328 results on '"Caffara, M"'
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202. A SURVEY ON CESTODES IN ITALIAN LACUSTRINE FISH
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Andrea Gustinelli, Prearo, M., Bernardoni, E., Menconi, V., Monica Caffara, Cavazza, G., Righetti, M., Quaglio, F., MARIALETIZIA FIORAVANTI, Gustinelli A., Prearo M., Bernardoni E., Menconi V., Caffara M., Cavazza G., Righetti M., Quaglio F., and Fioravanti M.L
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Data concerning the presence of cestodes in wild fish populations in Italian Lakes are scarce and fragmentary. In the framework of a Research Project funded by the Ministry of Health on zoonotic helminths in freshwater fish, a parasitological survey aimed to update the existing data on the presence of Diphyllobothrium spp. (Cestoda: Diphyllobothriidea) in Italy has been carried out in fish populations from Italian lakes, widening data collection also to the presence of not zoonotic tapeworms. During the period January-November 2013, from 5 Italian lakes (Maggiore, Como, Iseo, Garda, Piediluco), 775 fish belonging to 6 species have been sampled by professional fishermen: 553 perch (Perca fluviatilis), 91 shad (Alosa fallax lacustris), 66 whitefish (Coregonus lavaretus), 46 burbot (Lota lota), 10 pike (Esox Lucius) and 9 tench (Tinca tinca). Fish were weighted, measured and submitted to parasitological examination. Parasites were isolated, washed in saline solution and fixed in 70% ethanol for morphology. Plerocercoid larvae were also submitted to molecular identification. Prevalence (P%) values, Mean Intensity (MI) and Abundance (A) have been calculated according to Bush et al., 1997, J. Parasitol., 83: 575-583. Concerning Diphyllobothriid plerocercoid larvae positivities were found in perch from Maggiore Lake (P%=10.53, MI=1.00, A=0.11), Como Lake (P%=23.97, MI=1.34, A=0.32) and Iseo Lake (P%=12.79, MI=1.68, A=0.17); pike from Como (P%=40.00, MI=6.00, A=2.40) and Iseo Lakes (P%=100, MI=3.50, A=2.33); burbot from Como (P%=17.39, MI=5.75, A=1.00) and Iseo Lake (P%=19.05, MI=6.75, A=1.29). All the fish from Garda and Piediluco lakes and all the shad and whitefish were negative for diphyllobothriid plerocercoid larvae. All the larvae found in perch, pike and burbot are identified as Diphyllobothrium latum by morphology and confirmed by PCR and sequencing.Concerning adult cestodes found in fish intestine, Proteocephalus percae has been isolated from perch, pike and burbot, confirming perch as definitive host and pike and burbot as post-cyclic hosts. Proteocephalus longicollis has been isolated from whitefish, representing the most suitable host besides salmonids and from shad in which the major part of parasites were subadult. In tench from Piediluco lake the adult cestodes has been identified as the caryophyllidean Monobotrhium wageneri, commonly observed in tight clusters of parasites and causing a huge inflammatory reaction in massive infections. Data collected represent a contribution to the knowledge on the diffusion of cestodes in wild freshwater fish in Italy. Concerning D. latum plerocercoid larvae, perch, pike and burbot are the only hosts reported in Italy so far and lakes Maggiore, Como and Iseo confirm to be endemic environments, instead of Garda Lake which seems to be D. latum free, but more fish from additional sampling areas have to be investigated to confirm these data
203. Autonomia o fantasia universitaria: il caso del Settore Scientifico Disciplinare VET06
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Giovanni Poglayen, Monica Caffara, MARIALETIZIA FIORAVANTI, ROBERTA GALUPPI, Marchesi, Barbara, Laura Stancampiano, MARIA PAOLA TAMPIERI, Battelli, Giorgio, Poglayen G., Caffara M., Fioravanti M.L., Galuppi R., Marchesi B., Stancampiano L., Tampieri M.P., and Battelli G.
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PARASSITOLOGIA VETERINARIA ,UNIVERSITÀ ,OFFERTA FORMATIVA ,MEDICINA VETERINARIA ,MALATTIE PARASSITARIE - Abstract
Gli autori discutono i dati relativi all'offerta formativa riguardante il SSD VET06 nelle 15 Facoltà di Medicina Veterinaria italiane. Le informazioni raccolte hanno permesso di accertare l'estrema variabilità tra le varie sedi. Ad esempio, solo riferendosi al CdL specialistica in MV e agli insegnamenti canonici di Parassitologia e Malattie Parassitarie, hanno potuto notare notevoli differenze per tutti i parametri considerati: crediti formativi, ore per credito, ore totali e anno di attivazione. Gli autori concludono riflettendo sull'eccessiva diversificazione tra le varie sedi e sulle conseguenze che questa ha sulla preparazione degli studenti e sulla cultura parassitologica in senso lato, auspicando un confronto a livello nazionale
204. A survey aimed at mapping the 'Anisakis risk' in anchovies (Engraulis encrasicolus) and sardines (Sardina pilchardus) caught off the Ligurian and north-western Adriatic coasts
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MARIALETIZIA FIORAVANTI, Monica Caffara, Andrea Gustinelli, Scaturro, G., Pavoletti, E., Serracca, L., Di Donfrancesco, B., Prearo, M., Fioravanti M.L., Caffara M., Gustinelli A., Scaturro G., Pavoletti E., Serracca L., Di Donfrancesco B., and Prearo M.
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ITALY ,Anisakidae ,SARDINA PILCHARDUS ,ENGRAULIS ENCRASICOLUS - Abstract
AIM. According to EFSA Scientific Opinion on Risk Assessment of Parasites in Fishery Products (2010), all wild fish should be considered at risk of containing any viable zoonotic parasites if these products are to be eaten raw or almost raw, pointing out the need to carry out epidemiological surveys on presence/diffusion of zoonotic parasites in all fishery grounds. Therefore surveys aimed at mapping the presence of zoonotic anisakids, i.e. Anisakis spp., in commercially important fish are strongly encouraged. Since most of the cases of human Anisakiasis reported till now in Italy have been referred mainly to consumption of marinated/pickled anchovies and/or sardines, a quali-quantitative parasitological survey has been carried out on these two species from different Italian fishing areas. MATERIALS AND METHODS. From October 2010 to February 2012 a total of 3808 anchovies (Engraulis encrasicolus) and 2636 sardines (Sardina pilchardus) caught off the Ligurian and north-western Adriatic coasts were examined for the presence of anisakid larvae (see Table 1). Fishing areas were identified by geographic coordinates. All the anisakids recovered during the survey were fixed in 70% ethanol, cleared and identified at genus level by light microscope. A representative pool of larvae was subjected to molecular identification by PCR-RFLP of ITS rRNA using restriction enzymes HinfI e HaeIII. Data on localization, viability and number of anisakid larvae were recorded. Prevalence and mean intensity MI) were calculated as suggested by Bush AO et al. (1997, J Parasitol, 83: 575-583). RESULTS. Anisakid larvae have been detected in 791 (20.8%) anchovies and 531 (20.1%) sardines. Among anisakids, Anisakis sp. larvae were detected in 111 (2.9%) anchovies and 5 (0.2%) sardines, while Hysterothylacium sp. larvae, considered nonpathogenic to humans, were found in 703 (18.5%) anchovies and 526 (20%) sardines. Striking differences in prevalence values were observed among fishing areas and fish species. Sardines showed very low infection rates by Anisakis larvae (0-0.3%) from all fishing areas, while anchovies from Ligurian sea showed Anisakis prevalence values higher than those from northern Adriatic sea (0.9-9.8 vs. 0-0.8%). Hysterothylacium larvae were found in all the batches examined, with prevalence ranging from 2.3 to 46.3%. MI of Anisakis larvae was generally around 1, except for anchovies from Imperia (2.5), and MI of Hysterothylacium between 1 and 2.9, with highest values in Adriatic fish. Larvae were always viable and located in body cavity. Molecular analyses allowed to identify all the Anisakis larvae as owing to the species A. pegreffii, except for a specimen identified as an A. pegreffii/A. simplex hybrid, and all the Hysterothylacium larvae as H. aduncum. CONCLUSIONS. The results of this survey showed a very low Anisakis risk in anchovies caught off north-western Adriatic coast and in sardines from all the fishing areas under study. However, it should be stressed that prevalence values observed in anchovies from Ligurian sea (0.9-9.8%) were strongly lower than those reported by Rello FJ et al. (2009, Int J Food Microbiol, 129: 277-281) who found Anisakis sp. larvae in 21.88% of anchovies from Ligurian sea, but examining just 64 fish “landed at La Spezia and Piombino”. Influence of fish population structuring and dynamics, host ecological/trophic attitude and hydrogeographical factors are discussed in relation to the parasitological findings.
205. FIRST DESCRIPTIONS OF NODULAR GILL DISEASE IN ITALIAN FARMED RAINBOW TROUT (ONCORHYNCHUS MYKISS)
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Quaglio, F., Perolo, A., Bronzatti, P., Andrea Gustinelli, Menconi, Vasco, Cavazza, Giulia, Monica Caffara, Manfrin, A., Gallo, E., MARIALETIZIA FIORAVANTI, Quaglio, F., Perolo, A., Bronzatti, P., Gustinelli, A., Menconi, V., Cavazza, G., Caffara, M., Manfrin, A., Gallo, E., and Fioravanti, M.L.
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endocrine system ,animal structures ,Italy ,macromolecular substances ,amoeba ,rainbow trout ,Oncorhynchus myki ,Nodular gill disease ,Nodular gill disease, amoeba, rainbow trout - Abstract
Amoebic gill disease is a severe parasitic condition affecting salmonid farming in marine and freshwater environment. Several outbreaks of nodular gill disease associated with amoebic infections in freshwater farms of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) have been reported in Denmark, Poland, Germany, USA and Canada. Some cases of nodular gill disease in juvenile and adult rainbow trout have been observed during the last three years in some trout farms in northern and central Italy. High mortality rates occurred throughout the year, with a higher severity and incidence at low temperatures. Clinical signs were indicative of respiratory distress. Gross pathology observations of gills showed excessive mucus production, whitish nodules in the distal regions of filaments and alternated anemic and congested areas. The nodules commonly were composed of several adjacent filaments clubbed and fused together, suggesting diffuse and severe epithelial hyperplasia. The lesions observed were evaluated utilizing a categorical field evaluation of gross gill score. In some samples examined in spring 2014 the microscopic exam of fresh gill showed the presence of roundish elements of about 20 µm in diameter referable to amoebae lined up along the gill surface or piled between the secondary lamellae. The identity of amoebae has not been determined so far and is still under study. Histological examination of gills revealed extensive proliferation of the epithelial and mucous cells, often with complete fusion of the lamellae. Lamellar oedema and leucocyte infiltration in the hyperplastic tissue were found. The filaments in severe cases were totally coalescing, sometimes affecting the entire gill arch. The apical portion of the filament showed marked spongiosis accompanied by cellular sloughing. Amoebae, better evidenced by Giemsa staining, were observed adhering to the gill epithelium surface and within interlamellar spaces. Bacteriological exams of the gills did not support a correlation between presence of bacteria and amoebic infections. Nodular gill disease of trout is an emerging problem which requires particular attention by fish pathologists. Studies are in progress to clarify etiopathogenesis and main environmental and biological determinants of the disease in order to define appropriate measures for its prevention and control.
206. EPISODI DI RICKETTSIOSI IN SPIGOLE D’ALLEVAMENTO
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Andrea Gustinelli, Quaglio, F., Monica Caffara, Menconi, Vasco, Cavazza, G., Scaturro, G., MARIALETIZIA FIORAVANTI, Gustinelli A., Quaglio F., Caffara M., Menconi V., Cavazza G., Scaturro G., and Fioravanti M.L.
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La Piscirickettsiosi è una malattia ad eziologia ba tterica di particolare importanza nei salmonidi, do ve è sostenuta da Piscirickettsia salmonis ed è responsabile di ingenti perdite per l’elevata mortalità che è in grado di provocare. Inoltre microrganismi Ricket tsia-like (RLO, Rickettsia-Like-Organisms), geneticamente ascritti al “ Piscirickettsia salmonis group”, sono stati segnalati in letteratura come agenti patogeni in numerose altre specie ittiche tr a cui la spigola ( Dicentrarchus labrax ), seppure le descrizioni in questa specie siano piuttosto rare. Nel corso dell’inverno 2013-primavera 2014 si sono registrati alcuni episodi di mortalità in giovanili di spigola ( Dicentrarchus labrax ) di recente immissione in gabbia in tre allevament i con diversa ubicazione geografica. I pesci mostravano segni aspecifici di malattia qua li anoressia, in alcuni casi con accentuato dimagrimento e ipermelanosi. In due gruppi si osser vavano anche alterazioni del comportamento natatorio. La mortalità cumulativa presentava valor i variabili tra il 10% ed il 30%. Allo scopo di indagare la causa mortis i pesci venivano sottoposti ad esami diagnostici di routine e alcuni individui venivano fissati in toto in formalina tamponata al 10% per la conduzione de ll’esame istologico. L’esame parassitologico metteva in evidenza, in alc uni esemplari di tutti i gruppi esaminati, la presenza di ectoparassiti ciliati e monogenei a liv ello branchiale e di Sphaerospora dicentrarchi a livello di intestino e vescica biliare, sempre a ba sse intensità d’infezione. L’esame batteriologico h a permesso di isolare Vibrio sp. solo da un gruppo di spigole. All’istologia si osservava in tutti i pesci esamina ti un quadro di infezione diffusa da microrganismi “Rickettsia-like”, evidenziati come elementi basofi li coccoidi endocellulari. Gli organi maggiormente colpiti risultavano essere il cervello, come riport ato in letteratura in precedenti descrizioni nella spigola, il fegato ed il rene, ma in alcuni casi an che le branchie e l’intestino risultavano essere interessati. A livello encefalico si osservavano va ste aree di necrosi focale con intensa reazione flogistica e congestione ematica estesa anche ai va si meningei. Le cellule microgliali presentavano vacuoli citoplasmatici contenenti numerosi elementi basofili riferibili a microrganismi Rickettsia-lik e. A carico del fegato le lesioni apparivano meno grav i e si osservava infiltrato infiammatorio e necrosi focali in cui era possibile riscontrare la costante presenza di RLO. Nel rene si evidenziavano emorragie e necrosi focali del tessuto ematopoietic o con clusters di RLO. I microrganismi nei casi più gravi erano anche contenuti nei macrofagi delle lam elle branchiali e della sottomucosa intestinale. Le osservazioni istopatologiche osservate negli epi sodi qui riportati appaiono sostanzialmente sovrapponibili a quanto riportato in letteratura ne l corso di episodi analoghi nella spigola. Anche la sintomatologia nervosa da noi osservata in alcuni c asi risulta descritta da alcuni autori in corso di rickettsiosi in D. labrax d’allevamento. La descrizione, negli ultimi anni, di diversi episo di di rickettsiosi in spigole d’allevamento sembrerebbe indicare questa malattia come problemat ica sanitaria emergente nella maricoltura mediterranea. Andranno quindi condotte nel prossimo futuro ricerc he mirate alla caratterizzazione eziologia degli RLO riscontrati nella spigola, a definirne le vie d i trasmissione ed i fattori che condizionano l’emergenza clinica della malattia, nonché a metter e a punto idonei metodi diagnostici ed efficaci strategie di controllo terapeutico.
207. Ricerca di protozoi zoonosici e metalli pesanti in molluschi bivalvi dell’Emilia-Romagna (Italia)
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Monica Caffara, Abete, M. C., Prearo, M., Gavinelli, S., MARIALETIZIA FIORAVANTI, Caffara M., Abete M.C., Prearo M., Gavinelli S., and Fioravanti M.L.
208. Osservazioni preliminari sugli aspetti sanitari delle prime fasi d’allevamento del tonno rosso (Thunnus thynnus) in Italia
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Andrea Gustinelli, Campana, M., MARIALETIZIA FIORAVANTI, Daniela Florio, Monica Caffara, Quaglio, F., Caggiano, M., Metrio, G., Gustinelli A., Campana M., Fioravanti M.L., Florio D., Caffara M., Quaglio F., Caggiano M., and De Metrio G.
209. VALUTAZIONE DEL 'RISCHIO ANISAKIS' IN SPIGOLE E ORATE ALLEVATE IN ITALIA: RISULTATI PRELIMINARI
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MARIALETIZIA FIORAVANTI, Monica Caffara, Andrea Gustinelli, Menconi, Vasco, Righetti, M., Serracca, L., Ercolini, C., Prearo, M., Fioravanti, M.L., Caffara, M., Gustinelli, A., Menconi, V., Righetti, M., Serracca, L., Ercolini, C., and Prearo, M.
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Acquacoltura ,Sparus aurata ,Dicentrarchus labrax ,Anisakis sp ,Italia - Abstract
Il Regolamento UE n. 1276/2011 dell'8 dicembre 2011, che ha modificato l’allegato III del Regolamento (CE) n. 853/2004 del Parlamento europeo e del Consiglio relativamente al trattamento per l’uccisione di parassiti vitali in prodotti della pesca destinati al consumo umano, ha evidenziato la possibilità di deroga ai trattamenti di congelamento previsti per i prodotti della pesca che vanno consumati crudi, praticamente crudi o sottoposti a trattamenti che non garantiscono l’uccisione dei parassiti vivi, nel caso i prodotti siano “derivati da piscicoltura, da colture di embrioni e nutriti esclusivamente secondo una dieta priva di parassiti vivi che rappresentano un rischio sanitario, e purché uno dei seguenti requisiti sia soddisfatto: i) sono stati allevati esclusivamente in un ambiente privo di parassiti vivi; oppure ii) l’operatore del settore alimentare verifica mediante procedure approvate dall’autorità competente che i prodotti della pesca non rappresentano un rischio sanitario con riguardo alla presenza di parassiti vivi”. Queste indicazioni sono state inserite tenendo conto del parere scientifico emesso dall’EFSA nel 2010 sulla valutazione del rischio correlato alla presenza di parassiti nei prodotti ittici, che raccomanda di condurre studi epidemiologi approfonditi in tutte le specie ittiche allevate (così come già fatto in passato nel salmone atlantico) e stabilisce criteri per valutare a quali condizioni i prodotti della pesca da acquacoltura non presentano rischi per la salute pubblica. Si è quindi intrapresa un’indagine preliminare in tre allevamenti in gabbia, uno situato nel Mar Adriatico e due nel Mar Ligure, volta a fornire i primi dati specifici sulla presenza/assenza di larve di Anisakis spp. in spigole (Dicentrarchus labrax) e orate (Sparus aurata) d’allevamento. I tre siti sono stati scelti in quanto localizzati in areali dove la presenza di stadi larvali di Anisakis spp. viene registrata in diverse specie ittiche selvatiche. Sono stati effettuati 10 campionamenti ed esaminati in totale 268 pesci, di cui 238 spigole e 30 orate, 73 dall’impianto del Mar Adriatico (43 spigole con peso medio di 275,5 g e 30 orate con peso medio di 247,6 g) e 195 da quelli nel Mar Ligure (150 spigole dal primo allevamento e 45 spigole dal secondo, con peso medio di 400 g). Tutti gli esemplari sono stati sottoposti ad esame parassitologico per la ricerca di larve di Anisakis spp. mediante esame visivo della cavità viscerale e, previo sfilettamento, delle masse muscolari secondo quanto previsto dalla normativa. L’esame parassitologico non ha evidenziato in alcun esemplare analizzato la presenza di larve di nematodi Anisakidae né a livello viscerale né a livello muscolare. Questi risultati preliminari, che andranno avvalorati da ulteriori indagini condotte su un numero maggiore di esemplari/allevamenti ed applicando tecniche diagnostiche più sensibili, sembrano confermare che i pesci marini allevati in gabbia presentano bassi livelli di rischio per quanto riguarda i parassiti zoonotici. In particolare, oltre alla provenienza degli avannotti da ambienti confinati e controllati, la somministrazione continuativa di mangimi commerciali inerti durante tutta la vita produttiva dei pesci negli ambienti in gabbia sembra rappresentare un elemento di estrema importanza nel prevenire il coinvolgimento dei pesci allevati nella catena trofica naturale, fattore che potrebbe comportare l’assunzione di prede parassitate da larve di nematodi Anisakidae. La futura raccolta di dati epidemiologici esaustivi su questo argomento potrà rafforzare in maniera determinante l’immagine dell’acquacoltura nazionale e mediterranea, conferendo un maggior valore commerciale ai prodotti ittici d’allevamento.
210. Molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium strains from foals: preliminary results
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Monica Caffara, SILVIA PIVA, ELEONORA IACONO, RENATO GIULIO ZANONI, CAROLINA CASTAGNETTI, MARIALETIZIA FIORAVANTI, MARIA PAOLA TAMPIERI, ROBERTA GALUPPI, Caffara M., Piva S., Iacono E., Zanoni R.G., Castagnetti C., Fioravanti M.L., Tampieri M.P., and Galuppi R.
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CRYPTOSPORIDIUM SPP ,parasitic diseases ,MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION ,FOALS - Abstract
Cryptosporidium spp., a common enteric pathogen of animals and humans, has been involved as a cause of diarrhea in foals both immunocompetent and immunocompromised (Sgorbini et al, 2003, Ippologia, 4: 5-9; Grinberg et al, 2009, New Zeal Vet J, 57: 284-289; Perrucci et al, 2011, Vet Paras 182: 333-336). Several aspect of this infection in horse, such as prevalence, clinical onset, risk factors, economic relevance and the species status are not completely defined (Veronesi et al, 2009 Zoon Pub Health, 57: 510-517). So far, the literature on equine cryptosporidiosis, describe the presence of Cryptosporidium parvum “cattle” genotype and Cryptosporidium “horse” genotype (Grinberg et al, 2003 Vet Rec, 153: 628-631; Grinberg et al, 2008 J Clin Microbiol, 46: 2396-2398; Chalmers et al, 2005, Vet Rec, 156: 49-50; Chalmers et al, 2009, Eurosurveillance, 14: 1-9; Xiao et al, 2009 J Clin Microbiol, 47: 3017-3020). AIM: During the last horse breeding seasons at the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of Department of Veterinary Medical Science Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna during past several cases of cryptosporidiosis have been observed in foals and mare. With the aim of undertake a study of epidemiology of these outbreak and in order to set up adequate control measures, a molecular study on Cryptosporidium spp. isolates from foals hosted in this structure in 2007 and from diarrheic goat housed in 2006 in a separate experimental stable have been carried out. Furthermore a human isolate from a technician with gastro-intestinal symptoms working on goat during the outbreak was also analyzed. MATERIALS AND METHODS. The following fecal samples, tested positive by Ziehl-Neelsen stain and stored frozen, were examined: 4 from foals with diarrheic syndrome, 1 from goat and 1 from man. All the samples were subjected to DNA extraction with QIAamp DNA Stool Mini Kit (Qiagen) and to nested PCR, amplifying the 18S rRNA (Miller et al, 2006, J Microbiol Meth, 65: 367-379) and the gene encoding the Cryptosporidium oocyst wall protein (COWP) (Traversa et al, 2008, Mol Cell Probes, 22: 122-128). The PCR products were sequenced in both direction by ABI 3730 DNA Analyzer at StarSEQ GmbH (Mainz, Germany). RESULTS. Sequence analysis of both genes revealed that all the isolates (foal, goat and human) were identical to each other and showed 100% identity with the Cryptosporidium parvum “cattle” genotype. CONCLUSIONS. The presence of C. parvum “cattle” genotype has already been recorded all around the world in a wide host range comprising human (Chalmers et al, 2005, Vet Rec, 156: 49-50; Grinberg et al, 2003, Vet Rec, 153: 628-630; Grinberg et al, 2008, J Clin Microbiol, 46: 2396-2398; Imhasly et al, 2009, Arch Tierheilkd, 151: 21-26; Veronesi et al, 2009, Zoon Pubbl Health, 57: 510-517; Traversa et al., 2010, Parassitologia, 52: 214; Perrucci et al, 2011, Vet Parasitol, 182: 333-336; Grinberg et al., 2012, Vet Rec, 153: 628-631) while only few researches reported the presence of Cryptosporidium “horse genotype” in foals (Ryan et al, 2003, Appl Environ Microbiol, 69: 4302-4307; Xiao and Fayer, 2008, Int J Parasitol, 38: 1239-1255; Xiao and Feng, 2008, FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol, 53: 309-323) with a single case of human infection (Xiao et al, 2009, J Clin Microbiol, 47: 3017-3020). Our results confirm the data obtained by Grinberg et al (2012) on the evidence that C. parvum “cattle” genotype could be a co-factor of foals diarrhea. The isolation of the same genotype also from goat and humans, suggest the possible cross-transmission between animals and man, pointing out the zoonotic professional risk linked to the presence of C. parvum “cattle” genotype as already described in previous studies reporting outbreak of cryptosporidiosis in vet students (Pohjola et al, 1986, Scand J Infect Dis, 18: 173-178; Levine et al, 1988, J Am Vet Med Ass, 193: 1413-1414; Reif et al, 1989, Am J Public Health, 79: 1528-1530; Preiser et al, 2003, J Am Coll Health, 51: 213-215; Gait et al, 2008, Vet Rec, 162: 843-845). Further investigations are necessary in order to verify the presence of sub-genotypes by studying other more suitable genes such as the GP60 and the Hsp70 in order to link the epidemiologically related isolates.
211. Sphaerospora dicentrarchi and S. testicularis (Myxozoa: Sphaerosporidae) in farmed European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) from Italy
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Federica Marcer, Marialetizia Fioravanti, Daniela Florio, Monica Caffara, Andrea Gustinelli, FIORAVANTI M.L., CAFFARA M., FLORIO D., GUSTINELLI A., and MARCER F.
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Veterinary medicine ,Myxozoa ,biology ,Myxosporea, Sphaerospora dicentrarchi, S. testicularis, European sea bass, mariculture, epidemiology, Italy ,Spores, Protozoan ,Eukaryota ,Aquaculture ,biology.organism_classification ,Sphaerospora dicentrarchi ,Myxosporea ,Fishery ,Fish Diseases ,Sphaerosporidae ,Italy ,Species Specificity ,Prevalence ,%22">Fish ,Animals ,Parasitology ,Dicentrarchus ,Mariculture ,Bass ,Sea bass ,Protozoan Infections, Animal - Abstract
The distribution of Sphaerospora dicentrarchi Sitja-Bobadilla et Alvarez-Pellitero, 1992 and S. testicularis Sitja-Bobadilla et Alvarez-Pellitero, 1990, myxozoan parasites of European seabass Dicentrarchus labrax (L.), was investigated in different farming systems in Italy. In total, 1406 fish were examined. High S. dicentrarchi prevalence was observed in all the farming systems involved in this survey (extensive farms: 51.5%; intensive farms: inland 59.6%, inshore floating cages 76.2%, offshore floating cages 41.6%) except for submersible cages (7.4%). S. testicularis was detected only in nine male fish from two intensive farms. The epidemiology and pathological effects of the parasites are discussed.
212. The life cycle of Myxobolus lentisuturalis (Myxozoa: Myxobolidae), from goldfish (Carassius auratus auratus), involves a Raabeia-type actinospore
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Francesco Quaglio, Marialetizia Fioravanti, Daniela Florio, Elena Raimondi, Monica Caffara, Federica Marcer, Caffara M., Raimondi E., Florio D., Marcer F., Quaglio F., and Fioravanti M.L.
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Muscle tissue ,Life Cycle Stages ,Myxozoa ,biology ,Spores, Protozoan ,Skeletal muscle ,Anatomy ,biology.organism_classification ,Myxobolidae ,Myxosporea ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Myxosporea, Myxobolus lentisuturalis, actinospore, Raabeia-type, life cycle, Carassius auratus auratus, Branchiura sowerbyi, Italy ,Myxobolus ,Goldfish ,Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid ,DNA, Ribosomal Spacer ,parasitic diseases ,RNA, Ribosomal, 18S ,medicine ,Animals ,Parasite hosting ,Parasitology ,Myxobolus cerebralis - Abstract
We studied a natural infection of the oligochaete Branchiura sowerbyi Beddard, 1892 with the Raabeia-type actinosporean stage of Myxobolus lentisuturalis Dyková, Fiala et Nie, 2002 which infected goldfi sh Carassius auratus auratus (L.) in Italy, using molecular analysis of the SSU rRNA gene. The existence of intraoligochaete development shows that this parasite follows the lifecycle pattern described by Wolf and Markiw (1984) for Myxobolus cerebralis. Histological examinations of the goldfi sh infected by M. lentisuturalis showed at low magnifi cation the presence of two bilateral crescent-shaped masses in the dorsal epaxial muscle. These lesions were not circumscribed, presented irregular edges and infi ltrated the underlying bundles of skeletal muscle and interstitial tissue. At higher magnifi cation, disappearance of muscle fi bres and substitution of the muscle tissue with Myxobolus spores and plasmodia were observed.
213. HISTOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION OF ENTERIC INFECTION DUE TO THE MICROSPORIDIAN ENTEROSPORA NUCLEOPHILA IN GILTHEAD SEABREAM (SPARUS AURATA)
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Andrea Gustinelli, Varello, Katia, Scaturro, G., Quaglio, F., Menconi, Vasco, Monica Caffara, MARIALETIZIA FIORAVANTI, Gustinelli, A, Varello, K, Scaturro, G, Quaglio, F, Menconi, V, Caffara, M, and Fioravanti, Ml
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fungi ,ENTEROSPORA NUCLEOPHILA ,HISTOLOGY ,SPARUS AURATA - Abstract
Emaciative syndrome due to the enteric microsporidian Enterospora nucleophila is an emergent disease of gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) farmed in the Mediterranean. During 2015 and 2016 winters, two outbreaks of emaciative syndrome have been observed in caged gilthead sea bream from the Thyrrenian Sea. Sixty-two fish (3.5-110g) were necropsied and subjected to parasitological examination. Gastrointestinal tracts were fixed in 10% buffered formalin and processed for histology. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed on some positive samples using polyclonal antibody anti-Encephalitozoon cuniculi. Intestinal tissue was also subjected to amplification of a fragment of 18S rDNA and sequenced. At necropsy, fish showed emaciation and melanosis; gills and internal organs appeared pale and intestine was often enlarged and filled with yellowish, mucoid exudate. Microscopical examination of intestinal scrapings and wall fresh mounts showed the presence of aggregates of minute spores of microsporidia identified as E. nucleophila by molecular analysis. Histology of stomach and intestine showed in massive infections a strong mucosal sloughing off and necrosis in association to inflammatory infiltration of lymphocytes and few mast cells. In mild infections, intestinal mucosa seemed to be preserved. Microsporidian spores have been detected both in gastric and intestinal mucosa, extending to the lamina propria and the sub-mucosal layer. In advanced phases of infection, the complete destruction of epithelial layers was observed, with thinning of the muscular layer, associated to the presence of conspicuous clusters of infected cells. Spores showed intracytoplasmic or intranuclear localization in enterocytes and only intracytoplasmic localization in macrophages. E. nucleophila spores were strongly positive by IHC. This study confirms the pathogenic role of E. nucleophila in gilthead seabream farmed in the Mediterranean and points out the need of studies aimed to clarify its biology and epidemiology.
214. OSSERVAZIONI ISTOPATOLOGICHE IN ORATE (SPARUS AURATA) AFFETTE DA 'PETECHIAL RASH'
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Quaglio, F., Andrea Gustinelli, Luciana Mandrioli, Rubina Sirri, Monica Caffara, MARIALETIZIA FIORAVANTI, Quaglio F., Gustinelli A., Mandrioli L., Sirri R., Caffara M., and Fioravanti M.L.
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ISTOPATOLOGIA ,SPARUS AURATA ,Cute ,Petechial rash
215. Indagine sulla presenza di larve di nematodi Anisakidae in alici e sardine del Mar Adriatico settentrionale: una possibile mappatura del rischio per il consumatore
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Scaturro, G., Andrea Gustinelli, Monica Caffara, Prearo, M., MARIALETIZIA FIORAVANTI, Scaturro G., Gustinelli A., Caffara M., Prearo M., and Fioravanti M.L.
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Anisakidae, Larvae, Anisakis sp., Hysterothylacium sp., anchovy, Engraulis encrasicolus, sardine, Sardina pilchardus, Northern Adriatic Sea, Italy - Abstract
Anisakis spp. larvae (L3) are parasitic and potentially zoonotic nematodes transmitted by marine fish and cephalopods, which are the main paratenic hosts of the third larval stage. The accidental consumption of infected raw or undercooked fish may cause gastroenteric diseases and allergies in humans. The aim of the present study was to map the "Anisakis risk" in populations of anchovies (Engraulis encrasicolus) and sardines (Sardina pilchardus) caught in the northern Adriatic Sea. For this purpose, periodic samples were carried out in three different fishing areas (Cesenatico, Caorle and Rimini) collecting data on geographic coordinates, distance from the coast and bathymetric depth for each sample. From November 2010 to February 2012 a total of 3287 fish were sampled and subjected to parasitological exams aimed at detect and identify Anisakidae larvae. Prevalence, mean intensity and mean abundance were determined. An overall prevalence of 23.4% for Hysterothylacium sp. and of 0.2% for Anisakis sp. was detected in anchovies, while 30.2% of sardines resulted positive for Hysterothylacium sp. and 0.2% for Anisakis sp. respectively. The anisakid larvae were always found viable in the body cavity. All the isolated Anisakis larvae were identified as “type I” on the basis of morphological features. Molecular analyses allowed to identify them as A. pegreffii, with the exception of a specimen identified as a hybrid A. pegreffii/A. simplex, and to ascribe all the Hysterothylacium larvae to the species H. aduncum. The results of this survey showed very low values of prevalence and mean intensity of Anisakis larvae both in anchovies and sardines from north-western Adriatic Sea fishing grounds. Considerations on different environmental, ecological and hydrogeographical factors influencing anisakid infections in anchovies and sardines caught in different marine areas are given.
216. INFESTAZIONE DA MONOBOTHRIUM WAGENERI (CESTODA: CARYOPHYLLIDEA) IN TINCA TINCA DEL LAGO D’ISEO E DI GARDA
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Andrea Gustinelli, Quaglio, F., Monica Caffara, MARIALETIZIA FIORAVANTI, Gustinelli A., Quaglio F., Caffara M., and Fioravanti M.L.
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Monobothrium wageneri, Cestoda, Tinca tinca, Italy - Abstract
Monobothrium wageneri è un cestode cariofillideo monozoico, ovvero con corpo non segmentato e costituito da una sola proglottide, parassita specie-specifico di Tinca tinca. Segnalato per la prima volta nella seconda metà del XIX secolo proprio in Italia, successivamente è stato riportato in numerosi paesi europei ed extra-europei spesso in conseguenza delle frequenti movimentazioni internazionali di ciprinidi. Nonostante fossero presenti in letteratura numerose descrizioni morfologiche e tassonomiche, risultava una specie poco studiata nel campo della patologia ittica fino al 2011, anno in cui sono stati pubblicati due lavori sull’azione patogena esplicata da questo parassita sull’intestino della tinca e sono state condotte le osservazioni qui riportate. Nel corso di un’indagine parassitologica su specie ittiche dulciacquicole dei laghi dell’Italia settentrionale, in due soggetti di tinca provenienti rispettivamente dal Lago di Iseo e dal Lago di Garda sono stati rinvenuti a livello del primo tratto intestinale cluster formati da 10-20 parassiti tenacemente infissi nella mucosa con lo scolice e con lo strobilo libero nel lume. Il tratto intestinale interessato è stato isolato dal restante pacchetto viscerale, posto inizialmente in soluzione fisiologica per consentire il distacco di alcuni esemplari che sono stati immediatamente fissati in alcool 70°, quindi fissato in formalina tamponata al 10% per l’esame istologico. I parassiti isolati sono stati successivamente chiarificati in lattofenolo di Amman o colorati con carminio boracico per la conduzione di studi morfologici. Le analisi morfometriche hanno permesso di ascrivere il parassita alla specie Monobothrium wageneri. Il ciclo biologico di M. wageneri è ignoto, ma in analogia alle specie nordamericane parassite di pesci Catostomidae sembra riconoscere come unico ospite intermedio un invertebrato anellide oligochete. All’esame istologico si rilevava a piccolo ingrandimento la presenza di numerosi parassiti ammassati e attaccati in uno spazio ridotto della mucosa. La parete intestinale risultava notevolmente inspessita ed espansa, con protrusione nel lume intestinale, nell'area circostante la zona d’infissione dei parassiti, dove al contrario lo spessore della parete appariva diminuito. A questo livello il tessuto presentava necrosi nella porzione rivolta verso il lume, con sfaldamento cellulare e presenza di colonie batteriche. Nel punto di attacco dei parassiti si osservava la scomparsa dell'epitelio della mucosa e tutti gli strati della parete fino alla sierosa esterna erano interessati da un'intensa flogosi di tipo cronico con fibroblasti, macrofagi, linfociti, plasmacellule, scarse cellule granulari eosinofiliche ed eritrociti extravasali. Le imponenti lesioni da noi osservate appaiono sostanzialmente sovrapponibili a quelle descritte da Williams et al. (2011, Dis. Aquat. Org., 97: 143-154) e Dezfuli et al. (2011, Parasites & Vectors, 4: 225). Attualmente non è possibile stabilire quale possa essere l’impatto di questa parassitosi sulle popolazioni di tinca in Italia, ma data l’elevata patogenicità di M. wageneri si renderebbe necessario approfondire le conoscenze epidemiologiche utili a delinearne la diffusione sul territorio italiano.
217. PARASSITI ZOONOTICI IN SPECIE ITTICHE DULCIACQUICOLE IN ITALIA SETTENTRIONALE: TRE ANNI DI RICERCHE
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Andrea Gustinelli, Menconi, Vasco, Monica Caffara, Prearo, M., MARIALETIZIA FIORAVANTI, Gustinelli, A., Menconi, V., Caffara, M., Prearo, M., and Fioravanti, M.L.
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Laghi di Como, Iseo e Garda ,Pesci dulciacquicoli ,Elminti zoonotici ,Italia - Abstract
Alla luce dell’emergenza in Italia di nuovi casi umani di Difillobotriasi da Diphyllobothrium latum (Cestoda) e di Opistorchiasi da Opisthorchis felineus (Digenea) nei primi anni del 2000, nell’ambito di un Progetto di Ricerca Finalizzata finanziato dal Ministero della Salute (RF-2010- 2311360) si è intrapresa un’indagine epidemiologica volta a definire la presenza di parassiti zoonotici in specie ittiche dulciacquicole pescate in alcuni laghi dell’Italia settentrionale, cercando di individuare i principali fattori biotici ed abiotici coinvolti nell’eventuale presenza/persistenza di tali parassiti nell’ambiente e nella loro trasmissione all’uomo. Da marzo 2013 a settembre 2015 sono stati condotti esami parassitologici su 1937 pesci appartenenti a 14 specie pescate nei laghi di Como, Iseo e Garda. Tutti i pesci sono stati pesati, misurati e sottoposti ad esame parassitologico completo. Per la ricerca di larve plerocercoidi di D. latum è stato condotto l’esame visivo della cavità viscerale e delle masse muscolari previo sfilettamento, mentre per la ricerca di metacercarie di O. felineus i ciprinidi sono stati sottoposti ad esame microscopico dei muscoli mediante compressione e/o digestione cloropeptica. I parassiti rinvenuti sono stati isolati e fissati in alcool 70° per le successive indagini morfologiche e molecolari. La presenza di stadi larvali di cestodi Diphyllobothriidae è stata rilevata in persici reali, lucci e bottatrici provenienti dai laghi di Como e Iseo con i seguenti valori di prevalenza: persico = 23,4% a Como e 9,8% a Iseo; luccio = 88,2% a Como e 60% a Iseo; bottatrice = 29,4% a Como e 3,8% a Iseo. Tutti i parassiti sono stati identificati come larve plerocercoidi di Diphyllobothrium latum, che si conferma al momento l’unica specie presente nelle aree in studio. Gli agoni, i coregoni e tutti i pesci pescati nel Lago di Garda sono risultati negativi per la presenza del cestode. Per quanto riguarda la ricerca di metacercarie di trematodi Opisthorchiidae, nessun ciprinide delle diverse specie prese in esame è risultato positivo per la presenza di metacercarie ascrivibili ad O. felineus, mentre in tre tinche del Lago di Como è stata rilevata la presenza di stadi larvali di Pseudamphistomum truncatum, Opisthorchiidae potenzialmente zoonotico. In base ai risultati ottenuti nel corso della presente ricerca si può confermare la presenza endemica di D. latum nelle popolazioni ittiche di Como e Iseo, individuando solo persico reale, luccio e bottatrice quali ospiti intermedi/paratenici idonei. Se però il ruolo di luccio e bottatrice nella trasmissione della parassitosi all’uomo può essere considerato marginale, il persico si conferma invece il prodotto ittico che presenta maggiori rischi zoonosici, sia per la frequente localizzazione muscolare delle larve plerocercoidi in questo ospite, sia perché spesso consumato crudo (carpaccio di persico). Per quanto riguarda l’Opistorchiasi, appare rassicurante il mancato reperto di metacercarie di O. felineus nei ciprinidi esaminati, anche alla luce del fatto che non risulta praticato il consumo di ciprinidi sotto forma di preparazioni a rischio nelle aree in studio.
218. COMUNITÀ PARASSITARIA IN PESCI PRELEVATI DA DUE SITI A DIVERSO IMPATTO ANTROPICO IN PROVINCIA DI FORLÌ
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Andrea Gustinelli, Monica Caffara, MARIALETIZIA FIORAVANTI, Scaravelli, D., Gustinelli A., Caffara M., Fioravanti M.L., and Scaravelli D.
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Parasitofauna, Fish, Forli province, Italy - Abstract
Le acque interne sono uno dei sistemi ambientali a maggior rischio di inquinamento da parte dell’uomo e contemporaneamente sostengono un’ingente proporzione della biodiversità. Il loro monitoraggio è una grande risorsa di conoscenze che permette la costituzione di piani gestionali sostenibili. In tale visione si inquadra un progetto di ricerca finanziato dalla Provincia di Forlì-Cesena per quanto riguarda le acque di due zone a diverso impatto antropico ed in particolare la diversa composizione della fauna parassitaria presente nella comunità ittica locale. Sono stati selezionati due “ambienti tipo”, uno a ridosso della città (“parco urbano”, fiume Montone) ed uno posto nell'oasi di protezione della fauna a pochi chilometri (“oasi”, fiume Ronco), per verificare come la diversa "pressione" dei vari fattori di disturbo di origine antropica potesse essere correlata alla composizione della parassitofauna della fauna ittica. Nel periodo 2007-2008 e 2011 sono stati condotti, mediante elettropesca, campionamenti sulle comunità ittiche presenti in due tratti di circa 150 m individuati negli “ambienti tipo” sopra descritti. In totale sono state rilevate 12 specie ittiche che hanno mostrato una suddivisione particolare con forti variazioni di numerosità, diversità e struttura del popolamento che appaiono dettate dall'uso intensivo di entrambi i siti per il forte consumo d'acqua e improvvise situazioni di torbidità per gestione degli alvei. Sottocampioni sono stati sottoposti ad indagine parassitologica secondo procedure standard al fine di evidenziare eventuali differenze nella composizione della parassitofauna. Sono stati esaminati in totale 102 soggetti appartenenti a 9 diverse specie ittiche, in particolare 41 cavedani (Squalius cephalus), 20 pseudorasbore (Pseudorasbora parva), 12 alborelle (Alburnus alburnus), 10 barbi (Barbus barbus), 6 lasche (Protochondrostoma genei), 6 carassi (Carassius carassius), 4 rovelle (Rutilus rubilio), 2 carpe (Ciprynus carpio) e 1 siluro (Silurus glanis). Nei soggetti esaminati è stata rilevata la presenza di 10 diverse specie parassitarie, con alcune differenze di tipo qualitativo e quantitativo nei due siti in studio e nelle diverse specie ittiche. In particolare, il reperto di parassiti eteroxeni quali mixosporidi del genere Myxobolus e di acantocefali della specie Pomphorhynchus laevis è risultato frequente nelle diverse specie ittiche ed in soggetti provenienti da entrambi i siti di campionamento, seppur con lievi differenze di prevalenza, mentre infestazioni da metacercarie di Clinostomum complanatum sono state rilevate solo in barbi ed in cavedani, con prevalenze sensibilmente maggiori nei soggetti pescati nella zona di “parco urbano”. Il mixosporidio Thelohanellus sp. è stato evidenziato solo in due soggetti di carassio. E’ stata inoltre rilevata la sporadica presenza, sempre a bassa intensità d’infezione, di parassiti monoxeni quali Trichodina sp., Dactylogyrus sp. e Diplozoon paradoxum in carpa e cavedano. Nell’unico soggetto di siluro esaminato si è osservata la presenza di monogenei del genere Thaparocleidus a livello branchiale e di Acanthocephalus sp. a livello intestinale. In linea generale le percentuali di positività per parassiti hanno mostrato valori maggiori nei campioni provenienti dall'area prossima alla città. Trattandosi per la maggior parte di specie parassitarie a ciclo indiretto, si può supporre una maggiore presenza di invertebrati quali gasteropodi, anellidi bentonici e crostacei anfipodi che rappresentano rispettivamente gli ospiti intermedi di digenei, myxosporidi e acantocefali, anche se non va tralasciato il fatto che vari fattori di stress ambientale, quali le ampie variazioni di flusso e la presenza di inquinanti, possano rappresentare fattori predisponenti l’ospite ittico nei confronti di parassitosi di diversa natura.
219. A survey on plerocercosis by Diphyllobothrium latum (Cestoda: Pseudophyllidea) in Northern Italy
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Andrea Gustinelli, MARIALETIZIA FIORAVANTI, Monica Caffara, Menconi, V., Righetti, M., Di Donfrancesco, B., Prearo, M., Gustinelli A., Fioravanti M.L., Caffara M., Menconi V., Righetti M., Di Donfrancesco B., and Prearo M.
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Diphyllobothrium latum, Lake fish, Northern Italy - Abstract
AIM. Diphyllobothriasis is a parasitic fish-borne zoonosis desrcibed in Italian sub-alpine lake districts due to the consumption of raw, cold-smoked or undercooked freshwater fish parasitized by the plerocercoid larvae of the pseudophyllidean cestode Diphyllobothrium latum. In recent years there has been documented a recrudescence of cases of human Diphyllobothriasis in Switzerland, France and Italy, indicating the persistence of this parasite in fish populations from lake environments. In order to update the epidemiological data on D. latum plerocercosis in fish populations from Italian sub-alpine lakes, a parasitological survey has been carried out on perch (Perca fluviatilis), pike (Esox lucius), burbot (Lota lota), whitefish (Coregonus lavaretus) and shad (Alosa fallax lacustris) from Como, Iseo, Maggiore, Garda, Monate and Comabbio Lakes. MATERIALS AND METHODS. From July 2008 to June 2011 a total of 1,606 fish were examined: 684 from Como Lake (509 perch, 13 pike, 29 burbot, 96 whitefish and 37 shad), 319 from Iseo Lake (271 perch, 2 pike, 5 burbot, 7 whitefish and 34 shad), 306 from Lake Maggiore (195 perch, 24 burbot, 64 whitefish and 23 shad), 212 from Garda (185 perch, 5 pike, 2 burbot, 20 whitefish), 57 perch from Comabbio Lake and 28 whitefish from Monate Lake. All the fish were weighed, measured and subjected to parasitological examination by visual inspection of fillets (by naked eye and candling) and of visceral organs. The parasites referable to cestode plerocercoid larvae were isolated and fixed in 70% ethanol. Identification was carried out at genus level by morphological study on the basis of the key proposed by Andersen KI, Gibson DI (1989, Syst Parasitol, 13: 6-9), then at species level by molecular analysis. The primers used were 82F (CAG TAG TCA 5.-TAT GCT TGT CTC AG-3) and 81R (TTC ACC TAC 5.-GGA AAC CTT GTT ACG-3), amplifying a fragment of 2500 bp of the 18S rDNA. The positive samples were sequenced and then compared with those deposited in GenBank using BLAST software. Prevalence (P) and Mean Intensity (MI) values were calculated as suggested by Bush AO et al (1997, J Parasitol, 83: 575-583). RESULTS. Plerocercoid larvae were found from Maggiore, Como and Iseo Lakes in perch, pike and burbot, in both fillets and visceral serosa. All the fish examined from the two small lakes of Monate and Comabbio as well as from Lake of Garda were negative for the presence of Diphyllobotrhium spp. plerocercoids. All the plerocercoid larvae found were identified as Diphyllobothrium latum. CONCLUSIONS. The results of this survey indicate a widespread presence of D. latum plerocercoids in perch populations of Lake Como and, to a lesser extent, in perch from Iseo and Maggiore Lakes, confirming this species as elective second intermediate host of D. latum in Italy. The occurrence of D. latum plerocercoid larvae in the lateral muscle of pike and burbot caught in Lake Como is an important finding since these two paratenic hosts usually show infections by Diphyllobothrium larvae only at the level of visceral serosa. This factor may greatly increase the risk level in consuming these two fish species as undercooked dishes. Furthermore it should be emphasized that all the examined whitefish and shad, among the most traded fish species on the local market and often consumed smoked and/or marinated, were negative and then could be considered safe with regard to D. latum transmission.
220. Survey of parasite fauna in Rana kl. esculenta in Ravenna Province: preliminary results
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ROBERTA GALUPPI, Scaravelli, D., Annalisa Zaccaroni, Monica Caffara, Riccardi, E., MARIA PAOLA TAMPIERI, Galuppi R., Scaravelli D., Zaccaroni A., Caffara M., Riccardi E., and Tampieri M.P.
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Rana esculenta, Parasitological survey, Ravenna, Italy - Abstract
AIM. In literature there are only few record about parasites infecting amphibians in Italy (Galli et al, 2001, Parassitologia, 43: 147-149). In the latest year, the interest about these animals are increasing, because of the diffusion of Chitridomyces dendrobatidis, (Ficetola et al, Acta Herpetologica, 6: 297-302) but other parasites are scarcely considered. The aim of this note is to contribute to the knowledge on the parasite of Rana kl. esculenta L. in Italy. MATERIALS AND METHODS. In the framework of a project carried out in collaboration with the provincial authorities on the assessment of the status of Anura population in Ravenna province (Italy) twenty-three specimen of R. esculenta (12 male and 11 female) apparently healthy, were captured in the Regional Park of "Vena del gesso romagnola" (44°15'2"N and 11°40'55"E), having a special permission from the Ravenna Province and from the Park. All frogs were measured and subjected to parasitological examination. Microscopic observation were carried out on fresh and stained skin scraping, blood smear and fresh mount of intestine scraping. Moreover the intestinal tract and the muscle were dissected looking for helminths, that were fixed in 70% ethanol, clarified with Amman lactophenol and observed under light microscope for morphological identification. RESULTS. No ectoparasites and muscle metacercariae were found. Sixteen blood smears out of 23 (69.6%) were positive for one or more parasite: in 13 smears, intraerythrocytic inclusions, containing Rickettsiae referable to Aegyptianella spp. were found; other inclusions referable to meronts of Dactylosoma sp. were present in 5 smears and extracellular Trypanosoma sp. in 4. Microfilariae were observed in one sample. In particular in one large sized female frog, Aegyptianella sp., Dactylosoma sp., Trypanosoma sp, and microfilariae were present at the same time. Microscopic observation of the intestine scraping smears showed the presence of larvae of Nematodae in 7 specimens and Trichodinae in 3. In 15 specimens (65.2%), adult nematodes were found in intestinal tract: in 13 frog the presence of nematode cosmocercidae (presumably Cosmocerca ornata Dujardin, 1845) was registered. The parasite density ranged between 1 and 7 (mean intensity 3.3; mean abundance 1.8). In one frog also 3 small nematoda were observed together with C. ornata. In one specimen, a male referable to Oswaldocruzia filiformis was detected. CONCLUSIONS. In our study an unexpected wide variety of parasites were observed in the blood of the frogs examined, especially in one of the largest specimen, probably related to the longer exposure to vectors, according to Barta and Desser (1984, J Wildlife Dis, 20: 180-189). To our knowledge no other survey has been carried out in amphibian haemoparasites in Italy. Dactylosoma spp. is widely distributed in a variety of hosts and the well-known specie D. ranarum is probably a specie complex (Manwell, 1964, J Protozool, 14: 726-731). The identification at species level of this genus cannot be based only on the morphometrics but a molecular approach is needed (Barta, 1991, Adv Parasit, 30: 1-37). The microfilariae observed in one specimens could be referred to the species Foleyella, a relatively common filarial worm of Amphibian (Bata and Desser, 1984, l.c.) or to Icosiella neglecta common in European frog (Desportes, 1941, Ann Paras Hum Comp 18: 46-66). Aegyptianella sp (probably Aegyptianella bacterifera) was found in 56,3% of the specimens; this value is similar to the one (68%) obtained by Barta et al (1989, Trans Am Micr Soc, 108: 6-20) in Rana esculenta from Corsica. With regard to the intestinal parasites, the species Cosmocerca ornate was the more frequent nematode found. The morphological characters of this genus can vary within the species in different hosts and could be confused with Neyraplectana schneideri Travassos, 1931 if only female are present, as in our case (Grabda-Kazubska, 1986, Acta Par Pol, XXXI: 7-23). Both these species have been already described in Italy in Bufo bufo (Galli et al, 2001, l.c.).
221. Proliferative Kidney Disease (PKD) in Italian trout farms monitorated from 2004-2008
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Giorgi, I., MARIALETIZIA FIORAVANTI, Andrea Gustinelli, Elia, A. C., Righetti, M., Monica Caffara, Dorr, A. J. M., Squadrone, S., Abete, M. C., Prearo, M., Giorgi I., Fioravanti M.L., Gustinelli A., Elia A.C., Righetti M., Caffara M., Dorr A.J.M., Squadrone S., Abete M.C., and Prearo M.
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disease ,trout ,fishfarms
222. Red fox (Vulpes vulpes) as wild reservoir of Opisthorchis felineus (Digenea: Opisthorchiidae) in Italy
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Macchioni, F., Andrea Gustinelli, Monica Caffara, Chelucci, L., Magi, M., MARIALETIZIA FIORAVANTI, Macchioni F., Gustinelli A., Caffara M., Chelucci L., Magi M., and Fioravanti M.L.
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Opisthorchis felineus, Vulpes vulpes, Italy - Abstract
AIM. Opisthorchiasis by Opisthorchis felineus (Digenea: Opisthorchiidae) is gaining an increasing importance in Italy for the recent occurrence of several human cases due to the consumption of raw or undercooked/marinated tench (Tinca tinca), so far known as the more suitable second intermediate host of the parasite in Italian country. The "classic" life cycle involves the domestic cat (Felis catus) as definitive host assuming the infective stage (metacercaria) of O. felineus by the consumption of infected fish remains, a freshwater snail belonging to Bithynia genus as first intermediate host and cyprinid fish as second intermediate host. Man is a suitable definitive host, such as dog and other fish eating mammals. Recent surveys (Crotti D et al, 2007, G It Microbiol Med Odont Clin, 11: 20-23; De Liberato C et al, 2010, Vet Parasitol, 177: 67-71) have shown, in endemic areas of Central Italy, O. felineus eggs prevalence values in cat feces of 31.8%, 36.6% and 73.3% around Trasimeno, Bolsena and Bracciano Lakes respectively. Although in European and former U.S.S.R. countries the occurrence of a life cycle of O. felineus linked to wild environment is reported (World Health Organization, 1995, Control of Foodborne Trematode Infection. WHO Technical Report Series: 125-126; Schuster R et al, 1999, Parasitol Res, 85: 142-146; Adams AM, 2006, in: Foodborne parasites, Ortega Ed, Springer Science, New York, USA), in Italy only two cases of opisthorchiasis in European polecat Mustela putorius in Pisa province, Tuscany, have been reported (Macchioni G, 1963, Ann Fac Med Vet Pisa, 16: 238-247), in the same area where O. felineus was reported for the first time by Rivolta in XIX century in cats and dogs (Rivolta S, 1884, G Anat Fisiol Patol Anim, 16: 20-28). With the aim of defining the possible role of wild mammals in O. felineus epidemiology in Italy, a parasitological survey has been undertaken on fecal samples collected from foxes in Tuscany. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Five fecal fox samples collected during 2007 in the framework of a research project on epidemiology of Trichinellosis in red foxes of Tuscany (Magi M et al, 2008, Hystrix, 19: 31-38) in Cascina and Bientina areas in Pisa province and stored in 10% buffered formalin were subjected to coprological examination by sedimentation and flotation with zinc sulphate ZnSO4 (s.g. 1.350), searching for Opisthorchiid eggs. Microscopically positive fecal samples were subjected to DNA extraction with QIAamp DNA Stool Mini Kit (Qiagen) and to nested PCR, amplifying the ITS rRNA (Luton K et al, 1992, Mol Biochem Parasitol, 56: 323-328). The PCR product was sequenced in both direction by ABI 3730 DNA Analyzer at StarSEQ GmbH (Mainz, Germany). RESULTS. One out of five fecal fox samples was positive for the presence of digenean eggs, showing measures and morphological features consistent with eggs of Opistorchiidae trematodes. The sequence obtained showed 100% identity with O. felineus. CONCLUSIONS. The possible role played by red fox as wild reservoir of Opisthorchiasis in Italy needs further investigations, already undertaken by our research groups in different Italian regions. The presence of a "wild" life cycle in addition to the "classic" one linked to the cat as main reservoir could complicate the epidemiology and, as a consequence, the control of this parasitic zoonosis in Italy.
223. DESCRIZIONE DEL PRIMO FOCOLAIO DI PERCH RHABDOVIRUS (PRV) IN ITALIA – O1
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Caruso, C., Andrea Gustinelli, Prato, R., Arsieni, P., Monica Caffara, Acutis, P. L., Peletto, S., Saragaglia, C., Masoero, L., MARIALETIZIA FIORAVANTI, Prearo, M., Caruso, C., Gustinelli, A., Prato, R., Arsieni, P., Caffara, M., Acutis, P.L., Peletto, S., Saragaglia, C., Masoero, L., Fioravanti, M.L., and Prearo, M.
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Perch Rhabdoviru ,Italy ,Perca fluviatili - Abstract
Tra le virosi ittiche, le infezioni da Rhabdovirus sono quelle a maggior impatto socio-economico. Ad oggi, sono state descritte più di 14 specie di Rhabdovirus che colpiscono sia specie ittiche d’acqua marina che dulciacquicole. Nell’ambito della famiglia Rhabdoviridae sono riconosciuti 11 generi, 3 dei quali (Novirhabdovirus, Perhabdovirus e Vesiculovirus) causano infezioni globalmente distribuite. Le specie responsabili di grandi epizoozie appartengono al genere Novirhabdovirus e Vesiculovirus; al primo sono ascrivibili il virus della setticemia emorragica virale (VHSV) e della necrosi ematopoietica infettiva (IHNV), mentre al genere Vesiculovirus appartiene il virus della viremia primaverile della carpa (SVCV). Il genere Perhabdovirus include 3 specie: Perch Rhabdovirus (PRV), Anguilla Rhabdovirus (AngRV) and Sea trout Rhabdovirus (STRV) con caratteristiche morfologiche e organizzazione genomica simile al genere Vesiculovirus. PRV è stato descritto per la prima volta in Francia, nel 1980, da soggetti adulti che mostravano atassia natatoria e sintomatologia nervosa; successivamente, episodi di mortalità causati da PRV sono stati riportati sia in allevamenti in Nord-Europa, sia occasionalmente in soggetti in ambiente naturale. Benché negli ultimi anni il numero di casi di PRV riportati nella popolazione di percidi sia in aumento, dati bibliografici riguardanti la diversità, lo spettro d’ospite e la distribuzione geografica di questo virus sono tutt’ora insufficienti. Nel presente lavoro viene descritto il primo focolaio in Italia di PRV, registrato in un allevamento in Emilia Romagna in giovanili di Perca fluviatilis di 30 giorni di età. Al momento dell’immissione nelle vasche la temperatura dell’acqua era di 20°C; i soggetti mostravano sintomatologia nervosa, con nuoto circolare o caratterizzato da scatti incontrollati, associata a gravi difficoltà respiratorie. La patologia era caratterizzata da un decorso acuto ad esito fatale, con mortalità cumulativa del 95% nell’arco di 1 settimana. Su un pool di 30 avannotti sono stati condotti l’esame batteriologico e parassitologico secondo metodiche e procedure di laboratorio standard. Per l’esame virologico, sono stati omogeneizzati pool di giovanili e inoculati in piastre 24 pozzetti su monostrati cellulari EPC e BF2. L’esame batteriologico ha permesso di isolare Aeromonas hydrophila, mentre l’esame parassitologico non ha messo in evidenza parassiti responsabili di malattia. Contestualmente, le indagini virologiche hanno mostrato la presenza di effetto citopatico su entrambi i tipi cellulari al secondo passaggio. Avanzato il sospetto diagnostico di PRV, è stata allestita una RT-PCR ad hoc, utilizzando primer che amplificano un frammento di 399 bp del gene L, disegnati sulla base di sequenze precedentemente depositate da Betts et al. (2003); sia l’omogenato di organi che il surnatante delle colture cellulari hanno mostrato una banda attesa confermando l’infezione da PRV. In assenza di piani di sorveglianza o di monitoraggio, il tasso di prevalenza e l’incidenza annuale di infezione sostenute da PRV restano ampiamente sconosciuti. Gli approfondimenti molecolari sul caso descritto sono tutt’ora in corso ma, da una prima analisi di sequenza effettuata sul gene L, il ceppo di PRV isolato presenta una similarità del 95% con l’isolato ka706_Finlandia_2002_KC 408701, indicando che l’infezione potrebbe essere molto più diffusa in Europa rispetto a quanto suggerisce il numero limitato di isolamenti registrati. Tale lavoro rappresenta la prima segnalazione in Italia di PRV, ma la distribuzione dell’infezione sul territorio nazionale risulta probabilmente sottostimata. Anche i dati sulla patogenicità del PRV restano insufficienti; tuttavia, diversi lavori fanno ipotizzare che il virus potrebbe rappresentare una seria minaccia sia per gli allevamenti ittici, sia per gli stock di popolazione di percidi selvatici. Pertanto, l’inserimento di PRV nei protocolli diagnostici routinari e un monitoraggio costante della malattia, favorirebbe l’acquisizione di dati e la valutazione reale dell’impatto di PRV sul territorio nazionale.
224. SINDROME EMACIATIVA DA ENTEROSPORA NUCLEOPHILA (MICROSPORIDIA) IN ORATE (SPARUS AURATA) ALLEVATE IN ITALIA
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Monica Caffara, Rubina Sirri, Luciana Mandrioli, Andrea Gustinelli, MARIALETIZIA FIORAVANTI, Caffara M., Sirri R., Mandrioli L., Gustinelli A., and Fioravanti M.L.
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Infezioni da microsporidi, parassiti microscopici endocellulari attualmente ascritti al regno dei Funghi, sono state descritte negli ultimi decenni in numerose specie ittiche selvatiche ed allevate, talvolta con risvolti importanti sullo stato sanitario dell’ospite. Recentemente è stata descritta in Spagna in orate (Sparus aurata) d’allevamento una grave forma di sindrome emaciativa causata dal microsporidio Enterospora nucleophila della famiglia Enterocytozoonidae. In dicembre 2013 si è avuta occasione di osservare un episodio di questa sindrome in una partita di orate allevate in gabbia in Italia. I pesci mostravano letargia, anoressia, perdita di peso fino a cachessia e mortalità a stillicidio. Venti esemplari di orata (peso medio 32 g) sono stati sottoposti ad esame necroscopico e parassitologico completo. Porzioni di intestino sono state fissate in formalina tamponata al 10% per l’esame istopatologico; le sezioni sono state colorate con Ematossilina-Eosina e con la colorazione Luna. L’intestino è stato inoltre sottoposto ad indagine molecolare mediante amplificazione di un frammento del 18S rDNA seguita da sequenziamento. All’esame necroscopico i pesci presentavano emaciazione, lesioni erosive a carico della cute e delle pinne, necrosi branchiale e cheratite. La parte posteriore dell’intestino si presentava moderatamente dilatata con presenza di frammenti biancastri. L’esame parassitologico a fresco ha evidenziato, oltre a monogenei branchiali ed a mixosporidi nella vescica biliare sempre a bassa intensità d’infezione, la presenza di cluster costituiti da piccolissime spore riferibili a microsporidi sia nel contenuto che nello spessore della parete intestinale. L’esame istopatologico ha evidenziato atrofia della mucosa intestinale con appiattimento dell’epitelio. A livello di lamina propria e sottomucosa si è osservata una lieve enterite con infiltrazione multifocale di mastociti e linfociti, accompagnata da moderata iperplasia della mucosa. Negli enterociti, il nucleo e/o il citoplasma presentavano cluster di spore di microsporidi, particolarmente evidenti con la colorazione Luna. L’analisi delle sequenze ottenute ha permesso di ascrivere i microsporidi riscontrati alla specie Enterospora nucleophila (99,9% identità). Negli ultimi anni le microsporidiosi hanno assunto un ruolo importante tra le problematiche sanitarie che possono avere un impatto negativo sulla salute e sulla produttività dei pesci d’allevamento, anche a causa della mancanza di trattamenti efficaci e/o autorizzati. Questa nuova sindrome emaciativa dell’orata sostenuta dal microsporidio E. nucleophila, a localizzazione intracitoplasmatica e intranucleare, potrebbe rappresentare una patologia emergente per la maricoltura mediterranea e necessita di studi approfonditi in termini di biologia, epidemiologia e patogenesi. Inoltre, nel caso oggetto di studio, le lesioni osservate a livello della mucosa intestinale potrebbero essere interpretate come lesioni croniche correlate non solo alla presenza del parassita, ma anche ad altri fattori concomitanti che possono aver contribuito allo sviluppo della malattia.
225. SPREADING OF THE SWIMBLADDER PARASITE CYSTIDICOLA FARIONIS (NEMATODA: CYSTIDICOLIDAE) IN WILD AND FARMED SALMONIDS IN ITALY
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Andrea Gustinelli, Cavazza, Giulia, Menconi, Vasco, Monica Caffara, MARIALETIZIA FIORAVANTI, Gustinelli, A, Cavazza, G, Menconi, V, Caffara, M, and Fioravanti, M L
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Cystidicola farioni ,Italy ,Salmonid - Abstract
Cystidicola farionis is a nematode frequently reported in swimbladder of several species of wild salmonids from USA and Europe, and recently described in Italy. The life cycle is heteroxenous and involves as intermediate hosts several species of gammarid crustaceans widespread in the freshwater aquatic environment. After the previous report in salmonids (Salmo trutta fario and Oncorhynchus mykiss) from the wild in the northern part of Adige River (Bolzano province), the infestation seems to progressively widen its geographical area. During an ongoing parasitological survey on salmonids, high prevalence (P%) and mean intensity (MI) values of infestation have been recorded in wild salmonids (P% range 28.6-70%; MI range: 4.5-100) and in farmed rainbow trouts (P% range: 37.5-100%; MI range: 4.5-12.5) in northern Italy, expanding to different regions (Veneto and Friuli Venezia-Giulia). The pathogenicity and the impact of C. farionis on health of affected fish is still debated among the scientific community. Anyway in this study some gross lesions in heavily affected fish have been observed, such as a catarrhal-hemorrhagic inflammation of highly infected swimbladder, more severe in juvenile wild brown trout (S. trutta fario). Furthermore, although C. farionis has been generally detected at low intensity in farmed trout, it could affect productivity and quality of fish products and so has to be considered a potential health risk for national aquaculture. Although the authors in past surveys already alerted on the possible C. farionis switching from wild to farmed salmonids and vice versa, no preventive strategies to avoid the expanding of C. farionis geographic range have been adopted. Further studies are urgent to map the actual distribution of cystidicolosis in Italian salmonid populations and to apply appropriate containment measures useful to avoid its further spread.
226. DISTRIBUZIONE DELLE LARVE PLEROCERCOIDI DI DIPHYLLOBOTHRIUM LATUM NEL FILETTO DI PESCE PERSICO (PERCA FLUVIATILIS)
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Prearo, M., Andrea Gustinelli, Di Donfrancesco, B., Monica Caffara, Righetti, M., Scanzio, T., Pavoletti, E., MARIALETIZIA FIORAVANTI, Prearo M., Gustinelli A., Di Donfrancesco B., Caffara M., Righetti M., Scanzio T., Pavoletti E., and Fioravanti M.L.
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Plerocercoid larvae, DIPHYLLOBOTHRIUM LATUM, Perca fluviatilis - Abstract
L’epidemiologia delle zoonosi parassitarie di origine ittica ha subito importanti cambiamenti negli ultimi anni a livello mondiale. Sebbene in alcune aree geografiche la loro prevalenza sia diminuita fortemente a seguito di fattori quali lo sviluppo socio-economico, l’urbanizzazione, l’applicazione di procedure di ispezione degli alimenti e di sanitizzazione degli scarichi fognari, le campagne di educazione sanitaria ed il crescente utilizzo di fertilizzanti chimici, in altre si continua a registrare la persistenza o addirittura l’emergenza o ri-emergenza di alcune zoonosi parassitarie di origine ittica. In Italia in particolare si è assistito alla recente emergenza di casi umani di Opistorchiasi da Opisthorchis felineus e ad una recrudescenza della Difillobotriasi sostenuta dal cestode Diphyllobothrium latum. La persistenza di quest’ultima zoonosi indica come nel nostro paese sussistano le condizioni utili al mantenimento del ciclo biologico di D. latum, individuabili soprattutto nella mancata applicazione di idonei mezzi di trattamento dei reflui fognari, visto che l’uomo ne rappresenta l’ospite definitivo elettivo. Le abitudini alimentari che comprendono il consumo di prodotti ittici dulciacquicoli crudi o poco cotti, marinati o affumicati a freddo, rappresentano il fattore di rischio primario nella trasmissione di questi parassiti zoonosici all’uomo. Nell’ambito di un progetto di ricerca corrente inerente l’epidemiologia della Difillobotriasi in Italia, si è condotto uno studio volto a definire i valori di prevalenza ed intensità d’infestazione delle larve plerocercoidi di D. latum in pesci persico pescati durante il biennio 2010-2011 in quattro zone diverse del Lago di Como (Lecco, Bellagio, Laglio e Menaggio). Nel corso dello studio si sono condotte inoltre osservazioni volte a mettere in evidenza la distribuzione delle larve plerocercoidi nei filetti di pesce persico (Perca fluviatilis). La ricerca delle larve plerocercoidi nel muscolo è stata condotta mediante esame visivo diretto e tramite transilluminatore. Sono stati esaminati in totale 390 pesci persico, 42 soggetti pescati presso Lecco, 183 presso Bellagio, 24 presso Laglio e 141 presso Menaggio. Le prevalenze per larve plerocercoidi di D. latum sono state: 14,29% a Lecco, 35,52%, a Bellagio, 20,83% a Laglio e 25,53% a Menaggio. Nei 112 soggetti positivi sono state riscontrate in totale 164 larve plerocercoidi. L’intensità di infestazione è variata da 1 a 4 larve/ospite, con un’intensità media pari a 1,46. Andando a valutare la distribuzione delle larve nel filetto, si è osservato come il numero presente nel filetto di destra fosse pressoché sovrapponibile a quello delle larve localizzate nel filetto di sinistra (85 vs 79). Per quanto concerne invece il numero di larve presenti nelle porzioni dorsali rispetto a quelle ventrali, si è osservata una differenza notevole (144 vs 20). Considerando la distribuzione delle larve nelle porzioni anteriori e posteriori della muscolatura epiassiale, si è rilevato come il numero fosse sensibilmente maggiore nella porzione anteriore (90 vs 54). Nella muscolatura ipoassiale non si sono osservate differenze di rilievo tra il numero di larve localizzate nelle porzioni anteriori e quelle rinvenute nelle porzioni posteriori, anche se il rapporto è risultato essere inverso (7 vs 13) rispetto a quanto rilevato nel filetto dorsale. Questi dati confermano che nel pesce persico la migrazione dei parassiti avverrebbe soprattutto a livello del primo tratto intestinale, con successivo sviluppo e localizzazione delle larve plerocercoidi laddove le masse muscolari sono particolarmente sviluppate (porzioni anteriori della muscolatura epiassiale), con maggiore possibilità di successo di trasmissione a seguito del consumo di filetti di pesce persico crudi o poco cotti.
227. VIBRIOSI DA VIBRIO HARVEYI IN SPIGOLE (DICENTRARCHUS LABRAX) ALLEVATE IN ITALIA
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Daniela Florio, Balsamo, V., Andrea Gustinelli, Quaglio, F., Monica Caffara, RENATO GIULIO ZANONI, MARIALETIZIA FIORAVANTI, Florio D., Balsamo V., Gustinelli A., Quaglio F., Caffara M., Zanoni R.G., and Fioravanti M.L.
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Vibrio harveyi, Dicentrarchus labrax, Italy - Abstract
Ampiamente riconosciuto nel passato come agente patogeno di crostacei, molluschi ed elasmobranchi, Vibrio harveyi (sin. V. carchariae e V. trachuri) negli ultimi anni è stato riportato come agente di malattia in pesci marini d’allevamento in diversi areali geografici, compreso il bacino del Mediterraneo. Nel corso del 2011 sono stati osservati, in spigole (Dicentrarchus labrax) di peso compreso tra 155 e 230 g allevate in un impianto intensivo a terra, ripetuti episodi di malattia caratterizzati da anoressia, dimagrimento ed atassia natatoria, con mortalità a stillicidio protrattasi da maggio ad ottobre. Su 8 lotti pervenuti in laboratorio venivano effettuati esami necroscopici, parassitologici e RT-PCR per ricerca di Betanodavirus secondo procedure di laboratorio standard. Per quanto concerne l’esame batteriologico, semine da cervello e rene venivano condotte su terreni di primo isolamento, quali Agar Sangue (AS) e Trypticase Soy Agar (TSA)+ 1,5% NaCl, e su terreni semi-selettivi quali Tiosulphate-Citrate-Bile Salts-sucrose Agar (TCBS) ed incubate a 25°C ±1. Porzioni di branchie, cervello e organi viscerali venivano inoltre fissati in formalina tamponata al 10% per l’esame istologico. All’esame necroscopico si poteva osservare accentuato dimagrimento, cheratite monolaterale, splenomegalia e congestione cerebrale di lieve o moderata entità. L’esame parassitologico ha messo in evidenza, con prevalenze ed intensità variabili ma mai tali da poter essere posti in relazione al determinismo degli episodi morbosi, la presenza di Trichodina sp., Amyloodinium ocellatum, Diplectanum aequans e Sphaerospora dicentrarchi. Tutti i campioni sono risultati negativi per Betanodavirus. L’esame batteriologico ha permesso di isolare da tutti i soggetti di 4 dei lotti esaminati Vibrio harveyi in quantità significativa dal cervello. Gli isolati sono stati identificati su base feno-genotipica. Gli esami istologici hanno evidenziato costantemente grave malattia branchiale con teleangectasie, emorragie ed edema in presenza di parassiti e batteri. Focolai necrotici con aggregati di batteri venivano osservati in fegato e milza e, in alcuni soggetti, nel cuore. Nel rene si rilevava glomerulonefrosi, ectasia dei tubuli, iperemia interstiziale e necrosi focale. La muscolatura scheletrica presentava degenerazione ialina. A livello cerebrale venivano evidenziati accentuata congestione, emorragie, microgliosi e necrosi focale in associazione a presenza di batteri. In alcuni casi era presente anche congestione dei vasi meningei e dei plessi coroidei, con infiltrazione melanomacrofagica. Nel dicembre 2011 si è avuta occasione di osservare un episodio morboso in spigole (peso medio 85 g) allevate in un altro impianto intensivo a terra, con lesioni erosive a livello di cute e pinne, cheratite monolaterale, lieve splenomegalia e mortalità a stillicidio; in alcuni soggetti si evidenziava congestione cerebrale. Da due dei tre lotti esaminati si è isolato V. harveyi in quantità significativa dal cervello. La semina di raschiati cutanei su Flexibacter Maritimus Medium (FMM) ha permesso di isolare Tenacibaculum maritimum. Alla luce degli episodi qui riportati, V. harveyi potrebbe rappresentare un patogeno emergente per la maricoltura nazionale. Ricerche volte a delucidarne i meccanismi patogenetici ed i determinanti di virulenza, che sembrano essere ceppo-dipendenti, nonché i fattori ambientali e gestionali che possono condizionarne l’emergenza in allevamento appaiono quindi necessarie.
228. Occurrence of Clinostomum complanatum (Trematoda: Digenea) metacercariae in European Newts Triturus carnifex and Lissotriton vulgaris (Caudata: Salamandridae) from Tuscany, Central Italy
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Monica Caffara, Bruni, G., Paoletti, C., Buriola, E., Andrea Gustinelli, MARIALETIZIA FIORAVANTI, Caffara M., Bruni G., Paoletti C., Buriola E., Gustinelli A., and Fioravanti M.L.
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Clinostomum complanatum, Triturus carnifex, Lissotriton vulgaris, Newts - Abstract
AIM. Clinostomum is a Digenetic Trematode living at the adult stage in the oral cavity, pharynx or oesophagus of fish-eating birds, reptiles and occasionally mammals, including man and recognize as second intermediate host many fish species. Metacercariae of the genus Clinostomum have been described from a variety of American anurans and urodeles. We report the first record of Clinostomum complanatum in European Amphibians, with the finding of metacercariae in Italian crested newt (Triturus carnifex) and smooth newt (Lissotriton vulgaris). MATERIALS AND METHODS. From October 2010 to March 2012, eighteen Italian crested newts (4 metamorphic males, 4 metamorphic females, 2 paedomorphic females and 8 larvae) and four smooth newts (1 paedomorphic male, 3 paedomorphic females) with evident yellow grub cysts were observed in an artificial pond in the protected area A.N.P.I.L. “Podere la Querciola” (Sesto Fiorentino, Tuscany, 43.824703N, 11.173299E). The infected newts were anesthetized with tricaine methanesulphonate (MS222). The cysts were incised with a scalpel and the metacercariae removed and fixed in 90% ethanol. The newts were rinsed with freshwater until recovery and then a small amount of ciprofloxacin ophthalmic ointment was placed on the wounds. The metacercariae were subjected to morphological and molecular identification amplifying the ITS rDNA region and the COI mtDNA genes (Caffara M et al., 2011, J Parasitol, 97: 884-891) RESULTS. A total of 35 cysts were collected, 30 from the Italian crested newts and 5 from smooth newts. In L. vulgaris all the cyst (5) were in the head, while in T. carnifex the cysts were recovered from different part of the body as head (14), snout (6), throat (4), mouth (5) and tail (1). The morphological observations carried out on 11 metacercariae allowed to refer them to Clinostomum complanatum (Digenea: Clinostomidae). The analysis of the sequences of both genes ITS rDNA and COI mtDNA showed 99.9-100% identity with this species. CONCLUSIONS. The taxonomy of the genus Clinostomum is still confused and should be addressed, in order to avoid misidentification, by combining the morphological and the molecular approach. The presence of Clinostomum spp. in Amphibia has been recorded in North America and Mexico since many years (McAllister CT et al, 1990, J Helminth Soc Wash, 57: 69-71; Miller DL et al, 2004, J Helmith, 78: 373-376; McAllister CT et al, 2007, Texas J Sci, 59: 321-326; McAllister CT et al, 2010, Comp Parasitol, 77: 25-30; Cabrera-Guzman E et al, 2010, J Parasitol, 96: 736-739) where the species described so far are C. marginatum, C. attenuatum and C. complanatum, even if most of the works do not include detailed morphological and/or molecular descriptions. Concerning our specimens the morphological characters clearly allowed to refer the parasites to the species C. complanatum, data supported by the molecular analysis. This is the first record of C. complanatum in European newts and, more in general, in amphibians from Europe. Further analyses are required in order to establish the impact of this parasite on wild populations of European newts.
229. Emerging enteric parasitic diseases in farmed gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata)
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Angelica Mazzone, Monica Caffara, Andrea Gustinelli, Scaturro, G., Čolak, S., MARIALETIZIA FIORAVANTI, and MAZZONE A., CAFFARA M., GUSTINELLI A., SCATURRO G., ČOLAK S., FIORAVANTI M.L.
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Enterospora nucleophila, Cryptosporidium molnari, gilthead sea bream, Sparus aurata - Abstract
Introduction: Enteric parasites affecting farmed gilthead sea bream (GSB) have become a serious threat for Mediterranean aquaculture in the last few years; among these parasites Enteromyxum leei, Enterospora nucleophila and Cryptosporidium molnari are undoubtedly the most concerning ones. While the enteric myxozoan E. leei has been broadly studied, the available data on the occurrence of E. nucleophila and C. molnari infections are still scarce. Aim of this work was to improve the knowledge about these latter two parasites in Mediterranean aquaculture by carrying out an epidemiological survey in GSB farmed in Italy and Croatia. Methodology: 308 GSB of which 40 from an Italian hatchery, 174 from three cage farms located in Italy and 94 GSB from one cage farm located in Croatia were tested with qPCR and PCR to assess the presence of E. nucleophila and C. molnari. Histology was also performed on infected GSB. Results: All the examined farms tested positive for both parasites: 60% of the fish examined from hatchery were positive for E. nucleophila, while 22.5% resulted positive for C. molnari. Concerning caged fish, E. nucleophila was found in 63.2% of the GSB coming from Italian farms and in 45.7% of fish from Croatia. C. molnari was detected in 3.4% of Italian GSB and in 2.1% of the Croatian ones. Histological lesions were consistent with those already reported in literature for these enteric parasitic infections. Conclusion: This study showed a diffuse presence and a high prevalence of E. nucleophila in Italian and Croatian farmed GSB. Although at lower prevalence, also C. molnari showed to occur in farmed GSB, especially in hatchery and juveniles. Thus, further investigations are required to establish their epidemiology, transmission routes and pathogenic role in farmed GSB along its production cycle in order to assess and manage the risks arousing from these emerging enteric parasites.
230. Parasitological survey of marine fish cultured in Italy
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Monica Caffara, Daniela Florio, Andrea Gustinelli, MARIALETIZIA FIORAVANTI, Marcer, Federica, CAFFARA M., MARCER F., FLORIO D., GUSTINELLI A., and FIORAVANTI M.L.
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Parasititc diseases, Marine fish, Aquaculture, Italy
231. ZOONOTIC HELMINTHS IN LACUSTRINE FISH FROM NORTHERN ITALY
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Andrea Gustinelli, Menconi, Vasco, Cavazza, Giulia, Monica Caffara, Righetti, M., Scanzio, T., Prearo, M., MARIALETIZIA FIORAVANTI, Gustinelli, A., Menconi, V., Cavazza, G., Caffara, M., Righetti, M., Scanzio, T., Prearo, M., and Fioravanti, M.L.
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Italy ,Fish-born parasitic zoonose ,Diphyllobothrium latum ,Perca fluviatili - Abstract
According to EFSA Scientific Opinion on risk assessment of parasites in fishery products issued in 2010, all wild fish should be considered at risk of containing any viable zoonotic parasites if eaten raw or almost raw, pointing out the need to carry out epidemiological surveys on presence/diffusion of zoonotic parasites in all fishery grounds. With this regard, in the framework of a research project (RF-2010-2311360) financed by the Italian Ministry of Health, a parasitological survey aimed at assessing qualitative and quantitative data on zoonotic helminths in commercially important fish caught in lakes (Maggiore, Como, Iseo, Garda) from northern Italy has been carried out from March 2013 to December 2014. Concerning Diphyllobothriid plerocercoids, abdominal cavity and fillets of 2216 fish (1820 perch, 172 shad, 104 whitefish, 92 burbot and 28 pike) were examined by visual inspection. Diphyllobothrium latum plerocercoids were found in perch (Maggiore 6.6%; Como 25.4%; Iseo 7.8%), pike (Maggiore 100%; Como 84.2%; Iseo 71.4%) and burbot (Como 3.6%; Iseo 3.8%), while shad and whitefish were negative. All the fish from Garda Lake were negative. Moreover, 239 cyprinids were analyzed for Opisthorchis felineus metacercariae by microscopical examination of compressed/digested muscular tissue. All the cyprinids were negative for O. felineus, while metacercariae of the Opisthorchiid Pseudamphistomum truncatum were detected in 2 tench and 1 rud from Como Lake. These data confirm D. latum as the most important fish-borne zoonotic helminth in the areas under study and identify the consumption of raw perch (“perch carpaccio”) as the main source of infection.
232. Morphological and molecular data on acuariid nematodes in European great cormorants (Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis) and pygmy cormorants (Microcarbo pygmaeus).
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Tedesco P, Caffara M, Davidovich N, Luci V, Cantori A, Fioravanti ML, and Gustinelli A
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- Animals, Female, Male, Bird Diseases parasitology, Bird Diseases epidemiology, Nematoda genetics, Nematoda classification, Israel, Italy, RNA, Ribosomal, 28S genetics, Birds parasitology, Phylogeny
- Abstract
The family Acuariidae is a speciose group of parasitic nematodes, infecting mostly birds as definitive hosts. This study focused on the characterization of two species of acuariids, collected in two different species of piscivorous birds, the European great cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis from Italy, and the pygmy cormorant Microcarbo pygmaeus from Israel. Parasites were analyzed using light and scanning electron microscopy and by amplification and sequencing of the 28S rDNA. The results of morphological and molecular analyses showed that Ph. carbo sinensis was infected by the acuariid Syncuaria squamata (12 females) and Cosmocephalus obvelatus (1 female), whereas M. pygmaeus was infected by C. obvelatus (2 males, 12 females). The present results provide new data on the distribution of acuariid parasites of piscivorous birds, the first report of Acuariidae in Israel, and the first molecular data on S. squamata and C. obvelatus, which will be useful in future epidemiological and phylogenetic studies of these widely distributed, but less molecularly studied parasites., (© 2024. The Author(s).)
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- 2024
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233. Sentinels in the shadows: Exploring Toxoplasma gondii and other Sarcocystidae parasites in synanthropic rodents and their public health implications.
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Dini FM, Caffara M, Magri A, Cantori A, Luci V, Monno A, and Galuppi R
- Abstract
Synanthropic rodents play a crucial role in maintaining the life cycle of Toxoplasma gondii in anthropized regions and can serve as indicators of environmental oocyst contamination. This investigation aimed to explore the occurrence of T. gondii infection within synanthropic rodent populations using a molecular diagnostic technique targeting the 18S rDNA gene, which is generic for Coccidia, with subsequent specific PCR confirmation. We examined 97 brown rats ( Rattus norvegicus ), 67 black rats ( R. rattus ), 47 house mice ( Mus musculus ), and 1 common shrew ( Sorex araneus ). PCR tests were conducted on the brain, heart, and tongue tissues. PCR tested positive in at least one of the examined tissues in 26 R. norvegicus (26.8%), 13 R. rattus (19.4%), and 13 M. musculus (27.6%). Sequencing comparisons by BLAST allowed us to identify four different species of cyst-forming Apicomplexa. In particular, T. gondii DNA was detected in 13 (6.1%) rodents, Hammondia hammondi (including H. hammondi -like organisms) in 36 (17%) subjects, Besnoitia sp. (in two cases identified as B. besnoiti ) in 8 (3.7%), and Sarcocystis gigantea in two (0.94%). Rodents from peri-urban and urban environments can act as indicators of environmental contamination by oocysts of apicomplexan parasites with cats as definitive hosts, such as T. gondii , H. hammondi , and S. gigantea , the latter of which has never been previously recorded in rodents. Moreover, the presence of B. besnoiti , a parasite with an unidentified definitive host in Europe, sheds light on the potential role of these hosts as infection sentinels., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2024 The Authors.)
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- 2024
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234. Unveiling a novel parasitosis: Trichostrongylus colubriformis infection in captive ring-tailed lemurs ( Lemur catta ).
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Dini FM, Caffara M, Galliani M, Cotignoli C, Capasso M, Tedesco P, and Galuppi R
- Abstract
Ring-tailed Lemur ( Lemur catta ) is the only surviving semi-terrestrial diurnal lemur in Madagascar. Despite being the most intensively studied of lemur taxa, only a few helminths have been described in this species. In this study we describe a persistent infection due to Trichostrongylus colubriformis in a captive population of L. catta hosted in a zoological park of northern Italy. In the context of a parasitological survey on zoo animals, we investigated parasites in a captive colony of ring-tailed lemurs within a zoological park. Parasitological analysis included necropsy of a deceased lemur in 2019, subsequent fecal sample collections in 2021-2022, followed by coprological examination and coprocolture. Morphological and molecular analyses were conducted on adult helminths, larvae and eggs, involving microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and sequencing of the ITS rDNA region. Trichostrongylidae parasites were primarily found after necropsy in the intestine of the lemur. Morphological and molecular investigations on adults and eggs/larvae recovered from feces collected at different times from lemurs of the same captive population, allowed to properly identify the parasite as T . colubriformis . To the best of our knowledge this is the first description of T. colubriformis in L. catta . Although its presence in wild populations is not necessarily implied by our finding, this parasitosis represent a cause of concern in captive lemurs, considering the possibility of interspecies transmission and the zoonotic implications., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2023 The Authors.)
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- 2023
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235. Molecular and morphological studies on Contracaecum rudolphii A and C. rudolphii B in great cormorants ( Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis ) from Italy and Israel.
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Caffara M, Tedesco P, Davidovich N, Rubini S, Luci V, Cantori A, Glogowski PA, Fioravanti ML, and Gustinelli A
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- Animals, Male, Israel epidemiology, DNA, Ribosomal chemistry, Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length, Italy, Birds parasitology, Ascaridoidea genetics, Bird Diseases epidemiology, Bird Diseases parasitology
- Abstract
The distribution of parasites is shaped by a variety of factors, among which are the migratory movements of their hosts. Israel has a unique position to migratory routes of several bird species leaving Europe to winter in Africa, however, detailed studies on the parasite fauna of birds from this area are scarce. Our study investigates occurrence and distribution of sibling species among Contracaecum rudolphii complex in Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis from Italy and Israel, to acquire further information on the geographical range of these species to gain deeper knowledge on the ecology of these parasites and their bird host. A total of 2383 Contracaecum were collected from the gastric mucosa of 28 great cormorants (18 from Israel and 10 from Italy). A subsample was processed for morphological analyses in light and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and for molecular analyses through amplification and sequencing of the ITS rDNA and the cox 2 mtDNA, and through PCR-RFLP. All the 683 Contracaecum subjected to molecular identification belonged to C. rudolphii s.l. , (300 C. rudolphii A and 383 C. rudolphii B). SEM micrographs provided, for the first time, details of taxonomic structures in male specimens from both sibling species, and the first SEM characterization of C. rudolphii B. This work presents the first data on the occurrence of sibling species of C. rudolphii in Israel and provides additional information on the distribution of C. rudolphii A and B in Italy, confirming the high prevalence and intensity of infection observed in Ph. carbo sinensis from other Italian areas.
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- 2023
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236. Low prevalence of Contracaecum third-stage larvae parasitizing Sea of Galilee fisheries: 1-year survey after 57 years of no information.
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Davidovich N, Tedesco P, Caffara M, Luci V, Cantori A, Morick D, Fioravanti ML, and Gustinelli A
- Abstract
Freshwater and marine ecosystems are a suitable habitat for parasitic nematodes of the genus Contracaecum (family: Anisakidae) to complete their complex life cycle. Several fish species of the Sea of Galilee (Lake Kinneret) were reported in 1964 as second intermediate/paratenic hosts of Contracaecum spp. larvae. The lack of taxonomically relevant morphological features of these larvae hindered their proper identification. Here we report the results of a 1-year survey conducted in 2021, 57 years after the first (and only) such survey. We analyzed 352 specimens from 10 fish species (native and non-native) of the Sea of Galilee (Israel) ichthyofauna. We compared our results with those of the first parasitological survey conducted by Paperna in 1964; the overall prevalence of nematodes referable to Contracaecum larvae was 16.8% and 0.85% in 1964 and in 2021, respectively. Different from the first survey that identified Contracaecum larvae morphologically, we used both morphological and molecular tools. Two wild native cyprinids-Jordan himri ( Carasobarbus canis ) and Jordan barbel ( Luciobarbus longiceps )-were infected (a single specimen each) with Contracaecum quadripapillatum larvae in their abdominal cavity. A single specimen of blue tilapia ( Oreochromis aureus ) was infected with two larvae of Contracaecum multipapillatum E, localized in the pericardial cavity. The findings of our study, which is part of a large project focused on Contracaecum spp. infecting both piscivorous birds and fish collected in Israel, advance our knowledge about the distribution and host range of this potentially zoonotic parasite in fishery products of the Sea of Galilee., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2023 The Authors.)
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- 2023
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237. Parasitic infection in the scyphozoan Rhizostoma pulmo (Macri, 1778).
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Motta G, Caffara M, Fioravanti ML, Bottaro M, Avian M, Terlizzi A, and Tedesco P
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- Animals, Mediterranean Sea, Scyphozoa, Cnidaria, Parasitic Diseases, Trematoda
- Abstract
Very little information is reported for parasites of cnidarians, therefore, the present work aimed to investigate parasitic infections in one of the most widespread jellyfish in the Mediterranean Sea, Rhizostoma pulmo. The goals were to determine prevalence and intensity of parasites in R. pulmo, identify the species involved through morphological and molecular analysis, test whether infection parameters differ in different body parts and in relation to jellyfish size. 58 individuals were collected, 100% of them infected with digenean metacercariae. Intensity varied between 18.7 ± 6.7 per individual in 0-2 cm diameter jellyfish up to 505 ± 50.6 in 14 cm ones. Morphological and molecular analyses suggest that the metacercariae belonged to the family Lepocreadiidae and could be possibly assigned to the genus Clavogalea. Prevalence values of 100% suggest that R. pulmo is an important intermediate host in the life cycle of lepocreadiids in the region. Our findings also support the hypothesis that R. pulmo is an important part in the diet of teleost fish, which are reported as definitive hosts of lepocreadiids, since trophic transmission is necessary for these parasites to complete their life cycles. Parasitological data may therefore be useful to investigate fish-jellyfish predation, integrating traditional methods such as gut contents analysis., (© 2023. The Author(s).)
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- 2023
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238. A Case of Bovine Eosinophilic Myositis (BEM) Associated with Co-Infection by Sarcocystis hominis and Toxoplasma gondii .
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Dini FM, Caffara M, Jacinto JGP, Benazzi C, Gentile A, and Galuppi R
- Abstract
Bovine eosinophilic myositis (BEM) is a specific inflammatory myopathy, often associated with Sarcocystis spp., with multifocal gray-green lesions leading to carcass condemnation with considerable economic losses. Here is described a peculiar case of BEM that occurred in an adult (16 month) cattle, born in France, bred, and slaughtered in Italy at the end of 2021. On inspection, muscles showed the typical multifocal gray-green lesions that were sampled for, cytological, histological, and molecular investigations, while meat juice was subjected to IFAT for Toxoplasma IgG. Genomic DNA was extracted from lesions, portions of healthy muscle and from meat juice pellet and analyzed by PCR targeting 18S rDNA, COI mtDNA and B1 genes, and sequenced. The cytology showed inflammatory cells mostly referable to eosinophils; at histology, protozoan cysts and severe granulomatous myositis were observed. A BEM lesion and meat juice pellet subjected to PCR showed, concurrently, sequences referable both to S. hominis and T. gondii . Meat juice IFAT resulted negative for T. gondii IgG. Our findings highlight the first detection of T. gondii DNA in association with S. hominis in a BEM case, suggesting a multiple parasite infection associated with this pathology, although the actual role of T. gondii infection in the pathophysiology of the diseases should be clarified.
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- 2023
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239. Advancing understanding of the taxonomy and diversity of the genus Contracaecum in the great white pelican (Pelecanus onocrotalus).
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Caffara M, Tedesco P, Davidovich N, Locke SA, Gustinelli A, King R, Nuytten M, Nuzzo M, and Fioravanti ML
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- Animals, Phylogeny, Cyclooxygenase 2, Birds parasitology, Microscopy, Electron, Scanning, Ascaridoidea, Bird Diseases epidemiology, Bird Diseases parasitology
- Abstract
Despite the wide distribution and health importance of anisakids of the genus Contracaecum, epidemiological data on their occurrence in definitive bird hosts are scarce, particularly from certain parts of the world that represent important wintering sites or migration stopovers for different bird species. In the present study, Contracaecum spp. infecting six great white pelicans (Pelecanus onocrotalus) in Israel were identified using light and scanning electron microscopy and phylogenetic analyses of nuclear internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase II (cox2). A PCR-RFLP method was also developed and applied to screen large numbers of Contracaecum parasites. Most (415/455) worms recovered were C. micropapillatum, followed by C. gibsoni (31/455), C. quadripapillatum (8/455), and C. multipapillatum E (1/455). Contracaecum micropapillatum from Israel and C. bancrofti from Australia are distinguishable by cox2 but less well resolved with ITS sequences, and could not be distinguished morphologically. Worms with cox2 matching C. gibsoni had ITS matching specimens identified as C. multipapillatum A. To the authors' knowledge, this represents the first of such studies in Israel and provides useful data on the ecology and distribution of different Contracaecum species of health and economic interest., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)
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- 2023
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240. Survey on the presence of Leishmania sp. in peridomestic rodents from the Emilia-Romagna Region (North-Eastern Italy).
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Magri A, Galuppi R, Fioravanti M, and Caffara M
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- Humans, Rats, Mice, Animals, Dogs, Rodentia, Italy epidemiology, Leishmaniasis, Visceral veterinary, Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous parasitology, Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous veterinary, Leishmania infantum, Dog Diseases epidemiology
- Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a neglected vector-borne parasitic disease caused in Italy only by the species Leishmania infantum of the Leishmania donovani complex, which is the causative agent of the zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis (VL) and the sporadic cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in humans, and of the canine leishmaniasis (CanL). The disease is considered endemic in southern, central, and insular Italian regions and recognizes phlebotomine sand flies as vector and dogs as main reservoir. Among northern Italian region, Emilia-Romagna shows peculiar epidemiological situation and recent studies are questioning the role of dog as main reservoir of L. infantum. Due to their synanthropic relationship with humans, rodents have been tested for Leishmania spp. in several European countries. The aim of this study was to assess the presence of Leishmania spp. in peridomestic rodents in the Emilia-Romagna. The study was carried out on 136 peridomestic rodents collected by professional pest control services: 47 brown rats (Rattus norvegicus), 39 black rats (Rattus rattus) and 50 mice (Mus musculus). Specimens of earlobe skin, spleen, liver and prescapular lymph nodes were tested with a real-time PCR. Fifteen (11%) rodents, tested positive for Leishmania spp. in particular five brown rats (10.6%), five black rats (12.8%) and five mice (10%). Positivity was obtained from different target organs. These findings revealed the presence of Leishmania spp. in peridomestic rodents of Emilia-Romagna Region, also in two species never tested before in Italy, namely R. norvegicus and M. musculus., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V.)
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- 2023
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241. Dirofilaria repens Testicular Infection in Child, Italy.
- Author
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Ugolini S, Lima M, Maffi M, Pierangeli F, Vastano M, Gargano T, Varani S, Gustinelli A, Caffara M, and Fioravanti ML
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- Child, Animals, Humans, Family, Diagnosis, Differential, Italy epidemiology, Dirofilaria repens genetics, Dirofilariasis diagnosis, Dirofilariasis epidemiology
- Abstract
Testicular Dirofilaria repens infection was identified and confirmed by sequence analysis in a child in northeastern Italy. Because human dirofilariasis is emerging in southern and eastern Europe, this parasitic infection should be considered in the differential diagnosis of scrotal swelling in disease-endemic countries to avoid unnecessary interventions, such as orchiectomy.
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- 2022
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242. Roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) are a novel potential reservoir for human visceral leishmaniasis in the Emilia-Romagna region of northeastern Italy.
- Author
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Magri A, Bianchi C, Chmelovà L, Caffara M, Galuppi R, Fioravanti M, Yurchenko V, and Kostygov AY
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- Humans, Animals, Dogs, Leishmaniasis, Visceral epidemiology, Leishmaniasis, Visceral veterinary, Leishmaniasis, Visceral parasitology, Dog Diseases epidemiology, Dog Diseases parasitology, Deer, Leishmania infantum genetics, Leishmaniasis epidemiology, Leishmaniasis parasitology
- Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a complex human disease caused by intracellular parasites of the genus Leishmania, predominantly transmitted by the bite of sand flies. In Italy, leishmaniasis is caused exclusively by Leishmania infantum, responsible for the human and canine visceral leishmaniases (HVL and CVL, respectively). Within the Emilia-Romagna region, two different foci are active in the municipalities of Pianoro and Valsamoggia (both in the province of Bologna). Recent molecular studies indicated that L. infantum strains circulating in dogs and humans are different, suggesting that there is an animal reservoir other than dogs for human visceral leishmaniasis in the Emilia-Romagna region. In this work, we analyzed specimens from wild animals collected during hunts or surveillance of regional parks near active foci of human visceral leishmaniasis for L. infantum infection in the province of Bologna. Out of 70 individuals analyzed, 17 (24%) were positive for L. infantum. The infection prevalence in hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus), roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), badgers (Meles meles), and bank voles (Myodes glareolus) was 80, 33, 25, and 11%, respectively. To distinguish the two strains of L. infantum we have developed a nested PCR protocol optimized for animal tissues. Our results demonstrated that most (over 90%) of L. infantum infections in roe deer were due to the strain circulating in humans in the Emilia-Romagna region., (Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)
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- 2022
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243. Detection of Leishmania sp. kDNA in questing Ixodes ricinus (Acari, Ixodidae) from the Emilia-Romagna Region in northeastern Italy.
- Author
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Magri A, Caffara M, Fioravanti M, and Galuppi R
- Subjects
- Animals, DNA, Kinetoplast, Dogs, Female, Humans, Male, Nymph, Ixodes genetics, Ixodidae genetics, Leishmania infantum genetics, Leishmaniasis, Visceral veterinary, Psychodidae genetics, Rhipicephalus sanguineus genetics
- Abstract
To date, sand flies (Phlebotominae) are the only recognized biological vectors of Leishmania infantum, the causative agent of human visceral leishmaniasis, which is endemic in the Mediterranean basin and also widespread in Central and South America, the Middle East, and Central Asia. Dogs are the main domestic reservoir of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis, and the role of secondary vectors such as ticks and fleas and particularly Rhipicephalus sanguineus (the brown dog tick) in transmitting L. infantum has been investigated. In the present paper, the presence of Leishmania DNA was investigated in questing Ixodes ricinus ticks collected from 4 rural areas included in three parks of the Emilia-Romagna Region (north-eastern Italy), where active foci of human visceral leishmaniasis have been identified. The analyses were performed on 236 DNA extracts from 7 females, 6 males, 72 nymph pools, and 151 larvae pools. Four samples (1.7%) (i.e., one larva pool, 2 nymph pools, and one adult male) tested positive for Leishmania kDNA. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of the presence of Leishmania kDNA in questing I. ricinus ticks collected from a rural environment. This finding in unfed larvae, nymphs, and adult male ticks supports the hypothesis that L. infantum can have both transstadial and transovarial passage in I. ricinus ticks. The potential role of I. ricinus ticks in the sylvatic cycle of leishmaniasis should be further investigated., (© 2022. The Author(s).)
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- 2022
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244. Development and diagnostic validation of a one-step multiplex RT-PCR assay as a rapid method to detect and identify Nervous Necrosis Virus (NNV) and its variants circulating in the Mediterranean.
- Author
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Errani F, Volpe E, Riera-Ferrer E, Caffara M, Padrós F, Gustinelli A, Fioravanti M, and Ciulli S
- Subjects
- Animals, Necrosis, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Bass, Fish Diseases, Nodaviridae, RNA Virus Infections
- Abstract
Nervous Necrosis Virus (NNV) represents one of the most threatening pathogens for Mediterranean aquaculture. Several NNV strains are currently co-circulating in the Mediterranean Basin with a high prevalence of the RGNNV genotype and the RGNNV/SJNNV reassortant strain and a more limited diffusion of the SJNNV genotype and the SJNNV/RGNNV reassortant. In the present study, a one-step multiplex RT-PCR (mRT-PCR) assay was developed as an easy, cost-effective and rapid diagnostic technique to detect RGNNV and the reassortant RGNNV/SJNNV strain and to distinguish them from SJNNV and the reassortant SJNNV/RGNNV strain in a single RT-PCR reaction. A unique amplification profile was obtained for each genotype/reassortant enabling their rapid identification from cell culture lysates or directly from brain tissues of suspected fish. The method's detection limit varied between 102.3 and 103.4 TCID50 ml-1 depending on viral strains. No cross-reacitivty with viruses and bacteria frequently associated with gilthead seabream, European seabass and marine environment was observed. The mRT-PCR was shown to be an accurate, rapid and affordable method to support traditional diagnostic techniques in the diagnosis of VNN, being able to reduce considerably the time to identify the viral genotype or the involvement of reassortant strains., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
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- 2022
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245. Morphological description and molecular characterization of Contracaecum larvae (Nematoda: Anisakidae) parasitizing market-size hybrid tilapia ( Oreochromis aureus x Oreochromis niloticus ) and red drum ( Sciaenops ocellatus ) farmed in Israel.
- Author
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Davidovich N, Tedesco P, Caffara M, Yasur-Landau D, Gustinelli A, Drabkin V, Minkova E, Aflalo O, Morick D, and Fioravanti ML
- Abstract
Nematodes belonging to the genus Contracaecum (family: Anisakidae) are heteroxenous parasites with a complex life cycle. Contracaecum larvae infecting farmed fish and fishery products are economically important causing market rejection in massive infection and may have zoonotic potential. In Israel, Contracaecum larvae have been described morphologically in several fish species; however, none of these descriptions were supported by molecular tools. In 2019-2020, hybrid tilapia ( Oreochromis aureus x Oreochromis niloticus ) and red drum ( Sciaenops ocellatus ), farmed in polyculture were found to be heavily infected with nematodes referable to Contracaecum larvae. Prevalence of infection in hybrid tilapia and red drum was 53.8% and 40.9%, respectively. A combined (morphological and molecular) approach revealed that both infected fish species were parasitized by the same species of Contracaecum , although larvae in hybrid tilapia were localized in the pericardial cavity whereas in red drum, they were observed in the abdominal cavity. Genetic analysis of internal transcribed spacer rDNA and cox 2 mtDNA showed high similarity to unidentified Contracaecum larvae detected in several fish species in Ethiopia, Egypt and Kenya. In this study, molecular and morphological analyses place the possible new species in the C. multipapillatum complex and was provisionally named C. multipapillatum E. Further analyses combining morphological and molecular approaches are required on adult specimens collected from piscivorous birds living in the same area to support the identification of a potentially new species., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2022 Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of International Association of Food and Waterborne Parasitology.)
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- 2022
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246. Three new species of Neoechinorhynchus (Acanthocephala: Neoechinorhynchidae) from fresh-water fish collected from Tigris River, Iraq.
- Author
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Al-Ayash YY, Gustinelli A, Al-Nasiri FS, and Caffara M
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- Animals, Female, Fresh Water, Iraq, Rivers, Species Specificity, Water, Acanthocephala, Cyprinidae, Fish Diseases parasitology, Helminthiasis, Animal parasitology
- Abstract
Three new species of Neoechinorhynchus are described from freshwater fish of Tigris River, at Salah Al-Din province, mid Iraq, namely Neoechinorhynchus tigrisensis n. sp. from Shilik Leuciscus vorax (Heckel) and Brond-snout Chondrostoma regium (Heckel), N. planilizai n. sp. from Abu mullet Planiliza abu (Heckel) and Tigris catfish Silurus triostegus (Heckel) and N. barbi n. sp. from Mesopotamian barb Capoeta damascina (Valenciennes). The first two new species shared the para-receptacle structure (PRS) with seven nominal valid species of the genus Neoechinorhynchus but they differed in other taxonomic traits, while the third new species shared the vaginal vestibular muscles (para vaginal patch) at the end of female trunk with N. spiramuscularis Amin, Heckmann & Ha, 2014 and N. zabensis Amin, Abdullah & Mhaisen, 2003 but differed for further morphological features. Proboscis hooks of middle and posterior circles in N. barbi n. sp. are remarkably bigger than in the other two new species (N. tigrisensis and N. planilizai) while the hooks in first circle is almost similar in the three species. Furthermore, N. tigrisensis n. sp. and N. planilizai n. sp. differ from some marine species by having smallest hooks size at anterior circle, with different shape and size of hooks. The three new species reported in the present study are compared with other eight species of Neoechinorhynchus reported so far from fish in Iraq. This work contributes to increase the knowledge on the biodiversity of fish parasites all over the world, especially for acanthocephalans., (© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V.)
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- 2021
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247. The first new species of European Ascocotyle Looss, 1899 (Digenea: Heterophyidae) described in more than half a century.
- Author
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Gustinelli A, Caffara M, Scaravelli D, Fioravanti ML, and Scholz T
- Abstract
Ascocotyle ( Phagicola ) trentinii n. sp. is described based on adults from experimentally infected ducklings ( Anas platyrhynchos domesticus ) fed with metacercariae from the visceral serosa of the Mediterranean banded killifish, Aphanius fasciatus (Cyprinodontiformes: Aphaniidae), from coastal lagoons in northeastern Italy (Emilia-Romagna Region). The new species is placed into the subgenus Phagicola because of the presence of a single row of circumoral spines, vitelline follicles being confined between the ventral sucker and testes, and uterine loops not reaching anterior to the ventral sucker. Ascocotyle ( P. ) trentinii n. sp. differs from other members of the subgenus Phagicola , as well as other species of Ascocotyle , by the number (27-33) of circumoral spines which are 13.5-17 μm long and 3.5-5 μm wide, and by the morphology of a gonotyl which is composed of about 8 large refractile pockets. The occurrence of metacercariae in A. fasciatus indicates that the life cycle of the new species is completed in brackish water lagoons. It is the fourth species of Ascocotyle described in Europe and may be endemic to the Mediterranean region because its second (fish) intermediate host is endemic to this region., Competing Interests: There is no conflict of interest in the submitted manuscript entitled “A new species of Ascocotyle Looss, 1899 (Digenea: Heterophyidae): the first species newly described from Europe after more than half a century.”, (© 2021 The Authors.)
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- 2021
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248. Occurrence of Neobenedenia girellae (Monogenea: Capsalidae) in Gilthead Seabream Sparus aurata (Actinopterygii: Sparidae) Cultured in Portugal.
- Author
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Tedesco P, Caffara M, Ribeiro Moreira NM, Gomes C, Gustinelli A, and Fioravanti ML
- Abstract
Monogenean capsalids of the genus Neobenedenia are widespread parasites of wild and farmed marine fish, and represent a potential threat to mariculture due to their pathogenicity and ability to cause mortality in fish maintained in controlled conditions. The identification of Neobenedenia species and, consequently, the definition of their host specificity is often problematic due to their highly conserved morphology; therefore, in order to establish their specific identity, microscopic observation should be complemented with molecular analysis. The present work aims at characterizing Neobenedenia specimens infecting the skin of cage reared gilthead seabream Sparus aurata from Portugal. Parasite samples obtained from caged fish were processed for morphological analysis, through observation in light and scanning electron microscopy, and for molecular analysis, through amplification and sequencing of 28S rDNA and cytB , aimed at identifying them to the species level. Our results showed that the collected parasites belonged to the species Neobenedenia girellae ; the susceptibility of S. aurata towards this pathogenic capsalid monogenean highlighted in the present work represents an important risk in the farming of this valuable fish species.
- Published
- 2021
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249. Anisakid and Raphidascaridid parasites in Trachurus trachurus: infection drivers and possible effects on the host's condition.
- Author
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Macchioni F, Tedesco P, Cocca V, Massaro A, Sartor P, Ligas A, Pretti C, Monni G, Cecchi F, and Caffara M
- Subjects
- Animals, Fishes parasitology, Larva, Anisakiasis epidemiology, Anisakiasis veterinary, Anisakis genetics, Ascaridoidea, Fish Diseases epidemiology
- Abstract
This study investigated the distribution of nematode larvae of Anisakidae and Raphidascarididae (genera Anisakis and Hysterothylacium) in Trachurus trachurus (Linnaeus, 1758) in the Ligurian and central-northern Tyrrhenian Seas. The relationship between the number of parasites and the length and weight parameters of the fish was assessed, and the possible effect of the parasites on the condition factor was evaluated. A total of 190 T. trachurus specimens were collected in July 2019. Parasites were found in 70 individuals. A total of 161 visible larvae were collected in the viscera. Morphological analysis revealed the presence of Anisakis spp. in 55 fish and Hysterothylacium spp. in 15 fish, while 5 fish showed coinfection with both genera. The specimens subjected to PCR (n = 67) showed that 85% of the Anisakis larvae analyzed belonged to the species A. pegreffii, while the remaining 15% belonged to hybrids of A. pegreffii-A. simplex (s.s.). A total of 58% (n = 7) of the Hysterothylacium larvae analyzed belonged to the species H. fabri, while 42% belonged to the species H. aduncum. Our results support the hypothesis that infection with these parasites does not affect the condition of the fish host analyzed, and that body size and depth are major drivers in determining infection levels with Anisakid and Raphidascaridid nematodes., (© 2021. The Author(s).)
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- 2021
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250. Campylobacter vulpis sp. nov. isolated from wild red foxes.
- Author
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Parisi A, Chiara M, Caffara M, Mion D, Miller WG, Caruso M, Manzari C, Florio D, Capozzi L, D'Erchia AM, Manzulli V, and Zanoni RG
- Subjects
- Animals, Bacterial Typing Techniques, Base Composition, DNA, Bacterial genetics, Multilocus Sequence Typing, Nucleic Acid Hybridization, RNA, Ribosomal, 16S genetics, Sequence Analysis, DNA, Campylobacter classification, Campylobacter isolation & purification, Foxes microbiology, Phylogeny
- Abstract
During a sampling of wild red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) for the detection of Epsilonproteobacteria, 14 strains were isolated from the caecal contents of 14 epidemiologically-unrelated animals. A genus-specific PCR indicated that the isolates belonged to the genus Campylobacter. Based on the results of a species-specific PCR, the isolates were initially identified as C. upsaliensis. However, multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) revealed that the isolates were significantly different from the C. upsaliensis present in the MLST database. A polyphasic study, including conventional biochemical and tolerance characteristics, morphology by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), MALDI-TOF analysis, and genetic comparisons based on partial 16S rDNA and atpA gene sequences, was undertaken. Finally, the complete genome sequence of the type strain 251/13
T and the draft genome sequences of the other isolates were determined. Average nucleotide identity, average amino acid identity and in silico DNA-DNA hybridization analyses confirmed that the isolates represent a novel taxon for which the name Campylobacter vulpis sp. nov. is proposed, with isolate 251/13T (=CCUG 70587T = LMG 30110T ) as the type strain. In order to allow a rapid discrimination of C. vulpis from the closely-related C. upsaliensis, a specific PCR test was designed, based on atpA gene sequences., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.)- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
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