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The current analytical techniques for characterizing printing and graphic arts substrates, particularly those used to date and authenticate provenance, are destructive. This limits the amount of data that can be captured from an individual sample. For samples being evaluated in forensic and archeological investigations, any loss or degradation of the materials is undesirable. Furthermore, it is difficult to produce statistically relevant data for such analytes. We have shown elsewhere that a contactless microwave resonant cavity dielectric spectroscopy technique can discriminate between paper samples made from different plant fiber species based on their lignin content. In this publication, we demonstrate the utility of the contactless resonant cavity dielectric spectroscopy (RCDS) technique in the characterization of naturally and artificially aged paper samples. Based on our experimental results, we suggest that the technique could be used in forensic and archeological investigations of unique paper products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper considers the product service scheduling problem with service matching. This problem is a complex scheduling problem that integrates multiple traveling salesman problem (MTSP) and multiple service types. To solve the problem, a tabu search method was presented. With the objective of minimizing the total of engineers' travel distances, total of the customer penalty values, and makespan, an optimization model of this problem is established. The historical search solutions are taken as tabu object, and limiting the quantity of search neighborhood solution is taken as the aspiration level. At last, the adaptability, validity, and stability of the model are verified by an example. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The contamination characteristics, migration patterns and health risks of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) were investigated in 66 Chinese paper products by using target and non-target screening methods. Among 57 target PFASs, 5 and 6 PFASs were found in the hygiene paper products (n F 2n+1 COOH. Microwave heating can increase the release of PFAS in popcorn bags and convert long-chain PFAS into short-chain ones. The migration experiments indicated that the ethanol in food simulants can increase the migration of PFAS, and short-chain PFAS exhibits a greater migration trend. The estimated daily intake (EDI) values for 6 of 18 paper bowls/plates exceeded the recommendation of 0.63 ng/kg bw/day by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), posing a potential threat to human health., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

The occurrence of chlorinated derivatives of bisphenol S (Cl x -BPS) and BPS was investigated in nine types of paper products ( n = 125), including thermal paper, corrugated boxes, mail envelopes, newspapers, flyers, magazines, food contact paper, household paper, and business cards. BPS was found in all paper product samples, while Cl x -BPS were mainly found in thermal paper (from below the limit of detection (-1 ), corrugated box (-1 ), mailing envelope (-1 ), and newspaper (-1 ) samples. All samples with detectable Cl x -BPS concentrations contained a high concentration of BPS. Cl 1 -BPS was the most frequently detected analyte, followed by Cl 2 -BPS-2 (2-chloro-4-(3-chloro-4-hydroxyphenyl)sulfonylphenol), Cl 2 -BPS-1 (2,6-dichloro-4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)sulfonylphenol), Cl 3 -BPS, and Cl 4 -BPS. The estimated daily intake of Cl x -BPS via dermal transfer upon handling of paper products was 0.546 and 16.4 ng per day for generally and occupationally exposed individuals, at the maximum concentration of 3.76 μg g -1 . Additionally, the potential toxicity of Cl x -BPS was predicted using an in silico tool, showing toxicity gradually increased with an increasing degree of chlorination of BPS. Thus, human exposure to Cl x -BPS through paper products should be given due attention as a health risk.

Post-Tridentine liturgical books printed in Poland have not attracted much attention from book historians. However, given their special, sacred, and confessionally unifying status, they provide interesting material for comparative study of printing in the large European cities (e.g., Antwerp, Venice), and smaller provincial centers such as Kraków. The paper presents as products of the printing press the Psalterium, Antiphonarium and Graduale Romanum printed in Kraków in 1599-1600 by Andrzej Piotrkowczyk as well as later editions of these works. The decision to commission them in a local print shop rather than abroad came after prolonged debates within the Polish Catholic hierarchy. Materials used by the printer (paper, type, ornaments etc.) and the results he achieved (typography) are analysed at the backdrop of European printing and related to more general problems involved with the production of complex and voluminous books in the economic and cultural realities of an Eastern European city. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Problems of Economy is the property of Research Centre for Industrial Developmen Problems of Nas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of China Surfactant Detergent & Cosmetics (1001-1803) is the property of China Surfactant Detergent & Cosmetics Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A procedure for the rapid simultaneous determination of anthraquinone and bisphenol A in paper and cardboard is proposed based on a combination of extraction with subcritical methanol and subsequent analysis of the extracts by HPLC‒tandem mass spectrometry. The achieved limits of detection are 25 and 250 µg/kg for anthraquinone and bisphenol A, respectively, and fully meet present-day safety requirements for pulp and paper products. The total duration of the analysis, including sample preparation, is not more than 45 min. The sensitivity of anthraquinone determination is 1‒2 orders of magnitude higher than that of the known procedures, including those with the preconcentration of analytes. The results obtained were successfully used to study paper and cardboard samples, in most of which unacceptably high levels of the anthraquinone concentration were found. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current open-loop practices employed to render paper substrates water- and oil-repellent for packaging and non-packaging applications have generated ocean pollution and have placed daunting burdens on landfills. In this study, we report a green, unique and facile approach for the fabrication of grease- and water-resistant paper products with 100% recyclability of the paper pulp. Low surface energy polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) was grafted onto a biobased chitosan polymer via urea linkages to prepare the graft copolymer chitosan-graft-polydimethylsiloxane (chitosan-g-PDMS). Chitosan-g-PDMS was then applied as a coating onto an unbleached Kraft paper substrate from an aqueous solution. The coated paper substrates exhibited good hydrophobic properties with a water contact angle of 120.53 ± 0.96° and a Cobb 60 value of 9.89 ± 0.32 g m−2. The coated paper substrates also showed good oil-resistance as evident from the kit rating value of 11.7/12. The tensile strength, crushing resistance, bending stiffness, and internal tearing resistance of the paper before and after coating treatment was determined. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis was used to characterize changes in the porosity of the paper before and after the coating. The pulp recyclability of the coated paper was validated by subjecting the coated paper samples to repulping and washing treatment. This novel and practical approach can provide significant environmental benefits by offering plastic-free, fluorine-free and fully-recyclable water- and grease-resistant paper; thus promoting sustainability due to its unique closed-loop nature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Maintenance & Reliability / Eksploatacja i Niezawodność is the property of Polish Scientific & Technical Society Consumables, Polish Maintenance Society and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The buffer allocation problem is an NP-hard combinatorial optimization problem, and it is an important design problem in manufacturing systems. The research proposed in this paper concerns a product line consisting of n unreliable machines with n − 1 buffers and a preventive maintenance policy. The focus of the research is to obtain a better trade-off between the buffer level and the preventive maintenance actions. This paper proposes a dynamic control of the buffers' level and the interval between two consecutive preventive actions. The set of the parameter of the proposed policy allows choosing the reduction in the costs or the increment of the throughput rate. A simulation model is developed to test the proposed model to the solution proposed in the literature. The proposed policy leads to better results in terms of total costs reduction keeping high production rate, while the design of a fixed level of buffer works better for lower production rates required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surface sizing chemical (mostly oxidized or enzymatically modified starch) flows into the pores of cellulose network and also remains on the surface affecting the surface and intrinsic properties of paper. Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) can be used for surface sizing because it is a water soluble polymer and has high film forming ability. Due to economic constraints, using PVA alone for surface sizing is not a good option. Current study explored the effects of using oxidized starch and PVA in mixed ratios (80:20, 50:50 and 20:80) on mechanical and surface properties of paper. The surface sizing with sizing weight of 3.5±0.3 g/m2 was done. The results of the study showed that the breaking length, burst index, air permeance, gloss, Cobb60 and optical properties like brightness, whiteness, flouroscence of paper were better for mixed ratios in comparison to only oxidized starch. After surface sizing with PVA, the value of air permeance (time of air leak) was increased to 200 Gurley second in comparison to 9 only for base paper. Surface sizing with blends of oxidized starch solution and PVA solution i. e. 80S+20P, 50S+50P and 20S+80P increased the time of air leak by 900%, 1455% and 1788%, respectively in comparison to base paper.

Copyright of Ingeniería Solidaria is the property of Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The paradoxical tensions in corporate sustainability is hotly debated in the literature. Some authors have underlined the need for empirical works in this field, and the circular economy could help to bridge this gap. The circular economy creates contrasting challenges for companies, which lead to paradoxical tensions. On the one hand, companies pursue circular economy goals—such as the use of recycled raw materials—thus highlighting their environmental commitment. On the other hand, such usage may affect the quality and consequently the competitiveness of products. Our study investigates the acknowledgement of these tensions and the strategies adopted by companies to manage them. Using a multiple case study approach, we focus on an Italian sample of three manufacturing sectors: paper production, textile/clothing, and leather. The results show the different defensive and proactive strategies adopted by firms highlighting, in one case, a relevant opportunity exploited by a company considered in the sample. Our paper contributes to the existing knowledge on paradoxical tensions management in companies involved in corporate sustainability inviting scholars towards new research avenues focused on circular economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research paper, the researcher has attempted to study the effect of capital structure on the financial performance of selected paper manufacturing firms in India. Secondary data have been used. The study period was of five years from 20014-2015 to 2018-2019. Accounting ratio and statistical tools like descriptive statistics, correlation matrix, and penal data analysis have been used. The result of the descriptive statistics shows that ROA, ROCE, EPS and valuation indicate good financial performance. While the debt-equity ratio shows debt is more than equity in the capital structure. The researcher identified four financial indicators, namely ROA, ROCE, EPS and Valuation. The researcher has also identified debt-equity ratio, long term debt-equity ratio, a log of debt, firm size and interest coverage ratio as dependent variables. Model-1 indicates that ROS is significantly affected by the interest coverage ratio, wherein fixed-effect model ROA is also affected by the interest coverage ratio. Model-2 shows that there is a significant effect of debtequity ratio long term debt-equity ratio and interest coverage ratio on RCOE. The fixed-effect model shows that only firm size and interest coverage have a significant effect on ROCE. Model-3 shows that the debt-equity ratio, long term debt-equity ratio, firm size, a log of debt and interest coverage ratio is insignificant to EPS. Wherein firm size is significant to EPS in fixed effect mode. Another variable like the debt-equity ratio, long term debt-equity ratio, a log of debt and interest coverage ratio is insignificant to EPS. Model-4 indicates that firm size is significant to the valuation. The fixedeffect model shows that all independent variables are insignificant to valuation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cellulosic fibers are widely used in biocomposites, paper and paperboard products, and other fiber-based materials. The properties of fiber-based materials are significantly affected by lignin characteristics, especially the lignin distribution in cellulosic fiber cell walls. In this study, chemical (sodium chlorite) and biological (laccase/mediator system) techniques were used to control three fiber models with different lignin contents at about 20%, 10%, 5%, respectively. The lignin distribution in cell walls was determined based on the "enzymatic peeling" method and SEM–EDS analysis. Results showed that the lignin concentrations in fiber cell walls prepared from the combined chemical and biological techniques were lower in the outer region and higher in the inner region than those from the chemical treatment only, which is due to the fact that laccase-induced lignin degradation is only limited to the outer region and not able to get into the inner region. The fiber model with less lignin in the inner region of the cell wall had a better deformation performance (the flexibility of 1.559 × 109 N−1 m−2) than that with more lignin in the same region. The relationships of fiber models of different specific lignin distribution with their deformability were established, which could be valuable to extend the wide value-added applications of fiber-based materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ingeniería Solidaria is the property of Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ingeniería Solidaria is the property of Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper summarizes the arguments and counterarguments within the scientific discussion on the issue definition of the structure and degree of novelty of the product in accordance with the classification of novelty in terms of its functional orientation. The main purpose of the research is to develop its own methodology for assessing the degree of novelty of a new product, as a quantitative characteristic, on the basis of comparison with the analogue product. To construct a methodology, it is important to prioritize the scale of the novelty of a product: a regional, national or global market. The determination of the required scale of novelty depends on the choice of the main analogue product and the choice of the consumer group. Systematization literary sources and approaches for solving the problem of determining the level of novelty of goods indicates that there is no universal method for assessing the degree of its novelty. The relevance of the decision of this scientific problem is to assess the degree of novelty of the product because in reality the market is saturated with pseudo-new products. The concept of novelty is relative and does not have clearly defined requirements. Investigation of the topic of quantitative evaluation of the novelty of a product in the paper is carried out in the logical sequence. The essence and structure of novelty are determined, the level of novelty is estimated for each species and as a result, the total integral indicator is derived. Methodological tools of the research methods are mathematical methods of action with matrices and methods for analysing the hierarchies of pairwise comparisons proposed by Thomas L. Saaty. Comparison of indicators according to different criteria is carried out on a nine-point scale. Integral indicator of the level of novelty of a new product is calculated as the average geometric indices of production, market and consumer novelty. Determining the level of novelty of a new product is carried out on a scale from 0 to 1, which allows to determine the novelty, both for each type of novelty and for the general level. An empirical study has been conducted to determine the validity of this method of determining level of novelty of a new product. The results of the research can be useful for the assessment of the enterprises of their new products and as a component of the assessment of the innovation activity of enterprises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Attention regarding perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) has increased in recent years, due to recognition of widespread environmental presence, recognition of a chemical structure that confers resistance to degradation, and reported health concerns. Historical common exposure sources include food, drinking water, occupational circumstances, and products in commerce (e.g., carpeting, clothing, paper products). Early-2000's data showed perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) was present in blood samples from nearly all the U.S. general population (>99%). Alterations in industrial manufacturing processes, increased regulatory scrutiny, and advanced water treatment options have reduced the reported human body burden of PFAS in the U.S., including for PFOA. Human serum concentrations of PFOA, which do not identify the source(s) of exposure, have exhibited a substantial decrease (~63%) between the 1999-2000 and the 2013-2014 NHANES monitoring by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). With respect to both noncancer and potential cancer effects that may be associated with reported serum levels of PFOA, conclusions regarding an absence of effects, or insufficient information to suggest adverse effects, prevent a consistent conclusion about the occurrence and magnitude of human health effects. In the last several years, a number of state and federal agencies have developed health advisories or guideline values for drinking water exposure that are in the sub-ppb range. In 2016, a USEPA Health Advisory of 0.07 ppb was released, which stands in contrast to 2016 Health-based Values from Health Canada ranging from 0.2 ppb (PFOA) to 30 ppb, and a few other U.S. states with values even less than that of USEPA (e.g., MN, NJ, VT). Further work is necessary to distinguish in transparent fashion between drinking water levels that intentionally are set on a conservative basis to protect human health vs exposure levels that may be associated with tangible adverse effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the factors potentially responsible for the overconsumption of office paper and estimates the adverse environmental and economic impact of overconsumption. Data were collected from the employees of selected higher educational institutions in Oman. Technical factors, workplace environment, printing preferences and lack of awareness were found the main cause of overconsumption. Environmental and economic impact of the paper was estimated from the actual amount of paper consumed using standard formulas from literature. The institutions have used 5,200 reams (13 tons) of 80gm A4 size paper in one year. The economic cost of the paper was 7,800 OMR (20,280 US$). The environmental impact estimated are: cutting of 312 trees, 73,970 Ibs of CO2 gas emission, 144,742 KWh of energy consumption, solid waste produced 29,614 lbs and 247975 gallons of water were wasted. Changing printing preferences, a significant amount of economic and environmental resources to the tune of 44.8% can be saved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the importance of the distributor in the Pacific Coast wholesale paper trade during a war-time economy. The author points out the growing importance of paper to the war effort in areas such as paper cups and plates for mass feeding of soldiers and paper goods for packaging of materials. Many of the paper products that are need for the war effort are manufactured throughout the United States with many being east of the Rocky Mountains. The paper distributor allows those placing orders to receive their order from one location and to place one order for a variety of materials. Several problems faced by distributors, such as lack of manpower and union restrictions, are also discussed.

Key points: The paper is the product of a long period of research in the Royal Society's extensive archives.Through an exploration of the evolution of Philosophical Transactions, this paper addresses the question of who owns scholarly content and who has the right to circulate it.For much of its history, Philosophical Transactions has not operated on a commercial basis but instead as a component of the Royal Society's information dissemination efforts.Commercial publishing is relatively new: it grew considerably in the early part of the Cold War.While commercial publishers are well placed to respond to changes in the market, the paper vividly demonstrates no business model is invulnerable to change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]