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Highlights • Recharge to the modeled aquifer is mainly canal leakage not irrigation infiltration. • An irrigation canal also serves as a significant drain that prevents waterlogging. • Assumed infiltration rates from irrigation method efficiency can be an overestimate. Abstract Irrigated agriculture has created artificially high groundwater levels that are now considered the normal condition in some Montana (USA) valleys. Rural housing developments that use wells completed in these shallow aquifers depend upon the annual recharge from irrigation practices and infrastructure. However, water conservation efforts aiming to reduce the volume of irrigation water diverted from streams, by either converting fields from flood irrigation to sprinkler irrigation or lining irrigation canals, may reduce recharge to the underlying alluvial aquifers. For resource managers looking to both preserve the groundwater resource for domestic well use and reduce the volume of water diverted from rivers, knowing the primary source of groundwater recharge is key to choosing the most appropriate water-saving method. To address this question, a groundwater model of an irrigated valley was constructed to quantify the relative importance of groundwater recharge from infiltration of flood-applied irrigation water versus leakage from irrigation canals. In contrast to using assumed infiltration rates based upon irrigation method efficiency, applied irrigation recharge rates were approximated through the model by matching the magnitude and timing of measured hydrographs. Model results suggest that 1. canal leakage is the primary irrigation-related recharge source in this flood-irrigated valley, and 2. assumed applied-irrigation recharge rates based upon irrigation method can greatly overestimate recharge. Flood irrigation's low efficiency (a high percentage of applied water is not evapotranspired) may result in groundwater recharge studies that find applied irrigation is the more important groundwater recharge pathway. Our work shows that water budgets and groundwater models that use inputs based upon irrigation method efficiency may overstate the importance of irrigation application to groundwater recharge. At this site, irrigation-water conservation efforts that also aim to maintain domestic groundwater supplies should focus on improving the efficiency of irrigation method rather than reducing leakage from the canals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 13-year-old male child was evaluated for headache and visual deterioration; he underwent routine MRI imaging which revealed a large craniopharyngeal canal, divided by an abnormal bony septum giving a bipartite appearance of the canal, with a lipoma and cephalocele on either side of the septum. The child had undergone a previous surgery for cleft palate repair at the age of 7. The child had normal pituitary function inspite of nonvisualization of pituitary gland in MRI. To best our knowledge, this is the first case with such a variation. We have also discussed the possible embryological hypothesis for this previously unreported entity. Knowledge about this rare variant might have surgical relevance in selected cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the results of the study about water saving using flexible pipe in conditions of exploitation of a small rice irrigation system. The evaluation was carried out in a farm of Esmeralda municipality, in Camagüey province, where hydraulic and operational evaluations were made with the objective of knowing the possibilities of generalization of this technology as an alternative for the substitution of channels and the resulting saving of water. The results suggest that the technology is of easy application by the farmers and in the cooperative sector. As a result was obtained a considerable saving of water, in addition to other aspects such as the best use of the area and a better efficient distribution of the fertilizers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims: Considering importance of recognizing the position of incisive canal before inserting intraosseous implants and bone harvesting from the symphysis and to preventing from adverse effects after these surgeries, using appropriate imaging method is essential and necessary. Due to the high accuracy measurement and high quality of CBCT and also low received dose to patient ̦ the aim of this study was to evaluate and recognize the position of incisive canal using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). Materials and Methods: In this study, good quality CBCT mandible image of 60 patients including 32 women and 28 men with average ages of 41.3±2.5 were observed for diagnosing and recognizing the position of mandibular incisive canal using three observers separately. Data were statistically analyzed using SPSS software (version 20.0 for Windows, Chicago, IL, USA) and Chi-square and Fisher's exact tests. Results: Horizontal and vertical assessment was independent from the sex of patients. The incisive canal was recognizable in 89.8 percent of specimens. In vertical dimension, in 57.5 percent of specimens the canal was observed in the inferior one third and in 32.25 percent in the medial one third. In horizontal dimension, in 14.75 percent of specimens the canal was observed in the buccal one third, 52.75 percent in the medial one third and 22.25 percent in the lingual one third. Conclusion: The quality of CBCT imaging and its accuracy and resolution can play an important role in the differentiation and determination of the position of incisive canal.

The open limestone pit Mutalj is located on the southern slopes of Fruška Gora in the northern part of Serbia. Immediately beside the open pit, the Grabovački stream flows which has in its upper flow two artificial accumulations built to protect the settlements located downstream from floods. In relation to the 'Lajtovački Limestone' that is in exploitation, a unique karst aquifer was formed and is hydraulically connected with the Grabovac stream and the artificial accumulations. Successful protection of the open pit ofMutalj from being flooded by surface and underground water was accomplished through designing the drainage facilities of proper dimensions that encompasses the floor canals, sumps, pumping station and a settling pond for which the SUDOP1 software package was used. The aforementioned program enables not only better designed objects of surface dewatering, but also provides a checkup of hydraulic functionality the existing drainage objects at the open pit.

Protection of the open pit against water is very important, especially if the open pit is located in the complex conditions regarding protection of the open pit against water. To reduce the investments, it is proposed to define the protection system of the open pit against water for a longer period. In the specific case, the technological system of protection against water was considered at the open pit Gacko with construction the canal system with a The Cumulative water collector. The aim of developing such system is the water directing water the river Musnica riverbed and effective protection of the open pit.

El consumidor de carne porcina demanda de un producto de calidad y con menor contenido de grasa, exigiendo que el nutricionista busque nuevas alternativas en la alimentación del cerdo. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el efecto de la inclusión dietaria de betaína. Los parámetros productivos y rendimiento a la canal fueron evaluados, un total de 30 de cerdos machos castrados en fase de finalización (Landrace _ Yorkshire) fueron alimentadas con una dieta control o con la dieta experimental adicionada con 0.1% de betaína durante 29 días. El consumo diario promedio de alimento (CDPA) fue similar en ambos grupos (P>0.05). La ganancia diaria promedio de peso (GDP), conversión alimenticia (CA) y rendimiento a la canal (RC) para los cerdos alimentados con la dieta de betaína fue significativamente mayor (p

Water quality conditions of the Tatarnica canalized watercourse are considered in this paper. Tatarnica is the main canal of one of the drainage systems, which is situated about twenty kilometers to the West of Novi Sad (Vojvodina, Serbia). The quality of water and sediments in this canal is important because its water is used for irrigation of vegetable crops on the surrounding arable lands. In addition, its confluence into the Danube is near Begecka jama, which is a nature park with special ecological value. Based on the monthly water sampling and the analysis of relevant quality indicators during the research period, from year 2006 to 2012, the results of seven-year-long water and sediments quality monitoring are presented. According to the most relevant water quality parameters, water has a good ecological potential in most samples. However, occasional occurrence of inadequate water quality was noted, usually due to organic pollution, manifested as increased values of Biological and chemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5 and COD) in 35% samples. Exceptions from the required water quality were determined for the other parameters in about 10-25% of the samples. Sediment properties, according to all analyzed parameters, are generally within limits which do not have negative influences on the canal environment and its surroundings.

Calcium propionate (PrCa) is a hepatic gluconeogenic precursor in ruminants, but its use as an energy source in food it is questioned for its hypophagic effects. The objective of this study was to evaluate the addition of PrCa to diets with alfalfa hay (Medicago sativa) and molasses, on live weight, food consumption and carcass characteristics of lambs. The experimental design was completely randomized; treatments were four diets with 0 (control), 30, 35 and 40 g of PrCa per kg of dry matter that were randomly assigned to 32 (eight repetitions per treatment) Ramboulliet lambs (initial average live weight 28.1±2.1 kg). Data was analyzed with a mixed model (treatment as fixed and lamb as random) and means were compared with least squares means. The PrCa added to the diet replaced alfalfa hay. Evaluation lasted 42 d. Live weight, food consumption and feed conversion were not different (p>0.05) between the treatments. The yield of the cold and hot carcass was higher in lambs fed with 35 g PrCa, compared to the three other treatments (p⩽0.05). Diets with PrCa increased the degree of conformation and the area of the Longissimus dorsi, and they decreased the degree of fatness, the back and perirenal fat, and the pH of the meat, compared to the control (p⩽0.05). Polynomial analysis indicated that the most desirables attributes were obtained in the carcass with 40 g of PrCa. Whilst 35 g of PrCa did not affect the consumption of dry matter nor the live weight of lambs, but their yield and carcass quality attributes improved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A preliminary study of fish inventory within Seberang Perai Utara (SPU) and Penang Integrated Agriculture Development Authority (IADA) irrigation canals system was conducted at six different sampling stations by using three sets of cast net from October 2011 to February 2012. In situ water parameters indicated that SPU and IADA irrigation canals are in good and healthy condition that support a lot of aquatic organisms such as fishes. A total of 22 species consisted of 11 families with 942 specimens was captured and identified during the study period. Cyprinidae is the dominant family recorded, which represents 45.6% of the total number of species recorded followed by Bagridae and Osphronemidae (9.2 % each) and another eight fish families with 4.5 % each. The first five dominant species can be found at all sampling stations. The species are Osteochilus hasseltii, which represents 27.3% of the total specimens captured followed by Pristolepis fasciatus (18.6%), Puntius altus (16.0%), Anabas testudineus (13.1%) and Cyclocheilichthys apogon (10.3%). This study also showed that armored catfish (Hypostomus plecostomus) has been widely distributed in Penang IADA irrigation canals that three out of six sampling stations are positive recorded. This inventory study should be extended and continued as the species checklist present here is a preliminary checklist that is yet to cover the entire Penang IADA irrigation canals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among the many man-made structures that facilitate shipping, navigable canals take an important position. These canals may offer energetically favourable migration routes for diadromous fish, but they may also obstruct fish migration, for instance at shipping locks. Because the use of shipping canals by, and their effects on, migrating fish remain unknown, we assessed whether these canals can play a significant role in the migration of the critically endangered European eel. Only one third of 70 acoustically tagged silver eels completed migration through a shipping canal, and did so at a very low pace (average <0.06 m s −1 ) due to delays at shipping locks and most likely also due to the disruption of water flow. These delays may come at an energetic cost, hampering the chances of successful migration. Knowledge on the impact of shipping canals on diadromous fish is crucial for proper management regulations. For instance, the observation that eels mostly migrated at night and during spring and autumn can support water managers to define adequate measures to improve eel migration in shipping canals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Coastal wetlands are increasingly being converted into canal estates with potential consequences for ecosystem functioning. We compared the sources and fate of organic matter and water quality at four types of canal habitats (entrances and ends of canals, canal lakes and lake edges) and shallow and deep natural habitats (four replicates of each habitat). The fate of labile organic matter was assessed by measuring rates of scavenging of carrion. Surface sediments were analysed for organic carbon content and stable carbon isotopes, fatty acid biomarkers and compound specific stable isotope analysis of selected fatty acids were used to elucidate sources of sedimentary organic matter. Canal lakes differed from other habitats and were characterised by negligible scavenging, larger quantities of organic matter comprised of higher contributions from diatoms, and hypoxia. Despite some trends, natural habitats were statistically indistinguishable from canal entrances and ends. Variation among replicate habitats was large. Highlights • Multiple metrics were compared between canal estates and natural habitats. • Organic carbon was dominated by seston and/or microalgae in all habitats. • Canal lakes were characterised by minimal scavenging, high organic loads and hypoxia. • Canal developments should avoid including deep lakes to minimise impacts on ecosystem functioning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pork consumer demands a quality product with a lower fat content, requiring the nutritionist to look for new alternatives in the feeding of pigs. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of dietary betaine. The performance and dressing proportion were evaluated, a total of 30 finishing barrows (Landrace x Yorkshire) were fed a control diet or with the experimental diet added with 0.1% betaine for 29 days. The average daily feed intake (CDPA) was similar in both groups (P>0.05). The average daily weight gain (GDP), feed conversion (CA) and dressing proportion (RC) in betaine group was significantly higher (p<0.05) compared to the non-supplemented diet. Backfat thickness (EGD) was lower in the experimental group (p<0.05). The dietary betaine inclusion of 0.1% in barrows improves daily weight gain, feed conversion and reduces carcass fat content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present navigable Danube-Black Sea has little in common with the topic of the present study. Gheorghiu-Dej's project, initiated at the end of 1949, was in fact a place for the re-education of the anti-communist intellectuals and dissidents. Gone without a trace, under the works from the 70s, it remains a mythical, infernal place that has been reconstructed less from numbers and official documents, and more from the memoirs and the recollections of detainees. The shattered mirror of the recollections, which sometimes overlap, and sometimes diverge, reconstructs an approximate image of the incipient Romanian communism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flow turbulence and fish energy expenditure were investigated in an artificial fish nest and fish pool introduced as resting habitats to an agricultural drainage canal in Japan. Instantaneous current velocity, water depth at various points, and water temperature in the canal were observed eight times during 2013-2015. Using the data, turbulence descriptors such as turbulent kinetic energy, degree of turbulence, and Reynolds shear stresses, as well as fish energy expenditure, were estimated at 15 monitoring sites. By categorizing these sites into three groups (fish nest, pool, and control), the hydraulic and energetic features of fish nests and pools were quantitatively analyzed. It was estimated that goby (Tridentiger brevispinis) expended significantly less energy in the fish nest and, to a lesser extent, pool than in the control environment, indicating that the two artificial refuges contributed to creating an energetically preferable fish habitat in the canal. The turbulence descriptors estimated in this study could provide realistic inputs to laboratory experiments on fish locomotion and lead to help improve the design of eco-friendly physical structures in agricultural canals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In vast and cold permafrost regions, concrete lining canals are highly vulnerable to frost heave damage because of the freezing and expansion of foundation soil. Frost heave deformation of canal foundation frozen soil is orthotropic, namely bi-directional frost heave. Bi-directional frost heave of foundation soil consists of frost heave both parallel to temperature gradient direction and perpendicular to temperature gradient direction. As large-sized concrete lining trapezoidal canals have larger cross-section dimension and longer canal slope lining plate than ordinary canals, the mechanism of frost heave damage of large-sized canals is different from medium or small sized ones. Both storage effect of tangential frost heave force along canals concrete lining plates and frozen shrinkage stress of canals concrete lining plates are significant. The reasons for frost heave damage of canals concrete lining plates in cold regions consist of frost heave of canal foundation frozen soil and frozen shrinkage of canals concrete lining plates. As low rainfall and no water diversion in winter in north-western cold and arid regions in China, initial moisture content of canal foundation soil is extremely low. In specific regions with specific meteorological conditions and soil quality conditions, groundwater replenishment becomes dominant influence factor which determines frost heave intensity of each point on canal concrete lining plates. By combining Winkler elastic foundation assumption for canal foundation frozen soil and considering orthotropy of frost heave deformation of frozen soil namely bi-directional frost heave of frozen soil, calculating methods to determine distribution of normal frost heave force and tangential frost heave force on canals concrete lining plates in open-system conditions were proposed. Eventually calculation formulas of internal force of canal concrete lining plates were carried out. Analytic formulas to calculate frozen shrinkage stress of canal lining plates were deduced based on elastic foundation beam theory, and methods for crack resistance checking computations of canal lining plates of large-sized concrete lining trapezoidal canal were proposed. By taking a trapezoidal canal in Gansu Jinghui irrigation district as prototype, the distribution of internal force and frozen shrinkage stress of each section of lining plates were determined. Then the distribution of maximum tensile stress (namely, tensile stress on upper surface of canal lining plates) on canal lining plates and the position coordinate of the most dangerous section were calculated. Contrast analysis results between the situation considering both bi-directional frost heave and frozen shrinkage stress and the situation only considering normal frost heave force irrespective of frozen shrinkage stress showed that the calculated value of maximum section tensile stress according to the latter was notably less than the previously calculated value. Therefore, taking no consideration of the effects caused by bi-directional frost heave of canal foundation frozen soil and lining plate frozen shrinkage in mechanics analysis and frost heave resistance designs of large-sized concrete lining canal was unsafe. While considering both bi-directional frost heave and frozen shrinkage stress, the maximum cross-section tensile stress on shady-slope plate was 2.134 MPa. While considering normal frost heave only and irrespective frozen shrinkage stress, the maximum cross-section tensile stress on shady-slope plate was 1.494 MPa. Thus it can be seen that the calculated values would be smaller if considering normal frost heave only and irrespective frozen shrinkage stress. The research results can provide references for mechanics analysis and frost heave resistance designs of large-sized concrete lining canal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Results of the first documented reintroduction of the endangered endemic quillwort Isoëtes malinverniana are presented 1 year after transplanting. This represents the most complete report of a quillwort translocation globally. A new population of I. malinverniana was established in a protected area in Lombardy (northern Italy) after several years of investigation of the ecology, biology and genetics of this species. The selected site was restored before the trial release in March 2016 of 20 individuals of the target species. Although modelling for the selection of suitable release sites for the target species indicated that the selected site was not suitable for the species, I. malinverniana exhibited a survival of 60% 1 year after reintroduction. This trial indicates that with very rare species, experimental trialling of a few individuals can test the feasibility of translocation at a larger scale. Although the model was constructed using a wide variety of ecological and phenological parameters, it was unreliable because of intrinsically low statistical power, which is a limitation of modelling associated with very rare species. Although mature spores were dispersed in autumn 2016, sporelings have not yet been observed. Ultimately, reintroduction of I. malinverniana will rely on the evidence of self‐recruitment; however, this translocation effort promoted understanding of ecological tolerance and facilitated focused conservation management. For instance, a protocol for in vitro reproduction of the species was successfully developed, resulting in long‐term survival of ex situ collections that exist in two botanical gardens in Pavia and Turin. Considering that many isoëtid species are threatened worldwide, the techniques applied here may have broad applicability to other endangered species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: A non‐intrusive survey of this headland on Scotland's western seaboard reveals evidence of maritime activity from prehistory until the recent past. The siting of an Iron Age dun appears to have exploited a natural creek to bring boats to a secure landing‐place. Access was enhanced by a cleared channel, and two docks with adjacent nousts constructed. A stone‐revetted canal was later driven to the loch beyond, and quays built on either side of the entry. A 12th‐century boat‐timber was found in the loch. Later the canal was widened, and finally blocked. The sequence of development, and associated dating, merits further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to a flexible and cross-cutting approach, the urban project is emblematic of contemporary urbanistic concepts. Can this approach reconnect cities, ports and waterways? On the contrary, can it reinforce the disconnection under way, in a context in which the rationale of the market is more favourable to the sphere of residential economy than to the sphere of productive economy? This question is raised especially with respect to the canal area of Brussels, where major challenges intersect: urban densification in a context of demographic growth, the transferring of river freight as a sustainable alternative to the road network, and the improvement of water management. The aim of this article is to understand the evolution of the relationship between city and port via the interactions of the projects of the different stakeholders concerned. By means of a spatial and temporal approach, the results show that through their materialisation, the projects contribute to reproducing the functional divisions of the industrial era, caused by their economic environment. However, through their processes, new frameworks for a dialogue between city and port emerge. These observations provide some ideas for a reconnection between the city and its port.

Due to a flexible and cross-cutting approach, the urban project is emblematic of contemporary urbanistic concepts. Can this approach reconnect cities, ports and waterways? On the contrary, can it reinforce the disconnection under way, in a context in which the rationale of the market is more favourable to the sphere of residential economy than to the sphere of productive economy? This question is raised especially with respect to the canal area of Brussels, where major challenges intersect: urban densification in a context of demographic growth, the transferring of river freight as a sustainable alternative to the road network, and the improvement of water management. The aim of this article is to understand the evolution of the relationship between city and port via the interactions of the projects of the different stakeholders concerned. By means of a spatial and temporal approach, the results show that through their materialisation, the projects contribute to reproducing the functional divisions of the industrial era, caused by their economic environment. However, through their processes, new frameworks for a dialogue between city and port emerge. These observations provide some ideas for a reconnection between the city and its port.

Due to a flexible and cross-cutting approach, the urban project is emblematic of contemporary urbanistic concepts. Can this approach reconnect cities, ports and waterways? On the contrary, can it reinforce the disconnection under way, in a context in which the rationale of the market is more favourable to the sphere of residential economy than to the sphere of productive economy? This question is raised especially with respect to the canal area of Brussels, where major challenges intersect: urban densification in a context of demographic growth, the transferring of river freight as a sustainable alternative to the road network, and the improvement of water management. The aim of this article is to understand the evolution of the relationship between city and port via the interactions of the projects of the different stakeholders concerned. By means of a spatial and temporal approach, the results show that through their materialisation, the projects contribute to reproducing the functional divisions of the industrial era, caused by their economic environment. However, through their processes, new frameworks for a dialogue between city and port emerge. These observations provide some ideas for a reconnection between the city and its port.

In 1869, with the opening of the Suez Canal, world trade entered a new era of development. The commercial routes linking the Far East to the western countries were shortened considerably as compared to the maritime corridor around the Cape of Good Hope. In 1914, the opening of the Panama Canal sealed the new deal in world trade, opening for business the shortest commercial routes around the world. After 145 years from the inauguration of the Suez Canal, world trade is on the eve of a new expansion. Two major projects: the expansion of both the Suez and Panama canals, planned to be completed in the next two years, will double their transit capacity. This paper does a comparative analysis of these two strategic projects, underlining the main benefits for Egypt, Panama and world trade, based on the available statistical data, reports and literature in the field.

La digitalización ha propiciado una nueva forma de concebir los canales de televisión; son diversos los autores que han tratado esta temática –Cebrián (2004), Alcolea (2003), Bustamante (1999), etc.-, sin embargo, las aproximaciones que se han hecho en materia de canales temáticos infantiles resultan un tanto superfluas. Se realiza una revisión de las teorías existentes sobre televisión, infancia y canales temáticos que nos lleva a poder aportar una nueva terminología y a formular una aproximación a la definición de Canal Infantil Politemático, fiel reflejo de la realidad televisiva del siglo XXI.

Introduction: Root canal obturation aims at sealing the root canal system to prevent re-contamination of canal and periapical space. Presence of moisture in canal before obturation may posit a negative effect on the quality of canal sealing. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the effect of canal contamination with saliva on apical microleakage. Methods: In this laboratory study, 58 human uni-root teeth were cleaned and shaped for obturation with gutta percha and sealer AH26. In the case group, specimens were contaminated with human saliva immediately before obturation, whereas the teeth in the control group were kept dry. All canals were filled by lateral condensation technique. Moreover, the teeth were placed in methylene blue dye for 3 days. Dye penetration was measured using a stereomicrosope. As a matter of fact, the study data were analyzed via utilizing t-test. Results: A significant difference was found between the two groups in regard with the apical leakage(P

Se evaluó el comportamiento productivo de 75 conejos blancos de la raza Nueva Zelanda en la fase de crecimiento-ceba, al sustituirse parte del concentrado comercial de su ración diaria por harina de morera (Morus alba). Se emplearon cinco niveles de inclusión (0; 10; 20; 30 y 40 %); la ceba duró 60 días; se conformaron cinco grupos con 15 animales cada uno y fueron ubicados 5 animales en cada jaula. El peso de los animales al comenzar la investigación (35 días de edad) fue de 630 g . La composición química de la harina de morera fue la siguiente: materia seca 89,9 %; proteína bruta 26,6 %; FND 27,9 %; FAD 18,1 %; Lis 9,36 mg/kg; Met < 0,82 mg/kg; Cist 3,1 mg/kg. Los pesos finales mayores fueron para los grupos control 2 390 g y 30 % de inclusión (2 370 g), así como las mejores conversiones y rendimiento de sus canales (56 %). Al utilizar laharina de morera en la ración de conejos de la raza Nueva Zelanda blancos en crecimiento-ceba, se alcanzan niveles de crecimiento, consumo, conversión alimenticia y rendimiento en canales similares al control, cuando el pienso comercial es sustituido en 30 %.