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The in-vitro 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC50S) of latamoxef and imipenem against a set of plasmid-mediated β-lactamases including TEM-1, TEM-3, TEM-5 and TEM-10 were determined by an enzymatic method using nitrocefin as substrate. The IC50S of both antibiotics against extended-spectrum β-lactamases were below 0.2 mg/L. The conventional spectrum β-lactamase TEM-1 was not inhibited by either antibiotic at the highest concentration tested. Except for TEM-10 for which the IC50S of the two antibiotics were the same, imipenem showed significantly greater activity than latamoxef against TEM-3 and TEM-5. Clavulanic acid taken as a control demonstrated greater and wider inhibitory activity, but on the other hand it has no significant antibiotic activity.

Expressions for the rate constants for nonadiabatic electron-transfer reactions are presented. These expressions are valid when the electronic coupling between the two redox sites is small and the energy surfaces for the initial and final states are harmonic with identical force constants. High- and low-temperature limiting forms of the rate equations are presented and closed-form expressions which are good approximations to the Franck-Condon sums appearing in these equations are described. Systems in which the electron transfer causes a displacement in one or more vibrational modes are considered. When several vibrational modes are "active," the higher frequency modes have different effects on the rate constants in the normal and inverted free-energy regions. In the inverted region nuclear tunneling effects are large when hwf > 2kT. Under these conditions the rate has only a weak dependence on temperature and the rate constants can exhibit "quantum beats." Nuclear tunneling effects are smaller in the normal region: the rate has a stronger dependence on temperature and quantum beats are not observed.

Treatment of both transverse tubules and terminal cisternae with a combination of Triton X-100 and hypertonic K cacodylate causes dissolution of nonjunctional proteins and selective retention of membrane fragments which are capable of junction formation. Treatment of vesicles with Triton X-100 and either KCl or K gluconate causes complete dissolution of all components. Therefore K cacodylate exerts a specific preservative action on the junctional material. The membrane fragment from treatment of transverse tubules with Triton X-100 + cacodylate contains a protein of Mr = 80,000 in SDS gel electrophoresis as the predominant protein while lipid composition is enriched in cholesterol. The membrane fragment retains in electron microscopy the trilaminar appearance of the intact vesicles. Freeze fracture of transverse tubule fragments reveals a high density of low-profile, intercalated particles, which frequently form strings or occasional small arrays. The fragments from Triton X-100 plus cacodylate treatment of terminal cisternae include the protein of Mr = 80,000 as well as the spanning protein of the triad, calsequestrin, and some minor proteins. The fragments are almost devoid of lipid and display an amorphous morphology suggesting membrane disruption. The ability of the transverse tubular fragment, which contains predominantly the Mr = 80,000 protein, to form junctions with terminal cisternae fragments suggests that it plays a role in anchoring the membrane to the junctional processes of the triad. The junctional proteins may be solubilized in a combination of nonionic detergent and hypertonic NaCl. Subsequent molecular sieve chromatography gives an enriched preparation of the spanning protein. This protein has subunits of Mr = 300,000, 270,000 and 140,000 and migrates in the gel as a protein of Mr = 1.2 X 10(6) indicating a polymeric structure.

Clinical and biological studies indicate that simian varicella virus (SVV) infection of primates is the counterpart of human varicella zoster virus (VZV) infection. We have identified an SVV open reading frame (ORF) that is homologous to the VZV protein IE62 and herpes simplex virus (HSV) ICP4. Like the genes encoding the VZV and HSV proteins, the SVV gene is located in the repeat region of the virus genome. Its expression in SVV-infected cells yields a 4.2-kb transcript. DNA sequencing of the SVV gene reveals a coding region 3834 nucleotides in length and a G + C content of 60.3%. Like ICP4 homologues in other herpesviruses, the SVV protein has five regions, two of which (regions 2 and 4) are highly conserved. The SVV protein also contains a run of serine residues in its amino terminus that is characteristic of herpesvirus ICP4 homologues. The SVV protein shows an overall homology of 24% to HSV ICP4 and 53% to VZV IE62. Copyright 1993, 1999 Academic Press

Previously reported studies confirmed the fact that alloxan: injected intravenously into rabbits1 and dogs2 causes specific necrosis of the islets of Langerhans (fig. 1) and epithelium of the convoluted tubules of the kidney. In some dogs transitory or prolonged hyperglycemia occurred with relatively little elevation in the blood nonprotein nitrogen.These studies2 were carried out preliminary to the use of alloxan as a chemotherapeutic agent in the treatment of a patient with insulin producing islet cell carcinoma that had metastasized extensively to the peritoneum and liver. The rationale for the use of alloxan in the treatment of this patient was that, since the radiosensitivity of tumors roughly parallels the radiosensitivity of the normal tissues from which they originate, a chemical agent with specific noxious effect on pancreatic islet cells might influence favorably an insulin producing islet cell carcinoma. Since insulin producing islet cell carcinoma appears to be very

Lymphosarcoma and lymphatic leukemia have been regarded as two distinct pathologic conditions. In recent years, however, the leukemic state has come to be regarded as merely a phase of circulating metastases from lymphosarcoma. This implies that all patients with leukemia present the condition of lymphosarcoma earlier in their histories, and that this condition may not have been clinically evident because of the deep location of the involved lymph nodes.A review of the entire literature for the presentation of evidence proving the correctness of the hypothesis stated is beyond the scope of this report. However, attention may be called to the more recent reports which deal with cases similar to the ones we present.Evans and Leucutia,1 in 1926, treated sixteen patients who had lymphosarcoma with deep roentgen therapy; all showed a uniformly rapid subsidence of symptoms. The exact dosage employed in these cases is not stated by the

In recent years the allergic hypothesis for the etiology of chronic arthritis, especially the proliferative type, has received considerable attention.1 According to this theory, the articular changes are local manifestations of a generalized allergic state. As early as 1902, Menzer2 suggested that streptococci first gained access to the joints, but that this did not result in inflammatory changes until antibodies were produced. Further researches by Weintraud,3 Henry,4 Faber,5 Friedberger,6 Freiberg,7 Klinge8 and Gudzent9 demonstrated that arthritic changes could be produced in experimental animals by first sensitizing the animal to bacterial or nonbacterial proteins and then by injecting the antigen into the joints. Similar results were obtained if the antigen was injected first into the joint and later into the general circulation. Swift10 and his coworkers have recently studied experimental streptococcus allergy in rabbits, with the view of explaining the etiology

In a review of 65 necropsies of patients who had carcinoma of the cervix, the following salient features appear deserving of emphasis: 1.1. Cancer of the cervix tends to spread primarily via the lymphatics, the periaortic nodes being first involved outside the pelvis in most instances.2.2. Half of the patients died from various causes other than wide dissemination of the disease since necropsy revealed no gross evidence of neoplasm outside the pelvis in this group.3.3. Uremia was the immediate cause of death in 27.7 per cent of the series, and ureteral obstruction of varying degrees was present in 63 per cent of the cases.4.4. Infection, principally as peritonitis, pelvic abscess, and septicemia in varying combinations appeared to be the immediate cause of death in 38 per cent of the series. Thus uremia and infection together were the immediate causes of death in 66 per cent of the series, not widespread malignant disease.5.5. Aside from eradication or restraint of the neoplasm, preservation of urinary tract function and avoidance of infection appear to be the principal problems to be dealt with for the prolongation of life in patients with cancer of the cervix.

The literature contains few reports dealing with the sites of giant cell tumors long after operation, and there has been much curiosity as to the type of tissue filling the defects.Herendeen1 reported a series of six cases observed for from five to ten years in which the diagnosis of giant cell tumor was made from roentgenograms only. After roentgen therapy the symptoms disappeared, but subsequent roentgenograms revealed considerable abnormalities still existing in the bony structure. Although varying degrees of filling in by cancellous bone had occurred several years after the patients first came under observation roentgenograms still showed a picture which was atypical of giant cell tumor. No biopsies had been performed during the follow-up periods.The purpose of this report is to record an instance of benign giant cell tumor of the upper end of the tibia in which histologic studies were made on material removed at

From 1947 to January, 1960, 213 patients were referred to The Memorial-James Ewing Hospitals for treatment of inadequately excised invasive cancer of the cervix. A survey of the literature revealed that little had been written about this problem. In reviewing the charts of the 213 patients, it was evident that prior to doing a hysterectomy for benign disease, cancer of the cervix must be ruled out, and if it is present, appropriate definitive primary therapy must be carried out. Papanicolaou smears should be mandatory on admission to the hospital. When the patient is anesthetized, an examination under anesthesia and a dilatation and curettage represent the height of professional integrity. Having run into the problem of unsuspected cancer of the cervix, reliance on the use of a “little x-ray therapy” postoperatively results in calamity for the patient. However, faced with the problem, gloom must be dispelled, and rather than compromise the possibility of cure by inadequate and time-consuming radiation, it appears from the review that operation provides the most comprehensive therapy in the shortest period of time. Of 213 patients treated, 37 (32.2 per cent) lived 5 or more years.

A discussion based upon surgical experience and pathologic study in the treatment of adenocarcinoma of the endometrium in 74 patients is presented to emphasize the following points:1. Endometrial carcinoma of the corpus uteri may spread in similar fashion to epidermoid carcinoma of the cervix, i.e., invasion of parametria, bladder, rectum, and metastasis to pelvic lymph nodes, progressively, before spread to extrapelvic sites occurs.2. Local direct spread to bladder and pelvic colon may occur prior to metastasis to pelvic nodes.3. It appears that simple total hysterectomy for endometrial carcinoma does not represent the maximal surgical effort possible for endometrial carcinoma.4. When the patient's condition permits, a radical panhysterectomy with pelvic lymph node excision is indicated. The mortality can be held to a minimum. In patients who are not good risks a Wertheim type of radical hysterectomy should be performed.5. In advanced and/or recurrent cases of endometrial carcinoma some type of exenteration operation may still offer the patient a chance for long survival.6. Consideration of pelvic lymph nodes in the surgical treatment of endometrial carcinoma is consistent with the modern principles of cancer surgery. There is no reason to assume that the surgery of endometrial cancer should constitute a sole exception to this principle.

IN the last decade there has been an increasing interest in the problems associated with the benign tumors of the stomach. In the past such lesions have been considered as relatively rare. Although reports now indicate that they occur with greater frequency than previously supposed1 a few of the types of benign tumors may still be considered as rare, and, of these, one of the least is the submucosal lipoma.In 1893 Tilger2 emphasized the rarity of this tumor, when he reported from a series of 3,500 autopsies 14 benign gastric tumors, 2 of which were submucosal lipomas. Eliason and Wright3 in summarizing 610 collected and personal cases of benign gastric tumors, noted 30 lipomas of the stomach, including 1 from their own cases. Stewart4 found no submucosal lipomas in a series of 11,000 autopsies. Minnes and Geschickter5 mentioned 32 cases in a series of

HISTORY AND PURPOSE As early as 1895 Leube1 raised the question of subcutaneous injections of fat for nutritional purposes, in connection with administration of repeated injections of camphor oil to patients with cardiac failure. Attempts were made by a number of workers2 to study utilization of subcutaneously injected fat, although absorption from the sites of the injections was admittedly relatively slow. Studies on the utilization of emulsions of fats administered by vein to animals were made by Murlin and Riche in 1915,3 Nomura in 1929,4a Baba in 19315 and Narat in 1937.6a,b It was reported that by such injections the lives of 2 starving dogs were prolonged6a, b and in rabbits the iodine and saponification numbers of body fats were altered in the direction of those of the infused fats.4b While it was suggested that the infused fat was deposited in the

Actinomycin D (0.05 µg/ml) suppresses the synthesis of ribosomal RNA of baby hamster kidney (BHK21) cells. The production of infectious Pichinde virus was enhanced in the presence of actinomycin D, although the production of virus particles was not substantially different from cultures inoculated in the absence of the drug. By prelabeling BHK21 cells with 3H-uridine and then allowing the virus to replicate in the presence of actinomycin D, it was possible to show that ribosomal RNA synthesized prior to infection was incorporated into the virion. A single-hit kinetics of inactivation of Pichinde virus was observed with ultraviolet light, suggesting that the virus contains only a single copy of genome per virion. Comparison of the inactivation kinetics by gamma irradiation of Pichinde virus with Sindbis and rubella virus indicated that the radiosensitive genome of Pichinde virus was about 6 × 106to 8 × 106daltons. This value is greater than the 3.2 × 106daltons which was estimated by biochemical analysis. One possible explanation considered is that the ribosomal RNA of host cell origin is functional and accounts for the differences in genome size estimated by the two methods.

A study of 13 patients with laryngeal papillomas is presented, with an analysis of epidemiologic factors, electron microscopic study of the lesion, and therapeutic trial of frequent microlaryngoscopic surgery and application of idoxuridine. Five of the nine children in this group were delivered by mothers who had condyloma accuminatum at time of delivery. These five children developed symptoms and required surgery much earlier than the other four. This correlation is shown to be statistically significant. The electron microscopic study of tissue specimens from all our patients failed to find any actual virus particles. The comparison study with skin and genital warts, however, showed ultrastructural details linking the three lesions. Results of the therapeutic program showed an overall improvement in frequency of recurrence, but no complete cures. This improvement is felt to be related to frequent complete surgical excision, and not to application of idoxuridine.

Bacteriologic studies have been undertaken in a group of obscure but kindred necrosing bone lesions, among which are Kohler's disease of the tarsal navicular, Legg-Perthes' disease, and Kienbock's disease of the carpal semilunar, in an endeavor to throw some light on their etiology. The most feasible causes to which they have been attributed may be grouped under the headings of infection, embolism and trauma. Axhausen considers the condition an anemic infarction from a mycotic embolus or a thrombus but without bacterial infection of the field. While these and the kindred necrosing lesions have been studied pathologically in great detail, particularly by the Germans, they have been investigated very little from a bacteriologic standpoint. In the few cases in which cultures have been made, they have usually been reported as sterile. In this series, cultures have been taken in two cases, each of Kohler's disease of the tarsal navicular bones, Legg-Perthes'

A VARIETY of procedures have been described for the implantation of the ureters into the colon. The fact that there are a number of various technics would imply that no one method has received universal approbation or that the several technics all afford satisfactory results.The method described below has been employed in over a hundred individual implantations of ureters into colon and has given us satisfactory results. These implantations were carried out as part of the operation of partial or complete pelvic exenteration for advanced pelvic cancer.1 In the former, the rectal colon remains in situ and the bladder, vagina and uterus are removed. The ureters are implanted into the colon. In complete pelvic exenteration all the pelvic viscera are excised and the ureters are implanted into the lower sigmoid above an end colostomy to produce a "wet" colostomy.Preoperative preparation consists of thorough emptying of the bowels.

Carcinoma of the cystic duct is rare. Stewart, Lieber and Morgan,1 in a critical review of the 27 cases which they found reported in the literature, divided them into four groups: 1. Those in which there appeared to be also gross involvement of the gallbladder. 2. Those in which histologic study of the neoplasm in the cystic duct and gallbladder was lacking. 3. Those in which histologic study of the gallbladder was lacking. 4. "A case of small localized polypoid tumor of the cystic duct, together with metastases in the liver, abdominal lymph nodes, in Virchow's node, and the rectal wall. The tumor in the cystic duct was diagnosed histologically as carcinoma solidum. The gallbladder was not described, and the rectum was insufficiently considered as a possible primary source for the growth." These authors in conclusion stated: "We are therefore unable to consider any of these cases as indisputable

RADICAL surgery for cancer often creates situations which permit physiological studies not related to the neoplasm itself. In the case herein reported, it was possible to study certain aspects of return of renal function after prolonged partial and then total ureteral occlusion. REPORT OF A CASE A 56-year-old Negro woman (11-61-84) had had a hysterectomy and node dissection for grade 1 and in situ epidermoid carcinoma of the cervix in July of 1951. Because the question of injury of the left ureter near the bladder arose during the operation, a ureteral catheter was introduced and brought out through a cystostomy wound. Her postoperative course was uneventful and she had been followed closely in the Out-Patient Clinics of Memorial Hospital showing intermittent mild hypertension, but otherwise well without evidence of recurrence.Intravenous pyelogram (IVP) periodically obtained after hysterectomy revealed progressive hydronephrosis of the left kidney with dilation of the ureter down

Pelvic exenteration with diversion of both ureters was performed in 40 patients with advanced pelvic cancer and one ureter occluded on preoperative intravenous pyelograms (IVP). In 29 instances, renal function returned. Preoperative periods of occlusion were not always determinable; where they were, the average occlusion time followed by functional return was three to four months. Among those that did not show functional return, the average estimated occlusion time was 7 1/2 months. In 11 patients who had preoperative IVP over varying periods, it was possible to fix rather accurately dates of complete ureteral occlusion. There was return of function in seven patients with periods of occlusion varying from two to four weeks, and in one patient with 3 1/2 months occlusion. In two patients with occlusion. for 165 days, impaired function returned. In one patient with 100 days occlusion, function returned slowly and remained impaired.

Hepatitis B antigen of the D (a+, d+, y-) subtype was purified from plasma of apparently healthy persons and from hepatitis patients. The original samples contained 20- and 42-nm particles and tubular forms (20-nm diameter). Ultracentrifugation during the purification procedure yielded pellets which were then treated at pH 2.4. Both the large, 42-nm Dane particles and the tubular forms were lost during the acid treatment of the pelleted particles, yielding a preparation containing a mixture of particles approximately 20 and 25 nm in diameter. This difference in size was substantiated in that two distinct molecular weights were calculated from high-speed equilibrium data, 3.6 × 106and 4.5 × 106. Further heterogeneity was observed in that hepatitis B antigenic activity was present in purified particles with an isoelectric pH of 4.0 and also in those with a pH of 4.4. No significant differences were observed in the gross amino acid composition of purified antigen obtained from plasma of three different persons. 125I-labeled, purified antigen was found to contain six distinct polypeptides with molecular weights ranging from 10,000 to 39,000.

McCombs, Robert M.(Baylor University College of Medicine, Houston, Tex.), Matilda Benyesh-Melnick, and Jean P. Brunschwig. Biophysical studies of vesicular stomatitis virus: J. Bacteriol. 91:803–812. 1966.—The infectivity and morphology of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) were studied after density gradient centrifugation in cesium chloride (CsCI), potassium tartrate (KT), and sucrose. Centrifugation in CsCl revealed two equally infectious bands corresponding to densities of 1.19 and 1.22 g/ml, and a third (density, 1.26 g/ml) band of low infectivity. Two bands (densities of 1.16 and 1.18 g/ml) were observed in the KT gradient, in which the lighter band contained most of the infectivity. Centrifugation in sucrose resulted in a single broad infectious band (density, 1.16 g/ml). The typical rod-shaped VSV particles were found mainly in the lighter bands obtained in CsCl (1.19 g/ml) and KT (1.16 g/ml) and in the single sucrose gradient band (1.16 g/ml). Bent particles equally as infectious as the rod-shaped particles were a constant finding in the CsCl preparations, and were observed mainly in the second band (density, 1.19 g). Numerous strands 15mμ wide were found in the third CsCl (density, 1.26 g/ml) and the second KT (1.18 g/ml) bands. Similar strands could be liberated from VSV particles after treatment with deoxycholate. Internal transverse striations were found to be a regular feature of VSV particles examined with the pseudoreplication negative-staining technique. For crude virus stocks, the physical particle-to-infectivity ratio ranged from 73 to 194. Several morphological similarities between VSV and myxoviruses were observed, including 10 mμ surface projections, pleomorphic morphological forms, and 15 mμ seemingly nucleoprotein strands.

Experiments to produce cutaneous carcinoma by application of tar and, more recently, of the several synthesized carcinogenic compounds and to produce sarcoma by subcutaneous or intramuscular injection of these substances have been repeatedly performed on mice, rats, rabbits and guinea pigs. A significant percentage of pulmonary tumors has been observed as a result of cutaneous application of the compounds. However, relatively fewer observations have been published on the production of "internal cancers" by causing the animals to ingest the various carcinogenic agents in one form or another.By repeated tarring of the mouths of 50 rats Bonne1 produced benign papillomas in the skin of the face about the mouth and also squamous cell carcinomas in the buccal cavity, the esophagus and the cardiac end of the stomach. Voronoff and Alexandrescu2 administered a mixture of tar, hydrous wool fat, aniline oil and toluylenediamine by mouth to 10 rats and

Primary malignant neoplasms of bone have been produced experimentally by irradiation. Schürch1 induced an osteosarcoma in the mandible of a rabbit by the application of a radium needle directly to the cortical surface. Lüdin2 produced a chondrosarcoma in the tibia of a rabbit by repeated exposures to the roentgen rays (total dose, 8,000 roentgens). Schürch and Uehlinger1 produced three ossifying sarcomas of the femur in rabbits by intra-osseous injections of minute quantities of radium salts. Widespread ossifying metastases in the lungs, spleen, liver and lymph nodes were observed. In two other animals nonossifying fibrosarcomas of bone developed. Daels3 and Sabin, Doan and Forkner4 also produced fibrosarcoma of bone in animals by means of radioactive substances.In Martland's5 series of patients who were poisoned by the prolonged ingestion of radioactive material, which accumulated in the skeleton, nonossifying fibrosarcomas of bone developed. These instances constitute experiments

It has been shown by Lacassagne1 and more recently by Burrows2 that carcinoma of the breast may be produced in male mice by the administration of large doses of estrogenic hormone. These observations are of great importance because this is the first instance of direct association of malignant neoplasia with an excess of a hormone normally produced by the organism. The question immediately arising is: Does spontaneous carcinoma of the breast in mice result from hypersecretion of estrogenic hormone over a long period?As a result of the classic works of Allen,3 and of Allen and Doisy and their associates,4 the secretion of estrogenic hormone may be studied readily in the intact mouse by observation of the estrus cycle. Proestrus and estrus correspond to the period of ripening and the period of maximum activity of the graafian follicle. Metestrus and diestrus are periods in which no

No general physiologic disturbances are observed in a patient who has survived occlusion of the external pancreatic secretion for 11 months. Previous weight loss was regained. The blood, stools, and fat absorption are normal and heavy physical labor is possible. In 2 other patients with similar occlusion, bulky fatty stools immediately developed and fat absorption was radically reduced. No other general physiologic disturbance was detected during their period of survival (51/2 and 5 months respectively) except for some impairment in digestion of raw meat, death resulting from carcinomatosis. The basis for the marked variation in fat absorption following occlusion of the pancreatic juice in man remains obscure.

Regeneration of plasma proteins was found to occur in dogs with depleted proteins stores and lowered plasma proteins on a nitrogen-free diet receiving intravenously an enzymatic hydrolysate of casein as the sole source of nitrogen. Parenterally administered casein digest constitutes an effective method of parenteral nutrition.

The foregoing observations show that “tagged” chloride ions when injected into the general circulation are identified in the acid gastric juice of the stimulated stomach in dog and in man as quickly as 60 to 120 seconds after injection. Presumably at least some of these ions in the juice were derived from the HC1 present. Tagged chloride ions continued to circulate in the blood for more than one hour after intravenous injection and were transported into the gastric juice continuously during this period. Such ions did appear in the urine but were detected at irregular intervals and in relatively low concentration.

The leading causes of maternal death for the country as a whole are toxemia, infection, and hemorrhage. However, in the better staffed and equipped hospitals these causes are decreasing and others are increasing; among the latter is malignant neoplastic disease. The opportunity presents itself to report upon a patient with cancer of the bowel treated by preoperative radiation therapy, an abdominal-perineal resection followed 8 years later by normal pregnancy terminated by cesarean section. The problem of the diagnosis of malignancy in the young age group as well as the management of bowel carcinoma complieatillg pregnancy is diseusud. Since, the ovaries received sufficient radiation therapy to result in amenorrhea for 8 years, the problem of radiation as it affects the ovary, future progeny, and relationship to genetics is considered.