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The genus Aronia Medik., also known as chokeberry, is a group of deciduous shrubs in the Rosaceae family, subtribe Malinae. The two commonly accepted black-fruited Aronia species are black chokeberry [Aronia melanocarpa (Michx.) Elliott] and aroniaberry [Aronia mitschurinii (A.K. Skvortsov & Maitul)]. The geographic range of wild A. melanocarpa is the Great Lakes region and the northeastern United States, with a southerly extension into the higher elevations of the Appalachian Mountains. Wild A. melanocarpa found in New England are diploids, whereas plants throughout the rest of the range are tetraploids. A. mitschurinii is a cultivated hybrid between ×Sorbaronia fallax (C.K.Schneid.) C.K.Schneid. and A. melanocarpa and exists as a tetraploid. There is currently limited diversity of Aronia genotypes in the ornamental and fruit industries, and many of the current cultivars are not adapted to the southern United States and similar environs with limited chilling to break winter dormancy. The goal of this study was to determine 1) the chilling requirements for A. mitschurinii 'Viking' and 2) the range of chilling requirements for wild A. melanocarpa genotypes from different geographic origins. Two experiments were conducted in which plants were subjected to various chilling accumulation treatments and then moved to a greenhouse for observation of budbreak and subsequent growth. Expt. 1 was conducted at the University of Maryland at Wye, MD, and focused solely on the commercial cultivar A. mitschurinii 'Viking'. Outdoor, ambient fall and winter temperatures were used to achieve the chilling treatments. In Expt. 1, we determined the optimal chilling requirements for A. mitschurinii 'Viking' to be greater than 900 h using the single temperature model. Expt. 2 was conducted at the University of Connecticut and focused on wild genotypes, plus A. mitschurinii 'Viking'. A fixed temperature cold room was used to achieve chilling treatments. In Expt. 2, we found A. melanocarpa genotypes from southern regions in the United States required chilling accumulation of 600 h (single temperature model), compared with genotypes from northern regions that required more than 900 h of chilling accumulation. Tetraploid A. melanocarpa required 900 h of chilling to break bud, but diploid A. melanocarpa required 1200 h of chilling to break bud. Expt. 2 confirmed the 900-h chilling requirement for A. mitschurinii 'Viking'. For both experiments, the rate of budbreak and shoot growth was positively correlated with increasing amounts of chilling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Apple crops are prone to several diseases that limit their production—in particular, root rot caused by a new genus of oomycetes, mainly Phytopythium vexans. This study aims to screen antagonistic bacteria that can play an important role in the biological control of this pathogenic oomycete and to evaluate their capacity to promote plant growth. The dual culture test revealed that, out of 200 bacterial isolates, 16 have been able to inhibit the mycelial growth of P. vexans with inhibition rates greater than 50%. The selected isolates were identified based on the 16S rDNA genes: 14 bacteria belonging to the genus Bacillus, Stenotrophomonas, and the family Enterobacteriaceae. Notably, two isolates, B1 and M2-6 (identified as Bacillus velezensis), demonstrated the highest inhibition rates of 70% and 68%, respectively. These selected isolates were examined for their ability to produce different compounds related to biocontrol and plant growth promotion. Furthermore, the 16 selected isolates were evaluated for their ability to produce compounds associated with biocontrol and plant growth promotion, including hydrolytic enzymes (cellulases, proteases, and amylases), HCN (hydrogen cyanide) production, phosphate solubilization, IAA (indole-3-acetic acid) production, pectinase production, and stimulation of sorghum bicolor growth in vivo. Variations were observed among the bacterial isolates in terms of their compound production and phytostimulation capabilities. However, the secretion of proteases was consistently detected in all antagonistic isolates. The presence of genes responsible for the production of antifungal lipopeptides (bacillomycin, fengycin, and iturin) in the selected bacterial isolates was determined using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques, while the absence of genes involved in surfactin biosynthesis was also confirmed through PCR studies. These isolates demonstrated inhibitory activity through the production of proteases and antifungal lipopeptides. Further research is needed to explore their potential use in biological control strategies and to improve apple crop productivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The taxonomic placements of Chaenomeles Lindl. (Rosaceae) and their intrageneric species have long been controversial. This research aims to explore the palynomorphological characters of all Chaenomeles extant species in detail and to compare the results with phylogenetic relationships and the taxonomic classification scheme. The pollen morphology of 30 individuals of six taxa of Chaenomeles was investigated using both light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The pollens were measured, observed and statistically analyzed for 12 quantitative features and 2 qualitative ones. The study revealed that the Chaenomeles pollens are monad, tri-colporate, medium in size (P = 32.78–42.74 μm, E = 30.42–36.31 μm) and prolatespheroidal to subprolate in shape (P/E = 0.98–1.35). Based on exine ornamentation observed under SEM, two sexine sculpture types (type I—striate with microperforations, type II—striate with macroperforations) and two subtypes (twisted-striate, reticulate-striate) were recognized in the genus. Statistical analysis identified some pollen characteristics with diagnostic importance, including pollen shape, colpus dimension, length or direction of striae and diameter of perforation. These characteristics may have diagnostic and taxonomic value for the genus Chaenomeles and the family Rosaceae. An artificial key to studied species, based on pollen micromorphological attributes, is also provided. The obtained result was basically consistent with that of molecular studies published earlier. This study, for the first time, provides palynological evidence for the hybrid origin hypothesis of C. sinensis and supports the placement of this species in the monotypic genus Pseudocydonia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Chromosome numbers (2n) of 14 adventive plant species from the families Apiaceae, Campanulaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Convolvulaceae, Geraniaceae, Lamiaceae, Malvaceae, Onagraceae, Poaceae, Polygonaceae, and Rosaceae are reported based on the material collected in the Republic of Altai. To determine chromosome number (ploidy level), the method of direct counting was used. Among species studied, chromosome numbers for Anethum graveolens (2n = 22), Myosoton aquaticum (2n = 28), Epilobium hirsutum (2n = 36), and Fagopyrum esculentum (2n = 16) were first examined for Russia; for Silene dichotoma (2n = 24), Ipomoea purpurea (2n = 30), and Sorbaria sorbifolia (2n = 36) – first for Siberia; for Erodium cicutarium (2n = 40) – for West Siberia; Campanula rapunculoides (2n = 68, 102), Nepeta cataria (2n = 34), Malva pusilla (2n = 42), Dianthus deltoides (2n = 30), and Echinochloa crus-galli (2n = 54) were first studied for the Republic of Altai. General distribution and the history of floristic findings of these species in the Republic of Altai are given. Previously published data on chromosome numbers from Russia are cited.

Abstract Background Spiraea is a genus of deciduous shrubs that contains 80-120 species, is mainly distributed in the Northern Hemisphere and has diversified in East Asia. Spiraea species are cultivated as ornamental plants and some are used in traditional herbal medicine. Based on morphological characteristics and genetic markers, phylogenetic classification exhibits low discriminatory power. Results In present study, we assembled and characterized the chloroplast (cp) genomes of ten Spiraea species and comparatively analysed with five reported cp genomes of this genus. The cp genomes of the fifteen Spiraea species, ranging from 155,904 to 158,637 bp in length, were very conserved and no structural rearrangements occurred. A total of 85 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 37 tRNAs and 8 rRNAs were annotated. We also examined 1,010 simple sequence repeat (SSR) loci, most of which had A/T base preference. Comparative analysis of cp genome demonstrated that single copy and non-coding regions were more divergent than the inverted repeats (IRs) and coding regions and six mutational hotspots were detected. Selection pressure analysis showed that all PCGs were under purifying selection. Phylogenetic analysis based on the complete cp genome data showed that Spiraea formed a monophyletic group and was further divided into two major clades. Infrageneric classification in each clade was supported with a high resolution value. Moreover, the phylogenetic trees based on each individual mutational hotspot segment and their combined dataset also consisted of two major clades, but most of the phylogenetic relationships of interspecies were not well supported. Conclusions Although the cp genomes of Spiraea species exhibited high conservation in genome structure, gene content and order, a large number of polymorphism sites and several mutation hotspots were identified in whole cp genomes, which might be sufficiently used as molecular markers to distinguish Spiraea species. Phylogenetic analysis based on the complete cp genome indicated that infrageneric classification in two major clades was supported with high resolution values. Therefore, the cp genome data of the genus Spiraea will be effective in resolving the phylogeny in this genus.

Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of mortality worldwide. The World Health Organization has presented alarming data stating that in 2019, 17.9 million people globally died due to cardiovascular diseases, constituting 32% of all deaths. Despite increasingly advanced pharmacological and procedural treatment methods for these diseases, there is still a quest for new therapeutic possibilities that promise even greater efficacy and safety. The overriding purpose of this study is to provide an insight into the traditional uses of species from the Apiaceae and Rosaceae families as well as to systematize knowledge regarding their scientifically proven cardiovascular activities (animal studies and clinical trials). The review is intended to indicate knowledge gaps for future studies concerning plants used in traditional medicine but without scientific research. As a result, various plant species from both Apiaceae and Rosaceae family have been collected and described based on their study that has proven their effectiveness and uses in cardiovascular diseases. Most of these plants have a hypotensive effect, followed by anti-hyperlipidemic, vasorelaxant, antithrombotic, and diuretic activity. These are the mechanisms that contribute to various cardiovascular diseases, such as heart attack, coronary heart disease, hypertension, and stroke.

Dryas oxyodonta Yuz. is a perennial evergreen shrub from the Rosaceae family. D. oxyodonta thrives in subalpine and subarctic regions, as well as in highlands spanning from Central Asia to Siberia and Mongolia. Owing to a lack of information on its chemical composition, we conducted qualitative and quantitative chromatographic analyses on extracts from the leaves and flowers of D. oxyodonta sourced from various Siberian habitats. Employing high-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode-array detection and electrospray ionization triple-quadrupole mass spectrometric detection, we identified 40 compounds, encompassing gallotannins, hydroxycinnamates, procyanidins, catechins, flavonoids, and triterpenes. All Siberian populations of D. oxyodonta exhibited a notable abundance of phenolic compounds. Furthermore, we identified rare glycosides, such as sexangularetin and corniculatusin, as potential markers of the chemodiversity within the Dryas genus. Extracts from the flowers and leaves were effective scavengers of free radicals, including DPPH•, ABTS•+−, O2•−, and •OH radicals. Our findings unequivocally establish D. oxyodonta as a rich source of phenolic compounds with potent antioxidant activity, suggesting its potential utility in developing novel functional products.

Rubus pinfaensis H. Lév. & Vaniot is of great importance in the phylogeny and evolution amongst Rosaceae, genus Rubus L. plants. The chloroplast genome of R. pinfaensis was reported in this study, which is 155,523 bp in size, with an average GC content of 37.13%. The complete chloroplast genome has a typical quadripartite structure, including a large single copy (LSC) region (85,211 bp) and a small single copy (SSC) region (18,718 bp), which were separated a pair of inverted repeats (IRs, 25,797 bp). This plastome contained 129 different genes (112 unique), including 85 protein-coding genes (79 unique), 36 tRNA genes (29 unique), and 8 rRNA genes (4 unique). The chloroplast genome of R. pinfaensis has completed that will be based on the phylogeny and genomic studies in the family Rosaceae, genus Rubus L.

The paper presents the stability of ellagitannins (ETs), ellagic acid and conjugates (EAC) in unclarified juices and purees obtained from raspberries and blackberries. The innovation was to compare 2 different products with a variable composition in quantity and quality ETs coming from two different fruits. The preserves were stored for 12 months at three temperatures: −20, 4 and 20 °C (±2 °C). Analysis was performed every 3 months, using HPLC-DAD and LC-MS. In the presented research the degree of degradation of the overall of ETs + EAC was determined and the transformation of individual ETs was described. The ratio of monomeric, dimeric, trimeric and tetrameric compounds with respect to the sum of ETs and EAC and changes in their concentration over time were also determined. Additionally, the influence of time and temperature on the stability of ETs + EAC of different molecular weights was investigated using the Spearman correlation. Moreover, the stability of the oligomers characteristic of raspberries and blackberries was determined.Purees were characterized by 5–6 times higher content of ETs + EAC, however, these compounds were decreased much faster compared to juices. In purees, the decrease of individual high-molecular ETs was much faster than in juices and was dependent on temperature and storage time. A difference in the decrease rate of the oligomers lambertianin C (LC) and sanguiin H-6 (SH-6) was observed. The highest degree of decrease was recorded at the highest temperature; after a year, in blackberry puree, 36% of SH-6 and over 60% of LC were decrease, in raspberry puree - 29% SH-6 and 50% LC.

Rose cut flowers are popular in everyday bouquets or for special occasions, and tinting of the flowers by means of color addition increases the flowers economical value and aesthetic appeal. This study evaluated red and white luminescent rose cut flowers, which was achieved by applying six persistent luminescent powders. Solutions of each color were prepared by mixing 6 g of powder and 240 ml of deionized water and sprayed four times around the flower head plus a control. Images were taken of the flowers before ultraviolet blacklight exposure and after exposure to be later analyzed with ImageJ software. Daily measurements were taken including vase weight, average floral diameter, and visual deterioration based on scale of 1 to 4. Overall measurements included mean brightness; red, green, and blue measured values; dominant wavelengths of emitted color; flower diameter change rate; relative water percent; solution uptake rate; and vase solution uptake rate. For luminescent brightness mean without ultraviolet, white rose with blue powder had the greatest value. For luminescent brightness after ultraviolet exposure, white rose with green powder had the greatest value. With ultraviolet exposure, white roses with green powder had the greatest value followed by blue, orange, and white. Red powder on white and red roses experienced little to no luminescence before or after ultraviolet exposure. Mean and mode varied in their calculated dominant wavelengths; therefore, it is recommended to use mean values because more similarities in matching of the powder color and the calculated dominant wavelength were reported. Ultimately, white roses are preferred because they seemed to have greater health and luminescence compared with red roses, and green and blue powder would be recommended for luminescent application for brightness.

Cytokinins are members of a group of phytohormones involved in various growth and developmental processes in plants. Isopentenyl transferase (IPT) is the rate-limiting enzyme in catalyzing the biosynthesis of cytokinins. In this study, to understand the role of IPT family in cold resistance, 78 IPT candidates were identified and characterized in nine Rosaceae genomes. The expansion of IPT families in the Rosaceae primarily occurred through segmental duplication rather than tandem duplication. In general, purifying selection controlled the evolution of IPT families in the Rosaceae, with IPT3 and IPT5 homologs as the primary drivers of evolution. Cis-elements, which are involved in the responses to many environmental stresses or phytohormone signals, were identified in the promoters of MdIPT members. This was consistent with the trends of expression of the MdIPT genes in apple (Malus domestica) calli. MdIPT5b was also found to exhibit multiple responses to phytohormones and stress signals. The ectopic expression of MdIPT5b resulted in an increase in cold resistance in transformed apple calli and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plantlets. The redox balance was partially stabilized through the accumulation of proline under cold stress. However, the ascorbateeglutathione cycle cannot be stabilized in the cold. All physiological and biochemical assays are preformed in spectrophotometer. These results showed that regulating the expression of IPT genes for moderate cytokinin improvement could enhance the accumulation of proline to stabilize the osmotic and redox balances to improve resistance to cold stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

N6-methylated adenine (m6A) is an emerging epigenetic marker in eukaryotic organisms that plays an important role in biological functions and in enriching genetic information.m6A exerts these functions via the dynamic interplay among m6A writers, erasers, and readers. However, little is known about the underlying mechanisms of m6A in plant growth and stress responses. Here, we identified 276 masked m6A regulators from nine Rosaceae species (Pyrus bretschneideri, Pyrus betulifolia, Pyrus communis, Malus domestica, Fragaria vesca, Prunus avium, Prunus mume, Prunus persica, and Rubus occidentalis). We classified and named these genes in more detail based on phylogenetic and synteny analysis. The expansion ofm6A regulators in Maloideae was dated back to the recent whole-genome duplication (WGD) in Rosaceae. Based on the expression pattern analysis and gene structure analysis of m6A regulators, m6A was shown to be a significant factor in regulating plant development and resistance. In addition, PbrMTA1-silenced pear plants displayed significantly reduced drought tolerance and chlorophyll content, as well as increased electrolyte leakage and concentrations of malondialdehyde and H2O2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Malus florentina is reported as new to the Bulgarian dendroflora. The species was found on the border of two floristic regions, occurring at an altitude from 600 to 900 m in both: Western Frontier Mts. (Vlahina Mts.) and the Valley of Struma River (Northern). The closest known natural localities are in North Macedonia, Serbia and Kosovo, and in the European part of Turkey. About 55 individuals have been recorded as a result of а fast preliminary inventory and about one-quarter of them were flowering and setting fruits. Although the actual size and status of the population of M. florentina in the region still have to be evaluated, immediate measures for its conservation should be taken. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents the first palynological characterisation of the five endemic plant genera of the Madeira archipelago: Chamaemeles Lindl, Melanoselinum Hoffm., Monizia Lowe, Musschia Dumort and Sinapidendron Lowe. Pollen grain morphology of ten endemic species was studied using light and scanning electron microscopy techniques. The size and shape of pollen grains, the polar axis, the equatorial diameter, and the exine ornamentation were measured and described. We found that the pollen grains of the five endemic genera are all medium-size monads. The close relative apiaceous Melanoselinum and Monizia differ in polar (P) and equatorial (E) diameter size and exine ornamentation while Sinapidendron species show differences in P, E, and P/E ratios. The pollen grains of the two Musschia species are very similar to each other, but differ in morphology and ornamentation from the Macaronesian endemic bellflowers Azorina vidalii and Canarina canariensis. This study unveiled differences between the endemic taxa and with their close related species, thus providing support to previous taxonomic findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presented research, comprising characterization of nine species of the wild rose (Rosa L.), came from various regions of Northern Iraq. The study proceeded in 2021-2022 at the College of Education of Pure Science, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq. Employing the random amplification polymorphism DNA (RAPD) helped determine the genetic variation relationships among the species using the statistical program Numerical Taxonomy and Multivariate Analysis System (NTSYSpc 2.02). The use of 10 random primers attained amplifications observed with agarose gel electrophoresis. The RAPD primers generated 523 random bands, making it possible to separate Rosa species from each other. Among the studied species, the genetic distance ranged from 0.067 to 1.027. The least genetic dimension (0.067) came from the species Rosa canina var. deseglisei and Rosa canina var. canina, with the highest genetic breadth reaching 1.027 between Rosa x centifolia and Rosa foetida. The dendrogram revealed three main clusters based on the genetic distance values, with the third one getting split into three distinct groups. RAPD proved as an effective method for studying the relatedness among the species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Premise: Introduced species can influence native congeners through production of hybrids and introgression, but impacts not involving viable hybrids, such as reduced conspecific offspring and increased asexual seed production, are rarely examined. Here we tested for these demographic and reproductive consequences of hybridization between introduced, domesticated apple (Malus domestica) and native crabapple (M. coronaria) in southern Canada. Methods: We applied four pollination treatments (open, M. coronaria, M. domestica, open + M. coronaria) to focal M. coronaria trees across multiple years and assessed the number and reproductive origins of resulting seeds (hybrid or conspecific endosperm and, for each, sexual or asexual embryo) using flow cytometry. Results: In open‐pollinated fruit, 27% of seeds had hybrid endosperm; 52% of embryos were asexual. The number of conspecific embryos (sexual or asexual) per fruit did not decline significantly with increasing hybridization, indicating no seed discounting, but hand pollinations using only domestic apple or crabapple pollen reduced the number of conspecific embryos significantly. Hybridization was not associated with a change in percentage asexual embryos, overall, but there was an increase in asexual embryos in tetraploid seeds, the maternal and most common offspring ploidy. Conclusions: We conclude that hybridization can influence native Malus in ways beyond the production of viable hybrids, with significant implications for population dynamics and genetic structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new ursane triterpenoid caffeic acid ester, cratoresbate A, together with seven known ursane triterpenoids (3-O-trans-p-coumaroyltormentic acid, 3-O-cis-p-coumaroyltormentic acid, α-amyrin, ursolic acid, pomolic acid, euscaphic acid, and tormentic acid) were isolated from the twigs and leaves of Crataegus oresbia W. W. Sm. Cratoresbate A showed significant cytotoxicity against HepG2 cells with IC50 value of 1.9 µmol L−1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To study the structure characteristics, phylogeny and codon usage bias of chloroplast genome in Rosaceae plants, 12 Rosaceae species were selected for pattern analysis of chloroplast genome codon usage. The results showed that the GC contents of chloroplast genome in 12 Rosaceae species were 36.54%~37.23%, and the average GC contents of the third base in codon were 28.27%~28.61%, and the average effective number of codons was 47.87~49.17. 32 high-frequency codons were screened, which mainly ended with A/U. The neutral plot analysis, ENC-plot analysis and PR2-plot analysis showed that natural selection was the main factor for codon bias formation in Rosaceae plants. The clustering tree constructed based on RSCU(relative synonymous codon usage) value was different with the evolutionary trees constructed based on coding genes and chloroplast genome, which indicated some informations was lost based on codon preference characteristics. The above results laid foundation for further exploration of the evolution law of Rosaceae plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An agamic complex of 20- and 10-stamen, black-fruited hawthorns (Crataegus subg. Sanguineae, sect. Douglasianae) occurs in western North America, with a 10-stamen taxon disjunct in the upper Great Lakes basin. Here, we recircumscribe the 20-stamen taxa at the core of this complex (C. ser. Douglasianae). This is needed in order to distinguish between a presumptively ancestral diploid and its allo- and auto-polyploid derivatives, all differing in breeding system, distribution, morphology, and pattern of genetic variation. The earliest name for these 20-stamen taxa, Crataegus gaylussacia A. Heller, was given to distinctive plants of Marin and Sonoma counties in California that have recently been shown to be autotriploids. In Flora North America, however, this name was applied to all 20-stamen, black-fruited hawthorns. We recircumscribe C. gaylussacia, and also recircumscribe and typify a slightly younger name, C. suksdorfii (Sarg.) Kruschke, with a specimen from southern Washington with the diminished pollen fertility found in allopolyploid, apomictic black-fruited hawthorns occurring east of the Cascades, from northern California north to southernmost Alaska. Finally, we recognize the diploid, self-incompatible, sexual black-fruited hawthorns found west of the Cascades from northern California to southwestern Washington as Crataegus rhodamae-loveae sp. nov. Together with the 10-stamen, black-fruited hawthorns in predominantly tetraploid, apomictic, and self-fertile C. douglasii Lindl. and its segregates (discussed in detail in a companion paper), these species are linked by whole genome duplications associated in most cases with hybridization, with members of red-fruited C. subg. Americanae, and with each other. We suggest that this complex provides a model for understanding other such groups of Crataegus species that are related by whole genome duplications resulting from the fertilization of unreduced gametes (facilitated by but not necessarily dependent on occurrence of gametophytic apomixis), often together with hybridization. We note that an earlier effort at DNA barcoding these and other hawthorn species that provided limited support for our taxonomic decisions here also demonstrated some limited utility of the original plant DNA barcoding loci in groups like Crataegus. The taxonomic decisions we advocate will warrant consideration when other groups of hawthorns are revised in the light of data like those employed here. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The name Rosa davurica var. alpestris (Nakai) Kitag. was published in 1979 as a new combination based on R. rubro-stipullata var. alpestris Nakai. It is generally accepted as a deciduous shrub occurring in Russia, Manchuria, Japan, and the northern part of the Korean Peninsula and is distinguished by the presence of eglandular leaves. Rosa rubro-stipullata var. alpestris was originally described as a new variety with a leaf size relatively smaller than that of R. rubro-stipullata var. rubro-stipullata. However, the observation of various specimens showed the leaf size of var. alpestris to be of minor importance, and it was included in var. rubro-stipullata as a synonym. Due to the priority of autonyms, a new combination is required to replace R. davurica var. alpestris. Additionally, it should be noted that the epithet “rubro-stipullata” is derived from the Latin word “stipula” rather than “stipulla.” Therefore, for this variety, we propose a new combination, R. davurica var. rubro-stipulata (Nakai) D. C. Son & Y. S. Kim, comb. nov. & stat. nov. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new species Rosa funingensis and its variant R. funingensis f. rosea, both collected from Yunnan Province, China, are, for the first time, documented and illustrated in this study. Morphological analysis in comparison with two related species in the wild, R. gigantea and R. rubus, presents distinguishable features through leaf surfaces, inflorescences and the shape of styles. R. funingensis leaf surfaces are abaxially villous, purple-red, pale green when mature, adaxially glabrous, dark green; inflorescences solitary or 2–5(7) in corymbose cyme; and styles connate into a column or not, exserted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Docynia has been treated as a separate genus or merged into Cydonia or Docyniopsis. Our phylogenomic evidence from 797 single-copy nuclear genes and plastomes confirmed the sister relationship between Docynia and Docyniopsis. By integrating the phylogenomic and morphological evidence, we propose to accept a broad generic concept of Malus and merge Docynia into Malus. Three new combinations are also made here: Malus delavayi (Franch.) B.B.Liu, M. indica (Wall.) B.B.Liu and M. longiunguis (Q.Luo & J.L.Liu) B.B.Liu. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this contribution, new data concerning the distribution of native vascular flora in Italy are presented. It includes new records, confirmations, and exclusions to the Italian administrative regions. Nomenclatural and distribution updates, published elsewhere, and corrigenda are provided as supplementary material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Floristical records of one fungus and ten flowering plants are presented from Hungary. We report a new occurrence of Calvatia candida in a valuable Pannonian sandy steppe habitat. Some of our floristical data present new occurrences of species that are rare in Hungary, but in the case of Orobanche minor, Minuartia viscosa, due to the low number of recent floristical data, we also try to clarify the distribution pattern of the species with data from specimens documented in the BP herbarium. The first occurrences of the rare, red-listed species Papaver hybridum was detected from the Duna-sík region. We report the first data of Orobanche minor from the Hungarian Middle Mountain Ranges, Minuartia viscosa is new for the southern part of the Mezőföld. A new record of Dactylorhiza sambucina from the Vértes Mts, which is in decline in our low-middle mountain areas, is published, an important observation from a conservation point of view. The data of Potentilla patula reported here is a new observation for the area of Cserhát-vidék. Our other data are from ruderal habitats, where we report observations of taxa that are mainly expanding but with few records in Hungary. The second Hungarian record of Senecio × helwingii is from the district of Zugló in Budapest. Erigeron sumatrensis has been found in several regions of Hungary, Euphorbia glyptosperma, Gypsophila perfoliata new occurrences were found in the border of Kecskemét. The recently suggested spreading of Medicago orbicularis is confirmed by new occurrence data from the Tihany Peninsula. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

MADS-box is an important transcriptional regulatory element in plant growth. The MIKC-type MADS-box genes play important roles. However, the identification and evolutionary investigation of MIKC-type MADS-box family members in Rosaceae have been inadequate. Therefore, based on whole-genome data from Prunus dulcis, Prunus salicina, Prunus armeniaca, Prunus persica, Prunus mira, and Amygdalus nana, we depicted the evolution and divergence patterns of MIKC-type MADS-box family genes. In this study, we found 222 MIKC-type MADS-box genes from six Rosaceae species. These genes were classified into five clades, and only motif 1 was identified across all MIKC-type MADS-box proteins, except PdMADS42 and PmiMADS16. The structural properties of these genes significantly varied in sequence lengths between species, despite the high levels of similarity in exon lengths and numbers. MIKC-type MADS-box genes were found to have mostly been limited through purifying selection processes. Remarkably divergent regions were found inside the MIKC-type MADS-box genes' domains, where clade III displayed more conserved activities and may have retained more original functions over the evolutionary process; clade I, on the other hand, may have undergone substantial functional limitations in a specific functional role. These findings provide the groundwork for future research into the molecular evolutionary processes of the plant MIKC-type MADS-box gene family. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we explore the relationships among taxa of Prunus subgenus Cerasus in Turkey using a combination of macromorphology, micromorphology and molecular techniques. We recorded qualitative and quantitative characteristics of flowers, leaves, seeds and endocarp for 96 populations representing 14 taxa of Prunus subgenus Cerasus. ITS, matK , ycf1 , trnL - trnF DNA sequence data were used to reconstruct phylogenetic trees for this group. Haplotype analyses results found 11 haplotypes among the samples used in this study. We also note that the infraspecific taxa of Cerasus angustifolia (= P. albicaulis), P. mahaleb , P. microcarpa and P. prostrata , as described by previous authors, do not exhibit significant differences even among the features of foliar morphology that are so often used to distinguish them from one another. As a general rule, our analyses indicate that the highly variable features of leaf micromorphology and endocarp and seed micromorphology are not taxonomically significant. In contrast, although floral morphology is often overlooked in systematic studies of Prunus subgenus Cerasus , we found several taxonomically useful flower characters, including sepal indumentum, hypanthium shape and indumentum and petal shape. This work clarifies the infraspecific relationships of members of Prunus subgenus Cerasus in Turkey and solves some taxonomic problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Increasing antibiotic resistance in microorganisms and the advantages that natural compounds have over synthetic chemicals led to more investigation of plant resources. Rosa damascena is one of the valuable species of the Rosaceae family that has different therapeutic effects. This review studies the antimicrobial effects of R. damascene and its derivation in the prevention and treatment of infectious disease and bibliometric analysis at the family level. Methods: Data collection was done from Scopus and Web of Science databases; after choosing the database that published the most data, the information was analyzed by VOS viewer and Bibliometrix-package. Results: The results of most research show the antimicrobial effect of this plant against human pathogens. The bibliometric results of 412 searched documents also revealed that most of the published documents belong to the countries of China, Iran and Turkey. The process of publishing documents over the years has generally increased and the keyword "Rosaceae" has been used more than others. Conclusion: In this review article, scientific documents related to the role of R. damascene and its derivation showed this plant have potential in the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases such as dental caries and periodontal diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Nutrient resorption efficiency and stoichiometric ratios are important strategies for understanding plants. The present study examined whether or not the nutrient resorption process of plant petals is similar to that of leaves and other vegetative organs, as well as the nutrient restriction status of the whole flowering process of plants in urban ecosystems. Methods: Four Rosaceae tree species, Prunus yedoensis Matsum, Prunus serrulata var. lannesiana, Malus micromalus Makino, and Prunus cerasifera 'Atropurpurea', were selected as urban greening species to analyze the contents of C, N, P, and K elements in the petals and their stoichiometric ratios and nutrient resorption efficiencies. Results: The results show interspecific differences in nutrient contents, stoichiometric ratios, and nutrient resorption efficiency of the fresh petals and petal litter of the four Rosaceae species. The nutrient resorption process was similar to that of the leaves before the petals fell. The nutrient contents of petals were higher than that of leaves at the global level, but the stoichiometric ratio and nutrient resorption efficiency of petals were lower. According to the "relative resorption hypothesis", N was limiting during the entire flowering period. The nutrient resorption efficiency of petals was positively correlated with nutrient variation. The correlation between the nutrient resorption efficiency of petals with nutrient content and stoichiometric ratio of petal litter was stronger. Conclusion: The experimental results provide scientific basis and theoretical support for the selection, scientific maintenance and fertilization management of Rosaceae tree species in urban greening. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Wall associated kinase (WAK) and WAK-like (WAKL) are typical pattern recognition receptors act as the first sentry of plant defense. But little of WAK/WAKL family is known in Rosaceae. Results: In this study, 131 WAK/WAKL genes from apple, peach and strawberry were identified using a bioinformatics approach. Together with 68 RcWAK/RcWAKL in rose, we performed a comparative analysis of 199 WAK/WAKL in four Rosaceae crops. The phylogenetic analysis divided all the WAK/WAKL into five clades. Among them, the cis-elements of Clade II and Clade V promoters were enriched in jasmonic acid (JA) signaling and abiotic stress, respectively. And this can also be verified by the rose transcriptome responding to different hormone treatments. WAK/WAKL families have experienced a considerable proportion of purifying selection during evolution, but still 26 amino acid sites evolved under positive selection, which focused on extracellular conserved domains. WAK/WAKL genes presented collinearity relationship within and between crops, throughout four crops we mined four orthologous groups (OGs). The WAK/WAKL genes in OG1 and OG4 were speculated to involve in plant-Botrytis cinerea interaction, which were validated in rose via VIGS as well as strawberry by qRT-PCR. Conclusions: These results not only provide genetic resources and valuable information for the evolutionary relationship of WAK/WAKL gene family, but also offer a reference for future in-depth studies of Rosaceae WAK/WAKL genes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study illustrates the importance of multivariate analysis in profiling the levels of 104 volatiles across 14 modern rose cultivars obtained using headspace gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis. Despite differences in the abundance of volatiles, the cultivars 'Lady Emma Hamilton', 'Golden Celebration' and 'The Poet's Wife' share similar profiles of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and the absence of phenethyl alcohol, which is usually associated with a characteristic 'rose' fragrance. R. 'Hansa' is the cultivar with the greatest abundance of volatiles, with high levels of acyclic monoterpenes and aromatic compounds. No monoterpenes were detected from the climbing rose R. 'August Gervais'. The study revealed that highly fragrant cultivars tend to produce VOCs in higher intensity and greater diversity. These findings also demonstrate the potential of using headspace analysis to compare the natural aromas of rose cultivars, which provides information to inspire innovation in the perfumery and food industries. AMT, acyclic monoterpenes; ARM, aromatic compounds; CMT, cyclic monoterpenes; GLV, green leaf volatiles; HEX, C6 lipid derivatives; OTH, other volatiles; PCoA, principal coordinates analysis; PEA, phenethyl alcohol; RI, retention index; SSQ, sesquiterpenes; TD-GC-MS, thermal desorption-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry; VOC, volatile organic compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The prevalence of apple chlorotic leaf spot virus (ACLSV) in different Rosaceae species, mainly from cultivated apple (Malus domestica), pear (Pyrus communis), plum (Prunus domestica), apricot (Prunus armeniaca) and wild plants of genus Amelanchier, Cotoneaster, Crataegus, Malus, Prunus and Sorbus were studied. ACLSV was found in cultivated M. domestica, P. communis, P. domestica and wild‐growing Malus, including M. sylvestris. Thirty‐four sequences of the ACLSV coat protein gene were obtained and compared with 372 homologous sequences from GenBank to evaluate the genetic diversity of the virus in Latvia and worldwide. The sequence identities varied from 79.6% to 98.4% at the nucleotide level and 84.5% to 100% at the amino acid level. Phylogenetic analyses clustered ACLSV pome fruit isolates into three genetic types but isolates from stone fruits into four phylogenetic groups. Three genetic types of ACLSV pome and stone fruit isolates were identified in Latvia. Two of them were previously characterized as type B6 and P205. The third genetic type was newly recognized among the stone fruit isolates and distinguished from other virus isolates by amino acid substitutions in three positions, Ser14, Asn23 and Leu72. Two natural recombinants, LV27 and NZ5, were detected among ACLSV isolates from Latvia, and recombination events were identified for the first time in wild‐growing Malus, confirming that recombination is a common process in the ACLSV population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rubus L. (Rosaceae, Rosoideae) contains around 700 species distributed on all continents except Antarctica, with the highest species diversity in temperate to subtropical regions of the northern hemisphere. The taxonomy of Rubus is challenging due to the frequency of polyploidy, hybridization and apomixis. Previous studies mostly sampled sparsely and used limited DNA sequence data. The evolutionary relationships between infrageneric taxa, therefore, remain to be further clarified. In the present study, genotyping by sequencing (GBS) reduced-representation genome sequencing data from 186 accessions representing 65 species, 1 subspecies and 17 varieties of Rubus, with emphasis on diploid species, were used to infer a phylogeny using maximum likelihood and maximum parsimony methods. The major results were as follows: (1) we confirmed or reconfirmed the polyphyly or paraphyly of some traditionally circumscribed subgenera, sections and subsections; (2) 19 well-supported clades, which differed from one another on molecular, morphological and geographical grounds, were identified for the species sampled; (3) characteristics such as plants with dense bristles or not, leaves leathery or papyraceous, number of carpels, instead of inflorescences paniculate or not, aggregate fruits and leaves abaxially tomentose or not, may be of some use in classifying taxa whose drupelets are united into a thimble-shaped aggregate fruit that falls in its entirety from the dry receptacle; and (4) a preliminary classification scheme of diploid species of Rubus is proposed based on our results combined with those from previous phylogenetic analyses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plants with medicinal potential may also produce adverse effects in humans. This seems to be the case for the species Rubus rosifolius, where preliminary studies demonstrated genotoxic effects attributed to extracts obtained from leaves and stems of this plant using on HepG2/C3A human hepatoma cells as a model. Considering the beneficial properties of this plant as an antidiarrheal, analgesic, antimicrobial, and antihypertensive and its effects in the treatment of gastrointestinal diseases, the present study was developed with the aim of determining the cytotoxic and genotoxic potential of extracts of leaves and stems of R. rosifolius in primary without metabolic competence in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Cell viability analyses at concentrations of between 0.01 and 100 µg/ml of both extracts did not markedly affect cell viability. In contrast, assessment of the genotoxic potential using the comet assay demonstrated significant damage to DNA within PBMC from a concentration of 10 µg/ml in the stem extract, and a clastogenic/aneugenic response without cytokinesis-block proliferation index (CBPI) alterations at concentrations of 10, 20, or 100 µg/ml for both extracts. Under our experimental conditions, the data obtained demonstrated genotoxic and mutagenic effects attributed to extracts from leaves and stems of R. rosifolius in cells in the absence of hepatic metabolism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rosa davurica Pall. var. davurica is a member of the plant family Rosaceae. Although R. davurica has high application value, its chloroplast genome sequence has not been reported. This study aims to reveal the genetic characteristics of the chloroplast genome of Rosa roxburghii. The length of its total chloroplast DNA is 156,971 bp, with 37.22% G/C content. Its chloroplast genome has two inverted repeat (IRa and IRb) regions totaling 26,051 bp which are separated by a large single copy (LSC) region of 86,032 bp and a small single copy (SSC) region of 18,837 bp. The genome contains 131 independent genes (86 protein-coding, 37 tRNA, and 8 rRNA), and there are 18 repeated genes within the IR region. Among these genes, 17 genes contained one or two introns. The phylogenetic analysis showed that R. davurica was relatively close to other Rosa species, such as the Rosa hybrid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fruits undergo numerous chemical, physical, and microbiological changes during storage that shorten their postharvest life, reducing shelf-life and boosting food loss. Food quality and safety are seriously threatened by postharvest infections, one of the factors behind postharvest deterioration and mycotoxin contamination in fruits. The control of postharvest deterioration is a big concern because there are few management methods available. Several attempts have been undertaken to prevent the microbial degradation of fresh food at the postharvest stage without using synthetic fungicides, which are dangerous for the environment and people's health. A good substitute for synthetic fungicides among them is the use of natural plant compounds, such as essential oils included or not included in the edible coatings. This review's aim was to collect information from the scientific literature on the biological activity of essential oil, with or without edible coatings, against pathogens that cause the postharvest spoilage of many fruit belonging to Rosaceae family in order to develop appropriate substitute tactics for synthetic fungicides in the treatment of postharvest fruit diseases. Advances and obstacles surrounding emerging methods that may be useful for enhancing the effectiveness and dependability of essential oils were evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

α-Glucosidase inhibitors are essential in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Plant-derived drugs are promising sources of new compounds with glucosidase-inhibiting ability. The Geum aleppicum Jacq. and Sibbaldianthe bifurca (L.) Kurtto & T.Erikss. herbs are used in many traditional medical systems to treat diabetes. In this study, metabolites of the G. aleppicum and S. bifurca herbs in active growth, flowering, and fruiting stages were investigated using high-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array and electrospray ionization triple quadrupole mass spectrometric detection (HPLC-PDA-ESI-tQ-MS/MS). In total, 29 compounds in G. aleppicum and 41 components in S. bifurca were identified including carbohydrates, organic acids, benzoic and ellagic acid derivatives, ellagitannins, flavonoids, and triterpenoids. Gemin A, miquelianin, niga-ichigoside F1, and 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid 4-O-glucoside were the dominant compounds in the G. aleppicum herb, while guaiaverin, miquelianin, tellimagrandin II2, casuarictin, and glucose were prevailing compounds in the S. bifurca herb. On the basis of HPLC activity-based profiling of the G. aleppicum herb extract, the most pronounced inhibition of α-glucosidase was observed for gemin A and quercetin-3-O-glucuronide. The latter compound and quercetin-3-O-arabinoside demonstrated maximal inhibition of α-glucosidase in the S. bifurca herb extract. The obtained results confirm the prospects of using these plant compounds as possible sources of hypoglycemic nutraceuticals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extinct megafaunal mammals in the Americas are often linked to seed-dispersal mutualisms with large-fruiting tree species, but large-fruiting species in Europe and Asia have received far less attention. Several species of arboreal Maloideae (apples and pears) and Prunoideae (plums and peaches) evolved large fruits starting around nine million years ago, primarily in Eurasia. As evolutionary adaptations for seed dispersal by animals, the size, high sugar content, and bright colorful visual displays of ripeness suggest that mutualism with megafaunal mammals facilitated the evolutionary change. There has been little discussion as to which animals were likely candidate(s) on the late Miocene landscape of Eurasia. We argue that several possible dispersers could have consumed the large fruits, with endozoochoric dispersal usually relying on guilds of species. During the Pleistocene and Holocene, the dispersal guild likely included ursids, equids, and elephantids. During the late Miocene, large primates were likely also among the members of this guild, and the potential of a long-held mutualism between the ape and apple clades merits further discussion. If primates were a driving factor in the evolution of this large-fruit seed-dispersal system, it would represent an example of seed-dispersal-based mutualism with hominids millions of years prior to crop domestication or the development of cultural practices, such as farming. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The strawberry (Fragaria ×ananassa Duch.) is a commercially important crop with high water requirements, making strategies that mitigate the influence of water deficits on plant growth necessary. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of shading on the vegetative growth of strawberry cv. Sweet Ann under a water deficit. The treatments consisted of the combination of two levels of shading (light intensity reduced by 47% vs. non-shaded plants) and two levels of water availability (water deficit vs. well-watered plants). The water deficit reduced the leaf water potential from −1.52 to −2.21 MPa, and diminished stomatal conductance, net photosynthetic rate (from 9.13 to 2.5 µmol m−2 s−1), maximum quantum efficiency of PSII photochemistry (from 0.79 to 0.67), and biomass accumulation, but increased the electrolyte leakage. The shading allowed the water-deficient plants to maintain water potential (−1.58 MPa) and photosystem II efficiency (0.79) and to increase water use efficiency (from 14.80 to 86.90 µmol CO2/mmol H2O), net photosynthetic rate (from 2.40 to 9.40 µmol m−2 s−1) and biomass of leaves, crowns, and roots, as compared to the non-shaded plants without a water limitation. These results suggest, for the first time in strawberry, that a reduction in incident light intensity attenuates the effects of stomatic and non-stomatic limitations caused by a water deficit during vegetative growth in strawberry.

Geraniol derived from essential oils of various plant species is widely used in the cosmetic and perfume industries. It is also an essential trait of the pleasant smell of rose flowers. In contrast to other monoterpenes which are produced in plastids via the methyl erythritol phosphate pathway, geraniol biosynthesis in roses relies on cytosolic NUDX1 hydrolase which dephosphorylates geranyl diphosphate (GPP). However, the metabolic origin of cytosolic GPP remains unknown. By feeding Rosa chinensis "Old Blush" flowers with pathway-specific precursors and inhibitors, combined with metabolic profiling and functional characterization of enzymes in vitro and in planta, we show that geraniol is synthesized through the cytosolic mevalonate (MVA) pathway by a bifunctional geranyl/farnesyl diphosphate synthase, RcG/FPPS1, producing both GPP and farnesyl diphosphate (FPP). The downregulation and overexpression of RcG/FPPSl in rose petals affected not only geraniol and germacrene D emissions but also dihydro-β-ionol, the latter due to metabolic cross talk of RcG/FPPSl-dependent isoprenoid intermediates trafficking from the cytosol to plastids. Phylogenetic analysis together with functional characterization of G/FPPS orthologs revealed that the G/FPPS activity is conserved among Rosaceae species. Site-directed mutagenesis and molecular dynamic simulations enabled to identify two conserved amino acids that evolved from ancestral FPPSs and contribute to GPP/FPP product specificity. Overall, this study elucidates the origin of the cytosolic GPP for NUDX1-dependent geraniol production, provides insights into the emergence of the RcG/FPPS1 GPPS activity from the ancestral FPPSs, and shows that RcG/FPPS1 plays a key role in the biosynthesis of volatile terpenoid compounds in rose flowers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report the rediscovery of Rubus pendulus Rusby, "Mora India", described in 1933 from Colombia and not mentioned again until the present study. We also update its distribution with eight new localities in Colombia, seven in Ecuador and one in Peru, being a new record for the flora of the latter two countries. This is the first time that R. pendulus' stipules and flowers are found and detailed through a botanical description, illustrations and photographs. Rubus pendulus is morphologically differentiated from R. bogotensis Benth., R. mollifrons Focke, R. porphyromallos Focke and R. urticifolius Poir., with whom it was previously confused and we give a brief explanation on the type specimen status of R. mollifrons and R. porphyromallos. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]