iron supplements or with any known cause of iron deficiency were excluded.Total of 141 eligible and consenting IDA patients filled a 7 Day dietary recall questionnaireto determine the iron intake of indigenously available iron rich foods and blood sample wascollected for hematological profiles and iron studies. Results: Mean iron intake was 6.41 ±4.39 mg/day. Median heme and non heme iron intake was 8.0 mg and 28.0 mg per week,respectively. 52.4% of our study population had moderate IDA, 38.2% had pica for one or moresubstance and almost all suffered from one or more symptoms of iron deficiency. Majority ofthe population was consuming non-heme sources of iron. Conclusion: The iron consumptionfrom indigenous dietary sources is very low and contributes significantly to development of IDA.Increasing awareness regarding signs and symptoms of IDA and common dietary sources ofiron will contribute to screening, early diagnosis and correction of the iron deficit thus promotinghealth and preventing complications.

This descriptive study evaluated the nutrient adequacy of the diet of infants (aged 6-11.9 months) and toddlers (aged 12-24 months) in the United Arab Emirates. A random sample of 1000 infants and toddlers was recruited from 2 cities (Al Ain and Dubai) from March 2011 to February 2012 and their usual nutrient intake was determined using 24-hour recall. In all, 54.2% of infants and 25.2% of toddlers were breastfeeding. Mean energy intake of infant girls in Al Ain and Dubai was 747 (SD 189) kcal and 773 (SD 215) kcal respectively and 810.5 (SD 232.2) kcal and 821.9 (SD 262) kcal for boys. In toddlers, mean energy intake for girls in Al Ain and Dubai was 1032.8 (SD 252) kcal and 1013 (SD 339.1) kcal respectively and 1057.2 (SD 201.8) kcal and 1030.3 (SD 341.7) kcal for boys. Iron intake was low in both groups. Mean body mass index and body weight and height were similar to World Health Organization figures but significant numbers of infants and toddlers of both sexes were over- or underweight. Although mean energy and macronutrient intakes were comparable to the RDA, significant numbers were over- or underfed.تناول الرضع والأطفال الصغار للمغذيات في الإمارات العربية المتحدة: دراسة (تغذية) الرضع والأطفال الصغار.يوسف محمد عبد الرزاق، نيكولاس ناكلكركي، شهربان عبد الله، غزالة بلال بلحاج.لقد قيَّمت هذه الدراسة الوصفية كفاية المغذيات في النظام الغذائي للرضع (الذين تراوح أعمارهم ما بن 6 و 11.9 شهراً) والأطفال الصغار (الذين تراوح أعمارهم ما بن 12 و 24 شهراً) في الإمارات العربية المتحدة. حيث اخترت عينة عشوائية تضم 1000 من الرضع والأطفال الصغار من مدينتن (العن ودبي) في الفرة من مارس/آذار 2011 إلى فبراير/شباط 2012 ، وحُدِّد مدخولهم الاعتيادي من المغذيات باستخدام استذكار لمدة 24 ساعة. فكان من بين الجميع % 54.2 من الرضع و% 25.2 من الأطفال الصغار يرضعون من الثدي. وكان متوسط المدخول من الطاقة للبنات الرضيعات في العن ودبي 747 (189SD)كيلو سعر حراري و 773 (215SD) كيلو سعر حراري عى التوالي، و 810.5 (232.2SD) كيلو سعر حراري و 821.9 (262SD) كيلو سعر ح راريللصبيان. ولدى الأطفال الصغار كان متوسط المدخول من الطاقة للبنات في العن ودبي 1032.8 (252SD) كيلو سعر حراري و 1013 (339.1SD) كيل وسعر حراري عى التوالي، و 1057.2 (201.8SD) كيلو سعر حراري و 1030.3 (341.7SD) كيلو سعر حراري للصبيان. وكان المدخول من الحديد منخفضاً في كلا المجموعتن. وكانت متوسطات مؤشر كتلة الجسم ووزن الجسم وطوله مشابهة لأرقام منظمة الصحة العالمية، لكن أعداداً لا يستهان بها من الرضع والأطفال الصغار من كلا الجنسن كانوا يعانون من زيادة أو نقصان الوزن. عى الرغم من أن متوسط المدخول من الطاقة والمغذيات كبرة المقدار كانت مماثلة للمخصص الغذائي الموصى به فإن أعداداً كبرة كانوا يعانون من زيادة أو نقص الوزن.Apport nutritionnel des nourrissons et des jeunes enfants aux Émirats arabes unis : étude sur l’alimentation des nourrissons et des jeunes enfants.La présente étude descriptive avait pour objectif d’évaluer la valeur nutritionnelle de l’alimentation des nourrissons (6 à 11,9 mois) et des jeunes enfants (12 à 24 mois) aux Émirats arabes unis. Un échantillon aléatoire de 1000 nourrissons et de jeunes enfants a été sélectionné dans deux villes (Al-Aïn et Dubaï) entre mars 2011 et février 2012, et leur apport nutritionnel habituel a été déterminé au moyen du rappel des 24h. Au total, 54,2 % des nourrissons et 25,2 % des jeunes enfants étaient allaités au sein. L’apport énergétique moyen des nourrissons de sexe féminin à Al-Aïn et Dubaï était de 757 kcal (ET 189) et de 773 kcal (ET 215) respectivement, et de 810,5 kcal (ET 232,2) et de 821,9 kcal (ET 262) pour les nourrissons de sexe masculin. Concernant les jeunes enfants, l’apport énergétique moyen des petites filles à Al-Aïn et Dubaï était de 1032,8 kcal (ET 252) et de 1013 kcal (ET 339,1) respectivement, et de 1057,2 kcal (ET 201,8) et de 1030,3 kcal (ET 341,7) pour les petits garçons. L’apport en fer était faible dans les deux groupes. L’index de masse corporelle ainsi que le poids corporel et la taille moyens étaient similaires aux chiffres de l’Organisation mondiale de la Santé, mais un nombre important de nourrissons et de jeunes enfants des deux sexes étaient en surpoids ou souffraient au contraire d’insuffisance pondérale. Bien que l’apport énergétique et l’apport en macronutriments moyens étaient comparables aux apports journaliers recommandés, un nombre important des sujets étaient sur ou sous-alimentés.تناول الرضع والأطفال الصغار للمغذيات في الإمارات العربية المتحدة: دراسة (تغذية) الرضع والأطفال الصغار.يوسف محمد عبد الرزاق، نيكولاس ناكلكركي، شهربان عبد الله، غزالة بلال بلحاج.لقد قيَّمت هذه الدراسة الوصفية كفاية المغذيات في النظام الغذائي للرضع (الذين تراوح أعمارهم ما بن 6 و 11.9 شهراً) والأطفال الصغار (الذين تراوح أعمارهم ما بن 12 و 24 شهراً) في الإمارات العربية المتحدة. حيث اخترت عينة عشوائية تضم 1000 من الرضع والأطفال الصغار من مدينتن (العن ودبي) في الفرة من مارس/آذار 2011 إلى فبراير/شباط 2012 ، وحُدِّد مدخولهم الاعتيادي من المغذيات باستخدام استذكار لمدة 24 ساعة. فكان من بين الجميع % 54.2 من الرضع و% 25.2 من الأطفال الصغار يرضعون من الثدي. وكان متوسط المدخول من الطاقة للبنات الرضيعات في العن ودبي 747 (189SD)كيلو سعر حراري و 773 (215SD) كيلو سعر حراري عى التوالي، و 810.5 (232.2SD) كيلو سعر حراري و 821.9 (262SD) كيلو سعر ح راريللصبيان. ولدى الأطفال الصغار كان متوسط المدخول من الطاقة للبنات في العن ودبي 1032.8 (252SD) كيلو سعر حراري و 1013 (339.1SD) كيل وسعر حراري عى التوالي، و 1057.2 (201.8SD) كيلو سعر حراري و 1030.3 (341.7SD) كيلو سعر حراري للصبيان. وكان المدخول من الحديد منخفضاً في كلا المجموعتن. وكانت متوسطات مؤشر كتلة الجسم ووزن الجسم وطوله مشابهة لأرقام منظمة الصحة العالمية، لكن أعداداً لا يستهان بها من الرضع والأطفال الصغار من كلا الجنسن كانوا يعانون من زيادة أو نقصان الوزن. عى الرغم من أن متوسط المدخول من الطاقة والمغذيات كبرة المقدار كانت مماثلة للمخصص الغذائي الموصى به فإن أعداداً كبرة كانوا يعانون من زيادة أو نقص الوزن.Apport nutritionnel des nourrissons et des jeunes enfants aux Émirats arabes unis : étude sur l’alimentation des nourrissons et des jeunes enfants.La présente étude descriptive avait pour objectif d’évaluer la valeur nutritionnelle de l’alimentation des nourrissons (6 à 11,9 mois) et des jeunes enfants (12 à 24 mois) aux Émirats arabes unis. Un échantillon aléatoire de 1000 nourrissons et de jeunes enfants a été sélectionné dans deux villes (Al-Aïn et Dubaï) entre mars 2011 et février 2012, et leur apport nutritionnel habituel a été déterminé au moyen du rappel des 24h. Au total, 54,2 % des nourrissons et 25,2 % des jeunes enfants étaient allaités au sein. L’apport énergétique moyen des nourrissons de sexe féminin à Al-Aïn et Dubaï était de 757 kcal (ET 189) et de 773 kcal (ET 215) respectivement, et de 810,5 kcal (ET 232,2) et de 821,9 kcal (ET 262) pour les nourrissons de sexe masculin. Concernant les jeunes enfants, l’apport énergétique moyen des petites filles à Al-Aïn et Dubaï était de 1032,8 kcal (ET 252) et de 1013 kcal (ET 339,1) respectivement, et de 1057,2 kcal (ET 201,8) et de 1030,3 kcal (ET 341,7) pour les petits garçons. L’apport en fer était faible dans les deux groupes. L’index de masse corporelle ainsi que le poids corporel et la taille moyens étaient similaires aux chiffres de l’Organisation mondiale de la Santé, mais un nombre important de nourrissons et de jeunes enfants des deux sexes étaient en surpoids ou souffraient au contraire d’insuffisance pondérale. Bien que l’apport énergétique et l’apport en macronutriments moyens étaient comparables aux apports journaliers recommandés, un nombre important des sujets étaient sur ou sous-alimentés.

Objectives National surveys consistently identify iron deficiency (ID) in US children between 1 and 3 years of age, when the brain is rapidly developing and vulnerable to the effects of ID. However, controversy remains as to how best to recognize and prevent ID in young children, in part because of the multiple potential etiologies. The objective of this project was to assess ID in children and identify potential individual dietary predictors of status. Methods We examined three biomarkers of ID [soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR) and serum ferritin (SF), and body iron (calculated from sTfR and SF)] against parent-provided dietary calcium and iron intake for eight-three 18-36 month old children from middle class families. Results Using literature-based cutoffs, fourteen children (16.9 %) had at least one indicator of ID: low SF(10 μg/l, 7.2 %), negative body iron (0 mg/kg, 7.2 %) or elevated sTfR (8.4 μg/ml, 13.2 %). All children consumed more than the Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) Estimated Average Requirement of 3 mg/d iron. The mean iron intake of children identified with ID approximated the Recommended Dietary Allowance of 7 mg/d. Most children (81 %) consumed above the DRI Adequate Intake of 500 mg/d of calcium. Calcium intakes were generally high and predicted lower body iron (p = 0.0005), lower SF (p = 0.0086) and higher sTfR (p = 0.0176). Conclusions for Practice We found rates of ID similar to US national averages. Dietary calcium intake predicted lower iron status more than deficits in iron intake. Teaching parents to balance calcium and iron intake in toddlers could be a strategy to prevent ID.

Iron is widely distributed in natural water, vegetables, fruits, crops and animals. It is an important physiological element and plays a crucial role in many biochemical processes at the cellular level. However, too much or too little iron intake leads to detrimental results. Great efforts have been devoted for qualitative or quantitative Fe3+ determination and various methods have been developed and applied in practice over the past few decades. To present readers with basic insights into functional sensing materials and help to further construct new materials, in this feature article, we will highlight the main sensing materials/techniques developed, including fluorescence, colorimetry, atomic absorption, chromatography, electrochemistry, flow injection, and luminescent sensing materials for Fe3+ detection, and our own work in this area in recent years.

The impact of iron deficiency to children’s growth and development already starts since non-anemic iron deficiency phase. Impact of iron deficiency to school-aged children including decreased cognitive function, behavior problems, increased risk of infections, and stunting.

Disseminated cancer cells in the cerebrospinal fluid of leptomeningeal metastasis not only face survival on limited resources but must also escape activation of an immune response. Chi et al. suggest cancer cells can accomplish this by outcompeting macrophages for an essential micronutrient, iron.

Anemia is a nutritional problem in the world which occurs not only in developing countries but also in developed countries. Low iron intake often occurs in people who consume foods that are less diverse, such as protein. Iron deficiency anemia is more common in young women than young men because young women experience menstruation every month and are in their infancy, thus requiring more iron intake. The problems faced by partners today include the lack of knowledge about adolescents about anemia, so it is considered necessary to provide counseling to provide knowledge to adolescents to prevent anemia in adolescents. Community Service Activities are carried out at SMP N 13 Jambi City. The time of implementation is in April 2018. The target is students of SMP N 13 Kota Jambi. Community service methods survey approach, lecture, discussion, demonstration / simulation. The results obtained are students able to understand about the prevention of anemia in adolescents. It is recommended that health workers, especially at the Puskesmas, give more counseling about anemia to young women before giving blood-added tablets, so that students get information about anemia and want to consume the added blood tablets.

Background Iron has been shown to promote breast carcinogenesis in animal models through generation of oxidative stress and interaction with estrogen. Heme iron, which is found exclusively in animal-sourced foods, is suggested to have a more detrimental effect. Epidemiological evidence of the association between iron and breast cancer risk remains inconclusive and has not been comprehensively summarized. This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated associations between both iron intake and body iron status and breast cancer risk. Methods Four electronic databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, and Scopus) were searched up to December 2018 for studies assessing iron intake and/or biomarkers of iron status in relation to breast cancer risk. Using random-effects meta-analyses, pooled relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated comparing the highest vs. lowest category of each iron measure. Dose-response meta-analyses were also performed to investigate linear and nonlinear associations. Results A total of 27 studies were included in the review, of which 23 were eligible for meta-analysis of one or more iron intake/status measures. Comparing the highest vs. lowest category, heme iron intake was significantly associated with increased breast cancer risk, with a pooled RR of 1.12 (95% CI: 1.04–1.22), whereas no associations were found for dietary (1.01, 95% CI: 0.89–1.15), supplemental (1.02, 95% CI: 0.91–1.13), or total (0.97, 95% CI: 0.82–1.14) iron intake. Associations of iron status indicators with breast cancer risk were generally in the positive direction; however, a significant pooled RR was found only for serum/plasma levels (highest vs. lowest) of iron (1.22, 95% CI: 1.01–1.47), but not for ferritin (1.13, 95% CI: 0.78–1.62), transferrin saturation (1.16, 95% CI: 0.91–1.47), or total iron-binding capacity (1.10, 95% CI: 0.97–1.25). In addition, a nonlinear dose-response was observed for heme iron intake and serum iron (both Pnonlinearity

The relationships between iron nutritional status and congenital heart defects (CHDs) among humans are still unclear. This study aimed to explore the associations of maternal iron intake during pregnancy and maternal and neonatal iron status with CHDs.This hospital-based case-control study analyzed 474 cases and 948 controls in Shaanxi China. Eligible women waiting for delivery in the hospital were interviewed to report their diets and characteristics during pregnancy. We conveniently collected maternal blood before delivery and neonatal cord blood to get a subgroup of 50 cases and 100 controls. Mixed logistic regression models were used to estimate ORs (95%CIs) for CHDs associated with iron intake. Mixed linear regression models were used to assess the relationships between CHDs and iron status.Mothers whose fetuses have CHDs were less likely to have higher intakes of total iron and heme iron during pregnancy, and the tests for linear trend were significant (all P 0.05). Mothers whose fetuses have CHDs were less likely to take iron supplements during pregnancy (OR = 0.28, 95%CI: 0.21, 0.36) and during the first trimester (OR = 0.32, 95%CI: 0.12, 0.84). Maternal SF and Hb concentrations before delivery were lower and maternal sTfR/SF before delivery was higher among the cases than the controls.Mothers whose fetuses have CHDs are less likely to have higher intakes of total iron and heme iron and take iron supplements during pregnancy compared to their counterparts. Maternal iron status before delivery is low among mothers whose fetuses have CHDs.

Objective: To determine the prevalence and causes of anemia in high school girls in Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand. Material and Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed in high school girls aged 15-18 years old. Blood samples were collected for hematological parameters, iron profiles and blood smear examination. The recall 24-hour dietary data were collected using a questionnaire to determine and calculate daily iron intake. For purposes of the study, anemia was defined as hemoglobin (Hb) of

Background Nutritional iron deficiency is one of the leading factors for disease, disability and death. A quasi-experimental randomized community study in South-West Nigeria explored whether a branded behaviour change programme increased the use of green leafy vegetables (greens) and iron-fortified bouillon cubes in stews for improved iron intake. Methods A coinflip assigned the intervention to Ile-Ife (Intervention town). Osogbo (Control town) received no information. At baseline 602 mother-daughter pairs (daughters aged 12–18) were enrolled (Intervention: 300; Control: 302). A Food Frequency Questionnaire assessed the addition of cubes and greens to stews, the primary outcome. Secondary outcomes were the addition of cubes and greens to soups and changes in behavioural determinants measured using the Theory of Planned Behaviour. Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) evaluated the impact of the intervention on behavioural determinants and behaviour. Results The data of 527 pairs was used (Intervention: 240; Control: 287). The increase in greens added to stews was larger in the Intervention town compared to the Control town (MIntervention = 0.3 [SE = 0.03]; MControl = 0.0 [SE = 0.04], p

Diets high in red or processed meat have been associated positively with some cancers, and several possible underlying mechanisms have been proposed, including iron-related pathways. However, the role of meat intake in adult glioma risk has yielded conflicting findings because of small sample sizes and heterogeneous tumour classifications. The aim of this study was to examine red meat, processed meat and iron intake in relation to glioma risk in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition study. In this prospective cohort study, 408 751 individuals from nine European countries completed demographic and dietary questionnaires at recruitment. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards models were used to examine intake of red meat, processed meat, total dietary iron and haem iron in relation to incident glioma. During an average follow-up of 14.1 years, 688 incident glioma cases were diagnosed. There was no evidence that any of the meat variables (red, processed meat or subtypes of meat) or iron (total or haem) were associated with glioma; results were unchanged when the first 2 years of follow-up were excluded. This study suggests that there is no association between meat or iron intake and adult glioma. This is the largest prospective analysis of meat and iron in relation to glioma and as such provides a substantial contribution to a limited and inconsistent literature.

Irish Section Meeting, 20–22 June 2018, Targeted approaches to tackling current nutritional issues

Background: High body iron status has been shown to be associated with adverse health outcomes. However, the relation between high body iron status, body mass index (BMI), and cognition is still understudied. Objective: This study aimed to examine the association between iron intake and cognitive function in Chinese adults and tested the interaction effect of iron intake and BMI on cognition. Design: Longitudinal study data from a nationwide sample(n = 4852; age ≥55 y) from the China Health and Nutrition Survey during 1991–2006 were used. Of the participants, 3302had completed cognitive screening tests in ≥2 surveys. Cognitive function was assessed in 1997, 2000, 2004, and 2006.Dietary iron intake was obtained from a 3-d food record during home visits in 1991, 1993, 1997, 2000, 2004, and 2006.Multivariable mixed linear regression and logistic regression were used. Results: The cumulative mean ± SD iron intake in 1997 of tested subjects was 23.7 ± 11.3 mg/d (25.4 mg/d in men and22.2 mg/d in women). High iron intake was associated with poor cognition. In fully adjusted models, across the quartiles of iron intake the regression coefficients (95% CIs) were 0, −0.39(−0.77, −0.01), −0.55 (−0.95, −0.15), and −0.90 (−1.33, −0.47),respectively. Comparing extreme quartiles of iron intake (high), the OR (95% CI) for poor cognitive function was 1.30 (1.04, 1.64). There was a significant interaction between iron intake and BMI.The association between high iron intake and poor cognition was stronger among those with a high BMI than those with a low BMI. Among those with a BMI (kg/m2) >24, across quartiles of iron intake the ORs (95% CIs) for poor cognitive function were1.00, 1.27 (0.91, 1.78), 1.41 (0.97, 2.04), and 2.04 (1.38, 3.01), respectively. Conclusion: Higher iron intake is associated with poor cognition in Chinese adults, especially among those with a high BMI. Refereed/Peer-reviewed

Studies suggest that haem, non-haem iron and total iron intake may be related to non-communicable diseases, especially metabolic syndrome. This study was undertaken to investigate the association of haem, non-haem iron and total iron intake with metabolic syndrome and its components. A cross-sectional population-based survey was performed in 2008, enrolling 591 adults and elderly adults living in Sao Paulo, Brazil. Dietary intake was measured by two 24 h dietary recalls. Metabolic syndrome was defined as the presence of at least three of the following: hypertension, hyperglycaemia, dyslipidaemia and central obesity. The association between different types of dietary iron and metabolic syndrome was evaluated using multiple logistic regression. After adjustment for potential confounders, a higher haem iron intake was positively associated with metabolic syndrome and with elevated triglyceride levels. A higher total iron intake was positively associated with hyperglycaemia. Non-haem iron intake was positively associated with hyperglycaemia in the fourth quintile. In conclusion, this study suggests that the different types of dietary iron are associated with metabolic syndrome, elevated triglyceride levels and hyperglycaemia. In addition, it emphasises the importance of investigating the roles of dietary iron in health outcomes, since its consumption may have different impacts on health.

Obesity is a condition of excess and abnormal fat accumulation. Obese adolescents are atgreater risk of developing iron deficiency anemia with microcytic hypochromic red blood cells(RBC). Iron deficiency in obesity relates to low iron intake, abnormal iron absorption, andincreased iron utilization. The aim of this study was to determine iron intake, hemoglobin level,and RBC indices in faculty of medicine students with obesity. We used descriptive cross-sectional method, involving year of 2016 students in Faculty of Medicine PadjadjaranUniversity with obesity. Pregnant women and students with previous history of thallasemia oranemia were excluded. Iron intake was assessed using Food Frequency Questionnaire.Hemoglobin level and RBC indices were measured in Hasan Sadikin General Hospital. Ironintake of male subjects were adequate in 62,5% subjects and low in 37,5% subjects. Iron intakein female subjects were adequate in 20% subjects and low in 80% subjects. Male hemoglobinlevel were normal and 20% of female subjects had anemia. All male subjects were normochromnormocytic, 40% female subjects were hypochrom microcytic.Keywords: adolescents, hemoglobin level, iron intake, obesity, red blood cell indices

Prior studies on red and processed meat consumption with breast cancer risk have generated inconsistent results. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies to summarize the evidence regarding the relation of red meat and processed meat consumption with breast cancer incidence. We searched in MEDLINE and EMBASE databases through January 2018 for prospective studies that reported the association between red meat and processed meat consumption with incident breast cancer. The multivariable-adjusted relative risk (RR) was combined comparing the highest with the lowest category of red meat (unprocessed) and processed meat consumption using a random-effect meta-analysis. We identified 13 cohort, 3 nested case-control, and 2 clinical trial studies. Comparing the highest to the lowest category, red meat (unprocessed) consumption was associated with a 6% higher breast cancer risk (pooled RR,1.06; 95% confidence intervals (95%CI):0.99-1.14; I2 =56.3%), and processed meat consumption was associated with a 9% higher breast cancer risk (pooled RR, 1.09; 95%CI, 1.03-1.16; I2 =44.4%). In addition, we identified two nested case-control studies evaluating the association between red meat and breast cancer stratified by N-acetyltransferase 2 acetylator genotype. We did not observe any association among those with either fast (per 25 gram/day pooled odds ratio (OR), 1.18; 95%CI, 0.93-1.50) or slow N-acetyltransferase 2 acetylators (per 25 gram/day pooled OR, 0.99; 95%CI, 0.91-1.08). In the prospective observational studies, high processed meat consumption was associated with increased breast cancer risk. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Background: Studies have consistently shown that risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D) is positively associated with dietary haem iron intake and inversely associated with dietary magnesium intake in a dose-response way. However, interaction effects of these two clinically important nutrients on T2DM risk in a prospective setting is unknown. Objective: To determine the five-year risk of developing impaired fasting glucose (IFG) associated with dietary magnesium-to-iron intake ratios (Mg/Fe), including Mg/total Fe, Mg/haem-Fe and Mg/non-haem Fe. Design: A cohort study of 1056 participants recruited into the Jiangsu Nutrition Study (JIN) from 2002 to 2007, aged at least 20 years and without known diabetes and IFG at baseline were followed up for five years. Dietary magnesium and iron intake at baseline was assessed by 3-day weighed food records. Fasting plasma glucose was measured both at baseline and follow up. Logistic regression models were performed to determine the associations between quartiles (using bottom quartiles as referent categories) of magnesium to iron (including total Fe, haem-Fe and non-haem Fe) ratio and the risk of IFG (>5.6 mmol/L) adjusted for covariates: age, gender, body mass index (BMI), hypertension, serum ferritin, haemoglobin and family history of diabetes. Results: The mean (SD) intake of total Fe and magnesium was 25.0 (9.2) mg/d and 323 (125) mg/d. The incidence of IFG during 5-year follow up was 11.8%. Inverse associations were found between quartiles (Q) of Mg/haem-Fe and the risk of IFG in the fully adjusted model: odds ratios (OR) were 1.00, 0.59 (95%CI 0.35, 0.98), 0.49 (95%CI 0.28, 0.84), and 0.28 (95% CI 0.14, 0.55) (Q4), respectively. Weaker associations were found for quartiles of Mg/total Fe and no association was found between Mg/non-haem Fe and IFG risk. Conclusions: Low Mg/haem-Fe ratio is an independent risk factor for developing IFG in Chinese adults. Future research to determine the added predictive value of assessment of low dietary Mg/haem-Fe ratio beyond current T2D risk models in specific populations is justified. Keywords: Dietary magnesium, Iron intake, Haem-Fe, Type 2 diabetes mellitus, Impaired fasting glucose, Chinese adults

Recent reports have shown that novel phosphate binders containing iron are not only efficacious for the treatment of hyperphosphatemia but also may reduce the need for erythropoiesis-stimulating agents and intravenous (IV) iron for anemia management in patients on maintenance hemodialysis (MHD). Possible healthcare cost savings, which have not been demonstrated in a long-term study, may be an additional advantage of using such multi-pronged treatment strategies for the control of both hyperphosphatemia and iron needs. It is currently assumed that oral iron supplementation is less efficient than the IV route in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). The unexpected efficacy of novel iron-containing phosphate binders, such as ferric citrate, in repleting insufficient iron stores and improving the anemia of CKD could change this view. Previous assumptions of self-controlled iron uptake by 'mucosal block' or hepcidin, or else by impaired intestinal iron absorption due to CKD-associated inflammation cannot be reconciled with recent observations of the effects of ferric citrate administration. Citrate in the intestinal lumen may partly contribute to the acceleration of iron absorption. Animal experiments and clinical studies have also shown that oral iron overload can cause excessive iron accumulation despite high hepcidin levels, which are not able to block iron absorption completely. However, like with IV iron agents, no long-term safety data exist with respect to the effects of iron-containing phosphate binders on 'hard' patient outcomes. Future randomized prospective studies in patients with CKD are necessary to establish the safety of oral iron-containing phosphate binders for the control of both hyperphosphatemia and renal anemia.

Background : Schoolchildren are vulnerable to anaemia because of their higher iron need to meet the demands of puberty and adolescence. Objective : The survey determined the haemoglobin levels of schoolchildren aged 6–15 years and the factors affecting their haemoglobin status. Design : Data were obtained through a cross sectional survey of 450 randomly selected schoolchildren in Ede-Oballa, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria. Ninety were selected for clinical examination, biochemical tests, and nutrient intake study. Haemoglobin, malaria, and stool analysis were carried out by the cyanmethaemoglobin, thin blood film, and wet mount direct methods, respectively. Iron intake was determined by a three-day weighed food intake. Results : Results showed that the schoolchildren had pallor (35.6%), brittle hair (31.1%), koilonychia (2.2%), oedema (4.4%) and sore/smooth tongue (7.8%). The children also had malaria (58.9%) and Entamoeba histolytica (42.2%), hookworm (36.7%), tapeworm (35.6%), whipworm (34.5%), and roundworm (27.9%) infestations. Iron intake was inadequate (

Sifted flour was fortified with carbonyl iron for 50 years in Sweden. This study evaluates changes in food habits, intake of iron, factors affecting iron absorption and iron status after the discontinuation of the general iron fortification in adolescents with the highest requirements.A total of 2285 15- to 16-year-old students in 1994 (634 girls and 611 boys) and in 2000 (534 girls and 486 boys) in 13 schools in Gothenburg, Sweden, were included in two cross-sectional surveys assessing food habits with diet history interviews and iron deficiency defined with serum ferritin stores ⩽ 15 μg/l and no preceding infection.In girls, iron deficiency increased from 37 to 45%, while in boys, it was stable at 23%. Total iron intake decreased from 15.7 to 9.5 mg/day and 22.5 to 13.9 mg/day in girls and boys, respectively. Cereals were the main iron source. Among girls, the increase of fish and decrease of calcium intake may not counteract the effect of decreased intake of fortification iron. Among boys, more meat, less calcium and more vitamin C may have favoured the bioavailability of iron.The discontinuation of the general iron fortification resulted in a 39% decrease in total iron intake and iron deficiency increased substantially in girls. However, in boys no change in iron deficiency was observed. Whether this was a result of changed bioavailability of dietary iron or simultaneous changes of non-dietary factors remains to be explored.

Background: Values for dietary iron bioavailability are required for setting dietary reference values. These are estimated from predictive algorithms, nonheme iron absorption from meals, and models of iron intake, serum ferritin concentration, and iron requirements. Objective: We developed a new interactive tool to predict dietary iron bioavailability. Design: Iron intake and serum ferritin, a quantitative marker of body iron stores, from 2 nationally representative studies of adults in the United Kingdom and Ireland and a trial in elderly people in Norfolk, United Kingdom, were used to develop a model to predict dietary iron absorption at different serum ferritin concentrations. Individuals who had raised inflammatory markers or were taking iron-containing supplements were excluded. Results: Mean iron intakes were 13.6, 10.3, and 10.9 mg/d and mean serum ferritin concentrations were 140.7, 49.4, and 96.7 mg/L in men, premenopausal women, and postmenopausal women, respectively. The model predicted that at serum ferritin concentrations of 15, 30, and 60 mg/L, mean dietary iron absorption would be 22.3%, 16.3%, and 11.6%, respectively, in men; 27.2%, 17.2%, and 10.6%, respectively, in premenopausal women; and 18.4%, 12.7%, and 10.5%, respectively, in postmenopausal women. Conclusions: An interactive program for calculating dietary iron absorption at any concentration of serum ferritin is presented. Differences in iron status are partly explained by age but also by diet, with meat being a key determinant. The effect of the diet is more marked at lower serum ferritin concentrations. The model can be applied to any adult population in whom representative, good-quality data on iron intake and iron status have been collected. Values for dietary iron bioavailability can be derived for any target concentration of serum ferritin, thereby giving risk managers and public health professionals a flexible and transparent basis on which to base their dietary recommendations. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01754012.

Background Baby-led weaning (BLW) is an approach to introducing solid foods to infants that gives control of the feeding process to the infant. Anecdotal evidence suggests that BLW is becoming popular with parents, but scientific research is limited to a few publications. This study assessed growth, hematological parameters and iron intake in 6-12-month-old infants fed by traditional or baby-led complementary feeding. Methods We recruited 280 healthy 5-6-month-old infants allocated to a control (traditional spoon feeding; TSF) group or an intervention (BLW) group in a randomized controlled trial. Infant growth, hematologic parameters and iron intake were evaluated at age 12 months. Results Infants in the TSF were significantly heavier than those in the BLW group. Mean weight in the BLW group was 10.4 ± 0.9 kg compared with 11.1 ± 0.5 kg in the TSF group. There was no statistically significant difference in the iron intake from complementary foods between the BLW (7.97 ± 1.37 mg/day) and TSF (7.90 ± 1.68 mg/day) participants who completed the diet records. Hematologic parameters were similar at 12 months. The incidence of choking reported in the weekly interviews was not different between the groups. Conclusions To the best of our knowledge, this is the first randomized -controlled study to have examined the impact of weaning method on iron intake, hematological parameters and growth in breast-fed infants. BLW can be an alternative complementary feeding type without increasing the risk of iron deficiency, choking or growth impairment.

Background: Iron deficiency is one of the most common nutritional problems in the world. It is frequent in both developed and developing countries and mainly affects women of childbearing age and children. Methods: Results were derived from the ANIBES cross-sectional study using a nationally-representative sample of the Spanish population (9–75 years, n = 2009). A three-day dietary record, collected by means of a tablet device, was used to obtain information about food and beverage consumption and leftovers. Results: Total median dietary iron intake was 9.8 mg/day for women and 11.3 mg/day for men. Highest intakes were observed among plausible adolescent reporters (13.3 mg/day), followed by adults (13.0 mg/day), elderly (12.7 mg/day), and children (12.2 mg/day). Prevalence of adequacy for iron intakes as assessed by EFSA criteria was higher than for the Spanish Recommended Iron Intake values in all age groups. Females had lower adequacy than males for both criteria, 27.3% and 17.0% vs. 77.2% and 57.0% respectively. Cereals or grains (26.7%–27.4%), meats and derivatives (19.8%–22.7%), and vegetables (10.3%–12.4%) were the major iron contributors. Conclusion: Higher iron intakes were observed in adolescents and were highest for non-heme iron. The prevalence of adequate iron intake according to EFSA criteria was higher than compared to national recommendations, and women had the lowest intakes. Therefore, there is a need to define standard dietary reference intake to determine inadequate iron intakes in the Spanish population., The study was financially supported by a grant from Coca-Cola, Iberia through an agreement with the Spanish Nutrition Foundation (Fundación Española de la Nutrición (FEN)).

Background Innovative strategies are needed to enhance the nutritional impact of agriculture. Value chain approaches, which use supply chains to add value (usually economic) to products as they move from producers to consumers, can be used to increase access to nutritious foods and improve nutritional status. This study tested whether a dairy value chain could be used to distribute a micronutrient-fortified yoghurt (MNFY) (conditional upon the producer supplying a minimum amount of cow milk/day) to improve hemoglobin and reduce anemia among preschool children in a remote area in Northern Senegal. Methods A cluster randomized control trial was used to compare 204 children (24 to 59 months of age at baseline) from households who received the MNFY coupled to a behavior change communication (BCC) campaign focusing on anemia prevention to 245 children from a control group (receiving BCC only) after one year. Randomization was done at the level of the family concession (households from the same family) (n = 321). Eligible households had a child of the target age and were willing to deliver milk to the dairy factory. Changes in anemia and hemoglobin between groups were assessed using mixed regression models. Key findings Anemia prevalence was very high at baseline (80%) and dropped to close to 60% at endline, with no differences between intervention groups. Hemoglobin increased by 0.55 g/dL, 95%CI (0.27; 0.84) more in the intervention compared to the control group after one year, in models that controlled for potentially confounding factors. The impact was greater (0.72 g/dL, 95%CI (0.34; 1.12)) for boys, compared to girls (0.38 g/dL, 95%CI (-0.03; 0.80)). Conclusion The dairy value chain was a successful strategy to distribute MNFY among pastoralists in Northern Senegal, and increase Hb concentrations among their children. This study is one of the first proofs of concept showing that a nutrition-sensitive agriculture value chain approach can contribute to improved child nutrition in a remote pastoralist population. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02079961

Introduction. Iron is one of many essential mineral components necessary for normal functioning of organisms. This microelement takes part in transport of oxygen from the lungs to the tissues, DNA synthesis, and is essential for normal activity of numerous enzymes. Aim. The aim of the work was the assessment of iron consumption among students of Poznan universities with consideration of the need for this mineral component. Material and methods. The study was conducted between the months of February and October 2012. Based on the randomly chosen study group, 100 people were analyzed – 66 females and 34 males. In total 25 people from each of the four Poznan universities: Poznan University of Medical Sciences, August Cieszkowski University of Life Sciences, Poznan University of Technology, as well as Eugeniusz Piasecki Academy of Physical Education were included into the studied population. In this study a questionnaire was a tool used in the analysis. Statistical analysis was conducted with the use of computer programs: STATISTICA version 10 and Microsoft Office Excel 2007. Determination of average values of iron, vitamin C, calcium and fiber intake, was performed with the use of DIETETYK 2011.Results. Satisfaction of the need for iron differs depending on the university and gender. The low iron intake was observed at Poznan University of Medical Sciences, while the high one at the University of Natural Science. Men (25) more often delivered with food adequate amount of iron in comparison to women (3). Increase in iron intake was observed together with the increase in the amount of calories in the diet as well as higher BMI. The study also showed that chronically ill people as well as women heavily bleeding during menses more frequently suffered from anemia. The main source of heme iron for the students was poultry meat, while the source of non-heme iron were mainly whole-wheat products.

INTRODUCTION AND AIM In a human body iron occurs at a level of 3 to 5 g, 60-70 % of which are in hemoglobin, ca. 10% in myoglobin, and ca. 3% are accumulated in enzymes of cellular respiration or enzymes degrading toxic hydrogen peroxide. The other part of iron is accumulated in liver, spleen, kidneys and bone marrow. The dietary deficiency of iron appears at its insufficient level in a diet and at impaired absorption of iron ions present in food products by a body. Groups at an especially high risk of iron deficiencies include, among others, menstruating girls in the pubescence period and women with heavy and irregular menstruations, as well as vegetarians and patients with chronic enteritis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the intake of iron and nutrients that affect its bioavailability from daily food rations of girls. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study included 159 girls aged 17-18, students of high schools in the city of Wroclaw. The study was conducted between November 2010 and ay 2011. Girls were divided into 3 subgroups according to the BMI score. Girls’ diets were analyzed with the method of a direct interview of the last 24 hours before the test and the interview was repeated seven times. RESULTS The present study demonstrated that the intake of iron from food rations of almost all the girls surveyed was below the requirements defined for this age group. Statistically significant differences were noted in the intake of energy and nutrients among the three distinguished subgroups of girls. CONCLUSIONS Food rations of the surveyed girls were characterized by a low, compared to dietary allowances, calorific value, which resulted in deficiencies of nutrients increasing iron bioavailability.

During the nutritional vulnerable period of 1&ndash, 3 years of age, nutrient intake is often inadequate due to an unbalanced diet. Young child formula (YCF) has been proposed as a means of improving nutrition in this age group. We compared the food consumption and nutrient intake of 241 YCF consumers (YCF-C) to those of 206 non-consumers (YCF-NC), selected from among the children enrolled in the Nutri-B&eacute, b&eacute, survey, an observational cross-sectional survey, conducted from 3 January to 21 April 2013. Food consumption and nutrient intake were analyzed from a three-day dietary record. The YCF-C &lt, 2 years group had a protein (&ndash, 8 g/d, p &lt, 0.0001) and sodium (&ndash, 18%, p = 0.0003) intake that was lower than that of YCF-NC, but still above the respective EFSA (European Food Safety Authority) Average Requirement (AR) or Adequate Intake (AI). At all ages, the YCF-C group had higher intakes of essential fatty acids (p &lt, 0.0001), vitamins C (p &lt, 0.0001), A, D, and E (p &lt, 0.0001), all B vitamins (p &lt, 0.001) except B12, iron (9 vs. 5 mg/d, p &lt, 0.0001), reaching the Dietary Reference Values (DRVs, AR or AI), but similar DHA and ARA intakes. Getting closer to the reference values proposed by EFSA required at least 360 mL/d of YCF. The consumption of YCF may help infants and children at risk of nutrient deficiencies to meet their nutritional requirements. However, protein, sodium, and vitamin A intakes remained above the EFSA DRVs, and DHA, ARA, and vitamin D remained below.

Suckling piglets cannot satisfy their demand for the essential trace element iron from sows&rsquo, milk alone, which is poor in iron. Therefore, iron is usually supplemented by injecting 200 mg iron (as iron dextran) on day 3 post natum. However, the longer suckling period in organic pig herds leads to iron intake from feed starting later. We hypothesized that one iron injection is not enough for organically reared piglets, and that a second and third injection would improve their iron status and growth. On an organically certified experimental farm, 288 piglets from 32 litters were allocated to three treatments with one iron injection on day 3, two injections on day 3 and 14 and three injections on day 3, 14 and 21 post natum, respectively. One injection resulted in the lowest hematocrit and serum iron levels until day 28 post natum and the lowest daily weight gains until weaning, while piglets receiving two or three iron injections did not differ from each other. Based on these observations, we conclude that one iron injection is not enough to ensure adequate iron supply and unimpaired growth of organically reared piglets, and additional iron supply is necessary.

Chronic energy deficiency is one of the nutritional problems of pregnant women where the body's condition experiences a severe lack of energy or is often showed by upper arm circumference