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2,178 results on '"Haynes, J."'

205. Give me your love (introduction)

Author

Woods, DW, Haynes, J, Talbot, RJ, and Theocharidou, Melina

Abstract

Introduction to the playscript of Haynes, J & Woods, D (2016) Give Me Your Love. London: Oberon. A discussion of the connections between MDMA-assisted therapies in the treatment of PTSD, psychedelic experiences, theatre experiences and the play.

Published
2016

207. Human prefrontal cortex independently encodes future task-sequences and their order

Author

Momennejad, I, Reverberi, F, Haynes, J, Haynes, J., REVERBERI, FRANCO CARLO, Momennejad, I, Reverberi, F, Haynes, J, Haynes, J., and REVERBERI, FRANCO CARLO

Abstract

Every day we need to plan and coordinate multiple future tasks. Previous studies have shown that rostral prefrontal cortex encodes individual future tasks across delays. However, so far it remains unclear how the brain encodes an ordered sequence of upcoming tasks across delays. Here, participants were scanned as they remembered to execute a single future task (single-task trials) or sequences of two tasks (sequence trials). A multivariate classifier was trained on patterns of BOLD activity that encode the single tasks, and was used to decode the identity of the same tasks when they were either first or second in a remembered sequence. The sequential order of tasks (e.g. AB vs. BA) was separately decoded. We found the following. (1) Both the first and the second upcoming tasks could be decoded from rostrolateral prefrontal and parietal cortices. (2) Sequence order was encoded in dorsomedial and dorsolateral PFC. (3) ROI analysis revealed that regions encoding the future tasks and regions encoding sequence order did not overlap. Our findings suggest that (a) the brain encodes future task sequences in a compositional fashion, and (b) there may be a segregation of task and order information in the PFC. Namely, while rostrolateral PFC encoded the identity of multiple future tasks, dorsomedial and dorsolateral PFC encoded information required for the orderly execution of abstract tasks.

Published
2013

208. Neural representation of rules at different hierarchical levels

Author

Pischedda, D, Görgen, K, Haynes, J, Reverberi, F, PISCHEDDA, DORIS, REVERBERI, FRANCO CARLO, Haynes, J. D, Pischedda, D, Görgen, K, Haynes, J, Reverberi, F, PISCHEDDA, DORIS, REVERBERI, FRANCO CARLO, and Haynes, J. D

Abstract

In everyday life, humans use rules to organize their thoughts and actions in order to achieve specific goals (Bunge & Wallis, 2007). For simple situations, single rules can be used to link a sensory stimulus (the traffic light is green) to its appropriate response (cross the road). More complex situations, however, require the application of multiple rules organized in hierarchies, where high level rules influence the selection or application of lower level rules. Previous studies have demonstrated that Prefrontal Cortex (PFC) is one of the key areas underlying rule processing and control of action. However, it is still unclear whether distinct brain regions within PFC systematically encode qualitatively different task features. In the present study we investigated whether different features defining a complex rule set are represented in different brain areas depending on the level of control they enforce. To this purpose, we devised an experiment in which participants (N = 20) learnt complex rule sets composed by rules at two different levels of control: low (e.g., “if you see a banana, then press left”) and high (e.g., “If you see a star, then only consider red targets”). The task required participants to retrieve, maintain, and apply two rule sets (one low and one high level) to target stimuli. At the beginning of each trial two cues associated with low (or high) level rules were displayed, followed by a delay (delay 1). Then a second pair of cues standing for high (or low) level rules were presented followed by a second delay (delay 2), after which the target was shown. Participants had to apply all the rules to the target stimuli and respond accordingly. The paradigm allowed us to: (i) independently assess the encoding of high and low level rules, (ii) evaluate the difference between the encoding of the two types of rules (comparing high vs. low level rule representations during delay 1, when only one type of rule was maintained), and (iii) decode rule integrat

Published
2013

209. The neural basis of task-reward associations

Author

Wisniewski, D, Reverberi, F, Momennejad, I, Kahnt, T, Haynes, J, Haynes, J., REVERBERI, FRANCO CARLO, Wisniewski, D, Reverberi, F, Momennejad, I, Kahnt, T, Haynes, J, Haynes, J., and REVERBERI, FRANCO CARLO

Published
2013

214. Distributed representations of rule identity and rule order in human frontal cortex and striatum

Author

Reverberi, F, Görgen, K, Haynes, J, REVERBERI, FRANCO CARLO, Haynes, J., Reverberi, F, Görgen, K, Haynes, J, REVERBERI, FRANCO CARLO, and Haynes, J.

Abstract

Humans are able to flexibly devise and implement rules to reach their desired goals. For simple situations, we can use single rules, such as "if traffic light is green then cross the street." In most cases, however, more complex rule sets are required, involving the integration of multiple layers of control. Although it has been shown that prefrontal cortex is important for rule representation, it has remained unclear how the brain encodes more complex rule sets. Here, we investigate how the brain represents the order in which different parts of a rule set are evaluated. Participants had to follow compound rule sets that involved the concurrent application of two single rules in a specific order, where one of the rules always had to be evaluated first. The rules and their assigned order were independently manipulated. By applying multivariate decoding to fMRI data, we found that the identity of the current rule was encoded in a frontostriatal network involving right ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, right superior frontal gyrus, and dorsal striatum. In contrast, rule order could be decoded in the dorsal striatum and in the right premotor cortex. The nonhomogeneous distribution of information across brain areas was confirmed by follow-up analyses focused on relevant regions of interest. We argue that the brain encodes complex rule sets by "decomposing" them in their constituent features, which are represented in different brain areas, according to the aspect of information to be maintained.

Published
2012

215. Multivariate decoding of fMRI data

Author

Heinzle, J, Anders, S, Bode, S, Bogler, C, Chen, Y, Cichy, R, Hackmack, K, Kahnt, T, Kalberlah, C, Reverberi, F, Soon, C, Tusche, A, Weygandt, M, Haynes, J, REVERBERI, FRANCO CARLO, Haynes, J., Heinzle, J, Anders, S, Bode, S, Bogler, C, Chen, Y, Cichy, R, Hackmack, K, Kahnt, T, Kalberlah, C, Reverberi, F, Soon, C, Tusche, A, Weygandt, M, Haynes, J, REVERBERI, FRANCO CARLO, and Haynes, J.

Abstract

The advent of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) of brain function 20 years ago has provided a new methodology for non-invasive measurement of brain function that is now widely used in cognitive neuroscience. Traditionally, fMRI data has been analyzed looking for overall activity changes in brain regions in response to a stimulus or a cognitive task. Now, recent developments have introduced more elaborate, content-based analysis techniques. When multivariate decoding is applied to the detailed patterning of regionally-specific fMRI signals, it can be used to assess the amount of information these encode about specific task-variables. Here we provide an overview over several developments, spanning from applications in cognitive neuroscience (perception, attention, reward, decision making, emotional communication) to methodology (information flow, surface-based searchlight decoding) and medical diagnostics.

Published
2012

216. MRI-based diagnostic biomarkers for early onset pediatric multiple sclerosis

Author

Weygandt, M., Hummel, H-M., Schregel, K., Ritter, K., Allefeld, C., Dommes, E., Huppke, P., Haynes, J. D., Wuerfel, J., and Gärtner, J.

Subjects
Male, Pediatric multiple sclerosis, Early onset pediatric multiple sclerosis, Biomarkers, Diagnostic information, Multiple Sclerosis, Adolescent, RJ, Brain, Regular Article, lcsh:Computer applications to medicine. Medical informatics, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, lcsh:RC346-429, Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted, RC0321, lcsh:R858-859.7, Humans, Female, Age of Onset, Child, lcsh:Neurology. Diseases of the nervous system, Algorithms
Abstract

Currently, it is unclear whether pediatric multiple sclerosis (PMS) is a pathoetiologically homogeneous disease phenotype due to clinical and epidemiological differences between early and late onset PMS (EOPMS and LOPMS). Consequently, the question was raised whether diagnostic guidelines need to be complemented by specific EOPMS markers. To search for such markers, we analyzed cerebral MRI images acquired with standard protocols using computer-based classification techniques. Specifically, we applied classification algorithms to gray (GM) and white matter (WM) tissue probability parameters of small brain regions derived from T2-weighted MRI images of EOPMS patients (onset, Highlights • EOPMS can be diagnosed accurately with computer-based classification and T2w-MRI. • Separation of EOPMS and HC confirmed the pivotal role of WM lesions for diagnosis. • Separation of EOPMS and LOPMS showed that GM variations are also informative. • Thus, conventional MRI contains a richer set of biomarkers than assumed so far.

Published
2015

217. Primary corneal malignant melanoma in a horse.

Author

Strauss, R. A., Allbaugh, R. A., Haynes, J., and Ben‐Shlomo, G.

Subjects
MELANOMA, MITOMYCIN C, HORSES, ARABIAN horses, GELDINGS, CHESTNUT, TUMORS
Abstract

Summary: A 13‐year‐old Missouri Fox Trotter gelding of chestnut colour was referred for a 6‐week history of blepharospasm and epiphora of the left eye. Due to the presence of irregular corneal masses, superficial keratectomy was performed along with adjunctive strontium‐90 beta irradiation and subsequent topical mitomycin C chemotherapy. A diagnosis of poorly melanised malignant melanoma was made based on histopathological examination and immunohistochemistry. There has been no recurrence of the neoplasm over 10 months of follow‐up. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first documented case of a primary corneal melanocytic neoplasm in a horse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2019
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218. ASCB Minorities Affairs Committee Goals: 'Strengthening the Chain of Success'

Author

Wilson, Donella J. and Haynes, J. K.

Abstract

The Minorities Affairs Committee of the American Society for Cell Biology (ASCB-MAC) is an active standing committee of the Society with an aggressive agenda and a goal of inclusion. Its mission is fourfold: (1) To increase diversity among the ASCB members; (2) To bring issues related to minorities in science to the attention of ASCB members; (3) To assist in the professional development of minority scientists and in the education of minority science students; and (4) To provide opportunities for faculty members at minority-serving institutions (MSIs) not only to advance their research and teaching effectiveness, but also to establish long-term professional relationships with ASCB members. The Minorities Affairs Committee (MAC) began at the ASCB in 1980 as an ad hoc committee called the Minority Affairs Committee. It was the brainchild of Winston Anderson who, at a breakfast meeting (during the annual meeting) with the Society president, Bill Brinkley, and others, including Peter Satir, discussed the role and presence of minorities in the Society. The MAC has now begun to examine more carefully trends in the number of minority students at various points in the pipeline leading to scientific careers, and it serves as a resource regarding these issues. The theme of MAC activity for the next few years is "Strengthening the Chain of Success--by Strengthening Each Link." New directions for the MAC include expanding the number of national laboratories with which the Committee is affiliated and expanding the Linkage Fellows Program to include more MSIs. MAC's recent accomplishments and programs are presented.

Published
2002
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220. Multiple neural representations of elementary logical connectives

Author

Baggio, G, Cherubini, P, Pischedda, D, Blumenthal, A, Haynes, J, Reverberi, C, Baggio, G, Cherubini, P, Pischedda, D, Blumenthal, A, Haynes, J, and Reverberi, C

Abstract

A defining trait of human cognition is the capacity to form compounds out of simple thoughts. This ability relies on the logical connectives AND, OR and IF. Simple propositions, e.g., 'There is a fork' and 'There is a knife', can be combined in alternative ways using logical connectives: e.g., 'There is a fork AND there is a knife', 'There is a fork OR there is a knife', 'IF there is a fork, there is a knife'. How does the brain represent compounds based on different logical connectives, and how are compounds evaluated in relation to new facts? In the present study, participants had to maintain and evaluate conjunctive (AND), disjunctive (OR) or conditional (IF) compounds while undergoing functional MRI. Our results suggest that, during maintenance, the left posterior inferior frontal gyrus (pIFG, BA44, or Broca's area) represents the surface form of compounds. During evaluation, the left pIFG switches to processing the full logical meaning of compounds, and two additional areas are recruited: the left anterior inferior frontal gyrus (aIFG, BA47) and the left intraparietal sulcus (IPS, BA40). The aIFG shows a pattern of activation similar to pIFG, and compatible with processing the full logical meaning of compounds, whereas activations in IPS differ with alternative interpretations of conditionals: logical vs conjunctive. These results uncover the functions of a basic cortical network underlying human compositional thought, and provide a shared neural foundation for the cognitive science of language and reasoning.

Published
2016

224. Opportunistic infections and AIDS malignancies early after initiating combination antiretroviral therapy in high-income countries

Author

Lodi, Sara, Del Amo, Julia, Moreno, Santiago, Bucher, H. C., Furrer, Hansjakob, Logan, Roger, Sterne, Jonathan, Pérez-Hoyos, Santiago, Jarrín, Inma, Phillips, Andrew, Olson, Ashley, Van Sighem, Ard, Reiss, Peter, Sabin, C., Jose, Sophie, Justice, Amy, Goulet, Joseph, Miró, José M., Ferrer, Elena, Meyer, Laurence, Seng, Rémonie, Vourli, Georgia, Antoniadou, Anastasia, Dabis, Francois, Vandenhede, Mari Anne, Costagliola, Dominique, Abgrall, S., Hernán, Miguel A., Hernan, Miguel, Bansi, L., Hill, T., Dunn, D., Porter, K., Glabay, A., Orkin, C., Thomas, R., Jones, K., Fisher, M., Perry, N., Pullin, A., Churchill, D., Gazzard, B., Nelson, M., Asboe, D., Bulbeck, S., Mandalia, S., Clarke, J., Delpech, V., Anderson, J., Munshi, S., Post, F., Easterbrook, P., Khan, Y., Patel, P., Karim, F., Duffell, S., Gilson, R., Man, S. L., Williams, I., Gompels, M., Dooley, D., Schwenk, A., Ainsworth, J., Johnson, M., Youle, M., Lampe, F., Smith, C., Grabowska, H., Chaloner, C., Ismajani Puradiredja, D., Phillips, A., Walsh, J., Weber, J., Kemble, C., Mackie, N., Winston, A., Leen, C., Wilson, A., Bezemer, D. O., Gras, L. A.J., Kesselring, A. M., Van Sighem, A. I., Zaheri, S., Van Twillert, G., Kortmann, W., Branger, J., Prins, J. M., Kuijpers, T. W., Scherpbier, H. J., Van Der Meer, J. T.M., Wit, F. W.M.N., Godfried, M. H., Reiss, P., Van Der Poll, T., Nellen, F. J.B., Lange, J. M.A., Geerlings, S. E., Van Vugt, M., Pajkrt, D., Bos, J. C., Van Der Valk, M., Grijsen, M. L., Wiersinga, W. J., Brinkman, K., Blok, W. L., Frissen, P. H.J., Schouten, W. E.M., Van Den Berk, G. E.L., Veenstra, J., Lettinga, K. D., Mulder, J. W., Vrouenraets, S. M.E., Lauw, F. N., Van Eeden, A., Verhagen, D. W.M., Van Agtmael, M. A., Perenboom, R. M., Claessen, F. A.P., Bomers, M., Peters, E. J.G., Richter, C., Van Der Berg, J. P., Gisolf, E. H., Schippers, E. F., Van Nieuwkoop, C., Van Elzakker, E. P., Leyten, E. M.S., Gelinck, L. B.S., Pronk, M. J.H., Bravenboer, B., Kootstra, G. J., Delsing, C. E., Sprenger, H. G., Doedens, R., Scholvinck, E. H., Van Assen, S., Bierman, W. F.W., Soetekouw, R., Ten Kate, R. W., Van Vonderen, M. G.A., Van Houte, D. P.F., Kroon, F. P., Van Dissel, J. T., Arend, S. M., De Boer, M. G.J., Jolink, H., Ter Vollaard, H. J.M., Bauer, M. P., Weijer, S., El Moussaoui, R., Lowe, S., Schreij, G., Oude Lashof, A., Posthouwer, D., Koopmans, P. P., Keuter, M., Van Der Ven, A. J.A.M., Ter Hofstede, H. J.M., Dofferhoff, A. S.M., Warris, A., Van Crevel, R., Van Der Ende, M. E., De Vries-Sluijs, T. E.M.S., Schurink, C. A.M., Nouwen, J. L., Nispen Tot Pannerden, M. H., Verbon, A., Rijnders, B. J.A., Van Gorp, E. C.M., Hassing, R. J., Smeulders, A. W.M., Hartwig, N. G., Driessen, G. J.A., Den Hollander, J. G., Pogany, K., Juttmann, J. R., Van Kasteren, M. E.E., Hoepelman, A. I.M., Mudrikova, T., Schneider, M. M.E., Jaspers, C. A.J.J., Ellerbroek, P. M., Oosterheert, J. J., Arends, J. E., Wassenberg, M. W.M., Barth, R. E., Geelen, S. P.M., Wolfs, T. F.W., Bont, L. J., Van Den Berge, M., Stegeman, A., Groeneveld, P. H.P., Alleman, M. A., Bouwhuis, J. W., Barin, F., Burty, C., Duvivier, C., Enel, P., Fredouille-Heripret, L., Gasnault, J., Khuong, M. A., Mahamat, A., Pilorgé, F., Tattevin, P., Salomon, Valérie, Jacquemet, N., Costagliola, D., Grabar, S., Guiguet, M., Lanoy, E., Lièvre, L., Mary-Krause, M., Selinger-Leneman, H., Lacombe, J. M., Potard, V., Bricaire, F., Herson, S., Katlama, C., Simon, A., Desplanque, N., Girard, P. M., Meynard, J. L., Meyohas, M. C., Picard, O., Cadranel, J., Mayaud, C., Pialoux, G., Clauvel, J. P., Decazes, J. M., Gérard, L., Molina, J. M., Diemer, M., Sellier, P., Bentata, M., Honoré, P., Jeantils, V., Tassi, S., Mechali, D., Taverne, B., Bouvet, E., Crickx, B., Ecobichon, J. L., Matheron, S., Picard-Dahan, C., Yeni, P., Berthé, H., Dupont, C., Chandemerle, C., Mortier, E., De Truchis, P., Tisne-Dessus, D., Weiss, L., Salmon, D., Auperin, I., Gilquin, J., Roudière, L., Viard, J. P., Boue, F., Fior, R., Delfraissy, J. F., Goujard, C., Jung, C., Lesprit, Ph, Vittecoq, D., Fraisse, P., Lang, J. M., Rey, D., Beck-Wirth, G., Stahl, J. P., Lecercq, P., Gourdon, F., Laurichesse, H., Fresard, A., Lucht, F., Bazin, C., Verdon, R., Chavanet, P., Arvieux, C., Michelet, C., Choutet, P., Goudeau, A., Maître, M. F., Hoen, B., Eglinger, P., Faller, J. P., Borsa-Lebas, F., Caron, F., Reynes, J., Daures, J. P., May, T., Rabaud, C., Berger, J. L., Rémy, G., Arlet-Suau, E., Cuzin, L., Massip, P., Thiercelin Legrand, M. F., Pontonnier, G., Viget, N., Yasdanpanah, Y., Dellamonica, P., Pradier, C., Pugliese, P., Aleksandrowicz, K., Quinsat, D., Ravaux, I., Tissot-Dupont, H., Delmont, J. P., Moreau, J., Gastaut, J. A., Poizot Martin, I., Retornaz, F., Soubeyrand, J., Galinier, A., Ruiz, J. M., Allegre, T., Blanc, P. A., Bonnet-Montchardon, D., Lepeu, G., Granet-Brunello, P., Esterni, J. P., Pelissier, L., Cohen-Valensi, R., Nezri, M., Chadapaud, S., Laffeuillade, A., Billaud, E., Raffi, F., Boibieux, A., Peyramond, D., Livrozet, J. M., Touraine, J. L., Cotte, L., Trepo, C., Strobel, M., Bissuel, F., Pradinaud, R., Sobesky, M., Cabié, A., Gaud, C., Contant, M., Aubert, V., Barth, J., Battegay, M., Bernasconi, E., Böni, J., Burton-Jeangros, C., Calmy, A., Cavassini, M., Egger, M., Elzi, L., Fehr, J., Fellay, J., Furrer, H., Haerry, D., Fux, C. A., Gorgievski, M., Günthard, H., Hasse, B., Hirsch, H. H., Hösli, I., Kahlert, C., Kaiser, L., Keiser, O., Klimkait, T., Kovari, H., Ledergerber, B., Martinetti, G., Martinez De Tejada, B., Metzner, K., Müller, N., Nadal, D., Pantaleo, G., Rauch, A., Regenass, S., Rickenbach, M., Rudin, C., Schmid, P., Schultze, D., Schöni-Affolter, F., Schüpbach, J., Speck, R., Taffé, P., Tarr, P., Telenti, A., Trkola, A., Vernazza, P., Weber, R., Yerly, S., Casabona, J., Gallois, A., Esteve, A., Podzamczer, D., Murillas, J., Gatell, J. M., Manzardo, C., Tural, C., Clotet, B., Ferrer, E., Riera, M., Segura, F., Navarro, G., Force, L., Vilaró, J., Masabeu, A., García, I., Guadarrama, M., Cifuentes, C., Dalmau, D., Jaen, Agustí, C., Montoliu, A., Pérez, I., Gargoulas, Freyra, Blanco, J. L., Garcia-Alcaide, F., Martínez, E., Mallolas, J., López-Dieguez, M., García-Goez, J. F., Sirera, G., Romeu, J., Jou, A., Negredo, E., Miranda, C., Capitan, M. C., Saumoy, M., Imaz, A., Tiraboschi, J. M., Murillo, O., Bolao, F., Peña, C., Cabellos, C., Masó, M., Vila, A., Sala, M., Cervantes, M., Jose Amengual, Ma, Navarro, M., Penelo, E., Barrufet, P., Bejarano, G., Molina, J., Alvaro, M., Mercadal, J., Fernandez, Juanse, Ospina, Jesus E., Muñoz, M. A., Caro-Murillo, A. M., Sobrino, P., Jarrín, I., Gomez Sirvent, J. L., Rodríguez, P., Aleman, M. R., Alonso, M. M., Lopez, A. M., Hernandez, M. I., Soriano, V., Labarga, P., Barreiro, P., Medrano, J., Rivas, P., Herrero, D., Blanco, F., Vispo, M. E., Martín, L., Ramírez, G., De Diego, M., Rubio, R., Pulido, F., Moreno, V., Cepeda, C., Hervás, Rl, Iribarren, J. A., Arrizabalaga, J., Aramburu, M. J., Camino, X., Rodrí-guez-Arrondo, F., Von Wichmann, M. A., Pascual, L., Goenaga, M. A., Gutierrez, F., Masia, M., Ramos, J. M., Padilla, S., Sanchez-Hellín, V., Bernal, E., Escolano, C., Montolio, F., Peral, Y., Berenguer, J., Lopez, J. C., Miralles, P., Cosín, J., Sanchez, M., Gutierrez, I., Ramírez, M., Padilla, B., Vidal, F., Sanjuan, M., Peraire, J., Veloso, S., Vilades, C., Lopez-Dupla, M., Olona, M., Vargas, M., Aldeguer, J. L., Blanes, M., Lacruz, J., Salavert, M., Montero, M., Cuéllar, S., De Los Santos, I., Sanz, J., Oteo, J. A., Blanco, J. R., Ibarra, V., Metola, L., Sanz, M., Pérez-Martínez, L., Sola, J., Uriz, J., Castiello, J., Reparaz, J., Arriaza, M. J., Irigoyen, C., Moreno, S., Antela, A., Casado, J. L., Dronda, F., Moreno, A., Pérez, M. J., López, D., Gutiérrez, C., Hernández, B., Pumares, M., Martí, P., García, L., Page, C., García, F., Hernández, J., Peña, A., Muñoz, L., Parra, J., Viciana, P., Leal, M., López-Cortés, L. F., Trastoy, M., Mata, R., Justice, A. C., Fiellin, D. A., Rimland, D., Jones-Taylor, C., Oursler, K. A., Titanji, R., Brown, S., Garrison, S., Rodriguez-Barradas, M., Masozera, N., Goetz, M., Leaf, D., Simberkoff, M., Blumenthal, D., Leung, J., Butt, A., Hoffman, E., Gibert, C., Peck, R., Mattocks, K., Braithwaite, S., Brandt, C., Bryant, K., Cook, R., Conigliaro, J., Crothers, K., Chang, J., Crystal, S., Day, N., Erdos, J., Freiberg, M., Kozal, M., Gandhi, N., Gaziano, M., Gerschenson, M., Good, B., Gordon, A., Goulet, J. L., Hernán, M. A., Kraemer, K., Lim, J., Maisto, S., Miller, P., Mole, L., O'Connor, P., Papas, R., Robins, J. M., Rinaldo, C., Roberts, M., Samet, J., Tierney, B., Whittle, J., Babiker, A., Brettle, R., Darbyshire, J., Goldberg, D., Hawkins, D., Jaffe, H., Johnson, A., McLean, K., Pillay, D., Cursley, Adam, Ewings, Fiona, Fairbrother, Keith, Louisa Gnatiuc, S. L., Murphy, Brendan, Douglas, G., Kennedy, N., Pritchard, J., Andrady, U., Rajda, N., Maw, R., McKernan, S., Drake, S., Gilleran, G., White, D., Ross, J., Toomer, S., Hewart, R., Wilding, H., Woodward, R., Dean, G., Heald, L., Horner, P., Glover, S., Bansaal, D., Eduards, S., Carne, C., Browing, M., Das, R., Stanley, B., Estreich, S., Magdy, A., O'Mahony, C., Fraser, P., Hayman, B., Jebakumar, S. P.R., Joshi, U., Ralph, S., Wade, A., Mette, R., Lalik, J., Summerfield, H., El-Dalil, A., France, J. A., White, C., Robertson, R., Gordon, S., McMillan, S., Morris, S., Lean, C., Vithayathil, K., McLean, L., Winter, A., Gale, D., Jacobs, S., Tayal, S., Short, L., Green, S., Williams, G., Sivakumar, K., Bhattacharyya, N. D., Monteiro, E., Minton, J., Dhar, J., Nye, F., De Souza, C. B., Isaksen, A., McDonald, L., Franca, A., William, L., Jendrulek, I., Peters, B., Shaunak, S., El-Gadi, S., Easterbrook, P. J., Mazhude, C., Johnstone, R., Fakoya, A., McHale, J., Waters, A., Kegg, S., Mitchell, S., Byrne, P., Rice, P., Fidler, S., Mullaney, S. A., McCormack, S., David, D., Melville, R., Phillip, K., Balachandran, T., Mabey-Puttock, S., Sukthankar, A., Murphy, C., Wilkins, E., Ahmad, S., Haynes, J., Evans, E., Ong, E., Grey, R., Meaden, J., Bignell, C., Loay, D., Peacock, K., Girgis, M. R., Morgan, B., Palfreeman, A., Wilcox, J., Tobin, J., Tucker, L., Saeed, A. M., Chen, F., Deheragada, A., Williams, O., Lacey, H., Herman, S., Kinghorn, D., Devendra, V. S., Wither, J., Dawson, S., Rowen, D., Harvey, J., Bridgwood, A., Singh, G., Chauhan, M., Kellock, D., Young, S., Dannino, S., Kathir, Y., Rooney, G., Currie, J., FitzGerald, M., Devendra, S., Keane, F., Booth, G., Green, T., Arumainayyagam, J., Chandramani, S., Rajamanoharan, S., Robinson, T., Curless, E., Gokhale, R., Tariq, A., Luzzi, G., Fairley, I., Wallis, F., Smit, E., Ward, F., Loze, B., Morlat, P., Bonarek, M., Bonnet, F., Nouts, C., Louis, I., Reliquet, V., Sauser, F., Biron, C., Mounoury, O., Hue, H., Brosseau, D., Ghosn, J., Rannou, M. T., Bergmann, J. F., Badsi, E., Rami, A., Parrinello, M., Samanon-Bollens, D., Campa, P., Tourneur, M., Desplanques, N., Jeanblanc, F., Chiarello, P., Makhloufi, D., Blanc, A. P., Allègre, T., Baillat, V., Lemoing, V., Merle De Boever, C., Tramoni, C., Sobesky, G., Abel, S., Beaujolais, V., Slama, L., Chakvetadze, C., Berrebi, V., Fournier, I., Gerbe, J., Koffi, K., Augustin-Normand, C., Miailhes, P., Thoirain, V., Brochier, C., Souala, F., Ratajczak, M., Beytoux, J., Jacomet, C., Rouveix, E., Morelon, S., Olivier, C., Lortholary, O., Dupont, B., Maignan, A., Ragnaud, J. M., Raymond, I., Leport, C., Jadand, C., Jestin, C., Longuet, P., Boucherit, S., Sereni, D., Lascoux, C., Prevoteau, F., Sobel, A., Levy, Y., Lelievre, J. D., Lascaux, A. S., Dominguez, S., Dumont, C., Aumâitre, H., Delmas, B., Saada, M., Medus, M., Guillevin, L., Tahi, T., Yazdanpanah, Y., Pavel, S., Marien, M. C., Drenou, B., Beck, C., Benomar, M., Tubiana, R., Ait Mohand, H., Chermak, A., Ben Abdallah, S., Touam, F., Drobacheff, C., Folzer, A., Obadia, M., Prudhomme, L., Bonnet, E., Balzarin, F., Pichard, E., Chennebault, J. 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A., Guerrero, R., Rivera, E., Marco, A., Quintana, M., Gonzalez, C., Castilla, J., Guevara, M., De Mendoza, C., Zahonero, N., Ortíz, M., Paraskevis, D., Touloumi, G., Pantazis, N., Bakoyannis, G., Gioukari, V., Antoniadou, A., Papadopoulos, A., Petrikkos, G., Daikos, G., Psichogiou, M., Gargalianos-Kakolyris, P., Xylomenos, G., Katsarou, O., Kouramba, A., Ioannidou, P., Kordossis, T., Kontos, A., Lazanas, M., Chini, M., Tsogas, N., Panos, G., Paparizos, V., Leuow, K., Kourkounti, S., Sambatakou, H., Mariolis, I., Skoutelis, A., Papastamopoulos, V., Baraboutis, I., Internal medicine, APH - Aging & Later Life, Pediatric surgery, CCA - Innovative therapy, ICaR - Circulation and metabolism, ICaR - Ischemia and repair, Graduate School, Paediatric Infectious Diseases / Rheumatology / Immunology, Landsteiner Laboratory, AII - Amsterdam institute for Infection and Immunity, Infectious diseases, Global Health, Center of Experimental and Molecular Medicine, APH - Amsterdam Public Health, AII - Inflammatory diseases, and ARD - Amsterdam Reproduction and Development

Subjects
Adult, Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Adolescent, Opportunistic infection, AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections, Immunology, Population, Retinitis, HIV Infections, Article, 17 Psychology And Cognitive Sciences, Young Adult, Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome, Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active, Neoplasms, Virology, Internal medicine, medicine, Humans, Immunology and Allergy, education, Inverse probability weighting, Aged, education.field_of_study, business.industry, Developed Countries, Incidence, Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, Hazard ratio, HIV, virus diseases, 11 Medical And Health Sciences, Middle Aged, 06 Biological Sciences, medicine.disease, United States, Europe, Infectious Diseases, Anti-Retroviral Agents, Unmasking, Female, Cytomegalovirus retinitis, business
Abstract

Background: There is little information on the incidence of AIDS-defining events which have been reported in the literature to be associated with immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) after combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) initiation. These events include tuberculosis, mycobacterium avium complex (MAC), cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), herpes simplex virus (HSV), Kaposi sarcoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), cryptococcosis and candidiasis.Methods: We identified individuals in the HIV-CAUSAL Collaboration, which includes data from six European countries and the US, who were HIV-positive between 1996 and 2013, antiretroviral therapy naive, aged at least 18 years, hadCD4+ cell count and HIV-RNA measurements and had been AIDS-free for at least 1 month between those measurements and the start of follow-up. For each AIDS-defining event, we estimated the hazard ratio for no cART versus less than 3 and at least 3 months since cART initiation, adjusting for time-varying CD4+ cell count and HIV-RNA via inverse probability weighting.Results: Out of 96 562 eligible individuals (78% men) with median (interquantile range) follow-up of 31 [13,65] months, 55 144 initiated cART. The number of cases varied between 898 for tuberculosis and 113 for PML. Compared with non-cART initiation, the hazard ratio (95% confidence intervals) up to 3 months after cART initiation were 1.21 (0.90-1.63) for tuberculosis, 2.61 (1.05-6.49) for MAC, 1.17 (0.34-4.08) for CMV retinitis, 1.18 (0.62-2.26) for PML, 1.21 (0.83-1.75) for HSV, 1.18 (0.87-1.58) for Kaposi sarcoma, 1.56 (0.82-2.95) for NHL, 1.11 (0.56-2.18) for cryptococcosis and 0.77 (0.40-1.49) for candidiasis.Conclusion: With the potential exception of mycobacterial infections, unmasking IRIS does not appear to be a common complication of cART initiation in high-income countries.

Published
2014

225. Opportunistic infections and AIDS malignancies early after initiating combination antiretroviral therapy in high-income countries

Author

Lodi, S. Del Amo, J. Moreno, S. Bucher, H.C. Furrer, H. Logan, R. Sterne, J. Pérez-Hoyos, S. Jarrín, I. Phillips, A. Olson, A. Van Sighem, A. Reiss, P. Sabin, C. Jose, S. Justice, A. Goulet, J. Miró, J.M. Ferrer, E. Meyer, L. Seng, R. Vourli, G. Antoniadou, A. Dabis, F. Vandenhede, M.-A. Costagliola, D. Abgrall, S. Hernán, M.A. Hernan, M. Bansi, L. Hill, T. Sabin, C. Dunn, D. Porter, K. Glabay, A. Orkin, C. Thomas, R. Jones, K. Fisher, M. Perry, N. Pullin, A. Churchill, D. Gazzard, B. Nelson, M. Asboe, D. Bulbeck, S. Mandalia, S. Clarke, J. Delpech, V. Anderson, J. Munshi, S. Post, F. Easterbrook, P. Khan, Y. Patel, P. Karim, F. Duffell, S. Gilson, R. Man, S.-L. Williams, I. Gompels, M. Dooley, D. Schwenk, A. Ainsworth, J. Johnson, M. Youle, M. Lampe, F. Smith, C. Grabowska, H. Chaloner, C. Ismajani Puradiredja, D. Bansi, L. Hill, T. Phillips, A. Sabin, C. Walsh, J. Weber, J. Kemble, C. Mackie, N. Winston, A. Leen, C. Wilson, A. Bezemer, D.O. Gras, L.A.J. Kesselring, A.M. 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Pillay, D. Cursley, A. Ewings, F. Fairbrother, K. Louisa Gnatiuc, S.L. Murphy, B. Douglas, G. Kennedy, N. Pritchard, J. Andrady, U. Rajda, N. Maw, R. McKernan, S. Drake, S. Gilleran, G. White, D. Ross, J. Toomer, S. Hewart, R. Wilding, H. Woodward, R. Dean, G. Heald, L. Horner, P. Glover, S. Bansaal, D. Eduards, S. Carne, C. Browing, M. Das, R. Stanley, B. Estreich, S. Magdy, A. O'Mahony, C. Fraser, P. Hayman, B. Jebakumar, S.P.R. Joshi, U. Ralph, S. Wade, A. Mette, R. Lalik, J. Summerfield, H. El-Dalil, A. France, J.A. White, C. Robertson, R. Gordon, S. McMillan, S. Morris, S. Lean, C. Vithayathil, K. McLean, L. Winter, A. Gale, D. Jacobs, S. Tayal, S. Short, L. Roberts, M. Green, S. Williams, G. Sivakumar, K. Bhattacharyya, N.D. Monteiro, E. Minton, J. Dhar, J. Nye, F. De Souza, C.B. Isaksen, A. McDonald, L. McLean, K. Franca, A. Hawkins, D. William, L. Jendrulek, I. Peters, B. Shaunak, S. El-Gadi, S. Easterbrook, P.J. Mazhude, C. Gilson, R. Johnstone, R. Fakoya, A. McHale, J. Waters, A. Kegg, S. Mitchell, S. Byrne, P. Johnson, M. Rice, P. Fidler, S. Mullaney, S.A. McCormack, S. David, D. Melville, R. Phillip, K. Balachandran, T. Mabey-Puttock, S. Sukthankar, A. Murphy, C. Wilkins, E. Ahmad, S. Tayal, S. Haynes, J. Evans, E. Ong, E. Das, R. Grey, R. Meaden, J. Bignell, C. Loay, D. Peacock, K. Girgis, M.R. Morgan, B. Palfreeman, A. Wilcox, J. Tobin, J. Tucker, L. Saeed, A.M. Chen, F. Deheragada, A. Williams, O. Lacey, H. Herman, S. Kinghorn, D. Devendra, V.S. Wither, J. Dawson, S. Rowen, D. Harvey, J. Wilkins, E. Bridgwood, A. Singh, G. Chauhan, M. Kellock, D. Young, S. Dannino, S. Kathir, Y. Rooney, G. Currie, J. Fitzgerald, M. Devendra, S. Keane, F. Booth, G. Green, T. Arumainayyagam, J. Chandramani, S. Rajamanoharan, S. Robinson, T. Curless, E. Gokhale, R. Tariq, A. Roberts, M. Williams, O. Luzzi, G. FitzGerald, M. Fairley, I. Wallis, F. Smit, E. Ward, F. Molina, J.M. Loze, B. Morlat, P. Bonarek, M. Bonnet, F. Nouts, C. Louis, I. Raffi, F. Reliquet, V. Sauser, F. Biron, C. Mounoury, O. Hue, H. Brosseau, D. Delfraissy, J.F. Goujard, C. Ghosn, J. Rannou, M.T. Bergmann, J.F. Badsi, E. Rami, A. Diemer, M. Parrinello, M. Girard, P.M. Samanon-Bollens, D. Campa, P. Tourneur, M. Desplanques, N. Livrozet, J.M. Jeanblanc, F. Chiarello, P. Makhloufi, D. Blanc, A.P. Allègre, T. Reynes, J. Baillat, V. Lemoing, V. Merle De Boever, C. Tramoni, C. Cabié, A. Sobesky, G. Abel, S. Beaujolais, V. Pialoux, G. Slama, L. Chakvetadze, C. Berrebi, V. Yeni, P. Bouvet, E. Fournier, I. Gerbe, J. Trepo, C. Koffi, K. Augustin-Normand, C. Miailhes, P. Thoirain, V. Brochier, C. Thomas, R. Souala, F. Ratajczak, M. Beytoux, J. Jacomet, C. Gourdon, F. Rouveix, E. Morelon, S. Dupont, C. Olivier, C. Lortholary, O. Dupont, B. Viard, J.P. Maignan, A. Ragnaud, J.M. Raymond, I. Leport, C. Jadand, C. Jestin, C. Longuet, P. Boucherit, S. Sereni, D. Lascoux, C. Prevoteau, F. Sobel, A. Levy, Y. Lelièvre, J.D. Lascaux, A.S. Dominguez, S. Dumont, C. Aumâitre, H. Delmas, B. Saada, M. Medus, M. Guillevin, L. Salmon, D. Tahi, T. Yazdanpanah, Y. Pavel, S. Marien, M.C. Drenou, B. Beck-Wirth, G. Beck, C. Benomar, M. Katlama, C. Tubiana, R. Ait Mohand, H. Chermak, A. Ben Abdallah, S. Bentata, M. Touam, F. Hoen, B. Drobacheff, C. Folzer, A. Massip, P. Obadia, M. Prudhomme, L. Bonnet, E. Balzarin, F. Pichard, E. Chennebault, J.M. Fialaire, P. Loison, J. Galanaud, P. Boué, F. Bornarel, D. Verdon, R. Bazin, C. Six, M. Ferret, P. Weiss, L. Batisse, D. Gonzales-Canali, G. Tisne-Dessus, D. Devidas, A. Chevojon, P. Turpault, I. Lafeuillade, A. Cheret, A. Philip, G. Morel, P. Timsit, J. Herson, S. Amirat, N. Simon, A. Brancion, C. Cabane, J. Picard, O. Tredup, J. Stein, A. Ravault, I. Chavanet, C. Buisson, M. Treuvetot, S. Choutet, P. Nau, P. Bastides, F. May, T. Boyer, L. Wassoumbou, S. Oksenhendeler, E. Gérard, L. Bernard, L. De Truchis, P. Berthé, H. Domart, Y. Merrien, D. Greder Belan, A. Gayraud, M. Bodard, L. Meudec, A. Beuscart, C. Daniel, C. Pape, E. Vinceneux, P. Simonpoli, A.M. Zeng, A. Fournier, L. Fuzibet, J.G. Sohn, C. Rosenthal, E. Quaranta, M. Dellamonica, P. Chaillou, S. Sabah, M. Audhuy, B. Schieber, A. Moreau, P. Niault, M. Vaillant, O. Huchon, G. Compagnucci, A. De Lacroix Szmania, I. Richier, L. Lamaury, I. Saint-Dizier, F. Garipuy, D. Gastaut, J.A. Drogoul, M.P. Poizot Martin, I. Fabre, G. Lambert De Cursay, G. Abraham, B. Perino, C. Lagarde, P. David, F. Roche-Sicot, J. Saraux, J.L. Leprêtre, A. Fampin, B. Uludag, A. Morin, A.S. Bletry, O. Zucman, D. Regnier, A. Girard, J.J. Quinsat, D.T. Heripret, L. Grihon, F. Houlbert, D. Ruel, M. Chemlal, K. Caron, F. Debab, Y. Tremollieres, F. Perronne, V. Lepeu, G. Slama, B. Perré, P. Miodovski, C. Guermonprez, G. Dulioust, A. Boudon, P. Malbec, D. Patey, O. Semaille, C. Deville, J. Remy, G. Béguinot, I. Galanaud, P. Boue, F. Chambrin, V. Pignon, C. Estocq, G.A. Levy, A. Delfraissy, J.F. Goujard, C. Duracinsky, M. Le Bras, P. Ngussan, M.S. Peretti, D. Medintzeff, N. Lambert, T. Segeral, O. Lezeau, P. Laurian, Y. Weiss, L. Buisson, M. Piketty, C. Karmochkine, M. Batisse, D. Eliaszewitch, M. Jayle, D. Tisne-Dessus, D. Kazatchkine, M. Leport, C. Colasante, U. Jadand, C. Jestin, C. Duval, X. Nouaouia, W. Boucherit, S. Vilde, J.L. Girard, P.M. Bollens, D. Binet, D. Diallo, B. Meyohas, M.C. Fonquernie, L. Lagneau, J.L. Salmon, D. Guillevin, L. Tahi, T. Launay, O. Pietrie, M.P. Sicard, D. Stieltjes, N. Michot, J. Sobel, A. Levy, Y. Bourdillon, F. Lascaux, A.S. Lelievre, J.D. Dumont, C. Dupont, B. Obenga, G. Viard, J.P. Maignan, A. Vittecoq, D. Escaut, L. Bolliot, C. Bricaire, F. Katlama, C. Schneider, L. Herson, S. Simon, A. Iguertsira, M. Stein, A. Tomei, C. Ravaux, I. Dhiver, C. Tissot Dupont, H. Vallon, A. Gallais, J. Gallais, H. Gastaut, J.A. Drogoul, M.P. Fabre, G. Dellamonica, P. Durant, J. Mondain, V. Perbost, I. Cassuto, J.P. Karsenti, J.M. Venti, H. Fuzibet, J.G. Rosenthal, E. Ceppi, C. Quaranta, M. Krivitsky, J.A. Bentata, M. Bouchaud, O. Honore, P. Sereni, D. Lascoux, C. Delgado, J. Rouzioux, C. Burgard, M. Boufassa, L. Peynet, J. Pérez-Hoyos, S. Del Amo, J. Alvarez, D. Monge, S. Muga, R. Sanvisens, A. Clotet, B. Tor, J. Bolao, F. Rivas, I. Vallecillo, G. Del Romero, J. Raposo, P. Rodríguez, C. Vera, M. Hurtado, I. Belda, J. Fernandez, E. Alastrue, I. Santos, C. Tasa, T. Juan, A. Trullen, J. Garcia De Olalla, P. Cayla, J. Masdeu, E. Knobel, H. Mirò, J.M. Sambeat, M.A. Guerrero, R. Rivera, E. Guerrero, R. Marco, A. Quintana, M. Gonzalez, C. Castilla, J. Guevara, M. De Mendoza, C. Zahonero, N. Ortíz, M. Paraskevis, D. Touloumi, G. Pantazis, N. Bakoyannis, G. Gioukari, V. Antoniadou, A. Papadopoulos, A. Petrikkos, G. Daikos, G. Psichogiou, M. Gargalianos-Kakolyris, P. Xylomenos, G. Katsarou, O. Kouramba, A. Ioannidou, P. Kordossis, T. Kontos, A. Lazanas, M. Chini, M. Tsogas, N. Panos, G. Paparizos, V. Leuow, K. Kourkounti, S. Sambatakou, H. Mariolis, I. Skoutelis, A. Papastamopoulos, V. Baraboutis, I. The HIV-CAUSAL Collaboration

Subjects
virus diseases
Abstract

Background: There is little information on the incidence of AIDS-defining events which have been reported in the literature to be associated with immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) after combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) initiation. These events include tuberculosis, mycobacterium avium complex (MAC), cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), herpes simplex virus (HSV), Kaposi sarcoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), cryptococcosis and candidiasis. Methods: We identified individuals in the HIV-CAUSAL Collaboration, which includes data from six European countries and the US, who were HIV-positive between 1996 and 2013, antiretroviral therapy naive, aged at least 18 years, hadCD4+ cell count and HIV-RNA measurements and had been AIDS-free for at least 1 month between those measurements and the start of follow-up. For each AIDS-defining event, we estimated the hazard ratio for no cART versus less than 3 and at least 3 months since cART initiation, adjusting for time-varying CD4+ cell count and HIV-RNA via inverse probability weighting. Results: Out of 96 562 eligible individuals (78% men) with median (interquantile range) follow-up of 31 [13,65] months, 55 144 initiated cART. The number of cases varied between 898 for tuberculosis and 113 for PML. Compared with non-cART initiation, the hazard ratio (95% confidence intervals) up to 3 months after cART initiation were 1.21 (0.90-1.63) for tuberculosis, 2.61 (1.05-6.49) for MAC, 1.17 (0.34-4.08) for CMV retinitis, 1.18 (0.62-2.26) for PML, 1.21 (0.83-1.75) for HSV, 1.18 (0.87-1.58) for Kaposi sarcoma, 1.56 (0.82-2.95) for NHL, 1.11 (0.56-2.18) for cryptococcosis and 0.77 (0.40-1.49) for candidiasis. Conclusion: With the potential exception of mycobacterial infections, unmasking IRIS does not appear to be a common complication of cART initiation in high-income countries. © 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

Published
2014

226. Development of an algorithm as an implementation model for a wound management formulary across a UK health economy

Author

Stephen-Haynes J

Subjects
Wound Healing, Nursing (miscellaneous), Models, Statistical, integumentary system, business.industry, Process (engineering), Best practice, Cost-Benefit Analysis, Health economy, GeneralLiterature_MISCELLANEOUS, State Medicine, United Kingdom, Variety (cybernetics), Benchmarking, Wound management, Health care, Medicine, Humans, Wounds and Injuries, Fundamentals and skills, Formulary, business, Algorithm, Algorithms, Tissue viability
Abstract

This article outlines a strategic process for the evaluation of wound management products and the development of an algorithm as an implementation model for wound management. Wound management is an increasingly complex process given the variety of interactive dressings and other devices available. This article discusses the procurement process, access to wound management dressings and the use of wound management formularies within the UK. We conclude that the current commissioners of tissue viability within healthcare organisations need to adopt a proactive approach to ensure appropriate formulary evaluation and product selection, in order to achieve the most beneficial clinical and financial outcomes.

Published
2013

231. Conclusions and Recommendations

Author

Rouquerol, J., primary, Avnir, D., additional, Fairbridge, C. W., additional, Everett, D. H., additional, Haynes, J. H., additional, Pernicone, N., additional, Ramsay, J. D. F., additional, Sing, K. S. W., additional, and Unger, K. K., additional

Published
2016
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233. Description of a Porous Solid

Author

Rouquerol, J., primary, Avnir, D., additional, Fairbridge, C. W., additional, Everett, D. H., additional, Haynes, J. H., additional, Pernicone, N., additional, Ramsay, J. D. F., additional, Sing, K. S. W., additional, and Unger, K. K., additional

Published
2016
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235. The role of the parietal cortex in the representation of task–reward associations

Author

Wisniewski, D, Reverberi, C, Momennejad, I, Kahnt, T, Haynes, J, Wisniewski, D, Reverberi, C, Momennejad, I, Kahnt, T, and Haynes, J

Abstract

Rewards obtained from specific behaviors can and do change across time. To adapt to such conditions, humans need to represent and update associations between behaviors and their outcomes. Much previous work focused on how rewards affect the processing of specific tasks. However, abstract associations between multiple potential behaviors and multiple rewards are an important basis for adaptation as well. In this experiment, we directly investigated which brain areas represent associations between multiple tasks and rewards, using time-resolved multivariate pattern analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging data. Importantly, we were able to dissociate neural signals reflecting task–reward associations from those related to task preparation and reward expectation processes, variables that were often correlated in previous research. We hypothesized that brain regions involved in processing tasks and/or rewards will be involved in processing associations between them. Candidate areas included the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, which is involved in associating simple actions and rewards, and the parietal cortex, which has been shown to represent task rules and action values. Our results indicate that local spatial activation patterns in the inferior parietal cortex indeed represent task–reward associations. Interestingly, the parietal cortex flexibly changes its content of representation within trials. It first represents task–reward associations, later switching to process tasks and rewards directly. These findings highlight the importance of the inferior parietal cortex in associating behaviors with their outcomes and further show that it can flexibly reconfigure its function within single trials.

Published
2015

236. Medial prefrontal cortex predicts internally driven strategy shifts

Author

Schuck, N, Gaschler, R, Wenke, D, Heinzle, J, Frensch, P, Haynes, J, Reverberi, C, Schuck, N, Gaschler, R, Wenke, D, Heinzle, J, Frensch, P, Haynes, J, and Reverberi, C

Abstract

Many daily behaviors require us to actively focus on the current task and ignore all other distractions. Yet, ignoring everything else might hinder the ability to discover new ways to achieve the same goal. Here, we studied the neural mechanisms that support the spontaneous change to better strategies while an established strategy is executed. Multivariate neuroimaging analyses showed that before the spontaneous change to an alternative strategy, medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) encoded information that was irrelevant for the current strategy butnecessary for the later strategy. Importantly, this neural effect was related to future behavioralchanges: information encoding in MPFC was changed only in participants who eventually switched their strategy and started before the actual strategy change. This allowed us to predict spontaneous strategy shifts ahead of time. These findings suggest that MPFC might internally simulate alternative strategies and shed new light on the organization of PFC.

Published
2015

237. FMRI decoding of intentions: Compositionality, hierarchy and prospective memory

Author

Haynes, J, Wisniewski, D, Gorgen, K, Momennejad, I, Reverberi, F, REVERBERI, FRANCO CARLO, Haynes, J, Wisniewski, D, Gorgen, K, Momennejad, I, Reverberi, F, and REVERBERI, FRANCO CARLO

Abstract

In recent years multivariate decoding has allowed to test where and how mental representations can be decoded from neuroimaging signals, which sheds light on how these representations are encoded in the brain. In one line of experiments, we investigated how intentions are encoded in fMRI signals, thus revealing information in medial and lateral prefrontal regions. These informative neural representations were even present prior to the person's awareness of their chosen intention. In comparison, for cued intentions we found information predominantly in lateral, but not medial prefrontal cortex. Intention coding in prefrontal cortex followed a compositional code and could also be observed across extended delays during which participants were busy performing other tasks. Taken together, our results suggest a systematic, compositional and hierarchical code in prefrontal cortex which intentions are encoded across delays while the mind is busy working on other tasks.

Published
2015

238. The Neural Representation of Voluntary Task-Set Selection in Dynamic Environments

Author

Wisniewski, D, Reverberi, C, Tusche, A, Haynes, J, Wisniewski, D, Reverberi, C, Tusche, A, and Haynes, J

Abstract

When choosing actions, humans have to balance carefully between different task demands. On the one hand, they should perform tasks repeatedly to avoid frequent and effortful switching between different tasks. On the other hand, subjects have to retain their flexibility to adapt to changes in external task demands such as switching away from an increasingly difficult task. Here, we developed a difficulty-based choice task to investigate how subjects voluntarily select task-sets in predictably changing environments. Subjects were free to choose 1 of the 3 task-sets on a trial-by-trial basis, while the task difficulty changed dynamically over time. Subjects self-sequenced their behavior in this environment while we measured brain responses with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Using multivariate decoding, we found that task choices were encoded in the medial prefrontal cortex (dorso-medial prefrontal cortex, dmPFC, and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, dACC). The same regions were found to encode task difficulty, a major factor influencing choices. Importantly, the present paradigm allowed us to disentangle the neural code for task choices and task difficulty, ensuring that activation patterns in dmPFC/dACC independently encode these 2 factors. This finding provides new evidence for the importance of the dmPFC/dACC for task-selection and motivational functions in highly dynamic environments.

Published
2015

246. Subliminal and supraliminal processing of reward-related stimuli in anorexia nervosa.

Author

Boehm, I., King, J. A., Bernardoni, F., Geisler, D., Seidel, M., Ritschel, F., Goschke, T., Haynes, J.-D., Roessner, V., and Ehrlich, S.

Subjects
ANOREXIA nervosa, CONTROL (Psychology), AGE distribution, COGNITION, EVOKED potentials (Electrophysiology), FOOD, HEMODYNAMICS, LEANNESS, MAGNETIC resonance imaging, OCCIPITAL lobe, PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY, REWARD (Psychology), TEMPORAL lobe, ATTENTIONAL bias, DIAGNOSIS
Abstract

BackgroundPrevious studies have highlighted the role of the brain reward and cognitive control systems in the etiology of anorexia nervosa (AN). In an attempt to disentangle the relative contribution of these systems to the disorder, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate hemodynamic responses to reward-related stimuli presented both subliminally and supraliminally in acutely underweight AN patients and age-matched healthy controls (HC).MethodsfMRI data were collected from a total of 35 AN patients and 35 HC, while they passively viewed subliminally and supraliminally presented streams of food, positive social, and neutral stimuli. Activation patterns of the group×stimulation condition×stimulus type interaction were interrogated to investigate potential group differences in processing different stimulus types under the two stimulation conditions. Moreover, changes in functional connectivity were investigated using generalized psychophysiological interaction analysis.ResultsAN patients showed a generally increased response to supraliminally presented stimuli in the inferior frontal junction (IFJ), but no alterations within the reward system. Increased activation during supraliminal stimulation with food stimuli was observed in the AN group in visual regions including superior occipital gyrus and the fusiform gyrus/parahippocampal gyrus. No group difference was found with respect to the subliminal stimulation condition and functional connectivity.ConclusionIncreased IFJ activation in AN during supraliminal stimulation may indicate hyperactive cognitive control, which resonates with clinical presentation of excessive self-control in AN patients. Increased activation to food stimuli in visual regions may be interpreted in light of an attentional food bias in AN. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2018
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