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Youth self-reports are a mainstay of delinquency assessment; however, making valid inferences about delinquency using these assessments requires equivalent measurement across groups of theoretical interest. We examined whether a brief 10-item delinquency measure exhibited measurement invariance across non-Hispanic White (n = 6,064) and Black (n = 1,666) youth (ages 10–11 years old) in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development sm Study (ABCD Study®). We detected differential item functioning (DIF) in two items. Black youth were more likely to report being arrested or picked up by police than White youth with the same score on the latent delinquency trait. Although multiple covariates (income, urgency, and callous–unemotional traits) reduced mean-level difference in overall delinquency, they were generally unrelated to the DIF in the Arrest item. However, the DIF in the Arrest item was reduced in size and no longer significant after adjusting for neighborhood safety. Results illustrate the importance of considering measurement invariance when using self-reported delinquency scores to draw inferences about group differences, and the utility of measurement invariance analyses for helping to identify mechanisms that contribute to group differences generally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There was a large spike in gun purchases and gun violence during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States. We used an online U.S. national survey (N = 1036) to examine the characteristics of people who purchased a gun between March 2020 and October 2021 (n = 103) and compared them to non-gun owners (n = 763) and people who own a gun but did not purchase a gun during the COVID-19 pandemic (n = 170). Compared to non-gun owners, pandemic gun buyers were younger and more likely to be male, White race, and to affiliate with the Republican party. Compared to non-gun owners and pre-pandemic gun owners, pandemic gun buyers exhibited extreme elevations on a constellation of political (QAnon beliefs, pro-gun attitudes, Christian Nationalism, approval of former President Donald Trump, anti-vax beliefs, COVID-19 skepticism; mean Cohen's d = 1.15), behavioral (intimate partner violence, antisocial behavior; mean d = 1.38), mental health (suicidality, depression, anxiety, substance use; mean d = 1.21), and personality (desire for power, belief in a dangerous world, low agreeableness, low conscientiousness; mean d = 0.95) characteristics. In contrast, pre-pandemic gun owners only endorsed more pro-gun attitudes (d = 0.67), lower approval of President Joe Biden (d = -0.41) and were more likely to be male and affiliate with the Republican party relative to non-gun owners. Pandemic gun buyers represent an extreme group in terms of political and psychological characteristics including several risk-factors for violence and self-harm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current methods of assessing children's emotional reactivity fail to capture individual differences in emotion across contexts that may be meaningfully related to youth psychopathology. We therefore explored the utility of modeling variability in young children's positive and negative emotion across emotionally evocative laboratory tasks to predict later adjustment. At age 3, 409 children completed a battery of laboratory tasks eliciting either positive or negative affect. We used latent difference score (LDS) modeling to predict children's caregiver‐reported internalizing symptoms across ages 3, 5, 8, and 11 from variability in their observer‐rated positive and negative emotion across laboratory tasks. We found that sex moderated the association between both average and variability measures of children's negative emotion at age 3 and trajectories of their anxious‐depressive symptoms across childhood. Measures of emotion variability predicted children's internalizing symptoms above and beyond measures of average emotion. Variability indices also provided unique information about the trajectories of children's symptoms. We discuss implications for the utility of LDS modeling in assessing children's emotional reactivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anxiety disorders are among the earliest emerging disorders and most common mental health problem across the lifespan. A common characteristic of individuals with anxiety is poor attentional and cognitive control. Therefore, researchers are interested in how cognitive functioning relates to anxiety in young children. In particular, research has demonstrated associations between anxiety and electrophysiological markers of cognitive control skills such as the error-related negativity (ERN). The nature of the anxiety-ERN relationship is not well understood, however. The purpose of the present study was to examine: 1) the association between the ERN and diagnostically-defined symptoms of different anxiety disorders; and 2) the extent to which disorder-specific symptoms of anxiety moderated the association between ERN and behavioral performance on a Go/No-Go task in a sample of 139 children 5-8 years of age (70 females and 69 males). Results suggest that more separation anxiety disorder (SAD) symptoms are associated with a smaller ΔERN, even after controlling for other anxiety disorder symptoms. Children with more SAD symptoms showed higher error rates and failed to exhibit the expected association between ΔERN and behavioral performance, suggesting ineffective error-monitoring in young children with SAD problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Individual differences in emotional reactivity emerge early in development and predict important child outcomes. Unfortunately, methods used to assess these often fail to tap dynamic changes in emotion, obscuring nuanced relationships between maladaptive emotional reactivity and early internalizing psychopathology. We therefore explored the utility of an emerging, multimethod approach for examining children's emotional reactivity. Thirty-nine children (22 girls; M age = 7.19 years, SD =.76) viewed 11 video clips eliciting happiness, sadness, or fear. We used multilevel growth curve modeling to estimate change in children's self-reported and observed emotion across clips of increasing potency. Higher anxious/depressive symptoms predicted steeper trajectories of child-rated happiness and lower happiness and fear toward low-intensity clips. Higher depressive symptoms predicted lower child-rated sadness toward a low-intensity clip. The limited associations between children's symptoms and emotion ratings averaged across clips suggested that modeling child emotion across stimuli of varying intensity yields a valuable index of emotional reactivity. [End Page 437] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The structure of child temperament traits has been explored primarily using informant report. Less is known about temperament structure assessed by alternative methods, such as laboratory assessments. We report on the structure of child traits assessed by experimenter ratings of child behavior during laboratory tasks, and their convergent and discriminant validity with objectively coded and parent reported child traits. The results indicate a three-factor solution (Positive Emotionality, Negative Emotionality, and Effortful Control) fit the data best, with convergent and discriminant validity between experimenter ratings and objective coding of child behavior and parent report. The results suggest that experimenter ratings conducted after a laboratory visit provides an efficient and economical alternative or adjunct to conducting objective coding of the laboratory tasks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Utilizing the large, longitudinal Minnesota Twin Family Study ( N = 2510; 96 % European American ancestry), we examined the influence of several person-environment transactions on adolescent substance abuse. We focused on the two childhood personality traits found to be most predictive of substance abuse in this sample- socialization (willingness to follow rules and endorse conventional values) and boldness (social engagement and assurance, stress resilience, thrill seeking)-and the environmental variables of antisocial and prosocial peers, academic engagement, parent-child relationship quality, and stressful life events. Path analysis revealed that low socialization had a selection effect for each environmental risk factor, that is, socialization at age 11 predicted environmental risk at age 14, after controlling for the stability of the environmental variables from ages 11 to 14. Antisocial peers and academic engagement at age 14 then mediated some of the risk of low socialization on substance abuse at age 17, but the majority of risk for substance abuse was accounted for by the stability of socialization from age 11 to 14. Boldness at age 11 also increased risk for substance abuse, but did so primarily via a direct effect. The findings help to parse the nature of person-environment transactions across multiple personality traits and contextual risk factors that contribute to adolescent substance abuse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research has evidenced support for the spillover model, which asserts that parents' marital functioning influences their parenting and coparenting behavior in dyadic (mother-child and father-child) and triadic (mother-father-child) family contexts. However, few studies have simultaneously investigated the spillover model in both parenting and coparenting systems, preventing examination of whether spillover impacts both systems equally or differentially. Further, little research has examined whether quality of the marital system influences children's behavior toward their parents, as well as their parents' behavior, in dyadic interactions. We examined the spillover model using observational measures of parent and child behavior in parent-child dyadic interactions as well as coparenting in triadic interactions. We also explored parent and child gender differences in spillover effects. Participants were families with children aged 3 to 6 years (n = 149). Findings indicated that spillover occurs to multiple family systems, but the effects varied according to whose behavior (mother, father, child) was explored. In families of boys and girls, the marital system influenced warmth in triadic interactions, as well as fathers' responsiveness and children's responsiveness to mothers in dyadic interactions. Spillover effects were largely equivalent for girls and boys, but spillover to coparenting hostility in triadic interactions was limited to families raising girls. Parent gender also moderated associations between marital functioning and parent-child interactions: Spillover was significantly stronger for fathers' responsiveness (vs. mothers' responsiveness) and child responsiveness to mothers (vs. child responsiveness to fathers). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This study investigated whether profiles of traits included in the Schedule for Nonadaptive and Adaptive Personality (SNAP; ) model of personality were valid indicators of different personality pathologies in a non-clinical sample. We obtained self-reports of SNAP traits for 117 university students and self- and informant-reports of normal personality traits. SNAP trait profiles representing Borderline, Schizotypal, Avoidant, and Obsessive–Compulsive personality characteristics predictably related to normal traits that are considered most relevant to each respective personality pathology. Exploratory analyses showed that relationships among normal traits differed across groups of individuals with different levels of personality pathology. These findings suggest that SNAP profile scales have validity for representing specific personality pathologies on a continuum, and that the configuration of normal traits may be relevant to personality pathology. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

As observed by Zinbarg and Mineka ( American Psychologist 62:259–261, ), the study of emotion regulation faces significant challenges that need to be addressed. In reviewing the articles in the present issue, we comment upon how researchers have attempted, with varying degrees of success, to meet these challenges. We suggest that the articles in the present volume demonstrate important conceptual and methodological advances in emotion regulation research, but that the most central problems noted by Zinbarg and Mineka have yet to be fully remedied. In highlighting both the progress made and problems faced by the field of emotion regulation, we suggest new directions for future research in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The temperament constructs of low positive affectivity (PA) and high behavioral inhibition (BI) overlap and are often not differentiated in the research literature. In particular, both constructs are characterized by low approach and engagement. However, current theoretical conceptualizations of these constructs suggest that low PA should be associated with low approach across most contexts, whereas BI should be associated with low approach only in novel situations. The present study used laboratory measures of child temperament and behavior to test these hypotheses in a sample of 100 preschool-age children. Results indicated that in novel situations, both lower positive affect and higher BI predicted low behavioral approach. However, in non-novel situations, only lower levels of positive affect predicted lower levels of approach; BI was not related to approach behavior in more familiar contexts. In conclusion, this study indicates that the overlap between the temperament traits of low PA and high BI is limited to novel contexts and that these constructs are distinguished by behavior in non-novel situations. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Theorists have hypothesized that the construct of extraversion is comprised of several factors, including positive mood, reward seeking/sensitivity, and sociability. The structure of extraversion was examined in a sample of preschool aged children who participated in both home and laboratory observations. A model of extraversion that included these three factors fit the data well. Analyses suggested that each of the facets examined are highly related to extraversion and none stands out as the core of the construct. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Parent reports and laboratory assessments of child temperament traits were compared in terms of their associations with 2 indices of risk for future maladjustment: maternal history of depression and disruptive school behavior. A community sample of 99 pre-school-aged children completed a standardized battery of laboratory tasks designed to tap positive emotionality (PE) and anger. Parent reports of child temperament were collected, and maternal history of depression was assessed using structured clinical interviews. An average of 18.5 months after the initial laboratory assessment, teacher reports of disruptive school behavior were collected. Structural equation models were used to test the association between the 2 assessment approaches of child temperament and maternal history of depression and disruptive school behavior. Laboratory measures and parent reports of anger were equally good at predicting disruptive school behavior, while laboratory measures of PE showed stronger associations with maternal history of depression than parent report. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims: Molecular genetic studies of alcohol and nicotine use have identified many genome‐wide association study (GWAS) loci. We measured associations between drinking and smoking polygenic scores (PGS) and trajectories of alcohol and nicotine use outcomes from late childhood to early adulthood, substance‐specific versus broader‐liability PGS effects, and if PGS performance varied for consumption versus problematic substance use. Design, setting, participants and measurements: We fitted latent growth curve models with structured residuals to scores on measures of alcohol and nicotine use and problems from ages 14 to 34 years. We then estimated associations between the intercept (initial status) and slope (rate of change) parameters and PGSs for drinks per week (DPW), problematic alcohol use (PAU), cigarettes per day (CPD) and ever being a regular smoker (SMK), controlling for sex and genetic principal components. All data were analyzed in the United States. PGSs were calculated for participants of the Minnesota Twin Family Study (n = 3225) using results from the largest GWAS of alcohol and nicotine consumption and problematic use to date. Findings Each PGS was associated with trajectories of use for their respective substances [i.e. DPW (βmean = 0.08; βrange = 0.02–0.12) and PAU (βmean = 0.12; βrange = −0.02 to 0.31) for alcohol; CPD (βmean = 0.08; βrange = 0.04–0.14) and SMK (βmean = 0.18; βrange = 0.05–0.36) for nicotine]. The PAU and SMK PGSs also exhibited cross‐substance associations (i.e. PAU for nicotine‐specific intercepts and SMK for alcohol intercepts and slope). All identified SMK PGS effects remained as significant predictors of nicotine and alcohol trajectories (βmean = 0.15; βrange = 0.02–0.33), even after adjusting for the respective effects of all other PGSs. Conclusions: Substance use‐related polygenic scores (PGSs) vary in the strength and generality versus specificity of their associations with substance use and problems over time. The regular smoking PGS appears to be a robust predictor of substance use trajectories and seems to measure both nicotine‐specific and non‐specific genetic liability for substance use, and potentially externalizing problems in general. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Few broad observational measures of preschool-age children's temperament and behavior currently exist. Studied the Child Temperament and Behavior Q-Set ( CTBQ-Set) as a naturalistic observation measure to tap the major domains of temperament and behavior in preschoolers. Pairs of observers rated the behavior of a community sample of preschoolers during 2 independent home visits using q-sort methodology. The CTBQ-Set scales displayed good levels of internal consistency and convergent and discriminant content saturation. The scales displayed good interrater reliability at each observation and moderate test-retest stability between observations. The construct validity of the CTBQ-Set scales was supported by correlations with mothers' ratings of their children's behavior using the Child Behavior Checklist for 2- and 3-year-olds (CBCL/2-3) and the Children's Behavior Questionnaire. The CTBQ-Set shows promise as an observer-rated measure of preschoolers' behavior and temperament in their natural home environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Educational success is associated with greater quality of life and depends, in part, on heritable cognitive and non-cognitive traits. We used polygenic scores (PGS) for smoking and educational attainment to examine different genetic influences on facets of academic adjustment in adolescence and educational attainment in adulthood. PGSs were calculated for participants of the Minnesota Twin Family Study (N = 3225) and included as predictors of grades, academic motivation, and discipline problems at ages 11, 14, and 17 years-old, cigarettes per day from ages 14 to 24 years old, and educational attainment in adulthood (mean age 29.4 years). Smoking and educational attainment PGSs had significant incremental associations with each academic variable and cigarettes per day. About half of the adjusted effects of the smoking and education PGSs on educational attainment in adulthood were mediated by the academic variables in adolescence. Cigarettes per day from ages 14 to 24 years old did not account for the effect of the smoking PGS on educational attainment, suggesting the smoking PGS indexes genetic influences related to general behavioral disinhibition. In sum, distinct genetic influences measured by the smoking and educational attainment PGSs contribute to academic adjustment in adolescence and educational attainment in adulthood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We assessed the association of personality pathology with romantic couples' observed interpersonal behaviors. Couples engaged in four discussion tasks, after which observers used the Continuous Assessment of Interpersonal Dynamics method to continuously rate each participant's dominance and warmth over the course of each discussion. Using these ratings, we derived indices of average behaviors and changes in behaviors over the course of discussions. Generally, results indicated that the more personality pathology either spouse reported, the colder husbands were on average, and the colder they became toward their wives over time. However, personality disorder symptoms and overall interpersonal problems were largely unassociated with wives' behaviors. Results also indicated that the more dominance-related problems husbands and wives reported, the more dominantly and coldly they behaved, the more submissive or withdrawn their partners were, and the colder wives became over time; and the more warmth problems wives reported, the more dominantly, they behaved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Continuous Assessment of Interpersonal Dynamics (CAID) is a method in which trained observers continuously code the dominance and warmth of individuals who interact with one another in dyads. This method has significant promise for assessing dynamic interpersonal processes. The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of individual sex, dyadic familiarity, and situational conflict on patterns of interpersonal warmth, dominance, and complementarity as assessed via CAID. We used six samples with 603 dyads, including two samples of unacquainted mixed-sex undergraduates interacting in a collaborative task, two samples of couples interacting in both collaborative and conflict tasks, and two samples of mothers and children interacting in both collaborative and conflict tasks. Complementarity effects were robust across all samples, and individuals tended to be relatively warm and dominant. Results from multilevel models indicated that women were slightly warmer than men, whereas there were no sex differences in dominance. Unfamiliar dyads and dyads interacting in more collaborative tasks were relatively warmer, more submissive, and more complementary on warmth but less complementary on dominance. These findings speak to the utility of the CAID method for assessing interpersonal dynamics and provide norms for researchers who use the method for different types of samples and applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The feedback negativity (FN) and reward positivity (RewP) are event-related brain potentials (ERPs) that follow the presentation of negative and positive feedback information, respectively, and have become the focus of recent research on psychopathology because of their associations with symptom severity of and risk for depression. We advanced our understanding of these feedback-related ERPs by examining developmental differences, familial transmission, and associations with error-monitoring ERPs. Parents and their children completed parallel, developmentally-tailored guessing and go/no-go tasks while feedback- and error-related ERPs were measured. We found that the Δ FN and RewP amplitudes increased with age and were larger in males than females among the child participants. The RewP also demonstrated familial transmission between fathers and their children. Finally, the FN and RewP were associated with error-related ERPs in children and adults, albeit in different ways. The current findings demonstrate that the FN and RewP have promise as developmentally-sensitive neural markers of reward and action monitoring processes associated with risk for psychopathology. Highlights • Feedback-related ERPs increase with increasing age across children and adolescents. • Feedback- and error-related ERPs are familial. • Feedback- and error-related ERPs relate to one another in children and adults. • Males demonstrate a larger reward-related ERP than females across children and adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Children who exhibit elevated levels of the temperament trait behavioural inhibition (BI) across time may be at greatest risk for anxiety. However, little research has investigated the influence of other temperamental traits, particularly positive emotionality (PE), on the continuity of BI in childhood, nor whether parental overprotection influences associations between early and later child BI. To explore whether PE and overprotection shape associations between early and later BI, this longitudinal study of three-year-olds ( N = 446) followed up at age 6 included tasks tapping child temperament, and parental overprotection was assessed via interview ratings and parent-report. Lower levels of child PE and higher levels of caregiver overprotection at baseline predicted stronger associations between laboratory-assessed BI at ages 3 and 6. Findings elucidate influences shaping the developmental continuity of BI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effortful control (EC), or the trait-like capacity to regulate dominant responses, has important implications for children's development. Although genetic factors and parenting likely influence EC, few studies have examined whether they interact to predict its development. This study examined whether the DRD4 exon III variable number tandem repeat polymorphism moderated the relation between parenting and children's EC. Three hundred and eighty-two 3-year-olds and primary caregivers completed behavioral tasks assessing children's EC and parenting. Children's DRD4 genotypes moderated the relation between parenting and EC: Children with at least one 7-repeat allele displayed lower EC in the context of negative parenting than children without this allele. These findings suggest opportunities for modifying early risk for low EC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Behavioral inhibition (BI) has generally been treated as a unitary construct and assessed by combining ratings of fear, vigilance, and avoidance to both novel social and non-social stimuli. However, there is evidence suggesting that BI in social contexts is not correlated with BI in non-social contexts. The present study examined the distinction between social and non-social BI in a community sample of 559 preschool-age children using a laboratory assessment of child temperament, a diagnostic interview, and parent-completed questionnaires. Social and non-social BI were not significantly correlated and exhibited distinct patterns of associations with parent reports of temperament and anxiety symptoms. This study suggests that BI is heterogeneous, and that distinguishing between different forms of BI may help account for the variation in trajectories and outcomes exhibited by high BI children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene is a plausible candidate for early-emerging negative emotionality (NE), and evidence suggests that the effects of this gene may be especially salient in the context of familial risk for child maladjustment. We therefore examined whether the single-nucleotide polymorphism producing a valine-to-methionine substitution at codon 66 (val66met) of the BDNF gene was associated with childhood NE, in the context of parental depression and relationship discord. A sample of 413 three-year-old children was assessed for NE using standardized laboratory measures. The children’s parents completed clinical interviews as well as a measure of marital satisfaction. Children with at least one BDNF methionine (met) allele exhibited elevated NE when a parent had a history of depressive disorder or when relationship discord was reported by a parent. In contrast, this allele was associated with especially low NE when parental depression was absent and when the parental relationship was not discordant. Our findings suggest that the BDNF met allele confers increased child sensitivity to both positive and negative familial influences. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Abstract: Although a vast literature examining the role of attributional styles in depression has accumulated, the origins of such cognitions remain poorly understood. Investigators are increasingly interested in whether cognitive vulnerability to depression is linked to genetic variation. As a preliminary test of this hypothesis, we examined whether the serotonin transporter promoter polymorphism (5-HTTLPR) was associated with attributional styles in children. Thirty-eight children completed a self-report measure of attributional styles, the Child Attributional Style Questionnaire-Revised (CASQ-R). Children were also genotyped for the 5-HTTLPR polymorphism, including the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs25531 in the long allele of the 5-HTTLPR. The short alleles of the 5-HTTLPR and their putative functional equivalents were associated with increased levels of depressogenic attributions for negative events, as measured by the CASQ-R, lending support to the role of 5-HTTLPR polymorphisms in cognitive vulnerability to depression. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Addresses on the issues of heterogeneity of adolescent major depressive disorder. Examination of the clinical features and familial aggregation on disorder; Implication of the familial psychopathology and suicidal behavior for adolescents familial personality disorder; Dimensions of familial liability.

Individuals with posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) often consume alcohol to manage PTSS-related discomfort, which can negatively impact individual and interpersonal functioning. Processes including emotion regulation and dyadic coping may influence the effects of PTSS and drinking patterns on relationship functioning. The present study examined how PTSS and risky drinking may function through the associations between maladaptive individual and interpersonal coping strategies and relationship distress among trauma-exposed individuals. Participants were 237 adults in a romantic relationship who endorsed lifetime trauma exposure and alcohol consumption within the past year and completed an online battery of self-report measures. Path analyses showed mixed support for the hypothesized theoretical causal model. PTSS was associated with maladaptive emotion regulation, β = .537, p = .010, and negative dyadic coping, β = .264, p = .009, whereas risky drinking was only related to negative dyadic coping, β = .193, p = .024. Negative dyadic coping was significant in the pathways between PTSS and relationship distress, β = .021, p = .009, and risky drinking and relationship distress, β = .030, p = .014. Exploratory analyses based on trauma type did not significantly change the overall model; however, a direct path suggested PTSS may have a stronger negative impact on relationship distress among individuals who experienced assault trauma (e.g., physical or sexual assault), β = .340, p = .012. Findings highlight the interrelations among intra- and interpersonal regulation and provide clinical targets of maladaptive emotion regulation and dyadic coping strategies for individuals with PTSS and harmful drinking., (© 2024 International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies.)

Linkages among psychological health problems, intimate relationship distress, and suicide risk have been widely studied, but less is known about how these factors interact, especially in military populations. With steady increases in suicide rates among active military and post-service members (SMs), it is critical to better understand the relation among known risk factors. The current study addresses this gap by testing a model hypothesizing that the association between intimate-relationship problems and suicidal ideation is mediated by individual mental health symptoms. We tested this model on a sample of 862 active-duty Air Force members in committed relationships. The sample consisted of 35.0% women and 64.8% men, with an average age of 21.9 years and a mean relationship length of 2.8 years. Findings supported the hypothesized statistical mediation model. Results indicated that relationship problems contribute to psychological health problems, which, in turn, are related to suicidal ideation. These findings may help direct suicide intervention and prevention protocols that consider intimate relationship distress as a significant risk factor. Limitations and further implications for policies regarding suicide prevention in the armed forces are discussed.

Preschoolers are expected to transition from parallel play, where they engage in similar activities next to peers, to social play, where they engage in direct interactions with peers. We use longitudinal, multiplex social network analysis to examine the transition between observed parallel and social play over a school year in a 3-year-old classroom ( N = 25, 45% girls, 48% White) and a 4-year-old classroom ( N = 28, 42.86% girls, 60.71% White). In both classrooms, the existence of a parallel play relationship between two children predicted the formation of a social play relationship between the same two children over time but not vice versa. Findings provide support for a unidirectional, sequential transition from parallel to social play with the same peers. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Despite the repeal of "Don't Ask, Don't Tell" (DADT) over a decade ago, military processes and policies continue to function as significant structural and institutional barriers to research aimed at optimizing resources for military couples and families with marginalized sexual identities. Such research is essential given the apparent mental health and related disparities among lesbian, gay, bisexual, and those with other marginalized sexual identities (LGB+) active-duty service members (SMs), as well as the absence of appropriately tailored resources to support these members of the military community. In this paper, we review the empirical literature on the experiences and psychological health of LGB+ military couples, revealing severe limitations in our understanding of these diverse military romantic partnerships. We illuminate process-related barriers to conducting this essential research through an illustrative case example. Our review concludes with specific recommendations for reform and advocacy distinguished by coordinated efforts inclusive of all five military branches, policymakers, military leaders, researchers, and LGB+ stakeholders.

Individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) often engage in harmful alcohol use. These co-occurring conditions are associated with negative health consequences and disability. PTSD and harmful drinking are typically experienced as closely related-thus treatments that target both simultaneously are preferred by patients. Many individuals with PTSD and harmful alcohol use receive primary care services but encounter treatment barriers in engaging in specialty mental health and substance use services. A pilot randomized controlled trial of a brief integrated treatment for PTSD and harmful drinking versus primary care treatment as usual (PC-TAU) took place in three U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) primary care clinics. The intervention (primary care treatment integrating motivation and exposure [PC-TIME]) combines motivational interviewing to reduce alcohol use and brief prolonged exposure for PTSD delivered over five brief sessions. Participants (N = 63) were veterans with PTSD and harmful drinking. Multilevel growth curve modeling examined changes in drinking (average number of drinks per drinking day and percentage of heavy drinking days) and self-reported PTSD severity at baseline, 8, 14, and 20 weeks. Participants reported high satisfaction with PC-TIME and 70% (n = 23) completed treatment. As hypothesized, a significantly steeper decrease in self-reported PTSD severity and heavy drinking was evident for participants randomized to PC-TIME compared with PC-TAU. Contrary to expectations, no significant posttreatment differences in PTSD diagnoses were observed. PC-TIME participants were less likely to exceed National Institute for Alcoholism and Alcohol Abuse (NIAAA) guidelines for harmful alcohol use posttreatment compared with PC-TAU participants. PC-TIME is a promising brief, primary care-based treatment for individuals with co-occurring PTSD and harmful alcohol use. A full-scale randomized clinical trial is needed to fully test its effectiveness., (Copyright © 2023 Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Background: Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) is a significant public health concern that is thought to increase risk for future self-injurious behaviors, including suicide attempts. Notably, NSSI is especially prevalent among adolescents, which underscores a critical need to identify modifiable risk factors that could be targeted to reduce future risk. The current study examined self- and co-regulation of physiological responses during mother-daughter interactions in adolescent girls with and without a history of NSSI., Methods: Participants were 60 girls aged 13-17 with (n = 27) and without (n = 33) a history of NSSI and their mothers. Adolescents and their mothers completed positive and negative interaction tasks during which physiological reactivity was assessed via respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA)., Results: Using Actor-Partner Interdependence Modeling (APIM), we found that adolescents with an NSSI history demonstrated a higher RSA setpoint than adolescents without this history during the negative, but not positive, interaction task. In addition, there were differences in co-regulation during the negatively valenced interaction, such that mothers of daughters with NSSI were more reactive to fluctuations in their daughters' RSA than mothers of daughters without an NSSI history., Conclusions: These findings highlight intra- and interpersonal aspects of physiological dysregulation associated with NSSI that could provide promising targets of intervention to reduce future risk in adolescent girls., (© 2023 Association for Child and Adolescent Mental Health.)

Objective: Evidence for the use of integrated treatments targeting co-occurring posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and alcohol use disorders is steadily growing. However, limited work has evaluated the temporal association between posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) and alcohol misuse over the course of integrated treatment, with no studies examining such interventions in primary care (PC). The current study examined temporal changes in PTSS and heavy drinking among individuals who received a brief treatment for co-occurring PTSD and alcohol misuse in PC (Primary Care Treatment Integrating Motivation and Exposure; PC-TIME) compared with those who received PC treatment as usual (PC-TAU)., Method: A total of 63 veterans (33 randomized to PC-TIME and 30 randomized to PC-TAU) presenting to PC with co-occurring PTSD and alcohol misuse were included in this study. PTSS and heavy drinking were examined at each treatment session for those in PC-TIME. Veterans in both conditions provided reports of PTSS and heavy drinking at baseline, 8-weeks (post-treatment), 14-weeks, and 20-week follow-ups., Results: Session-by-session findings for PC-TIME demonstrated that PTSS at Session 1 predicted a greater decrease in heavy drinking from Session 1 to Session 2. Moreover, heavy drinking at baseline predicted greater decreases in PTSS at 8-weeks for those in PC-TIME, whereas the reverse association was found for those randomized to PC-TAU. Additionally, heavy drinking at 8-weeks predicted decreased PTSS at 14-weeks for those randomized to PC-TAU., Conclusions: The current study evidenced mixed support for the temporal precedence of PTSS and alcohol misuse. Relations between PTSS and heavy drinking appeared to be linked to treatment targets within PC-TIME and varied between treatment condition (PC-TIME versus PC-TAU). Notably, those with greater than average heavy drinking at the initiation of integrated treatment appeared to have greater reductions in PTSS at post-treatment. Results suggest a mutual maintenance model may best characterize the association between co-occurring PTSS and heavy drinking among treatment-seeking individuals.

Background: Sodium-glucose transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors have been approved for treatment of diabetes mellitus (DM), chronic kidney disease, and heart failure, but little is known about prescription levels and safety profiles among people with HIV (PWH)., Methods: We leveraged data from the US Mass General Brigham electronic healthcare database to determine the use/uptake of SGLT2 inhibitors among PWH with type II diabetes (DM2) (with or without chronic kidney disease, proteinuria, or heart failure) and to assess rates of adverse events among PWH with DM2 taking SGLT2 inhibitors., Results: Among eligible PWH with DM2 receiving care at US Mass General Brigham (N = 907), SGLT2 inhibitors were prescribed to 8.8%. SGLT2 inhibitors were prescribed to a fraction of eligible PWH with DM2 and a concomitant diagnosis of chronic kidney disease (3.8%), proteinuria (13.2%), or heart failure (8.2%). PWH with DM2 on SGLT2 inhibitors experienced side effects (urinary tract infection, diabetic ketoacidosis, and acute kidney injury) at rates comparable with PWH with DM2 prescribed glucagon-like peptide-1 agonists. Rates of mycotic genitourinary infections were higher among those prescribed SGLT2 inhibitors (5% vs. 1%, P = 0.17), but no cases of necrotizing fasciitis ensued., Conclusions: Additional studies are needed to characterize population-specific salutary and adverse effects of SGLT2 inhibitors among PWH and potentially augment prescription rates when guideline indicated., Competing Interests: M.E. Sise reported grant support through her institution from NIH/NIDDK and from Angion, Gilead Sciences, Merck, AbbVie, and EMD/Serono, outside the submitted work. M.E. Sise also reported having served as a Scientific Advisory Board Member for Novartis, Travere, Gilead, and Mallinkcrodt. N. Katz-Agranov, I.A. Strohbehn, D. Harden, D. Moreno, C. Durbin have no funding or conflicts of interest to disclose. M. Toribio reported grant support through her institution from NIH/NHLBI, American Heart Association, and Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, outside the submitted work. T.G. Neilan reported having served as a consultant to and received fees from Amgen, Genentech, Roche, Sanofi, H3-Biomedicine, CRC Oncology, and AbbVie outside of the current work. He also reported receiving grant funding from AstraZeneca and Bristol Myers Squibb, outside the submitted work. T.G. Neilan holds the Michael and Kathryn Park Endowed Chair in Cardiology and was also supported, in part, through a kind gift from A. Curtis Greer and Pamela Kohlberg, Christina and Paul Kazilionis and a Hassenfeld Scholar Award, as well as NIH/NHLBI Grants R01HL130539, R01HL159187, R01HL137562, K24HL150238. M.V. Zanni reported Grant support through her institution from NIH/NHLBI (1R01HL146267 and R01HL137562), from NIH/NIAID (K24AI157882) and from Gilead Sciences, Inc. The authors have no funding or conflicts of interest to disclose., (Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.)

Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) is an alarming public health concern that is particularly widespread among adolescents. The current study examined affective responses during mother-daughter interactions in adolescent girls with and without a history of NSSI. Participants were 60 girls aged 13-17 with (n = 27) and without (n = 33) a history of NSSI and their mothers. Adolescents and their mothers completed two interaction tasks: one positive and one negative. During these interactions, facial affect was assessed via electromyography (EMG). Results of Actor-Partner Interdependence Modeling (APIM) revealed several intra- and interpersonal disruptions in affect during both tasks among dyads in which the adolescent had an NSSI history. Findings suggest deficits in both self- and co-regulation of facial affect during mother-daughter interactions involving dyads in which the adolescents reports NSSI. Ultimately, if replicated and extended in longitudinal research, these disruptions may prove to be promising targets of intervention to reduce risk for future NSSI in adolescent girls., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

This study examined how youth aggressive and delinquent externalizing problem behaviors across childhood and adolescence are connected to consequential psychosocial life outcomes in adulthood. Using data from a longitudinal, high-risk sample ( N = 1069) that assessed children and their parents regularly from early childhood (ages 3-5) through adulthood, multilevel growth factors of externalizing behaviors were used to predict adult outcomes (age 24-31), providing a sense of how externalizing problems across development were related to these outcomes via maternal, paternal, teacher, and child report. Findings indicated strong support for the lasting connections between youth externalizing problems with later educational attainment and legal difficulties, spanning informants and enduring beyond other meaningful contributors (i.e., child sex, cognitive ability, parental income and education, parental mental health and relationship quality). Some support was also found, although less consistently, linking externalizing problems and later alcohol use as well as romantic relationship quality. Delinquent/rule-breaking behaviors were often stronger predictors of later outcomes than aggressive behaviors. Taken together, these results indicate the importance of the role youth externalizing behaviors have in adult psychosocial functioning one to two decades later.

Objective: Peer groups represent a critical developmental context in adolescence, and there are many well-documented associations between personality and peer behavior at this age. However, the precise nature and direction of these associations are difficult to determine as youth both select into, and are influenced by, their peers., Method: We thus examined the phenotypic, genetic, and environmental links between antisocial and prosocial peer characteristics and several personality traits from middle childhood to late adolescence (ages 11, 14, and 17 years) in a longitudinal twin sample (N = 3762) using teacher ratings of personality and self-reports of peer characteristics., Results: Less adaptive trait profiles (i.e., high negative emotionality, low conscientiousness, and low agreeableness) were associated with more antisocial and fewer prosocial peer characteristics across time. Associations between personality traits related to emotionality (negative emotionality and extraversion) and peer behavior were largely attributable to shared genetic influences, while associations between personality traits related to behavioral control (conscientiousness and agreeableness) and peer behavior were due to overlapping genetic and shared environmental influences., Conclusions: Overall, results suggest a set of environmental presses that push youth toward both behavioral undercontrol and antisocial peer affiliations, making the identification of such influences and their relative importance a critical avenue of future work., (© 2022 The Authors. Journal of Personality published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

There is a need for integrated treatment approaches that address heavy alcohol use and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) concurrently among Veterans as interactions between heavy drinking and PTSD are frequent. Veteran engagement in specialty mental health services after referral is limited with poorer outcomes following empirically-supported, exposure-based PTSD treatments that do not explicitly address alcohol use. The current project aimed to incorporate two evidenced-based interventions: Brief Motivational Intervention (BMI) with Prolonged Exposure for Primary Care (PE-PC) for Veterans with heavy drinking and PTSD. Delphi methodology was applied to adapt an intervention protocol using subject matter expert (SME) feedback to guide the refinement of a preliminary treatment manual. The newly developed brief intervention (PC-TIME) was then tested in an open trial (n=9) to gather Veteran participant feedback to modify the treatment manual.Two rounds of SME feedback resulted in 80% agreement that manual content was "acceptable as-is" across all intervention domains. The resulting protocol is a five-session, integrated intervention with session 1 primarily focused on alcohol use reduction and sessions 2-5 consisting of narrative exposure and in-vivo exercises for PTSD symptoms with brief alcohol use check-ins. Open trial results indicated high Veteran acceptance of PC-TIME structure and content, and reductions in heavy drinking and PTSD symptoms. Preliminary data suggest PC-TIME to be a promising approach for treatment of heavy alcohol use and PTSD. A pilot randomized controlled trial is necessary to demonstrate the intervention's efficacy with Veterans in a PC setting.

Managing wildlife populations in the face of global change requires regular data on the abundance and distribution of wild animals, but acquiring these over appropriate spatial scales in a sustainable way has proven challenging. Here we present the data from Snapshot USA 2020, a second annual national mammal survey of the USA. This project involved 152 scientists setting camera traps in a standardized protocol at 1485 locations across 103 arrays in 43 states for a total of 52,710 trap-nights of survey effort. Most (58) of these arrays were also sampled during the same months (September and October) in 2019, providing a direct comparison of animal populations in 2 years that includes data from both during and before the COVID-19 pandemic. All data were managed by the eMammal system, with all species identifications checked by at least two reviewers. In total, we recorded 117,415 detections of 78 species of wild mammals, 9236 detections of at least 43 species of birds, 15,851 detections of six domestic animals and 23,825 detections of humans or their vehicles. Spatial differences across arrays explained more variation in the relative abundance than temporal variation across years for all 38 species modeled, although there are examples of significant site-level differences among years for many species. Temporal results show how species allocate their time and can be used to study species interactions, including between humans and wildlife. These data provide a snapshot of the mammal community of the USA for 2020 and will be useful for exploring the drivers of spatial and temporal changes in relative abundance and distribution, and the impacts of species interactions on daily activity patterns. There are no copyright restrictions, and please cite this paper when using these data, or a subset of these data, for publication., (© 2022 The Authors. Ecology © 2022 The Ecological Society of America.)

The goal of this Special Section is to highlight the generativity of taking a developmental perspective toward the RDoC framework that considers developmental processes and principles and the environmental and contextual processes relevant at different ages and developmental stages. The 9 papers in this Special Section and 2 invited commentaries exemplify and highlight sophisticated efforts to integrate development and principles of developmental psychopathology into the RDoC framework. In so doing, the papers both demonstrate how a developmental perspective can bolster strengths of the RDoC approach and identify notable gaps and shortcomings in how the RDoC framework, assumptions, and constructs are currently conceptualized. There are critical tensions between conducting developmentally informed and informative RDoC research. Our measures and research designs are often outstripped by the challenge of testing our ambitious ideas. Examining the causal transactions between individual differences in RDoC dimensions and normative maturational tasks, supportive and hindering contexts, and the potential moderation of associations by developmental history will produce important information about the development, manifestation, and course of psychopathology. Addressing these gaps holds great potential for identifying preventive-intervention targets, impactful intervention settings, and environmental and contextual supports. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Casual sex, although common in college culture, can increase the risk of sexual victimization, which in turn can lead to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This study examined sexual victimization, self-esteem, and social support as relative predictors of PTSD and risky casual sex (RCS) in a sample of 229 female undergraduates. Results suggested that enhancing self-esteem may have a greater relative impact on PTSD symptoms compared with social support, even after accounting for the impact of sexual victimization. Moreover, a reduction in PTSD symptoms may have the potential to minimize RCS. Future research is needed to determine temporal relations among these variables.

We examined whether a polygenic score (PGS) for smoking measured genetic risk for general behavioral disinhibition by estimating its associations with externalizing and internalizing psychopathology and related personality traits at multiple time points in adolescence (ages 11, 14, and 17 years; N = 3225). The smoking PGS had strong associations with the stable variance across time for all the externalizing measures (mean standardized β = .27), agreeableness ( β = -.22, 95% CI: -.28, -.16), and conscientiousness ( β = -.19, 95% CI: -.24, -.13), but was not significantly associated with internalizing measures (mean β = .06) or extraversion ( β = .01, 95% CI: -.05, .07). After controlling for smoking at age 17, the associations with externalizing, low agreeableness, and low conscientiousness remained statistically significant. The smoking PGS measures genetic influences that contribute to a spectrum of phenotypes related to behavioral disinhibition including externalizing psychopathology and normal-range personality traits related to behavioral control, but not internalizing psychopathology., Competing Interests: Conflict of Interest: The authors have no conflict of interest to report.

With the accelerating pace of global change, it is imperative that we obtain rapid inventories of the status and distribution of wildlife for ecological inferences and conservation planning. To address this challenge, we launched the SNAPSHOT USA project, a collaborative survey of terrestrial wildlife populations using camera traps across the United States. For our first annual survey, we compiled data across all 50 states during a 14-week period (17 August-24 November of 2019). We sampled wildlife at 1,509 camera trap sites from 110 camera trap arrays covering 12 different ecoregions across four development zones. This effort resulted in 166,036 unique detections of 83 species of mammals and 17 species of birds. All images were processed through the Smithsonian's eMammal camera trap data repository and included an expert review phase to ensure taxonomic accuracy of data, resulting in each picture being reviewed at least twice. The results represent a timely and standardized camera trap survey of the United States. All of the 2019 survey data are made available herein. We are currently repeating surveys in fall 2020, opening up the opportunity to other institutions and cooperators to expand coverage of all the urban-wild gradients and ecophysiographic regions of the country. Future data will be available as the database is updated at eMammal.si.edu/snapshot-usa, as will future data paper submissions. These data will be useful for local and macroecological research including the examination of community assembly, effects of environmental and anthropogenic landscape variables, effects of fragmentation and extinction debt dynamics, as well as species-specific population dynamics and conservation action plans. There are no copyright restrictions; please cite this paper when using the data for publication., (© 2021 The Authors. Ecology © 2021 The Ecological Society of America.)

Emotion regulation has important implications for individual and relationship health. Psychophysiological responses, such as respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), can serve as a key indicator of emotion regulation processes subsequent to a stressor and may be the process by which couples confer health benefits. Moreover, partners in romantic relationships can mutually impact physiological states both during times of stress and times of support. The current study examined physiological reactivity through RSA during a laboratory stress-induction (i.e., stressful-film trauma analog) and recovery within the context of a romantic relationship. Sex, relationship health, and individual mental health indicators were examined as moderators of reactivity and recovery. Forty-five (n = 90 individuals) community couples, primarily White (n = 75, 83.3%), heterosexual (n = 63, 70.0%), and dating (n = 67, 74.4%), were examined. Both partners' RSA were measured continuously through a series of baseline tasks, a stressful-film task, and a post-film interaction task. Reactivity and recovery trajectories were moderated by sex, study task (i.e., baseline, film, and post-film), and individual mental health (ps < .05). Repeated-measures actor partner interdependence modeling analyses revealed a strong self-regulatory (i.e., actor) effect across all tasks as well as co-regulation (i.e., partner effects) during the post-film interaction task. Findings provided some evidence of stress transmission to the non-exposed partner. This study offers initial evidence of self- and co-regulation following a laboratory stress-induction and potential predictors and moderations of the set point and stability of these regulatory dynamics. Implications and future directions are discussed., (© 2020 Society for Psychophysiological Research.)