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The article discusses a mathematical model of a hybrid system that combines photovoltaic and thermoelectric methods for converting concentrated solar energy into electrical energy. The specified mathematical model makes it possible to determine the temperatures of the photovoltaic module, as well as the temperature of the electrodes of the thermoelectric generator module. Optimal operating conditions have been determined for the hybrid system, taking into account the thermal contact resistance at the hot and cold sides of the thermoelectric generator. The simulation proceeded from the fact that only part of the absorbed solar radiation is converted into electricity due to the photoelectric effect, some part is lost due to radiation and convection from the upper surface of the photovoltaic module into the environment, and the rest is transferred to a thermoelectric generator connected to the lower part. photovoltaic module. A thermoelectric generator converts some of the thermal energy it receives from the photovoltaic module into electricity through the Seebeck effect, but most of it goes to the cooling system. The conversion of heat into electrical energy was based on the well-known Seebeck and Peltier effects. Along with these effects, such effects were taken into account as the formation of Joule heat due to the presence of electric current in the thermoelectric generator, Fourier thermal conductivity, as a consequence of the appearance of a temperature gradient in the transitions of a thermoelectric generator and Thomson heat, which arises both due to the presence of a temperature gradient, and electric current. The resulting model of the hybrid system makes it possible to study the effect of changing the temperature difference between the hot and cold electrodes of the thermoelectric generator and the resistance of the external circuit on the performance of the hybrid system. The model also allows the determination of the optimal operating conditions for the hybrid system, taking into account the thermal contact resistance on the hot and cold sides of the thermoelectric generator.

Today, in order to meet the increasing energy needs, sustainable and renewable energy production methods are needed in addition to the existing energy sources. Especially taking into consideration the husbandry potential of our country, biogas and energy production through the use of animal waste have emerged as an efficient alternative of production. In this study, the amount of electrical energy that can be produced using cattle manure in the Isparta region was calculated. The husbandry data used in these calculations were obtained from the database of the Turkish Statistical Institute. The potential amount of manure that can be obtained from all of the cattle in the Isparta region was determined as 1,117,002.08 tons. The amount of existing potential manure that can be collected and used for electricity generation was determined as 558,501.03 tons. The amount of biogas to be obtained as a result of the use of animal manure in biogas plants was determined as 12,815,682.93 m3. The amount of electrical energy that can be produced by using the obtained biogas was calculated as 60,233.71 MW. This electrical energy, obtained as a result of the calculations, will be able to meet 6.00% of the electricity needs of Isparta Province annually.

Nowadays, geothermal is one of the most environmentally friendly energy that can replace the role of fossils energy by converting steam to electricity. Brine is one of the by-products of the production of geothermal wells that are generally not used or simply re-injected. In fact, brine can be converted into electricity using the binary cycle process. In binary cycle, brine from separator is used as a heater of working fluid and transform it into a vapor phase. The vapor will be used to turn turbines and generators to produce electricity. The working fluid selection in accordance with the heating fluid temperature becomes important because it results in optimization of the thermodynamic cycle. The temperature of the wellhead in the geothermal field will decrease 3% per year and reducing the heating fluid temperature in heat exchanger. So, in this paper intends to utilizes brine to heat the heat exchanger by using iso-butane, n-pentane, and iso-pentane because its critical temperature can be stable at 193℃ wellhead temperatures. From the results of predictions from brain 2 production well for 17 years with iso-butane in this binary cycle planning, can utilize waste brine water separator to converse electric energy to produce 4 MWh electricity.

The actual problem of an adequate mathematical description of the world development global processes trends is studied on the example of the Earth population growth and the production (consumption) of the electric energy. Various models used to describe the past, present and future of the various processes in nature, technology and economics are considered. It is shown that these processes are well described by the equations obtained during solving differential models with exponentially growth rates decaying in time. These models take into account the currently accepted doctrine of sustainable development of the world system using energy saving technologies, preserving environmental safety and using renewable energy sources. The similarity of the studied global processes and the possibility of their description by one criterion equation are established. At the same time their dynamics is characterized by different speeds. The first period is characterized by a rapid growth. After the inflection point the growth rates slow down but the volumes increase significantly and a gradual saturation occurs. The influence of the model parameters on the character of the studied processes on the phase plane is estimated which significantly simplifies their analysis. It is shown that the process of the world population growth passed the inflection point in 1990 and is 29 years ahead of the world electricity production growth. But the growth rates of electricity production and its consumption per capita are significantly higher. Thus, new mathematical models are proposed to describe the dynamic series of the Earth population growth, world production and electric energy consumption per capita. The obtained mathematical models have been in good agreement with statistical data for 60 years since 1960 and have high values of the determination coefficient. The studied processes prediction for the long-term period up to 2050 was made with their help. The results of the prediction do not contradict the results of other authoritative studies using the global processes inertial development model.

The purpose of this article is to examine the correlations between greenhouse gas (GHG) by CO2eq emissions and the use of electricity on the Praia Vermelha campus of the Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF) located in Brazil. The study favors understanding and management for the sustainability of the campus operations. The research used electricity consumption data from 2017 to 2019 and quantitative and qualitative data collected in 2020, through online research applied at Praia Vermelha campus. An exploratory and descriptive study, providing familiarity with the problem and deepening knowledge about the phenomenon, seeking a correlation between variables and proposing reflections. We observed a reduction in electricity consumption on the campus in the period surveyed from 2017 to 2019, however, there wasn’t proportional and significant reduction CO2eq emissions in the period between 2018 until 2019. During this period occurred fluctuations in the dispatches of the different power generating plants, considering renewables and fossils sources. We also found that most of survey respondents agree with to implementation of incentive programs and the dissemination of information about GHG emissions on campus to promote the engagement of the academic environment in the efficient use of electricity. We found few peer-reviewed studies dealing with GHG emissions generated in South American universities. Through a bibliographic review, we investigated the commitment of the universities to sustainability and the management of efficient use of electric energy, as well as the methodology for calculating indirect GHG emissions, in CO2eq, related to purchase energy from the System National Interconnected System (SIN) of Brazil.

Smart Grid (SG) systems involves large Information Communication Technology (ICT) infrastructure integrated with the power grid system to allow bidirectional flows of information, for effectiveness and to provide economic and sustainable processes that facilitates constant electricity supplies. As a result of open IoT used in smart grid infrastructure, electricity generation and distribution information are getting more vulnerable to online threats. The need to find effective and mitigating measures to the vulnerability and threats in the systems. As broadband network moves from 4G to 5G networks with its attendant advantages, smart grid interoperability will require a well-structured security strategy to avert cyber-attacks and ensure grid security. Cyber-attack issues are critical factors that need to be understood and mitigating techniques developed to ensure the smooth running of smart grid systems. Research has shown that severe vulnerabilities in the implementation of the smart meter pose a threat to grid infrastructure, as such, it is only when these issues are resolved that we can have a sustainable and realistic smart grid technology. This study addressed these concerns by developing a conceptual model for the mitigation of security vulnerabilities in IoT-based smart grid electric energy distribution systems.

Os serviços de alimentação institucionais devem ga-rantir o fornecimento de uma alimentação segura e de qualidade para os usuários e ao mesmo tempo ser ambientalmente responsável com o uso dos recur-sos naturais. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o desempenho ambiental e as condições higienicos-sanitárias relacionados à produção de refeições em Restaurantes Institucionais (RI) de ensino público em um estado do nordeste brasileiro. A pesquisa caracterizou-se como descritiva exploratória de na-tureza transversal/observacional, realizada em seis restaurantes de instituições de ensino público, sen-do 3 restaurantes universitários e 3 restaurantes de institutos de ensino médio técnico. O desempenho ambiental foi avaliado por meio de um instrumento que abordava o uso de água, energia elétrica, gás, produtos químicos e gestão de resíduos. Para a ava-liação das condições higienicossanitárias nos RI foi utilizada uma lista de verificação contemplando instalações, processos, documentação e registros referente às boas práticas de manipulação dos ali-mentos. Os resultados mostraram que, em relação ao desempenho ambiental, todos os RI alcançaram um escore percentual classificado como bom ou muito bom (60,5 a 86,5%). Gestão de resíduos e uso de energia elétrica obtiveram respectivamente o me-lhor e pior percentual médio de adequação. Em re-lação às condições higienicossanitárias, a média de adequação geral dos IR variou entre 47,3% a 91,7%, sendo o item documentação e registro o que obteve menor adequação em todos os restaurantes. Institutional food services must guarantee the provision of safe and quality food for users and at the same time be environmentally responsible with the use of natural resources. This study aimed to evaluate the environmental performance and the hygienic-sanitary conditions related to the production of meals in Institutional Restaurants (IR) of public education in a state of northeastern Brazil. The research was cha-racterized as exploratory descriptive of a transversal/observational nature, performed in six restaurants of public education institutions, 3 university restaurants and 3 restaurants of technical high school ins-titutes. Environmental performance was assessed using an instrument that addressed the use of water, electricity, gas, chemicals and waste management. For the evaluation of hygienic-sanitary conditions in the IR, a checklist was used, including facilities, processes, documentation and records regarding good food handling practices. The results showed that, in relation to environmental performance, all IR reached a percentage score classified as good or very good (60.5 to 86.5%). Waste management and use of electric energy obtained the best and worst average percentage of adequacy, respectively. In relation to hygienic--sanitary conditions, the average of the general adequacy of the IRs ranged from 47.3% to 91.7%, with the item documentation and registration having the lowest adequacy in all restaurants. Os servicios alimentarios institucionales deben garantizar la provisión de alimentos inocuos y de calidad para los usuarios y al mismo tiempo ser ambientalmente responsables con el uso de los re-cursos naturales. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar el desempeño ambiental y las condicio-nes higiénico-sanitarias relacionadas con la producción de comidas en Restaurantes Institucionales (RI) de educación pública en un estado del noreste de Brasil. La investigación se caracterizó por ser descriptiva exploratoria de carácter transversal/observacional, realizada en seis restaurantes de ins-tituciones de educación pública, siendo 3 restaurantes universitarios y 3 restaurantes de institutos técnicos. El desempeño ambiental se evaluó mediante un instrumento que abordó el uso del agua, electricidad, gas, químicos y manejo de desechos. Para la evaluación de las condiciones higiénico--sanitarias en el RI, se utilizó una lista de verificación, que incluye instalaciones, procesos, documen-tación y registros sobre buenas prácticas de manipulación de alimentos. Los resultados mostraron que, en relación al desempeño ambiental, todos los RI alcanzaron un puntaje porcentual clasificado como bueno o muy bueno (60,5 hasta 86,5%). La gestión de residuos y el uso de energía eléctrica obtuvieron el mejor y el peor porcentaje medio de adecuación, respectivamente. En cuanto a las condiciones higiénico-sanitarias, el promedio de adecuación general del RI osciló entre el 47,3% y el 91,7%, siendo la documentación y registro del ítem el menos adecuado en todos los restaurantes.

The influence of distortions in voltage and current waveforms on state-of-the-art single-phase and three-phase power meters, commonly used in the utility power system of the Slovak Republic, was studied. A computer-controlled test system capable of generating nonsinusoidal voltages and currents and a reference power quality analyzer were used for this purpose. The results of the experiments on several revenue meters are presented. Some samples exhibited high errors under the tests, while the others operated within their tolerance limit. The overview of the current standards and previously published related studies on the operation of electric energy measuring equipment under determined and random nonsinusoidal conditions is given. The discussion including possible explanations of the phenomenon supervised under the conducted tests is provided.

There are a number of technical solutions to utilize the waste gases of electric arc furnaces (EAF) for scrap preheating thus returning back the heat into the technological process. The waste gases can be utilized also for steam or hot water production. The preliminary scrap heating before charging it into EAF is more perspective. Technical features of various types scrap heaters considered, including conveyer and shaft scrap heating technologies with continuous (Contiarc, Consteel, Comelt, BBC-Brusa) and periodic charging (Fuchs Systemtechnik, COSS, backet). It was shown that application of scrap heaters for EAF ensures saving of electric energy, increase of metal yield, decrease of dust and gases level in the shop, decrease of negative impact on environment. The disadvantages include frequent and costly repairs of the facilities, impossibility to control some factors having effect on the process of scrap heating. It was shown that when designing new EAFs with a charge exceeding 100 t, horizontal facilities are more preferrable, while for EAFs of small volumes shaft heaters suit better. At EAF modernizing it is recommended to use shaft heaters and back­et-thermos, since it is easier to construct a vertical furnace than a horizontal one with minimal length of 100 m. It was noted that hor­izontal heaters operate better in terms of technology, since ensure continuous charging by scrap, but at that occupy a considerable space in the shop. When comparing vertical heaters and backet by all the characteristics including heat-engineering and designingones, vertical shaft heaters prevail.

Energy is the bridge connecting the economy and the environment and electric energy is an important guarantee for social production. In order to respond to the national dual-carbon goals, a new power system is being constructed. Effective carbon emission forecasts of power energy are essential to achieve a significant guarantee for low carbon and clean production of electric power energy. We analyzed the influencing factors of carbon emissions, such as population, per capita gross domestic product (GDP), urbanization rate, industrial structure, energy consumption, energy structure, regional electrification rate, and degree of opening to the outside world. The original Stochastic Impacts by Regression on Population, Affluence, and Technology (STIRPAT) model was improved, and the above influencing factors were incorporated into the model for modeling analysis. The ridge regression algorithm was adopted to analyze the biased estimation of historical data. The carbon emission prediction model of Shanghai electric power and energy based on elastic relationship was established. According to the “14th Five-Year” development plan for the Shanghai area, we set up the impact factor forecast under different scenarios to substitute into the forecast models. The new model can effectively assess the carbon emissions of the power sector in Shanghai in the future.

Predstavitev procesa rudarjenja kriptovalut, ki je energetsko potraten proces, s poudarkom na porabi električne energije ter posledičnem vplivu na okolje. An introduction to the energy-intensive process of cryptocurrency mining, with a focus on electricity consumption and the resulting impact on the environment.

Obnovljivi viri energije predstavljajo prihodnost energetike. Glavna prednost obnovljivih virov je predvsem njihov vpliv na okolje. Zanimanje po vključevanju elektrarn na obnovljive vire v elektroenergetske sisteme se veča. Ob kombinaciji s konvencionalnimi elektrarnami elektroenergetski sistemi obratujejo normalno. Zaradi nestanovitnosti vetrne in sončne energije, pospešeno vključevanje teh elektrarn predstavlja številne izzive, ki jih rešujemo in jih bo potrebno upoštevati že v bližnji prihodnosti. Namen diplomskega dela je preučiti zmožnost pokrivanja porabe električne energije v izbranem okolju z obnovljivimi viri energije (OVE). Izbrali smo območje Gorenjske regije, ter se vprašali, kako realno bi bilo proizvesti vso potrebno energijo le z OVE v časovnem okviru 1.leta. Diplomskega dela smo se lotili tako, da smo si pridobili pomembne podatke za izračun proizvodnje električne energije iz OVE. To so bili vremenski podatki, saj imajo ti največji vpliv na OVE. S pomočjo omenjenih podatkov smo v programu MATLAB izvedli več vrst simulacij. Ugotovitve, do katerih smo prišli pa so naslednje. Električna energija, ki bi jo proizvedle sončne elektrarne na Gorenjskem, bi teoretično zadoščale porabi, vendar le ob idealnih vremenskih pogojih. Problem je, da vremenski pogoji skozi celo leto ne bodo idealni. Ena od rešitev je izgradnja vetrnih elektrarn. A Gorenjska regija ni primerna za izgradnjo teh, saj je hitrost samega vetra premajhna, da bi vetrne elektrarne dovolj delovale. Druga rešitev bi bila uporaba velikega števila velikih energijskih hranilnikov. A se tudi tu pojavi problem, saj so potrebne velike količine energije, ki je potrebno shraniti. Še ena možnost bi bila uporaba konvencionalnih virov energije v kombinaciji z OVE, ko proizvodnja električne energije ne zadošča porabi. Na koncu smo prišli do ugotovitev, da v realni situaciji vetrne in sončne elektrarne ne proizvedejo dovolj električne energije za Gorenjsko regijo. Renewable energy sources resemble the future of energetics. Their main advantage is their effect on the environment. That is also the reason why renewable source power plants are becoming increasingly more popular. In combination with conventional power plants, the power systems are operating normally. Due to the inconstancy of wind and solar energy there are many challenges that hinder rapid incorporation of wind and solar based power plants. We are currently in the process of solving these challenges. The purpose of this thesis is to study the ability to cover the use of electric energy in a set environment using renewable energy sources. We picked the Gorenjska region and asked ourselves how realistic it would be to generate all required energy using only renewable energy sources during a time span of a year. We started this thesis by gathering important information in order to calculate renewable energy production. The information is weather based, as it has the most influence over renewable energy sources. With the gathered data we carried out numerous simulations in MATLAB. The conclusions we have reached are as follows. Electric energy produced by solar power plants in Gorenjska could theoretically cover the energy demand assuming ideal weather conditions. Such conditions are not present during the entire year. One of the solutions is the construction of wind-based power plants. The problem is a wind speed in Gorenjska region. It is too slow for the the wind turbines. The other solution is to use many energy storage systems, but the amounts of energy storage are extremely large. Another solution is the use of conventional energy sources in combination with renewable energy sources, when electric energy production does not meet the demand. In the end, we concluded, that solar and wind power plants do not produce enough electric energy for Gorenjska region.

Introducción: en pleno siglo XXI, cuando parte de la humanidad ya está enfocada en resolver el misterio de si hay vida en Marte, se hace impensable como Colombia aún tiene ocho capitales sin cobertura al 100% de las redes eléctricas de sus territorios. Cartagena es una de ellas. Los otros son Quibdó (Chocó), Leticia (Amazonas), San Andrés (Archipiélago de San Andrés), Inírida (Guainía), San José del Guaviare (Guaviare), Mitú (Vaupés) y Puerto Carreño (Vichada). Estas capitales tienen hoy problemas para proveer de electricidad a todos sus habitantes generando así una serie de dificultades en la calidad de vida de estas personas (Baquero, Cárdenas & Fulano, 2021). Por otro lado, la Asociación Colombiana de Productores de Energía Eléctrica (Acolgen) establece que alrededor de 470.000 hogares en Colombia no tienen acceso a los servicios de energía eléctrica. Es por ello por lo que tomando como referencia el promedio de cuatro personas por hogar, se estima que al menos 2,5 millones de colombianos viven sin energía eléctrica (Cardona & Andrade, 2021). Añadido a esto según el Ministerio de Minas y Energía de Colombia, se necesitarían más de $4.300 millones para expandir el suministro eléctrico en todo el país y poco más de 10 años para lograr dicha meta. Además de las capitales, existen 1.710 localidades rurales en Colombia donde se estima que 128.587 personas acceden al servicio solo entre cuatro y 12 horas al día (Amado, Barrera & Guzmán, 2021). Diversos son los argumentos para justificar el atraso de este nivel de accesibilidad siendo el más común la dificultad geográfica para extender líneas eléctricas así mismo también se establece que la producción de energía eléctrica con diésel es muy costosa para que el usuario obtenga y pague el servicio en las zonas donde los ingresos son mínimos o incluso nulos. Las zonas más afectadas son las más alejadas, incluso en algunos departamentos donde hay concentración de la demanda, como Cundinamarca, Boyacá y Tolima (Ramírez, 2021). En ese sentido, se buscan alternativas porque es muy costoso instalar energía eléctrica en las zonas más remotas e inaccesibles del país. Se están explorando otras alternativas. Por ejemplo, paneles solares u otras fuentes de energía que les permitan acceder a una mejor calidad de vida (Ballen, 2021). INTRODUCCIÓN ...….................................................................... 10 2. RESUMEN EJECUTIVO ......................................................... 13 3. REFERENTE TEÓRICO Y CONCEPTUAL ................................................................. 14 3.1. Referente Teórico ............................................. 14 3.2 Referente Conceptual..........................................................15 4.1 PRODUCTO.......................................17 4.1.2 Usos.....................................18 4.1.3 Productos sustitutos.............................................................18 4.1.4 Productos Complementarios.........................................................18 4.2. Usuarios o Consumidores..................................................19 4.3 Delimitación del área geográfica............................................19 4.4 Análisis de la demanda.....................................................20 4.4.1 Calculo tamaño de la muestra.......................................................20 4.4.2 Análisis de la Demanda.......................................................21 4.4.3 Calculo de la demanda actual...........................................................22 4.4.4 Proyección de la demanda.........................................................22 4.5 Análisis de La Oferta....................................................23 4.5.1 Análisis de la Oferta...........................................................23 4.6 Determinación del tipo de demanda Existente y proyectada............................................................23 4.7 Análisis de Precios.................................................24 4.8 Canales de Comercialización.................................................24 4.8 Estrategias de Publicidad............................................................25 4.9 Imagen Corporativa – Logo..............................................26 5. MODULOS TÉCNICO Y ORGANIZACIONAL..................................................26 5.1 Tamaño del Proyecto.................................................26 5.2 Localización....................................................27 5.2.1 Macrolocalizacion..................................................27 5.2.2 Microlocalizacion..............................................................27 5.3 Distribución en planta....................................................28 5.5 Naturaleza Jurídica.................................................29 5.6 Misión......................................29 5.7 Visión...............................29 5.8 Organigrama...............................................30 5.9 Manual de Funciones........................................................30 6. MÓDULOS DE IMPACTO SOCIAL, ECONÓMICO Y AMBIENTAL...............................................38 7. MODULO FINANCIERO..............................................40 7.1 INVERSIONES.....................................................40 7.2 COSTOS OPERACIONALES..................................................41 7.3 CALCULO PRECIO DE VENTA Y PUNTO DE EQUILIBRIO........................................................................46 7.4 PROYECCIONES FINANCIERAS.....................................................47 7.5 FLUJO DEL PROYECTO.....................................49 7.5 EVALUACIÓN FINANCIERA...........................................49 8. FUENTES DE FINANCIACIÓN.......................................................51 9. CONCLUSIONES...............................................52 10. RECOMENDACIONES..................................................53 11. REFERENCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS....................................................54 12. ANEXOS........................................56 ANEXO 1. ANÁLISIS ESTUDIO DE MERCADO...................................................56 Pregrado Administrador(a) en Finanzas y Negocios Internacionales Creación de Empresa

At this time, almost all Public Street Lights (PJU) still use the type of mercury and SON-T lamps, even though the mercury and SON-T lamps absorb a considerable amount of electricity. Public street lighting is usually on almost all nights, and this is a waste of electricity. Public street lighting is usually on most nights and thus is a waste of electricity. Usually, when it is past midnight, the streets are quiet, so the street lighting should be reduced in intensity to save electricity. Based on this problem, this research uses an experimental method (Experiment) to create a design to make efforts in saving electricity. The method used includes electrical and systematic design. The steps taken include the stage of literature research, designing, manufacturing hardware and software, integrating the system, and testing and analyzing the system. Considering these theories, we can know the programming of the microcontroller ATMega 328, Photocell Sensor, PIR Sensor, LED Lights, and Power Supply. This research using several tests, including testing Photocell Sensor, PIR Sensors, LDR Sensors, and LED Lights. Photocell sensor to detect conditions day or night. PIR sensor functions to detect movement, LDR sensor to detect movement, LED lights are used to increase and decrease light intensity. For all the tests above, the results obtained when the PIR and LDR sensors have not detected any movement will dim the intensity of the LED lights. After the PIR and LDR sensors have detected the movement of the LED lights, they will turn automatically bright.

The large number of distributed generators, storages, and other devices which might be connected to the distribution grid pose significant modelling and control questions. It is computationally unattractive and sometimes infeasible to model and control all these devices individually; some method of aggregating them both for modelling and for control is appealing so that they can be represented collectively. It would also be preferable to limit the complexity of the controlled devices' dynamic behavior for easy integration with higher‐level (i.e., higher‐authority) controllers in the cascade. This paper describes a method combining these control goals based on geometric flexibility regions, constrained optimization, and transfer function considerations to enforce approximated first‐order transfer function behaviour at the bus. Time‐domain simulations are used for validation and demonstration.

Photocells are one of the promising generating electric power sources in the future, when they are used to generate electricity during peak hour loads, the maximum power generated during peak load demand may be more important than the maximum total electric energy generated by such photocells during the whole day. This paper presents the factors which affect the maximum electric power generated by the photocells and how it could be shifted to match loading conditions in some hot countries like Kuwait, in which the peak hour loads lie in the afternoon, where the airconditioning loads predominate during such times of the day.

In a post-colonial era of reconciliation and truth-telling, many have questioned the symbolic power of statues. The storm of controversy that developed galvanised an electric energy in which statue...

The electric power sector is considered as the most important active economic sector in public life aspects including industrial, agricultural, service and recreational ones. It is known that traditional energy (fossil fuels) causes climate problems. Such problems have negative impact on the atmosphere, due to the increase in air pollution and the emergence of global sources such as solar energy as it is clean and renewable energy. As the southern Badia of Iraq has a high solar energy, it is possible to invest it in the production of electric energy and then employing it in the developmental fields in those cities (mentioned above) and even remote ones. Thus, this will lead to reducing the quantities of fossil energy consumption as well as reducing its polluting emissions to the atmosphere and its negative effects on nature, man in particular. The main objective of this study is to discover the potentials of the study area of solar radiation energy evaluating and choosing the optimal sites for the construction of the aforementioned power stations. In processing its data, the study used statistical methods to calculate the amount of solar energy reaching the surface of the study cities in the southern Badia of Iraq according to the following equation: Solar Energy = the amount of solar energy (Kilo Watt/ M2/ day) = the total solar radiation (calorie/C2/day) *constant, where the constant equals (0.0116) The study reached the most important results: Some of the study stations recorded the best optimal sites for constructing solar power stations. These are the stations of As Safawi, Busayyah, As-Salman, Al-Ma'aniya, Al-Shabajah, Al-Samawah, Najaf, Al-Nukhayb, and Al-Rutba. On the other hand, the Basra and Zubair stations recorded the lowest values for solar energy; therefore they are not ideal sites compared to other stati.

The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of the presence of a fan in the wood drying room in the drying time of wood. In addition, it is also to determine the performance of the steam compression cycle engine used in wood drying machines and the conditions of air entering and leaving the wood drying room. Wood drying machines work on a source of electrical energy. The research was conducted experimentally. Variations in the study were carried out on the presence of fans in the drying room: (a) there were no fans and (b) there were 2 fans. The dried object is a sengon wood board, which has a length of 2 m, a width of 20 cm, and a thickness of 2 cm. The number of wooden planks is 70 wooden planks of uniform size. The wooden planks before drying have a moisture content of 29.6%, and when dry, have a moisture content of 10%. The research gave the following results: (a) if there are 2 fans in the drying room, the time needed to dry the sengon wood planks is around 42.6 hours, whereas if there is no fan around 49.9 hours (b) the average Coefficient of Performance (COP) of the steam compression cycle engine is 10.65 (c) The air condition enters the drying room when there are 2 fans, has a dry ball air temperature of 40oC with a relative humidity of 32% RH and the air condition when it comes out, has a dry ball air temperature of 28oC with a relative humidity of 73% RH.

Electrochemistry has recently emerged as a sustainable approach for efficiently generating radical intermediates utilizing eco-friendly electric energy. An electrochemical process was developed to transform 1,2,4-oxadiazolines under mild conditions. The electrochemical N-O bond cleavage at a controlled oxidation potential led to the selective synthesis of quinazolinone derivatives that could not be obtained by photocatalytic radical processes, indicating complementary reactivities in radical processes. The electrochemical reaction pathways were fully revealed by density functional theory-based investigations.

To convert the energy of sea waves, the use of cylindrical (with a radial magnetic flux) three-phase magnetoelectric generators with a permanent magnet rotor using a mechanical gearbox to increase the rotor speed is considered. Given the real rotor motion, a mathematical model has been developed to calculate the distribution of magnetic fields in the gap of the generator, and functional dependences of the flux linkage of the winding and the electromagnetic moment of the generator on its design and the parameters of permanent magnets have been obtained. For the adopted design, the electromagnetic moment, the distribution of phase currents in the windings, the power and voltage of the generator are determined. A comparison is made of the energy performance of generators with a traditional float drive and using a ratchet to ensure one-sided rotation of the rotor. The expediency of using a ratchet generator to convert the energy of sea waves is considered. References 6, figures 7.

The influence of the properties of the electric arc in an electric arc furnace (EAF) and oscillation operating conditions on the electric characteristics of the furnace operation is analyzed. A method is proposed to take into account the specific features of EAF as an electric energy receiver in order to increase the accuracy of predicting the power release in the arc for the technological process of heating and melting a metal.

Forecasting electricity consumption is an urgent task for generating companies, since it is currently impossible to accumulate electricity on an industrial scale. Also, the forecast is necessary for consumers to carry out technical work and other activities. The purpose of this work is to make a forecast of electric energy consumption using the wavelet transform, and to select the optimal wavelet function for forecasting. Data for forecasting is a schedule of the load of the shop, which plays the role of a household room, warehouse, as well as a working office for personnel who service electrical installations at a production enterprise. Based on the results of the work, the optimal wavelet function is selected. The result of the work is a representation of the trend of electric energy consumption by the object under consideration, i.e. a forecast presented in the form of a graph, and a detailed component of the projected consumption is obtained, which in theory is justified as interference and sharply variable nature of electricity consumption

The increase of energy consumption of fossil fuel as a result of the increase in the population of Iraq, the development of urban lifestyle, the increase in the number of vehicles as well as the increase of power generators has led to dangerous environmental risks, air, water and soil pollution, the spread of cancers and sensitivity diseases besides the reduction of the Iraqi exports of raw oil as a result of domestic consumption. Therefore; searching for solutions to restricting or surmounting these effects such as finding clean renewable sources of power have become inevitable. Among those renewable sources which are environmentally friendly and of middle cost is the solar power that includes solar heater and solar cells boards. Using 100.000 solar heaters saves (324.800 Megawatt hour) within one year, while using 100.000 solar cells system with an energy of (1000 watt) saves (438.000 Megawatt hour) within one year. Other means of reducing the effects of using fossil fuel is spreading the culture of power rationing and avoiding the waste and excessive consumption through cooperation with educational institutions by setting special programs such as courses, symposiums, posters and setting out a day for power consumption rationing. Turning off 10% of sets operation time in 1.000.000 house would save more than (2.076.120 megawatt hour) per annum.

Power is essential in nonferrous arc furnace plants for burning and melting scraps, as well as for the composition of raw materials to produce the furnace product. To ensure high-quality operation, the electric energy is controlled by changing the tap positions. However, there is no standard working pattern to determine the most effective option for changing the tap positions to obtain optimal power and product quantity. This study proposes a method to analyze and determine the working patterns in nonferrous arc furnace plants by adopting dynamic programming. To find the best objective value candidates, statistical methods were utilized to obtain the optimal values of the total elemental power and total product quantity. Moreover, if the maximum product quantity minimum electric consumption are known, the least power per product quantity (PPQ) can be easily obtained. Thus, it is reasonable to analyze the sequences of tap positions and then obtain the best PPQ using an approach of solving a recurrence problem with the widely used dynamic programming approach. We demonstrated that the proposed method suggested the working pattern of tap positions, thereby providing relatively good PPQs in comparison with the conventional method.

Several countries face the challenge of reducing the intermittency of solar photovoltaic generation due to changes in climatic conditions. Considering that Brazil has continental-scale dimensions a...

Various classes of chemical compounds that are considered promising thermoelectric materials with a high efficiency of converting thermal energy into electric energy are studied. The strategies for increasing the thermoelectric figure of merit and examples of their application are described. The progress in studies of compounds, such as SnX (X = S, Se, Te), AgSbTe2, M3 – xTe4 (M = La, Nd, Pr), Mg3Sb2, Mg2X (X = Si, Ge, Sn), and MgAgSb, is evaluated. The contribution of the use of information technology to the development of thermoelectric materials science is determined.

Electric motors are considered the most important equipment among those that consume final electric energy in Brazil. It is estimated that the induction motors and the systems driven by them are responsible for approximately 70% of theBrazilian industrial sector's energy consumption. Therefore, obtain its losses is a relevant challenge for energy efficiency. Any initiative developed to increase these devices' performance brings environmental benefits, energy benefits, and cost reduction for the industrial, commercial, and other sectors. Nowadays, several standards can be used to determine the performance characteristics of induction motors. However, their application results in variations in the performance calculations. Thus, this paper evaluated two tests on three-phase induction motors comparing the different methods applied between the standards ABNT 17094-3:2018 and IEC 60034-2-1:2014. These standards present different normalized equations. Thus, this paper seeks to obtain engine performance variation when testing it using different standards, comparing and discussing the results. The results obtained confirm that the methods have different results and the parameters can be compared.

The global trend of electric energy production is analysed with a forecast up to 2030. The current status of the Floating PV is discussed, taking into account data up to 2019. The growth rate for the main renewable energy sectors is analysed and on this basis a naive exponential forecast up to 2030 is given. Corrections to this forecast are discussed and the value for the installed FPV plants in 2030 is suggested.