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Poor sleep quality is associated with increased food intake and poor diet quality [1]. People with lack of sleep show a positive correlation. between free time and food intake and also experience hormonal and brain changes that drive the intake of food with high calorific value [1-3]. In addition, scientific research has shown a healthy and balanced diet to positively influence the quality of sleep [1]. Objective The present study was set out to assess the sleep quality of high school students in Bragança county, and its association with food intake. Methods The study used non-experimental, analytical and transversal methodology, of epidemiological character and with a quantitative approach. It was intended to carry out the study in a population of 862 high school students. However, due to consent being required from both legal guardians and students, a smaller sample of 345 students was obtained. The data was collected in May 2017 through a questionnaire that included the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), validated for the Portuguese population. Results Throughout the study and following PSQI analysis, it was concluded that 39.71% (n = 137) of participants showed poor quality of sleep (PSQI > 5 points). The correlation between sleep quality and food intake was assessed and a statistically significant association was found between the quality of sleep and the intake of snacks (X2 = 17.144; p = 0.000), sugary products (X2 = 18.603; p= 0 .000), fast-food (X2 = 12.353; p = 0.002) and ready meals (X2 = 14.852; p = 0.000). The risk of suffering from poor sleep quality is higher in young populations who frequently eat snacks ([OR]: 2.811; 99%), sugary products ([OR]: 1.901; 95%), fast-food ([OR]: 4.000; 99%) and ready meals ([OR]: 5.621; 95%) in comparison with young populations who rarely eat this sort of food. The sleep quality is also significantly related with the number of meals young people have in a day (X2 = 7.580; p = 0.023). The risk of having poor quality sleep is 2.240 times higher in young people who rarely eat 4-6 meals a day. Conclusions A correlation between sleep quality and food intake in the sampled students was seen. The risk of having poor quality of sleep is higher in students who frequently eat a high calorie diet and also in students who rarely have 4-6 meals a day. There are several connections between sleep quality and eating habits. Sleep promotion and its connection with standard diets should be included as an essential part of community empowerment for health-promoting lifestyles [1,4,5]. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

в статье представлены проблемы питания среди студентов медицинского института, а также проанализировано качество питания студентов. На основе проведенного исследования выявлены нарушения в пищеварительном тракте., the article presents the problems of nutrition among students of a medical institute, as well as the quality of nutrition of students. Based on the study, disorders of the digestive tract have been detected.

Final thesis objective: make analysis, compare and evaluate bachelor and master studies students‗ who are studying Veterinarian food safety eating habits. Final thesis method. Research object is LSMU VA Veterinarian food safety department bachelor and master studies students.

Background We aimed to evaluate the potential benefits of the Leadership and Coaching for Health (LEACH) program on physical activity (PA), dietary habits, and distress management in cancer survivors. Methods We randomly assigned 248 cancer survivors with an allocation ratio of two-to-one to the LEACH program (LP) group, coached by long-term survivors, or the usual care (UC) group. At baseline, 3, 6, and 12 months, we used PA scores, the intake of vegetables and fruits (VF), and the Post Traumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI) as primary outcomes and, for secondary outcomes, the Ten Rules for Highly Effective Health Behavior adhered to and quality of life (QOL), the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), and the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire (EORTC QLQ-C30). Results For primary outcomes, the two groups did not significantly differ in PA scores or VF intake but differed marginally in PTGI. For secondary outcomes, the LP group showed a significantly greater improvement in the HADS anxiety score, the social functioning score, and the appetite loss and financial difficulties scores of the EORTC QLQ-C30 scales from baseline to 3 months. From baseline to 12 months, the LP group showed a significantly greater decrease in the EORTC QLQ-C30 fatigue score and a significantly greater increase in the number of the Ten Rules for Highly Effective Health Behavior. Conclusion Our findings indicate that the LEACH program, coached by long-term survivors, can provide effective management of the QOL of cancer survivors but not of their PA or dietary habits. Trial registration Clinical trial information can be found for the following: NCT01527409 (the date when the trial was registered: February 2012). Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-017-3290-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Gluten-free diet (GFD) is the cornerstone treatment for celiac disease (CD). GFD implies a strict and lifelong elimination from the diet of gluten, the storage protein found in wheat, barley, rye and hybrids of these grains, such as kamut and triticale. The absence of gluten in natural and processed foods, despite being the key aspect of GFD, may lead to nutritional consequences, such as deficits and imbalances. The nutritional adequacy of GFD is particularly important in children, this the age being of maximal energy and nutrient requirements for growth, development and activity. In recent years, attention has focused on the nutritional quality of gluten-free products (GFPs) available in the market. It is well recognized that GFPs are considered of lower quality and poorer nutritional value compared to the gluten-containing counterparts. The present review focuses on the nutritional adequacy of GFD at the pediatric age, with the aim being to increase awareness of the potential complications associated with this diet, to identify strategies in order to avoid them and to promote a healthier diet and lifestyle in children with CD.

Poultry meat is a valuable source of several nutrients, generally at higher concentration than most other foods' relative to caloric content, although many different factors such as the species, the genetic background, the animal's diet, the farming systems (organic, free range, intensive), the cut, the presence of skin, the cooking procedure have been shown to influence some compositional aspects of the meat. Most of the essential nutrients are present in poultry meat and are highly bioavailable: high biological value proteins, unsaturated fatty acids, iron, zinc, selenium, and vitamin B complex. Poultry meat, like other meats and foods of animal origin, has high-quality proteins, due to their richness in all essential amino acids. Meat from poultry contains a lower amount of connective tissue and collagen in comparison to meat from other animals; this promotes its digestibility. The fat content of poultry meat depends on the species (turkey is leaner than chicken), the feeding, the cuts, and the presence of skin. Skin is the main source of fat, the fat content in the main cuts from chicken and turkey range from 1 to 15% but cuts including skin had higher values. Commonly, the leg portion, namely drumstick, and other dark meat parts have higher fat and calorie contents. The fat content of poultry meat is significantly higher in unsaturated fatty acids and lower in saturated fatty acids compared to those of red meat. The content of n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LC-PUFA) can be further increased using appropriate feeding, and a genotype-based selection has also been suggested to produce poultry meat with high eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) content, possibly representing an alternative to fish. Poultry meat is a source of vitamin B complex – particularly B1 (thiamine), B2 (riboflavin), B3 (niacin), B6 (pyridoxine), and B12 (cobalamin) and fat-soluble vitamins such as A, D, and E – and minerals, particularly iron and zinc as well potassium, phosphorus, sodium, magnesium, calcium, and copper. In addition to the essential nutrients, scientific studies have revealed that the poultry meat contains several bioactive compounds, like conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), glutathione, taurine, anserine, carnosine and carnitine that are associated with protection against oxidative stress and with other health benefits. The content of the most of these bioactives can be increased as well by appropriate feeding. Future perspective indicates poultry meat as a promising functional food to improving the health and wellness status of individuals. Poultry meat is frequently more affordable than other meats, and it can make many positive contributions to the diet of those on low incomes and in developing countries; not surprisingly “a chicken in every pot” has been a politicians’ quotation. Associations between meat consumption and risk of chronic disease and cancer have been investigated in several epidemiological studies. There is no association between poultry consumption and risk of colorectal adenomas or other cancers. Evidence of an association between unhealthy dietary patterns (characterized by red and processed meat, sugary drinks and salty snacks, starchy foods, and refined carbohydrates) and risk of certain cancers may be mediated by lifestyle factors.

В статье приведены результаты исследования состояния здоровья, образа жизни и особенностей физической активности студентов младших курсов медицинского института. Установлено, что увеличивается количество юношей и девушек с хроническими заболеваниями, с заболеваниями двух и более систем организма. Выявлено, что каждый третий обучающийся употребляет алкогольные напитки, каждый пятый – курит. В режиме дня студентов отмечаются существенные нарушения. Большая часть опрошенных молодых людей испытывает дефицит сна, не соблюдает режим питания. Среди основных причин этих нарушений указано влияние большого объема учебной нагрузки., The article presents the results of a study of health, lifestyle and features of physical activity of undergraduate students of medical institute. Increasing number of young people with chronic diseases and diseases of more then two systems of the body was found. It was revealed that every third student drinks alcohol, every fifth student smokes. In the mode of day of students there are significant violations. Most of them experienced sleep deficit and did not comply with the diet. Students pointed to a large amount of the teaching load as a cause of these violations.

Mikcija in defekacija v poporodnem obdobju sta pri otročnici normalna fiziološka procesa, vendar sta zaradi različnih dejavnikov nosečnosti in poroda lahko motena. Namen diplomskega dela je predstaviti pomen rednega in pravilnega izločanja urina in odvajanja blata pri otročnici v prvih dneh po porodu in z raziskavo ugotoviti najpogostejše težave otročnic pri izločanju urina in odvajanju blata v poporodnem obdobju. Pri izdelavi diplomskega dela smo uporabili deskriptivno metodo dela za predstavitev teoretičnih izhodišč. Raziskava temelji na kvantitativni metodologiji. Za raziskovalni instrument smo uporabili anketni vprašalnik. Dobljene rezultate smo analizirali, nato pa jih grafično prikazali s programi paketa Microsoft Office. Ugotovili smo, da otročnice zaužijejo številčno premalo obrokov ter popijejo premalo tekočine. Glede na različne načine dokončanja poroda in glede na različne poškodbe mišic medeničnega dna, smo ugotovili, da imajo otročnice ali retencijo ali inkontinenco urina ter ali obstipacijo ali inkontinenco blata. Prav tako smo ugotovili, da so otročnice dokaj dobro poučene o uravnoteženi prehrani, vendar premalo o pomenu prvega vstajanja in telovadbi po porodu. Pomanjkanje znanja o pomembnosti prehrane in zadostnem uživanju tekočine ter prvem vstajanju in telovadbi, pri otročnici po porodu s poškodbami medeničnega dna, dodatno vpliva na težje okrevanje oziroma vračanje njenega telesa v stanje pred nosečnostjo. Miction and defecation in the postpartum period are normal physiollogical process for puerperium, but can be disturbed due to various factors pregnancy and childbirth. Purpose of the diploma thesis is to present the importance of puerperiums regular and proper miction and defecation first days after childbirth and with the study to determine the most common problems of puerperiums miction and defecation in the postpartum period. In the manufacture of the diploma thesis we have used descriptive method of work for the presentation of the theoretical points of departure. The survey is based on quantitative methodology. For research instrument we used a survey questionnaire. Obtained results have been analyzed, then the graphics was presented with the Microsoft Office package programs. We reach the conclusion that puerperiums do not consumed enough meals and have lack of fluids. Depending on the different ways to the completion of the labour and given the various injuries of the muscles of the pelvic floor, we find out that puerperiums have or retencion or incontinence of urine and or obstipacion or incontinence of stool. We have also found that puerperiums are fairly well informed about the balanced diet, but too little on the importance of the first rising and exercise after giving birth. Puerperiums lack of knowledge about importance of diet, about sufficient intake of fluid and about first rising and exercise after childbirth, inclouding with damage of the pelvic floor, have additional impact on the more difficult recovery or the return of her body to the condition before pregnancy.

Objetivos: estimar las actividades preventivas que realizan los pacientes diagnosticados de enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (EPOC) en la provincia de León. Métodos: estudio epidemiológico, transversal, multicéntrico (30 centros de salud de la provincia de León). Incluyó pacientes mayores de 35 años diagnosticados y tratados de EPOC. Variables a estudio: edad, sexo, hábitat, datos antropométricos, tabaquismo, estado nutricional, ejercicio físico, vacunación antigripal, vacunación, antineumocócica (VNP23 y VNC13), fenotipo, gravedad, reagudizaciones y hospitalizaciones. Los resultados se expresan con sus IC al 95,5%. Resultados: se incluyeron 833 pacientes, el 85,8% varones, edad media: 64,69 años (53,66-75,61) y 20,65 años (4,47-36,8) de evolución de la EPOC. El 86,67% (80,30-93,30) tenían antecedentes de tabaquismo (n = 722), de 35,26 años de evolución (17,87-52,64), consumían 28,36 paquetes al año (9,60-46,86), p < 0,001, siendo el 58% fumadores severos. En fumadores activos (n = 288) la intervención más efectiva fue terapia cognitivo-conductual más vareniclina, con abstinencias del 29,86%. En total dejaron de fumar el 51,05% (49,49-52,70) de los pacientes con EPOC, p < 0,001. El 73,67% (71,78-75,65) realizaba ejercicio prescrito, el 88,76% (84,82-90,7) realizaba dieta equilibrada, el 89,7% (87,8-91,8) estaba vacunado frente a la gripe, siendo esta más frecuente en los mayores de 65 años y hospitalizados, p < 0,001. El 9,61% (7,7-11,6) de los no vacunados tuvo reagudizaciones que requirieron ingreso hospitalario, p < 0,001. La tasa de vacunación con VNP23 fue del 52,8% (49,3-56,4) vs. 4,97% (3,0-6,61) de VNC13, p < 0,05. Conclusiones: las actividades preventivas en los pacientes con EPOC se realizan de forma óptima en nuestro entorno, superior a la media nacional, aunque se deben lograr mayores tasas de cobertura de vacunación frente al neumococo. Objectives: To estimate the preventive activities carried out by the patients diagnosed with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in the province of Leon. Methods: Multicenter epidemiological, cross-sectional study (30 health centers in the province of Leon). It included patients older than 35 years diagnosed and treated for COPD. Study variables: age, sex, habitat, anthropometric data, smoking, nutritional status, physical exercise, influenza vaccination, pneumococcal vaccination (PCV13 and VNP23) phenotype, severity, exacerbations and hospitalizations. Results are expressed with their CI 95.5%. Results: 833 patients were included. 85.8% males; mean age: 64.69 (53.66-75.61) years and 20.65 (4.47-36.8) years of COPD evolution. The 86.67% (80.30-93.30) had previous history of tabaquism (n = 722) with 35.26 (17.87-52.64) years of evolution and an average consumption of 28,36 (9.60-46.86) packs per year p < 0,001, 58% being heavy smokers. In active smokers (n = 288) the most effective intervention was cognitive behavioral therapy combined with varenicline, with an abstinence of 29.86%. A total of 51.05% (49.49-52.70) of the patients with COPD quit smoking, p < 0,001. 73.67% (71.78 to 75.65) performed prescribed exercise, 88.76% (84.82 to 90.7) performed a balanced diet, 89.7% (87.8 to 91.8) were vaccinated against flu, this being more common in patients older than 65 years and hospitalized patients, p < 0.001. 9.61% (7.7 to 11.6) of unvaccinated had exacerbations that required hospitalization, p < 0.001. The VNP23 vaccination rate was 52.8% (49.3 to 56.4) vs. 4.97% (3.0 to 6.61) of PCV13, p < 0.05. Conclusions: Preventive activities in patients with COPD are performed optimally in our environment, higher than the national average, tough higher coverage rates of vaccination against pneumococcus must be achieved.

Τα πράσινα φυλλώδη λαχανικά, όπως το αντίδι, αποτελούν σημαντικό μέρος μιας ισορροπημένης διατροφής. Είναι ευπαθή προϊόντα και μπορούν να μολυνθούν διαμέσου της τροφικής αλυσίδας. Η επεξεργασία των φυλλωδών λαχανικών, συμπεριλαμβανομένης της πλύσης, μπορεί να μειώσει το μικροβιολογικό φορτίο των λαχανικών. Πολλές μελέτες έχουν αναφέρει ότι η χλωρίνη, ο πιο κοινός απολυμαντικός παράγοντας που χρησιμοποιείται στην βιομηχανία των τροφίμων, αδυνατεί να μειώσει το μικροβιακό φορτίο των νωπών προϊόντων και μπορεί επίσης να επηρεάσει αρνητικά την υγεία του ανθρώπου. Ο σκοπός της παρούσας μελέτης ήταν να αξιολογήσει τις κατάλληλες συγκεντρώσεις των αιθέριων ελαίων λεβάντας και δυόσμου και του μείγματός τους, οι οποίες δεν επηρεάζουν αρνητικά την αποδοχή του αντιδιού καθώς και της αντιμικροβιακής τους δράσης ενάντια σε τέσσερα σημαντικά τροφογενή παθογόνα στο φρέσκο αντίδι. Τα αποτελέσματα αυτής της μελέτης δείχνουν ότι οι συγκεντρώσεις των αιθέριων ελαίων που εξετάστηκαν (0,001%, 0,01% και 0,1%) και δεν επηρέαζαν αρνητικά τα οργανοληπτικά χαρακτηριστικά του αντιδιού, οδήγησαν σε μικρή αλλά σημαντική μείωση του μικροβιακού πληθυσμού των S. aureus, L. monocytogenes, S. Enteritidis and E. coli. Επιπλέον παρατηρήθηκε μια μείωση στα αντιοξειδωτικά του αντιδιού με την αύξηση της συγκέντρωσης των αιθέριων ελαίων. Leafy vegetables such as endive constitute an important part of a balanced diet. They are perishable products and can be contaminated throughout the food chain. Processing of leafy vegetables, including washing, may reduce the microbiological load of vegetables. Many studies have reported that chlorine, the most commonly used disinfectant agent in the food industry, fails to reduce the microbial load of fresh produce products and further more can adversely affect human health. The aim of this study was to evaluate the appropriate concentrations of lavender and spearmint essential oils (EOs) and their mixture that do not affect the acceptability of endive, as well as their antimicrobial effect against four major food borne pathogens on fresh endive. The results of this study indicate that the tested concentrations of EOs (0.001%, 0.01% and 0.1%) that did not adversely affect the organoleptic characteristics of endive resulted in a small but significant decrease of the microbial population of S. aureus, L. monocytogenes, S. Enteritidis and E. coli. Furthermore a decrease in endive’s antioxidants and total phenolics was observed with the increase of the EOs concentration. Nikolaos Tzortzakis Menelaos Stavrinides Completed

O excesso de peso e a obesidade estão a aumentar rapidamente em muitos países, trazendo várias complicações na vida pessoal, nomeadamente na saúde (doença cardiovascular e metabólica), mobilidade e independência, e na estética. Tentando contrariar esta tendência, cada vez mais as pessoas procuram adotar um estilo de vida saudável. A alimentação variada e saudável já era procurada por muitos, mas atualmente o exercício físico tem aparecido cada vez mais aliado à alimentação saudável e à saúde. O exercício físico é fundamental na obtenção e manutenção do peso ideal, através da redução de massa gorda, aumento e manutenção da massa muscular. O exercício tem ainda um papel importante no controlo de comorbilidades associadas ao excesso de peso. Desta forma, o trabalho desenvolvido ao longo do ano de 2015 no Instituto, baseou-se na abordagem à gestão de peso, através do acompanhamento profissional, de forma a ajudar à mudança de comportamentos e a adotar estilo de vida saudável que inclua exercício físico e alimentação regrada. The overweight and is quickly increasing in many countries, this brings various complications in personal life, namely health (cardiovascular and metabolic disease), mobility and independence, and body image. In order to counter this trend, people seek to adopt a healthier lifestyle. Many people already searched a varied and healthy diet, but nowadays the physical activity has appeared associated with a balanced diet and health. The physical activity is crucial to achieve e maintain the ideal weight, by reducing the fat mass and increasing and maintain the fat free mass. Evidence also suggests that exercise have an important role in the control of comorbidities associated with obesity. Thus, the work developed during the year 2015 in the institute, relied on the approach to the weight management through professional monitoring, that aimed to help changing the behaviour and adopt a healthier lifestyle, that includes physical activity and balanced diet.

nonPeerReviewed

The purpose of nutritional management for metabolic syndrome is to improve metaboliccontrol and to maintain the quality of life. However, nutritional management is usually difficult toachieve because conducting many self-care behaviors are not easy for many of them. Diet shouldbe weighted on maintenance of nutritional balance rather than energy restriction. Psychologicalsupport is also essential to patients and caregivers who support patients having different levels ofability, understanding, emotion, anxiety and circumstances. It is concluded that simple dietaryeducation program including psychological support should be instructed to patients and theirfamilies to perform nutritional management easily.

Introducción y objetivos: Se estudiaron hábitos de vida y diversos aspectos nutricionales y la relación entre ellos en personal sanitario del Hospital de Mérida del Servicio Extremeño de Salud (SES). Método: Se contó con la participación voluntaria de 43 trabajadores en activo los cuales autorrealizaron un cuestionario de datos personales, estilos de vida y un registro alimentario de siete días. Además se les midieron una serie de datos antropométricos. Resultados: Los hombres practicaban más actividad física, eran más sedentarios, fumaban menos y bebían más alcohol que las mujeres. Los sujetos con normopeso practicaban más horas de actividad física que los sujetos con sobrepeso y que los obesos y paradójicamente los sujetos con normopeso pasaban más horas sentados a la semana que los obesos. La media de kcal/día fue superior en hombres que en mujeres y en estas se observa un aumento significativo en el consumo de proteínas con respecto a los hombres, así mismo, la ingesta de lípidos y colesterol se encontró elevada en ambos casos. La media de kcal/día fue inferior en los sujetos obesos que en los sujetos con normopeso y sobrepeso. El IMC (índice de masa corporal) se acompañó de un aumento del perímetro cintura, de la cadera, de la masa grasa y del % grasa corporal. Conclusión: La mayor parte de los sujetos estudiados presenta hábitos de vida y alimentación saludables. La ingesta de proteínas, lípidos y colesterol está ligeramente elevada mientras que la ingesta de hidratos de carbono esta disminuida con respecto a los valores recomendados. Introduction and aims: Living habits, several nutritional aspects and the relationship between them were studied at Hospital de Mérida health professionals in the Extremadura Health Service. Methods: Forty-three employed workers voluntary participated in this project by submitting a questionnaire about personal details and life style, and a seven-day food intake diary. Finally, their anthropometric data were also measured. Results: Men tended to do more physical activities than women. They also were more sedentary. They used to smoke less than women, but they drank more alcohol. Normoweight subjects tried to practice sport during more time than overweight and obese ones. However, they also remained sitting for longer periods on a weekly basis. The average daily intakes of kilocalories were higher in men, but protein intakes were higher in women. Fat intake was increased in both sexes. The average daily intake of kilocalories was lower in obese subjects than overweight and normoweight ones. An increase in the body mass index was accompanied by a bigger waist perimeter, waist to hip ratio, fat mass and body fat percentage. Conclusion: The majority of people interviewed in the survey have healthy living and dietary habits. Protein and fat daily intake is slightly higher than the values recommended by the WHO. Carbohydrate intake, by contrast, is lower.

Modifying the national poverty line to the context of observed consumption patterns of the poor is becoming popular. A context-specific poverty line would be more consistent with preferences. This paper provides theoretical and empirical evidence that the contrary holds and that the national poverty line is more appropriate for comparing living standards among the poor, at least under prevailing conditions in Mozambique and Ghana. The problem lies in the risk of downscaling the burden associated with cheap-calorie diets and the low nonfood component of the rural poor. The paper illustrates how observed behavior may neither reveal preferences nor detect heterogeneous preferences among the poor. Rather, the consumption pattern is the upshot of the poverty condition itself. Poverty is confused with preferences if observed cheap-calorie diets are seen as a matter of taste, whereas in fact they reflect a lack of means to consume a preferred diet of higher quality, as food Engel curve estimates indicate. Likewise, a smaller nonfood component is not a matter of a particular distaste, but an adaptation to the fact that various nonfood items (such as transport) and basic services (such as electricity and health) are simply absent in rural areas.

В статье рассматриваются особенности рационального питания у беременных, страдающих дефицитом железа. Описываются критерии диагностики анемии во время беременности, стадии развития заболевания, специфика дефицита железа в период гестации, потребность в данном микроэлементе у беременных. Обосновывается необходимость адекватного подбора сбалансированной диеты при беременности, осложненной анемией. Рассматривается не только содержание железа в том или ином пищевом продукте, но и степень его абсорбции в зависимости от происхождения продукта. Представлены соединения, способствующие лучшему усвоению железа, а также лекарственные вещества, тормозящие его всасывание. Особое внимание уделяется вопросам профилактических мероприятий в предотвращении анемии у беременных. Помимо сбалансированной диеты и препаратов железа для лечения и профилактики анемии обосновывается назначение беременным витаминно-минеральных комплексов и специализированных пищевых продуктов, обогащенных микронутриентами., In the article the features of healthy nutrition in pregnant women suffering from iron deficiency has been discussed. The criteria for diagnosis of anemia during pregnancy, the stage of the disease development, the specifics of iron deficiency during gestation, the need in this trace element in pregnant women have been defined. The necessity of an adequate selection of a balanced diet during pregnancy complicated with anemia has been based. Iron content in food products along with the extent of absorption depending upon the origin of the product have been considered. The compounds that contribute to a better absorption of iron, as well as medicinal substances that prevent its absorption have been presented. Special attention is paid to the questions of preventative measures in preventing anemia in pregnant women. In addition to a balanced diet and iron preparations for treatment and prevention of anemia, the appointment of vitamin-mineral supplements and specialized foods for pregnant enriched with micronutrients has been substantiated.

Title: Effect of healthy lifestyle on clients after spinal cord injury. Aims: The aim of this thesis is to determine the effect of six-month intervention program focused on physical activity and change of eating habits on body composition in a selected group of people after spinal cord injury. Methods: Thesis is empirical-theoretical work based on assessing the impact of interventions at research sample. This is quantitative study focusing on the impact of physical activity on body composition in people with spinal cord injuries. The results were analysed by program Microsoft Excel. Results: We found the following changes: all probands reduced body weight and reduced body fat. There were slightly changes in fat free mass (50 % reduction, 50 % increases) and the average of values of total body water were decreased. The distribution of intracellular and extracellular fluid was nearly in ratio 1 : 1 and the basal metabolism was decreased at 75 % of probands. Conclusion: When we changed the eating habits and physical activity in overweight people after spinal cord injury, we reduced their body fat and body weight after six- month intervention. Keywords: physical activity, well-balanced diet, people with spinal cord injury

Nowadays such diseases of bony tissue as osteoporosis are more often invaded. Osteoporosis is disease that occurs as a result of violations in the human body, proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts, the synthesis of specific proteins, enzymes, bone mineral metabolism, which in turn regulates the activity of metabolites of vitamin D, which decrease bone resorption, promote the Ca mobilization in bone. Important problem is increasing the consumption of vitamin D, enriching food by them.The comparative characteristics of vitamin D usage in Ukraine and in other countries are conducted in the article.During research it is found that the bakery is the most appropriate product for the enrichment of vitamin D. Because of bakery products in Ukraine are the most used, it was considered the bread as an object for the enrichment of vitamin D. The use of this product will significantly increase the intake of vitamin D in the body and thus reducing the osteoporosis., Исследованы перспективы использования витамина D в разных странах мира. Рассмотрены возникновения болезней в результате нехватки данного витамина. Проведена сравнительная характеристика по использованию витамина D в Украине и других странах. Рассмотрена целесообразность обогащения витамином D пищевых продуктов, а именно хлебобулочных изделий специального назначения и использования данного изделия в лечебно-профилактических целях., Досліджено перспективи використання вітаміну D в різних країнах світу. Розглянуто виникнення хвороб в результаті недостачі даного вітаміну. Проведено порівняльну характеристику із використання вітаміну D в Україні та інших країнах. Розглянуто доцільність збагачення вітаміном D харчових продуктів, а саме хлібобулочних виробів спеціального призначення і використання даного виробу у лікувально-профілактичних цілях.

The study aimed at investigating the causes of poor nutritional and health status of students in higher institutions in Nigeria and the measures for improvement for sustainable national development. The population comprised nurses, medical doctors, nutritionists, Home Economics lecturers, post graduate students; undergraduate students in colleges of education, polytechnics and universities in Delta, Edo and Lagos States. A sample of 1,500 persons was randomly selected. Questionnaire on a 4-point scale was used for data collection. The data was analysed by the use of percentages, mean and standard deviation. Findings showed that the major causes of nutritional/health problems are tight schedule and so no enough time to prepare meal;, insufficient money to prepare nourishing meals; insufficient time for resting; and insufficient money to purchase prescribed drugs. Some of the students experienced constipation, diarrhoea and typhoid fever. Some of the measures to improve the nutrition and health of the students are as follows: the consumption of fresh fruits and vegetables, the judicious use of foods in season. It was recommended among others that nutrition and health education should be given to the students.Keywords: Nutrition Education, Health Education, Health Status, Nutritional Status, Health problems, Nutritional problems, Balanced diet, Foods in season

Theoretical part of this bachelor thesis deals with a nutrition behavior and with a characteristic, treatment and possible prevention of eating disorders. A questionnaire survey forms a practical part. The questionnaire was obtained from 200 women aged 10-50 years. The survey was whether girls and women eat regularly, how much are they interested in the nutrition value of food, what is their attitude to a sport, diets or thinness advertising in the media, also how they look at obesity, whether they have already met with eating disorders and if they know their meaning. The practical part also contains an evaluation of the respondents answers together with comparison in relation to their age. The results of the survey showed for example that women aged 41-50 years eat more regularly than girls aged 10-20 years, women older than 41 years old more often hold weight-loss diets and girls aged 10-20 years most often have regular physical activity.

Diplomsko delo z naslovom Pomen gibanja in zdrave prehrane pri motoričnem razvoju otroka je teoretično delo. Namen diplomskega dela je bil ugotoviti pomen gibanja in zdrave prehrane pri motoričnem razvoju otroka. V nalogi smo predstavili motorični razvoj otroka, razvoj grobe in fine motorike ter stopnje motoričnega razvoja. Predstavljene so gibalne dejavnosti v predšolskem obdobju, njihov pomen in oblike. Razložili smo pomen gibalne igre za otroke. V nadaljevanju smo predstavili zdravo prehrano v predšolskem obdobju, zdravo in uravnoteženo prehrano, piramido zdrave prehrane, kaj so hranila na splošno in vrste hranilnih snovi. Na kratko je tudi predstavljeno število dnevnih obrokov in časovna razporeditev obrokov preko dneva ter jedilniki za vrtce in prvo triado osnovne šole. Na koncu smo predstavili vpliv redne gibalne dejavnosti na motorični razvoj otroka in vpliv prehrane na motorični razvoj otroka. Iz teorije smo ugotovili, da sta gibanje in zdrava prehrana najbolj pomembna dejavnika v razvoju otroka. Med seboj se tesno prepletata, saj sta pomembna dejavnika pri preprečevanju kroničnih bolezni. Pripomoreta k ohranjanju in krepitvi zdravja. Ugotovili smo, da smo z rednim gibanjem in zdravim prehranjevanjem bolj zdravi, imamo več energije, se dobro počutimo in smo osebno bolj zadovoljni. The diploma thesis The importance of physical fitness and healthy diet in child`s motor development is a theoretical work. The objective of the thesis is to establish the importance of physical fitness and healthy diet in child's motor development. The thesis encompasses child's motor development, namely fine and gross motor skills as well as stages of motor development. In addition, motor activities in a pre-school period, their importance and types are also presented as well as the importance of movement games. The thesis also looks at healthy diet in pre-school period, to be more precise healthy nutrition and balanced diet, the healthy eating pyramid, definition of nutrients and their types. In brief also number of meals per day are presented along with the timing of meals throughout the day and menus for pre-school institutions and the first triad of primary school. At the end the effect of regular physical fitness as well as diet on child's motor development are examined. It has been concluded that both fitness and healthy diet are in fact the most significant factors in child's development. They strongly intertwine due to being the most important factors in preventing chronic illnesses and contributing to protecting and promoting health. Moreover, it has been concluded that a person with regular physical activity and healthy diet will be healthier, have more energy, feel better and be more satisfied.

[ES]Se halla ampliamente demostrada la indudable trascendencia de la alimentación saludable en el bienestar físico, psicológico y mental de las personas. A su vez las ciencias que estudian el desa-rrollo evolutivo indican que es, precisamente, al comienzo de la vida cuando la adquisición de bue-nos hábitos se realiza con mayor facilidad y eficacia, perdurando a lo largo de toda la existencia. Puesto que también imperan suficientes evidencias de que la familia, por sí sola, encuentra muchas dificultades para llevar a cabo su tarea educativa en este ámbito, se aborda la presente pro-puesta didáctica para ser desarrollada en la escuela con el alumnado de las primeras edades. A partir de una base teórica que recoge una síntesis de las principales aportaciones de la in-vestigación realizada hasta el momento sobre esta materia y de la delimitación de los conceptos esenciales, se exponen brevemente la composición y funciones en el organismo de los principales grupos de alimentos así como su porcentaje en la dieta equilibrada. Dicha información constituye la fundamentación científica imprescindible para apoyar, con el necesario rigor, los contenidos cuya adquisición se considera necesaria. Las actividades sugeridas se adaptan a las peculiaridades cognitivas de la psicología infantil, resultan altamente motivadoras y contribuyen a otros aprendizajes escolares relevantes en esta eta-pa, entre ellos el aprendizaje de la lengua oral a través de versos y rimas., [EN]It was clearly demonstrated undoubted importance of healthy eating in the physical, psy-chological and mental welfare of people is well established. In turn the sciences that study indicate that evolutionary development is precisely the beginning of life when acquiring good habits is per-formed with greater ease and efficiency, lasting throughout all existence. Since then prevail sufficient evidence that family alone, finds many difficulties in carrying out their educational work in this area, this methodological approach Is meant to be developed in school with students of the early ages addressed. From a theoretical basis which includes a summary of the main contributions of the research conducted so far on this matter and the delimitation of the essential concepts are briefly discussed the composition and functions in the body of the main food groups and as their share in the balanced diet. Such information is the essential to support, with the necessary scientific rigor basis, the con-tents whose acquisition is deemed necessary. Suggested activities are adapted to the cognitive features of child’s psychology, are highly motivating and contribute to other relevant school learning at this stage, including the learning of oral language through verses and rhymes.

Promoting agricultural production and ensuring the supply of agricultural products has always been the main task of agricultural development in China, but the agricultural production in China has not yet been combined with the Chinese residents' dietary needs to formulate reasonable development goals, with a certain blindness in production. According to the dietary standards in The Dietary Guidelines for Chinese Residents developed by the Chinese Nutrition Society, we calculate the demand of various types of agricultural products in China under the conditions of balanced diet. In comparison with the output of various types of agricultural products in China at present, we find that the output of most of agricultural products in China has exceeded the reasonable demand of the Chinese residents under the conditions of balanced diet. Therefore, adjusting the agricultural production structure in China and advocating balanced diet has become an important way to solve the problem of balance between supply and demand of agricultural products.

The study involves a comparison of pupils’ consumption of macro and micro nutrient rich food as well as healthy and less healthy snacks after being exposed to a teaching model on balanced diet developed by the researcher which takes into cognisance pupils’ prior knowledge of healthy eating. Healthy snacks are snacks that are low in fat and sugar while less healthy snacks are snacks that are high in fat and sugar. The study was carried out in Britain, United Kingdom in summer term of 2007. Participants were year 7 pupils of Ceredigion Local Education Authority in rural MidWales, they were requested to fill-in a Food Diary of food consumed at breakfast, lunch and dinner times including midmorning and mid-afternoon snacks for five days (Thursday to Monday). This is to include both food consumed at home at weekend as well as school meals consumed at school during weekdays. There was evidence of increase of consumption of healthy snack as well as the consumption of macro nutrients (carbohydrate, fat and protein) and micro nutrients (vitamin, mineral and fibre); all six classes of food that makes up a balanced diet [1] after the intervention compared to before the intervention, although the rate of increase in the consumption of micro nutrient was not statistically significant compared to the increased in the consumption of macro nutrient. This study revealed that though the teaching model was able to alter eating behaviour in the desired direction of healthy eating which is the consumption of micro nutrient. More has to be done to encourage adolescents to consume more vitamin, mineral and fibre rich food items., {"references":["Harrold J. Book 6 Health: Developing awareness of health and personal development. Prim-Ed Publishing. Coventry 2005.",".Bullen K. The development of children's thinking about food and health. A PhD [thesis] University of Wales Swansea 2000.","Thomas M. Post-16 students' perceptions to health and healthy eating in Welsh secondary schools. Health Education 2005; 105(2): 89-102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09654280510584544"]}

V diplomskem delu z naslovom Zanimivi načini ozaveščanja učencev o zdravem prehranjevanju v prvem triletju osnovne šole, smo v teoretičnem delu najprej zbrali in zapisali podatke o zdravi in uravnoteženi prehrani. Predstavili smo prehrambeno piramido, nato pa smo opisali najpomembnejše vrste živil. Ugotavljali smo njihovo sestavo in zakaj, oziroma na kak način pripomorejo k zdravemu prehranjevanju. Nadaljevali smo z didaktičnimi igrami, kjer smo opisali njihov pomen, organizacijo in utemeljili njihovo izbiro pri pouku. Nato smo didaktične igre še klasificirali in vsako od skupin opisali. V praktičnem delu je predstavljenih nekaj didaktičnih iger, ki jih učitelji lahko uporabijo pri svojem delu na temo zdravo prehranjevanje v prvem triletju devet- letne osnovne šole. This diploma paper entitled Interesting motivation methods of student awareness about healthy diet in the first three years of elementary school consists of two parts, theoretical and practical. In the theoretical part, data about a healthy and balanced diet was collected and then recorded. A food pyramid was introduced and also the most important kinds of foods. Their composition and the reason why, or in what way, these foods contribute to a healthy nutrition were noted. The work continued with didactic games where we described their meaning, organization and justified their choice. Then the didactic games were classified and each of the groups described. In the practical part a few didactic games are listed, which may be used by teachers in their work on the subject of healthy diet in the first three years of the nine-year elementary school.

The scientific evidence, demonstrates that the obesity reduces the possibility that a woman, conceive naturally and diminishes the success of the treatment for the fertility. Nurses of the Unit of Attended Reproduction and of the Units of Nutrition and Dietary, they consider necessary to design an educational program of Formation and Information, to change attitudes related with the overweight and the obesity, in even not fertile. The strategy of this Program is based in the control and reduction of the weight, assuring the adhesion to the treatment of fertility, with interactive works shops for the change of alimentary habits, giving emotional support and indications to practice adapted physical exercise. This Nursing Intervention is applied like one tool that develops abilities for the learning and training; never using diets or products of the denominated miracle. The narrow collaboration and investigating participation among the nurses of these Units, bear the design of a methodology channeled to the obtaining of some prospective results that can be evaluated regarding the obtained results. No La evidencia científica, demuestra que la obesidad reduce la posibilidad de que una mujer, conciba naturalmente y disminuye el éxito del tratamiento para la fertilidad. Enfermeras de la Unidad de Reproducción Asistida (URA) y de Unidades de Nutrición y Dietética, consideran necesario diseñar un programa educacional de Formación e Información, para cambiar actitudes relacionadas con el sobrepeso y la obesidad, en parejas no fértiles. La estrategia de este Programa se fundamenta en el control y reducción del peso y asegurando la adhesión al tratamiento de fertilidad, con talleres interactivos en donde se trabaja el cambio de hábitos alimentarios, dando apoyo emocional e indicaciones para practicar ejercicio físico adaptado. Esta Intervención Enfermera se aplica como herramienta que desarrolla habilidades para el aprendizaje y adiestramiento, nunca utilizando dietas o productos de los denominados milagro. La estrecha colaboración y participación investigadora entre las enfermeras de estas Unidades, conlleva al diseño de una Metodología encauzada a la obtención de unos resultados esperados, que se puedan evaluar respecto de los resultados obtenidos.

Faustino R Pérez-López, Gonzalo Pérez-Roncero, María T López-BaenaGrupo de Investigación sobre Salud de la Mujer en Aragón (GRISAMAR), Universidad de Zaragoza, Hospital Clínico Zaragoza, SpainAbstract: Vitamin D is a hormone sequentially produced at different body sites, and which plays a significant role in human health, particularly bone health. However, other roles are emerging. When the serum concentration of vitamin D is very low, the risk of rickets, osteomalacia and osteoporosis is increased. In children and adolescents there is a high prevalence of low vitamin D status, especially in females and during the winter–the prevalence being lower than during the summer. Although there is no unanimous agreement over the minimum values necessary for good health, serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels below 20 ng/mL may be regarded as a vitamin D-deficient condition, and levels between 20–30 ng/mL may be the range of vitamin D insufficiency. Mild low levels have been associated with bone mass accrual alterations in children and adolescents, diminished muscle strength, negative cardiovascular outcomes, insulin resistance and obesity, and neurological disorders. Effective preventive strategies are needed to guarantee adequate vitamin D levels throughout childhood and adolescence, taking into account the geographical setting, season of the year, the level of environmental pollution, skin characteristics, eating habits and body weight, with a view to securing optimum health during these phases, and the prevention of complications in adulthood. There needs to be a renewed appreciation of the beneficial effect of moderate sunlight for providing all humans with the vitamin D needed for ensuring good health. Prolonged sun exposure is not advised, however, due to the risk of skin cancer. In addition, a balanced diet is indicated, since vitamin D-rich foods are better assimilated than supplements. When such conditions cannot be met, then the supplementation of 400 IU/day of vitamin D is advised in children and adolescents–though correcting vitamin D insufficiency or deficiency may require 1000 IU/day or more. High-dose calcifediol depots are an alternative for guaranteeing treatment adherence and in patients with liver disease.Keywords: Vitamin D, rickets, osteomalacia, osteoporosis supplements, balanced diet

27 páginas, 4 figuras, 5 tablas. The definitive version is available at www.blackwell-synergy.com, Fish larvae present high amino acid requirements due to their high growth rate. Maximizing this growth rate depends on providing a balanced amino acid diet which can fulfil larval amino acid nutritional needs. In this study, two experimental microencapsulated casein diets were tested: one presenting a balanced amino acid profile and another presenting an unbalanced amino acid profile. A control diet, live feed based, was also tested. Trials were performed with larvae from 1 to 25 days after hatching (DAH). Microencapsulated diets were introduced at 8 DAH in co-feeding with live feed and at 15 DAH larvae were fed the microencapsulated diets alone. Results showed a higher survival for the control group (8.6 ± 1.3% versus 4.2 ± 0.6% and 3.2 ± 1.8%) although dry weight and growth were similar in all treatments. The proportion of deformed larvae as well as the ammonia excretion was lower in the group fed a balanced diet than in the unbalanced or control groups (38.3% deformed larvae in control, 30% in larvae fed unbalanced diet and 20% on balanced diet group). Furthermore, larvae fed the microencapsulated diets presented higher docosahexaenoic acid and arachidonic acid levels. This study demonstrates that dietary amino acid profile may play an important role in larval quality. It also shows that balanced microencapsulated diets may improve some of the performance criteria, such as skeletal deformities, compared to live feeds., This work was financed by project SAARGO of the programs POCI 2010 (FCT, Portugal), ‘Tecnologias de Produção Aquícola’– (22-05-01-FBR00014) – QCA IIII which are co-financed by FEDER and MCYT Project AGL2004-06669-C02-01 (The Ministry of Education and Science, Spain) co-financed by FEDER.

This study researches the hypothesis that by managing gastronomic commodities together with the desires of tourists and trends in nutrition, consumption can be increased. Today there are many changes in all aspects of life, which includes obvious changes to our diets as well. Numerous studies focus on the adjustment of eating habits where they actually prove that a healthy, long life span is closely connected with what people eat. Also, there are more and more topics in magazines about balanced diets, functional food and nutritious proper diets, but also about the quality of the food we feed our children, expecting mothers, athletes, the elderly and those who are ill, and what and how to offer to tourists. Do those in the hotel industry that manage the gastronomic commodities pay attention to the desires of tourists and current nutritional trends? What are the tourists and hotel managers saying about all of this? Is it possible to increase the amount of food consumed by tourists with the supervision of gastronomic commodities? This study will attempt to answer all of the above questions.