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Article disponible en ligne à l'adresse : http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00237/full; International audience; Since the work of Casasanto (2009), it is now well established that valence and laterality are associated. Participants tend to prefer objects presented on their dominant side over items presented on their non-dominant side, and to place good items on their dominant side and bad items on the other side. Several studies highlight that those associations of valence and laterality are accounted for by the greater motor fluency of the dominant hand and various studies noted that these associations could be reversed depending on the way people interact with their environment. Consistently with the Theory of Event Coding, the aim of this work is to show that the consequences of motor actions could also reverse the associations between valence and laterality. Thus, if participants had to place two animals (one good, one bad) on two supports, one stable (no risk of falling), one unstable (risk of falling), we hypothesized that the good item would be placed on the stable support, regardless of the side where it would be put (i.e., on the dominant or non-dominant side). We expected the opposite for the bad item. The results of two experiments are consistent with this prediction and support the claim that the consequences of motor action bias the hedonic connotation of our dominant side.

Les organisations catégorielles regroupent des personnes qui exercent une activité de travail similaire autour d’intérêts professionnels communs. À partir d’organisations collectives représentant des groupes professionnels variés (praticiens en médecine chinoise, informaticiens, forestiers, soignants, éducateurs de la protection judiciaire de la jeunesse, enseignants du secondaire, journalistes, personnels navigants commerciaux), ce dossier souhaite faire dialoguer la sociologie des groupes professionnels – qu’elle soit plus ou moins centrée sur l’activité de travail, les frontières des groupes ou les identités professionnelles – et la sociologie des relations professionnelles – centrée le plus souvent sur les mobilisations collectives ou les logiques d’engagement lorsqu’elle s’intéresse aux organisations de travailleurs. À partir d’une entrée qui a rarement fait l’objet de travaux - les organisations catégorielles - ce dossier ouvre ainsi un renouvellement des questionnements autour des logiques professionnelles.

Les differences constatees entre les sexes dans la pratique des activites physiques et sportives peuvent s’expliquer notamment par la desapprobation sociale et les sanctions qu’encourent les athletes qui pratiquent des activites non congruentes avec leur sexe. Dans le domaine du sport, cette stigmatisation est souvent associee a l’orientation sexuelle (Schmalz, Kerstetter, & Anderson, 2008) et l’identite de genre des sportifs est remise en question. L’objectif de cette etude est d’etudier la maniere dont les adolescents/tes (re)definissent cette derniere en fonction de leur pratique sportive. Pour cela, soixante-huit sportifs (18 hommes et 50 femmes) âges en moyenne de 14.5 ans (ET = 2.59 ans) ont rempli la version francaise du questionnaire d’Evaluation multidimensionnelle de l’identite de genre (EMIG). Les resultats mettent en evidence une asymetrie dans les dimensions cognitives d’auto-evaluation de l’identite de genre qui s’expliquerait davantage par la hierarchie sociale qui existe entre les hommes et les femmes que par le type d’activite pratique. Ainsi, plutot que d’avoir une identite de genre inversee, les sportifs pratiquant des activites contraires aux stereotypes de sexe la reinventeraient.

Rapport de recherche remis au DEPS, Ministère de la culture.; à venir

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Epub ahead of print; In order to behave adaptively, attention can be directed in space either voluntarily (i.e. endogenously) according to strategic goals, or involuntarily (i.e. exogenously) through reflexive capture by salient or novel events. The emotional or motivational values of stimuli can also influence attentional orienting. However, little is known about how reward-related effects compete or interact with endogenous and exogenous attention mechanisms. Here we designed a visual search paradigm in which goal-driven and stimulus-driven shifts of attention were manipulated by classic spatial cueing procedures, while an irrelevant, but previously rewarded stimulus also appeared as a distractor and hence competed with both types of spatial attention during search. Our results demonstrated that stimuli previously associated with a high monetary reward received higher attentional priority in the subsequent visual search task, even though these stimuli and reward were no longer task-relevant, mitigating the attentional orienting induced by both endogenous and exogenous cues.

La présente revue a pour but de faire état des travaux traitant de la relation entre la musique et la performance sportive à des efforts de courte et de longue durées.L’analyse de la littérature souligne clairement les bénéfices de la musique sur les performances motrices et/ou sportives. La plupart des études révèle que la musique écoutée avant, pendant ou après l’effort influence les processus psychophysiologiques de la performance et/ou la performance elle-même à des efforts de courte ou de longue durées. La littérature révèle toute la complexité de la relation musique–performance dans la mesure où cette relation implique un grand nombre de facteurs, de type interne, situationnel et contextuel, entrant en interaction complexe, affectant ainsi les sphères affective, cognitive, motivationnelle, physiologique et comportementale des individus.Si la littérature relate un nombre considérable de travaux confortant l’hypothèse selon laquelle la musique améliore la performance, la compréhension des mécanismes psychophysiologiques sous-tendant la relation musique–performance reste encore limitée. L’adoption de la perspective complexe et dynamique proposée dans ce présent travail pourrait permettre de faire la lumière sur les mécanismes sous-tendant cette relation.Bien que l’examen de la relation musique–performance réponde à un objectif essentiellement théorique, la compréhension de ses mécanismes devrait permettre de développer des stratégies pouvant améliorer la performance sportive.

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The aim of this study was to examine the impact of emotional eliciting pictures on neuromuscular performance during repetitive supramaximal cycling exercises (RSE). In a randomized order, twelve male participants were asked to perform five 6-s cycle sprints (interspaced by 24 s of recovery) on a cycle ergometer in front of neutral, pleasant or unpleasant pictures. During each RSE, mean power output (MPO) and electromyographic activity [root mean square (RMS) and median frequency (MF)] of the vastus lateralis and vastus medialis muscles were analyzed. Neuromuscular efficiency (NME) was calculated as the ratio of MPO to RMS. Higher RMS (232.17 ± 1.17 vs . 201.90 ± 0.47 μV) and MF (68.56 ± 1.78 vs . 64.18 ± 2.17 Hz) were obtained in pleasant compared to unpleasant conditions (p < 0.05). This emotional effect persisted from the first to the last sprint. Higher MPO was obtained in pleasant than in unpleasant conditions (690.65 ± 38.23 vs . 656.73 ± 35.95 W, p < 0.05). However, this emotional effect on MPO was observed only for the two first sprints. NME decreased from the third sprint (p < 0.05), which indicated the occurrence of peripheral fatigue after the two first sprints. These results suggested that, compared with unpleasant pictures, pleasant ones increased the neuromuscular performance during RSE. Moreover, the disappearance of the beneficial effect of pleasant emotion on mechanical output from the third sprint appears to be due to peripheral fatigue.

Abstract. Physical exercise when done excessively may have negative consequences on physical and psychological wellbeing. There exist many scales to measure this phenomenon. The purpose of this article is to create a scale measuring the problematic practice of physical exercise (PPPE Scale) by combining two assessment tools already existing in the field of exercise dependency but anchored in different approaches (EDS-R and EDQ). This research consists of three studies carried out on three independent sample populations. The first study (N = 341) tested the construct validity (exploratory factor analysis); the second study (N = 195) tested the structural validity (confirmatory factor analysis) and the third study (N = 104) tested the convergent validity (correlations) of the preliminary version of the PPPE scale. Exploratory factor analysis identified six distinct dimensions associated with exercise dependency. Furthermore, confirmatory factor analysis validated a second order model consisting of 25 items with six dimensions and four sub-dimensions. The convergent validity of this scale with other constructs (GLTEQ, EAT26, and The Big Five Inventory [BFI]) is satisfactory. The preliminary version of the PPPE must be administered to a large population to refine its psychometric properties and develop scoring norms.

International audience

International audience; Rationale and Objectives: The progressive changes in lung morphology observed in cystic fibrosis (CF) can potentially affect the statistical distribution of computed tomography (CT) density values. This study aimed to characterize the lung CT density distributions by quantifying indices of the kurtosis and skewness of the lung density distribution and to compare these indices to radiologic scores and lung function parameters in children and young adults with CF. Materials and Methods: CT scans and lung function of 26 patients with CF were retrospectively examined. The Bhalla radiologic scoring was performed separately, in random order, by two expert radiologists, blinded to the patient's identity, age, clinical status, results of lung function tests, and the other paired observer's score. Results: Positive relations were evidenced between the log indices of lung density distribution kurtosis (iKurtosis) and the overall radiologic scores (RS) of both observers (R = 0.58; P

The relationships between ankle plantar flexor musculotendinous stiffness (MTS) and performance in a countermovement vertical jump (CMJ) and maximal rate of torque development (MRTD) were studied in 27 active men. MTS was studied by means of quick releases at 20 (S0.2), 40 (S0.4), 60 (S0.6), and 80% (S0.8) of maximal voluntary torque (TMVC). CMJ was not correlated with strength indices but was positively correlated with MRTD/BM,S0.4/BM. The slopeα2and interceptβ2of the torque-stiffness relationships from 40 to 80%TMVCwere correlated negatively (α2) and positively (β2) with CMJ. The different stiffness indices were not correlated with MRTD. The prediction of CMJ was improved by the introduction of MRTD in multiple regressions between CMJ and stiffness. CMJ was also negatively correlated with indices of curvature of the torque-stiffness relationship. The subjects were subdivided in 3 groups in function of CMJ (groups H, M, and L for high, medium, and low performers, resp.). There was a downward curvature of the torque-stiffness relationship at high torques in group H or M and the torque-stiffness regression was linear in group L only. These results suggested that torque-stiffness relationships with a plateau at high torques are more frequent in the best jumpers.

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Dans un monde du travail de plus en plus individualisé, où l'attente d'engagement et d'investissement est toujours plus forte, où les salariés aspirent d'avantage à réaliser des activités qui ont du sens et pour lesquelles ils sont reconnus, la question de la passion au travail devient essentielle. Mais elle est ambivalente : être payé pour réaliser sa passion est à la fois une chance que les salariés apprécient, mais aussi un risque de surinvestissement, d'épuisement professionnel face à une injonction angoissante à en faire toujours plus.ăăLes auteurs ont mené des recherches en sociologie du travail et clinique de l'activité dans trois domaines emblématiques du travail passionné : l'art, le sport, la politique. Pour eux, ramener la passion à un "rêve d'enfance" ou à une question de personnalité ne suffit pas pour en comprendre les ressorts et les enjeux. Ils analysent des trajectoires individuelles, leurs dynamiques identitaires, mais aussi les logiques professionnelles et organisationnelles dans lesquelles elles se déploient et plus largement les mutations des valeurs au travail.

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This article examines the ways in which Sociology questions the fight against doping. By focusing on the particular place of this subject in relation to other health issues, the author lists and pinpoints the strengths and weaknesses of existing approaches. He then proposes a research program, initiated by the group he directs, with an aim to examine the connections between the values defended by the fight against doping, the tensions in the implementation of policies and the realities in the field. This work puts in perspective 15 years of studies and makes it possible to consider the challenges for an up-coming international observatory.

Currently, a growing body of studies demonstrates memory-perception interactions (see Barsalou, 2008; Heurley et al., 2012; Lobel, 2014, for reviews). Even if such interactions are highly relevant to support embodied approaches of cognition as well as to better understand memory and perception (e.g., Zwaan, 2008; Versace et al., 2009; Landau et al., 2010; Kiefer and Barsalou, 2013), their functional role remains unclear: Why would perception integrate memory and knowledge while it seems highly efficient without such influences? To understand the functional relevance of these interactions, we assume that it is necessary to take into account two important conditions in which our cognitive systems have evolved during the phylogenesis and continue to evolve during our ontogenesis. More precisely, we develop a view where memory-perception interactions are highly relevant to plan and control actions when we interact with well-known objects in non-optimal perceptual conditions.

International audience; Previous evidence shows that stereotype threat impairs complex motor skills through increased conscious monitoring of task performance. Given that one-step motor skills may not be susceptible to these processes, we examined whether performance on a simple strength task may be reduced under stereotype threat. Forty females and males performed maximum voluntary contractions under stereotypical or nullified-stereotype conditions. Results showed that the velocity of force production within the first milliseconds of the contraction decreased in females when the negative stereotype was induced, whereas maximal force did not change. In males, the stereotype induction only increased maximal force. These findings suggest that stereotype threat may impair motor skills in the absence of explicit monitoring processes, by influencing the planning stage of force production.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to analyze the effects of clearing and skirting obstacles during the gait on the energetic cost of walking (ECW) of patients with chronic hemiplegia. The hypothesis was that hemiplegia would have a greatest increase in the ECW than in the healthy group. DESIGN: Fifteen healthy subjects and 17 patients with chronic hemiplegia completed two 6-min walking sessions: one with obstacles and the other without obstacles. During both sessions, the patients were equipped with a portable gas analyzer to measure oxygen uptake (V˙o2). Gait velocity and ECW were calculated. RESULTS: In both groups, gait velocity was lower in the with-obstacles condition and the ECW was significantly higher. V˙o2 was greater in the with-obstacles condition for the healthy group, whereas it remained unchanged for the group with hemiplegia. CONCLUSIONS: Results demonstrated that the addition of obstacles during gait increased the ECW and decreased mean walking speed in both the healthy subjects and the patients with hemiplegia. More interestingly, the authors found differences in adaptation strategies between the healthy subjects and the patients with hemiplegia. During the with-obstacles condition, the oxygen uptakes of the healthy subjects increased and mean walking speed decreased, whereas, in the subjects with hemiplegia, only mean walking speed decreased. CONCLUSIONS: Results demonstrated that the addition of obstacles during gait increased the ECW and decreased mean walking speed in both the healthy subjects and the patients with hemiplegia. More interestingly, the authors found differences in adaptation strategies between the healthy subjects and the patients with hemiplegia. During the with-obstacles condition, the oxygen uptakes of the healthy subjects increased and mean walking speed decreased, whereas, in the subjects with hemiplegia, only mean walking speed decreased.

Pour tenter d’expliquer l’ambivalence de la place reservee a Marceau Crespin dans les analyses historiques des politiques sportives gaullistes, la ligne d’analyse defendue dans cette contribution est double. D’une part, il s’agit d’eclairer la specificite et les incidences de la trajectoire de Crespin sur la constitution de traditions administratives propres a ce ministere. D’autre part, l’objectif est de nourrir la discussion sur les modes d’articulation entre les formes du pouvoir politico-administratif et les cadres institutionnalises de l’organisation du sport.

Objectives This study, based on the team cognition approach, investigated the information content expressed by coaches when helping players build or update their understanding of the unfolding game. The focus was on how this content fits into the usual task-work/teamwork and procedural/declarative taxonomies. Design The data were collected through the audio and video recording of the communications and behaviors of three professional head coaches throughout a total of 15 games. We used deductive content analysis, crossing information contents related to task-work or teamwork with information contents related to declarative or procedural knowledge across the five game periods (first and second half of the first and second half-time, break-time period), and the three score differentials between the teams (favorable, balanced, and unfavorable). Method We first performed a multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) using a 5 (Game Periods) × 3 (Score Difference) factorial design. Follow-up ANOVAs with repeated-measures were performed to identify the variables contributing to the multivariate effect. We then performed a repeated-measures analysis of variance for information contents related to declarative and procedural knowledge in occurrences of task-work and teamwork categories. Results The results showed that the coaches expressed information related more often to players' procedural knowledge than to their declarative knowledge. We discovered two main effects (game periods and score differences) in coaches' information contents delivered to players. Information related to procedural knowledge was not addressed to the team as a whole, but to certain players. Conclusions This suggests that an information flow was more distributed than shared.

This article aims to examine the ways in which researchers respond to a demand for interdisciplinarity and disciplinary excellence. The object of the research is to symmetrically study the efforts for construction of an interdisciplinary recognition, which questions the disciplinary inscription, and the ways of its evaluation. The article develops a pragmatic perspective focusing on the judgment (of disciplinary quality and interdisciplinarity) and its anticipations. For this purpose we analyze a series of interviews, scientific productions, observations and evaluation reports. We have described this process as a willingness to support the one who evaluate the codification of the tests. The fragility of interdisciplinarity consensus makes it impossible to build stable support. It appears difficult to maintain the quality of a research when the tests that this anticipation a priori allows to study are not clearly defined., Faire preuve d'interdisciplinarité Un mot d'ordre, ses interprétations et ses ajustements Résumé Cet article se propose d'examiner les façons par lesquelles les chercheurs répondent à une demande d'interdisciplinarité et d'excellence disciplinaire. L'objet de la recherche consiste à étudier symétriquement les efforts pour construire une reconnaissance interdisciplinaire, qui questionne l'inscription disciplinaire, et les façons de l'évaluer. L'article s'inscrit dans une perspective pragmatique qui prend pour objet le jugement (de la qualité disciplinaire et de l'interdisciplinarité) et ses anticipations. Pour cela nous avons mobilisé un ensemble d'entretiens, de productions scientifiques, d'observations et de rapports d'évaluation. Nous avons décrit ce processus comme une volonté de donner des prises à l'évaluateur qui interroge la codification des épreuves. La fragilité des consensus sur l'interdisciplinarité ne permet pas de construire des appuis stables. Il semble difficile de faire tenir la qualification recherchée si les épreuves que cette anticipation permet a priori d'éluder ne sont pas clairement définies.

International audience; This study investigated the impact of emotion-eliciting images on anticipatory postural adjustments (APAs) associated to forward or backward step initiation. Eighteen healthy young women initiated the two kinds of steps in two conditions: 1) if they judged the image as pleasant or unpleasant, respectively (i.e. congruent condition) and 2) if they judged the image as unpleasant or pleasant, respectively (i.e. incongruent condition). Nine participants performed the congruent condition first while the others performed it in second. The results show that the emotional effect (i.e. the difference between the congruent and incongruent conditions) on APAs associated to forward step only differs according to the axis (anterior-posterior, medio-lateral) that is considered, suggesting a specific emotional component of postural stability.

International audience; The objective of this study was to develop and validate a French-language questionnaire measuring stereotypes related to exercise in cancer patients: The Cancer Exercise Stereotypes Scale (CESS). Four successive steps were carried out with 806 participants. First, a preliminary version was developed on the basis of the relevant literature and qualitative interviews. A test of clarity then led to the reformulation of six of the 30 items. Second, based on the modification indices of the first confirmatory factorial analysis, 11 of the 30 initial items were deleted. A new factorial structure analysis showed a good fit and validated a 19-item instrument with five subscales. Third, the stability of the instrument was tested over time. Last, tests of construct validity were conducted to examine convergent validity and discriminant validity. The French-language CESS appears to have good psychometric qualities and can be used to test theoretical tenets and inform intervention strategies on ways to foster exercise in cancer patients.

International audience; Following metaphorical theories of affect, several research studies have shown that the spatial cues along a vertical dimension are useful in qualifying emotional experience (HAPPINESS is UP, SADNESS is DOWN). Three experiments were conducted to examine the role of vertical motion in affective judgment. They showed that positive stimuli moving UPWARD were evaluated more positively than those moving DOWNWARD, whereas negative stimuli moving DOWNWARD were evaluated as less negative than those moving UPWARD. They showed a valenced congruency effect, but an alternative hypothesis in terms of MORE is UP and LESS is DOWN was also examined. Finally, fluency mechanisms were investigated to confirm that relationships between affect and verticality were in accordance with a valenced congruency effect.

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National audience; Pathological gambling can be a serious problem, more so to a vulnerable population such as adolescents and youth. This study aims to investigate the links between gambling behaviours and impulsivity through a multidimensional approach in a French adolescent population. A secondary aim of this study is to find out the prevalence of pathological gambling behaviour amongst adolescents who are not meant to have legal access to such games. We administered the UPPS Impulsive behaviour Scale (UPPS-P) and the Canadian Pathological Gambling Index CPGI to 1800 adolescents aged between 11 to 17 years. Our results indicate that 33% of subjects have gambled at least once during the last year and that girls gamble as much as boys (17% and 16% respectively). Scratch games are the most common games played by adolescents (81.4%). We also notice that 1.6% of our population has problematic gambling behaviour. Although we found that many dimensions of impulsivity (Urgency, Positive urgency and Sensation seeking) are correlated to gambling behaviour, only sensation seeking seems to be a good predictor of pathological gambling severity. These results can be taken into account in the development of prevention programs.

Ce programme de recherche s’inscrit principalement dans deux types de préoccupations scientifiques qui s’alimentent. L’une pointe la nécessité de participer au renouvellement des outils en sciences sociales. L’autre se propose d’interroger des formes de l’interdisciplinarité – pris, nous nous en expliquerons au sens large – afin de contribuer à la sociologie des sciences et à une activité réflexive sur les conditions d’exercices de notre métier. Avant de décrire le travail réalisé par les trois équipes de chercheurs engagés sur ce projet, convient-il sans doute de repréciser ces enjeux.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of 2 braking forces (8.7 and 11% of body mass, BM) on Wingate test performance, peak lactate ([La]pk), peak heart rate (HRpk), and rate of perceived exertion (RPE). Sixteen male physical education students (age: 22.7 +/- 1.3 years, height: 1.81 +/- 0.07 m, BM: 74.3 +/- 9.6 kg) performed, in a randomized order, 2 Wingate tests at 8.7% BM and 2 Wingate tests at 11% BM on a Monark cycle ergometer on 4 separate sessions. The results showed that the reliability level of mechanical measures was not affected by the braking force and was relatively similar for each variable in both braking forces (0.886 < ICC < 0.985). In addition, peak power, mean power, fatigue slope, and RPE were significantly higher (8.2, 7.0, 11.9, and 4.1%, respectively, all < 0.05) using a braking force of 11% BM compared with 8.7% BM, whereas there was no significant effect of braking force on [La]pk and HRpk. In conclusion, the results of this study suggested that the reliability of the Wingate test does not depend on the used load, and a braking force of 11% BM is more optimal for power output during Wingate test in active adults.

International audience; Several studies have shown that social judgement may be defined by two dimensions, competence and warmth. From a functional perspective, embodied theories have proposed that warmth may be associated with physical distance, whereas competence may be connected to a vertical motion (UPWARD/DOWNWARD). Two main studies were conducted to examine if approach-avoidance and vertical motion could influence affective judgements about traits representing these two social dimensions. Valence judgements about warmth traits that were moving towards the subject resulted in more positive judgement than when they were moving away (approach/avoidance). Furthermore, competence traits were judged more positively when they moved in an UPWARD direction, compared with when they moved DOWNWARD. A metacognitive account of confidence is offered to explain how cognitions about warmth and competence are connected to the physical world.

Epub 2013 Aug 28; BACKGROUND: The role of arm motion during the long jump has been well studied. The aim of this study was to quantify the effect of forearm mass on impulse and the kinematics of the flight phase in an upper limb amputee.CASE DESCRIPTION AND METHODS: A world-record paralympic long jumper carried out jumps in three conditions: wearing his usual forearm prosthesis and with 0.3 and 0.4 kg added mass. A motion capture system including force plates was used to record the jump.FINDINGS AND OUTCOME: At take-off, the addition of 0.4 kg to the prosthesis decreased the vertical velocity of the centre of mass but increased horizontal velocity. These modifications were associated with an increase in landing distance and an improvement of the synchronization between arms.CONCLUSION: Increasing forearm mass appears to improve long jump performance. Further studies need to evaluate the optimal prosthetic mass for both training and competition.CLINICAL RELEVANCE: This biomechanical analysis of the long jump highlighted the effects of changing prosthesis mass on performance. This methodological approach may be useful in the context of sport and performance research.

Issu d'une communication présentée dans le colloque La démocratisation culturelle au fil de l'histoire contemporaine, Centre d'histoire de Sciences Po et la Fondation Maison Sciences de l'homme, 2012-2013.; National audience; à venir

International audience; Numerous studies have documented subtle but consistent sex differences in self-reports and observer-ratings of five-factor personality traits, and such effects were found to show well-defined developmental trajectories and remarkable similarity across nations. In contrast, very little is known about perceived gender differences in five-factor traits in spite of their potential implications for gender biases at the interpersonal and societal level. In particular, it is not clear how perceived gender differences in five-factor personality vary across age groups and national contexts and to what extent they accurately reflect assessed sex differences in personality. To address these questions, we analyzed responses from 3,323 individuals across 26 nations (mean age = 22.3 years, 31% male) who were asked to rate the five-factor personality traits of typical men or women in three age groups (adolescent, adult, and older adult) in their respective nations. Raters perceived women as slightly higher in openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness as well as some aspects of extraversion and neuroticism. Perceived gender differences were fairly consistent across nations and target age groups and mapped closely onto assessed sex differences in self- and observer-rated personality. Associations between the average size of perceived gender differences and national variations in sociodemographic characteristics, value systems, or gender equality did not reach statistical significance. Findings contribute to our understanding of the underlying mechanisms of gender stereotypes of personality and suggest that perceptions of actual sex differences may play a more important role than culturally based gender roles and socialization processes.

International audience

International audience; The aim of this study was to compare the results ofmaximal voluntary contraction (MVC) andmaximal rate of force development (MRFD) in women andmen during handgrip exerciseperformed following three different instructions:Oral instruction (OI):Started with audible trippingandaccompanied by encouragement during the whole muscle contraction. Triggered instruction(TI): Same as oral instruction, but without encouragement. Self-initiated instruction (SI): Thesubject himself decided to start and to stop the contraction.Women’s MVC and MRFD withOIwere higherthan SI. No significant differencehas been found between instructions in men. Ourresults suggested that women are more sensitive to the instructioneffect compared to men. Furtherexplanations will be proposed using surface EMG and fMRI measurements.

International audience; Objectives :The goal of this study was to identify the personal correlates (openness to experience and implicit theories of ability) of internalization of aging stereotypes and its relationships with physical activity.DesignCross-sectional survey.Method :One hundred and ninety-two older adults (78 men and 114 women) from 60 to 93 years (Mage = 73.44, SD = 7.34) completed a series of questionnaires measuring openness to experience, implicit theories of ability, stereotypes about older people and physical activity, attitude toward own aging, physical self-worth, physical activity level, self-rated health and education level.Results :The main results showed that (a) openness to experience positively predicted physical activity level through incremental theories, endorsement of aging stereotypes relative to benefits, attitude toward own aging, and physical self-worth; and (b) entity theories negatively predicted physical activity level through endorsement of aging stereotypes relative to risks, attitude toward own aging, and physical self-worth.Conclusion :The present study indicates that openness to experience and implicit theories of ability are correlates of endorsement of aging stereotypes and suggests that endorsement may be an important factor of engagement in physical activity in older adults.

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International audience; Performing motor behaviours (arm flexion vs. extension) that correspond also to lateralized peripheral activations (left vs. right side) of the motivational systems of approach versus avoidance have been previously shown to impact cognitive performance and judgment. Three experiments are reported that examined the combined effect of these variables, as a kind of motor integration, on the implementation of information integration rules in various judgment tasks: judging of a person's attractiveness from personality information, judging of the severity of health risk from alcohol and tobacco intake, and attributing blame to a perpetrator from information as to intent and severity of harm done. It was found that the congruence between these motivational activations consistently influenced the use of interactive information integration rules, compared to additive ones. This set of findings showed that cognitive rules might also be embodied. Motor integration affects cognitive integration in judgment.

International audience; The main goal of this study, based on regulatory focus theory, is to assess the effects of the reward structure on the defensive strategy of handball teams. The results show that (a) a promotional defensive strategy is more often preferred in the second half of the second half-time than in any other game period and (b) second-division coaches are more likely to put their players in regulatory fit situations than are first-division coaches, and could, thus, be more influenced by affordance situations than first-division coaches, who would be more concerned with the ratio of strength between the teams.

International audience; The notion of gambling fascinates the scientific community for almost thirty years to become today a major concern for health policy. It is a well-known fact that lack of control and excessive gambling can have deleterious effects on the individual. Aim: The aim of this study was to compare the use of video games and gambling in a population of 5568 adolescents and young adults in schools, colleges and universities of France. Methods: A majority of the sample was female (61.2% vs 38.8% male). We note that 43.4% of the sample is less than 18 years old. We evaluated personality dimensions (anxiety, depression, self-esteem, impulsivity), socio-cognitive variables (cognitive distorsions, life satisfaction) and habits (substance use). Results: Our results showed that 6% of children and 3,5% of adults were found to be at risk of gambling according to the Canadian Pathological Gambling Index (CPGI). Correlations between scores on gambling and problematic video game use were 0.29 for children and 0.44 for adults (significant at p 0.05). According to regression analysis, the predictors of problematic use of video games were depression, incapacity to stop (facet of impulsivity) and the score on the CPGI. For pathological gambling, the predictors were: interpretive bias (dimension of cognitive distorsion), substance use (tobacco and cannabis), facets of impulsivity of the UPPS (incapacity to stop, positive urgency and lack of premeditation) and the total score for the problematic use of video game. Conclusion: These results are interesting in the adaptation of care for people with gambling problem.

International audience; This study investigated the interaction between emotion-eliciting pictures and power output during a repetitive supra-maximal task on a cycle ergometre. Twelve male participants (mean (±SD) age, height and weight: 28.58 ± 3.23 years, 1.78 ± 0.05 m and 82.41 ± 13.29 kg) performed 5 repeated sprint tests on a cycle ergometre in front of neutral, pleasant or unpleasant pictures. For each sprint, mechanical (peak power and work), physiological (heart rate) and perceptual (affective load) indices were analysed. Affective load was calculated from the ratings of perceived exertion, which reflected the amount of pleasant and unpleasant responses experienced during exercise. The results showed that peak power, work and heart rate values were significantly lower (P < 0.05) for unpleasant pictures (9.18 ± 0.20 W ∙ kg−1; 47.69 ± 1.08 J ∙ kg−1; 152 ± 4 bpm) when compared with pleasant ones (9.50 ± 0.20 W ∙ kg−1; 50.11 ± 0.11 J ∙ kg−1; 156 ± 3 bpm). Furthermore, the affective load was found to be similar for the pleasant and unpleasant sessions. All together, these results suggested that the ability to produce maximal power output depended on whether the emotional context was pleasant or unpleasant. The fact that the power output was lower in the unpleasant versus pleasant session could reflect a regulatory process aimed at maintaining a similar level of affective load for both sessions.

International audience

Categorical organizations bring together workers who have a similar activity around common professional interests. Several collective organizations are analysed in this issue : Chinese medicine, computer specialists, foresters, nurses, educators, teachers, journalists, and cabin crew. These studies aim at fostering a dialogue between the sociology of professional groups – focused more or less on work activity, group boundaries or professional identities – and the sociology of industrial relations – centered mostly on collective mobilizations and commitments in the workplace. The proposed analytical lens of categorical organizations opens new questions about professions.; Les organisations catégorielles regroupent des personnes qui exercent une activité de travail similaire autour d’intérêts professionnels communs. À partir d’organisations collectives représentant des groupes professionnels variés (praticiens en médecine chinoise, informaticiens, forestiers, soignants, éducateurs de la protection judiciaire de la jeunesse, enseignants du secondaire, journalistes, personnels navigants commerciaux), ce dossier souhaite faire dialoguer la sociologie des groupes professionnels – qu’elle soit plus ou moins centrée sur l’activité de travail, les frontières des groupes ou les identités professionnelles – et la sociologie des relations professionnelles – centrée le plus souvent sur les mobilisations collectives ou les logiques d’engagement lorsqu’elle s’intéresse aux organisations de travailleurs. À partir d’une entrée qui a rarement fait l’objet de travaux - les organisations catégorielles - ce dossier ouvre ainsi un renouvellement des questionnements autour des logiques professionnelles.

International audience; Aim: The aim of this study is to compare and trace profiles of individuals who go to casinos, hippodromes, etc. to gamble (offline gamblers) and those who in addition to it, gamble online (mixed gamblers). Method; A total of 608 players responded to a battery of questionnaire. It consisted of; 1) sociodemographic data (gender, age, family situation, education); 2) measures of gambling; 3) alcohol consumption; 4) measures of anxiety end depression and 5) socio-cognitive measures (cognitive distortions and self-confidence). Results: We notice that our population in majority, consists of women (39% men, 60% women) with a mean age of 53 [Agemin: 17 years, Agemax: 76 years, S.D.: 15.97); 55% were married or living together. Only 23.7% (N = 144) of subjects are in/off gamblers. With respect to consumption of alcohol, 31.5% (N = 191) have problems with alcohol; 19.6% (N = 109) are at moderate risk of pathological gambling and 9% N = 55) are pathological gamblers. Mixed gamblers are significantly younger, play more, have higher scores on problematic gambling, are more anxious and have higher levels of alcohol consumption. They also have significantly higher scores on cognitive distortions (particularly on the dimension of predictive control) but on the other hand, have lower levels of confidence with respect to their capacity to stop gambling as compared to offline gamblers. Conclusion: Mixed gamblers are characterized by higher intensity with respect to pathological gambling end cognitive biases. Therefore, special attention should be paid to this fragile population. Some interventional and preventive approaches are proposed in the conclusion section. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved). (journal abstract)

National audience; à venir

International audience; Eccles' Expectancy-Value Model (Fredricks & Eccles, 2004) posits that the stereotypes endorsed by parents may influence their children's participation in leisure-time activities. This influence is presumed to occur through the mediating role of children's perceived competence and value given to the activity, predicting in turn dropout. Previous research is scarce relative to (a) the parent-child transmission of gender stereotypes and (b) the relationships among stereotypes, self-perceptions, and decision to drop out from an activity. We present three studies that examined gender stereotypes in the sport context to test these under-explored aspects of the model. Study 1 revealed significant links among perceived gender stereotypes in the social environment (i.e., general and parental beliefs), personal endorsement of stereotypes, and dropout behavior among 347 adolescents. Study 2 revealed no bound between stereotypes assessed among parents and 104 adolescent athletes. It further indicated that self-perceptions may mediate the relationship between 155 adolescents' gender stereotypes and intentions to drop out from sport. Study 3 involved 23 parent-adolescent dyads and revealed that parents' and adolescents' endorsement of gender stereotypes were not significantly related when assessed with explicit measures, but significantly correlated when assessed through an implicit test. Taken as a whole, the results of this set of studies suggest that gender sport stereotypes are conveyed from social environment to adolescents and that they can lead to dropout. The implications for parents and practitioners are discussed.

C’est principalement à l’adolescence qu’a lieu l’initiation à l’usage de substances psychoactives dont la répétition est susceptible d’entraîner un abus voire une dépendance. En France, les niveaux de consommation des substances licites, comme l’alcool et le tabac, mais aussi illicites, comme le cannabis, demeurent élevés chez les adolescents, en dépit de la réglementation visant à limiter l’accès à ces produits et des campagnes de prévention répétées. Les conséquences sanitaires et sociales de ces consommations constituent une préoccupation de premier plan en santé publique.Sollicitée par la Mission interministérielle de lutte contre la drogue et la toxicomanie (Mildt), cette expertise collective fait le point sur les usages de substances psychoactives chez les adolescents, mais aussi sur leurs pratiques des jeux vidéo/Internet et des jeux de hasard et d’argent identifiées comme pouvant devenir problématiques. L’expertise fait également le point sur les facteurs associés à ces usages et ces pratiques, sur les dommages sanitaires et sociaux ainsi que sur les stratégies de prévention et de prise en charge des adolescents. Le groupe d’experts propose des pistes d’actions et de recherche pour améliorer la prévention de l’initiation et des usages réguliers ainsi que la prise en charge.