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Peripheral blood plasma profiles of circulating microRNA expression were analyzed in patients with prostatic cancer and benign hyperplasia. In prostatic cancer, significant increase in hsa-miR-619-5p and hsa-miR-1184 microRNA expression and significant decrease in hsalet-7b-5p and hsa-let-7c-5p microRNA expression were observed. The role of the relationship between the microRNA expression and the activities and functions of host genes with introns encoding these microRNA is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We analyzed microRNA profile in hemolysis-free blood plasma of patients with prostatic cancer. The metastatic form of prostatic cancer was found to be associated with increased levels of hsa-miR-22-3p, hsa-miR-663a, and hsa-miR-4674 in comparison with non-metastatic form. Common candidate target genes of these microRNA include JUNB, KMT2A, and XPO6. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To assess whether any relationship exists between the number of histologically examined lymph nodes and the detection of metastases in pelvic lymph node dissection (PLND) specimens taken from patients with radical prostatectomy (RP) for prostatic adenocarcinoma. 1690 cases of RP with PNLD were included in the study; 54 % of the patients were submitted to extended PLND (ePLND). Kaplan-Meier curves confirm the negative prognostic significance of nodal metastases on the overall patients' survival (P < 0.0001). Nodal metastases are significantly associated with older age of patients (P = 0.0466), higher pT status (P < 0.0001), higher Gleason score (P < 0.0001) and positive surgical margin (P < 0.0001). The frequency of nodal metastases is significantly increased in cases submitted to ePLND (P < 0.0001), presumably due to the significantly higher number of lymphnodes retrieved using this procedure (P < 0.0001). In addition, regardless of the extent of PLND procedure, entire histological examination of PLND specimens is significantly associated with a higher frequency of nodal metastases (P < 0.0001). When we considered only pN0 cases, 21 display adverse prognosis and died of disease during the follow-up. The number of pelvic lymphnodes examined is significantly lower in the group of patients who die of the disease compared to that of survivors (P = 0.0448). In addition, Kaplan-Meier analysis shows that patients with 10 or fewer examined lymphnodes have significantly shorter disease-specific survival (P = 0.0151). Our findings confirm the negative prognostic significance of N status in prostate cancer. We suggest the examination of a minimum number of 10 lymphnodes, together with entire PLND processing, for accurate assessment of N status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report a case of 64-year-old male with prostate cancer and coagulation disorder presented with abdominal distension. He underwent abdomen and pelvis ultrasound for assessment of ascites, which showed localized fluid collections identified at the left and right iliac fossa. After that, non enhanced abdomen and pelvis CT scan was performed and showed heterogeneous organized collections identified along the psoas muscles bilaterally, causing focal contour bulge representing haematoma.

The present study aims to elucidate the clinicopathological implications of histological mapping in radical prostatectomy specimens. This study included 76 prostatic cancers with histological mapping. The examined characteristics from the histological mappings were the largest tumor dimension, distance from the tumor core to resection margin, tumor dimension from the apex to base, tumor volume, tumor surface area, and proportion of the tumor. In addition, these histological parameters from the histological mapping were compared between patients with positive surgical margin (PSM) and negative surgical margin (NSM). Patients with PSM were significantly correlated with a higher Gleason score and pT stage than those with NSM. Among the histological characteristics from mappings, there were significant correlations between PSM and the largest tumor dimension, tumor volume, tumor surface area, and proportion of tumor (P < 0.001, P < 0.001, P < 0.001, and P = 0.017, respectively). The distance from the tumor core to the resection margin was significantly longer with PSM than with NSM (P = 0.024). According to the linear regression test, the tumor volume, tumor surface area, and largest tumor dimension were significantly correlated with Gleason score and grade (P = 0.019, P = 0.036, and P = 0.016, respectively). There were no significant differences in the histological factors between the apical and non-apical involved subgroups. Various clinicopathological characteristics assessed from the histological mappings, such as the tumor volume, tumor surface area, and proportion of the tumor, can be useful for interpreting PSM after radical prostatectomy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intermittent fasting (IF) has several beneficial effects on most age-related degenerative changes in the body. Here we aimed to investigate the impact of IF on the biochemical and morphological abnormalities associated with normal aging in rat prostate. Thirty male albino rats were used and divided into three equal groups: adult group, rats aged 3 months; aged group, rats aged 15 months; and IF-aged group, rats aged 15 months maintained on intermittent fasting. After 3 months, prostates were excised and processed for biochemical, histological, and immunohistochemical study. Aging resulted in prostatic histological changes that resemble those of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) with increased malondialdehyde (MDA) level, decreased glutathione (GSH) level, reduction of autophagy, and increased proliferation. Intermittent fasting ameliorated these described age-related prostatic changes. It could be concluded that IF could prevent age-induced BPH. This occurs via its anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative effects, suppression of oxidative stress, and by improving autophagy via Beclin-1/P62 modulation. These mechanisms underlie the IF-mediated protection against age-related BPH. Because of IF safety and easy availability over BPH medications, it might be promising for managing BPH after further clinical studies., Competing Interests: Conflict of Interest There is no conflict of interest to declare., (© The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Microscopy Society of America. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Molecular pathology of benign prostatic hyperplasia is multifactorial and involves endocrine, biochemical, immunological interactions. The mechanisms involved in the onset and progression of benign prostatic hyperplasia are: infections, 50 years of age, hormones and neurotransmitters imbalances, inflammation, oxidative stress. The potential role of glycosylation in the pathogenesis of prostate disease has been neglected. In this study we documented the profile of gangliosides in normal and pathological prostatic tissues together with the pathologic changes seen in the level of extracellular gangliosides in patients with prostate pathology. Analysis of the data in the literature suggests that gangliosides may represent immunologic markers useful in the differential diagnosis between prostate cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The aim of this study was to explore whether candidate gene methylation can effectively predict death from prostate cancer. Methods: After reviewing the literature to identify likely candidate genes, we assembled a casecontrol cohort (in a 1:2 ratio) to explore the distribution of PITX2, WNT5a, SPARC, EPB41L3, and TPM4 methylation levels. The case group comprised 45 patients with a Gleason score #7 who had died as a result of prostate cancer, and the control group comprised 90 current prostate cancer patients or those who died of other causes. The methylation possibility of each of the candidate genes were maximized. Univariate conditional logistic was applied for data analysis and to evaluate prediction efficiency of gene methylation on prostate cancer. Results: The results indicated that a raised level of PITX2 methylation increased the likelihood of death due to prostate cancer by 10% (odds ratio 1.56, 95% confidence interval 1.17-2.08; P=0.005). Methylation of SPARC was found to be able to distinguish between benign prostate hyperplasia and prostate cancer. Conclusion: Methylation of PITX2 is an effective biomarker to predict death from prostate cancer, particularly in patients with a low Gleason score. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To detect the impact of ultrasound elastography in diagnosis of prostatic cancer, and to evaluate its capability in differentiating benign from malignant lesions. Materials and methods Fifty patients with different prostatic lesions suspicious for malignancy were included. All patients had a conventional B-mode ultrasound examination and color Doppler imaging, and then real time ultrasound elastography was performed in the same session. Finally, the results were compared to the histo-pathological results of those lesions. Results The addition of Strain ratio parameter for evaluating the elastography images showed the highest sensitivity of 74.2%, specificity of 73.7% and accuracy of 74.0% at a best cutoff point of 5.5 between benign and malignant lesions. Conclusion Based on our results, prostate US combined with elastography can be a helpful tool for finding malignant lesions. Also it can help in targeting the biopsy site. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and aims: Prostatic cancer is one of the most widespread cancers in men in all over the world. There are many reagents that cause to prostate cancer, but many factors recognized to prevent or treat this cancer. This capacity is in anti-oxidants and, especially in polyphenol compounds like Gallic acid. This study was aimed to investigate the effect of gallic acid on Du145 cells line in prostatic cancer by alkaline electrophoresis technique. Methods: In this Laboratory experimental study, MTT assay was used to determine the viability of Du145 cells line in the adjacent of different concentrations of gallic acid and IC50. Three concentrations around the IC50 of Gallic acid were treated on cells for 48 hours. Comet pictures have been analyzed using CASP software after alkaline electrophoresis. Results: 35 µM of Gallic acid for Du145 cells was determined based on probit model with IC50 with MTT test. Rate of tail to head in alkaline electrophoresis for three concentrations around the IC50 (25, 30 and 35) µM of Gallic acid was 6.7±1.3, 13.8±2.6 and 69.4±1.2 percent, respectively. Conclusion: Gallic acid is one of the most powerful anti-oxidants that can reduce the growth of Du145 cells in prostatic cancer and inhibits the cell growth with destroy their genome and induce the apoptosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives To investigate the therapeutic outcomes of neoadjuvant and concurrent androgen-deprivation therapy and intensity-modulated radiation therapy with gold marker implantation for intermediate- and high-risk prostate cancer. Methods This was a retrospective study of 325 patients with intermediate- or high-risk prostate cancer according to the National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines who underwent androgen-deprivation therapy and intensity-modulated radiation therapy (76 Gy) after gold marker implantation between 2001 and 2010. Results The 5-year distant metastasis-free survival rate was significantly lower for very high-risk patients than for intermediate- and high-risk patients (82.6% vs 99.4% and 96.5%, respectively; P < 0.01). The 5-year biochemical relapse-free survival rates significantly declined with increasing prostate cancer risk ( P < 0.01), and were 95.9%, 87.2%, and 73.1% for the intermediate-risk, high-risk and very high-risk patients, respectively. Acute genitourinary and gastrointestinal toxicity grade ≥3 were not observed in any of the patients. Late grade 3 genitourinary toxicity occurred in 0.3% of patients. Conclusion Combination androgen-deprivation therapy and 76-Gy intensity-modulated radiation therapy with gold marker implantation offers good therapeutic outcomes with few serious complications in patients with intermediate- and high-risk prostate cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ginsenoside Rh2 (GRh2) has been reported to have therapeutic effects on some types of cancer, but its effect on prostatic cancer has not been extensively evaluated. Here, we show that GRh2 can substantially inhibit the growth of prostatic cancer in vivo and in vitro. Moreover, the inhibition of the tumor growth appeared to result from a combined inhibitory effect on tumor cell proliferation and tumor cell invasiveness. Further analyses suggest that GRh2 seemed to activate transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) receptor signaling in prostatic cancer cells, which subsequently inhibits cell proliferation and invasion through regulating cell-cycle controllers and (MMPs), respectively. Taken together, our data reveal an essential anti-prostatic cancer effect of GRh2 and demonstrate that this effect is through augment of TGFβ receptor signaling in the prostatic cancer cells. GRh2 thus appears to be a promising therapy for prostatic cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Green tea (GT) and green tea extracts (GTE) have been postulated to decrease cancer incidence. In vitro results indicate a possible effect; however, epidemiological data do not support cancer chemoprevention. We have performed a PubMED literature search for green tea consumption and the correlation to the common tumor types lung, colorectal, breast, prostate, esophageal and gastric cancer, with cohorts from both Western and Asian countries. We additionally included selected mechanistical studies for a possible mode of action. The comparability between studies was limited due to major differences in study outlines; a meta analysis was thus not possible and studies were evaluated individually. Only for breast cancer could a possible small protective effect be seen in Asian and Western cohorts, whereas for esophagus and stomach cancer, green tea increased the cancer incidence, possibly due to heat stress. No effect was found for colonic/colorectal and prostatic cancer in any country, for lung cancer Chinese studies found a protective effect, but not studies from outside China. Epidemiological studies thus do not support a cancer protective effect. GT as an indicator of as yet undefined parameters in lifestyle, environment and/or ethnicity may explain some of the observed differences between China and other countries.

Profiles of circulating microRNA in the plasma of patients with prostate cancer with pathomorphological stages pT2, pT3, and pT4 are analyzed. The level of circulating microRNA hsa-miR-619-5p is elevated in patients with extracapsular spreading of the tumor, increasing significantly from stage pT2 to stage pT4. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: A prostate-specific antigen density (PSAd) cutoff of 0.15 ng/ml/cc is a commonly recommended threshold to identify patients with negative prostate magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) who should proceed to a prostate biopsy. We were unable to find any study that explicitly examined the properties of this threshold compared with others., Objective: To investigate whether the 0.15 cutoff is justified for selecting patients at risk of harboring high-grade cancer (Gleason score ≥3 + 4) despite negative MRI., Design, Setting, and Participants: A cohort of 8974 prostate biopsies provided by the Prostate Biopsy Collaborative Group (PBCG) was included in the study., Outcome Measurements and Statistical Analysis: Locally weighted scatterplot smoothing was used to investigate whether there was a change in the risk of high-grade cancer around this value. We examined whether the use of this cutoff in patients with negative MRI corresponds to a reasonable threshold probability for a biopsy (defined as a 10% risk of high-grade disease). To do so, we applied the negative likelihood ratio of MRI, calculated from eight studies on prostate MRI, to the risk curve derived from the PBCG., Results and Limitations: There was no discontinuity in the risk of high-grade prostate cancer at a PSAd cutoff of 0.15. This cutoff corresponded to a probability of high-grade disease ranging from 2.6% to 10%, depending on MRI accuracy. Using 10% as threshold probability, the corresponding PSAd cutoff varied between 0.15 and 0.38, with the threshold increasing for greater MRI accuracy. Possible limitations include difference between studies on MRI and the use of ultrasound to measure prostate volume., Conclusions: The 0.15 cutoff to recommend prostate biopsies in patients with negative MRI is justified only under an extreme scenario of poor MRI properties. We recommend a value of at least ≥0.20. Our results suggest the need for future studies to look at how to best identify patients who need prostate biopsies despite negative MRI, likely by using individualized risk prediction., Patient Summary: In this study, we investigated whether the commonly used prostate-specific antigen density cutoff of 0.15 is justified to identify patients with negative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) who should proceed to a prostate biopsy. We found that this cutoff is appropriate only in case of very poor MRI quality, and a higher cutoff (≥0.20) should be used for the average MRI., (Copyright © 2022 European Association of Urology. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Plasma level of IgG autoantibodies to plasminogen was measured by ELISA in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia ( n=25), prostatic cancer ( n=17), lung cancer ( n=15), and healthy volunteers ( n=44). High levels of IgG to plasminogen were found in 2 (12%) of 17 healthy women, in 1 (3.6%) of 27 specimens in a healthy man, in 17 (68%) of 25 specimens in prostatic cancer, in 10 (59%) of 17 specimens in lung cancer, and in 5 (30%) of 15 specimens in benign prostatic hyperplasia. Comparison of plasma levels of anti-plasminogen IgG by affinity chromatography showed 3-fold higher levels in patients with prostatic cancer vs. healthy men. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report a case of 64-year-old male with prostate cancer and coagulation disorder presented with abdominal distension. He underwent abdomen and pelvis ultrasound for assessment of ascites, which showed localized fluid collections identified at the left and right iliac fossa. After that, non enhanced abdomen and pelvis CT scan was performed and showed heterogeneous organized collections identified along the psoas muscles bilaterally, causing focal contour bulge representing haematoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Acupuncture has been suggested as therapy for hot flashes in women with breast cancer and men with prostate cancer. In this systematic review, we sought to evaluate the long-term effects on vasomotor symptoms after the end of a defined treatment period of acupuncture in women with breast cancer and men with prostate cancer. Methods: A literature search revealed 222 articles within the field. With defined exclusion criteria, we identified 17 studies. We also used the Jadad quality score and identified seven studies with a score of at least 3. Results: Six of seven identified studies qualified for inclusion in an analysis that measured frequency of hot flashes weighted in relation to number of patients ( n = 172). The average reduction from baseline to end of acupuncture (ranging between 5 and 12 weeks of treatment) showed 43.2 % reduction of hot flashes. At the last follow-up (mean 5.8 months, range 3-9 months) after the end of therapy, the weighted reduction from baseline was sustained at 45.6 % in the 153 of 172 patients (89 %) who were followed up. Conclusions: Data from six prospective analyzed studies indicate at least 3-month effects after the end of acupuncture treatment for flashes in women with breast cancer and men with prostate cancer. However, larger randomized trials with long-term follow-up will be needed to confirm these preliminary findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the diagnostic ability of a completely automated computer-assisted diagnosis (CAD) system to detect metastases in bone scans by two patterns: one was per region, and the other was per patient. Materials and methods: This study included 406 patients with suspected metastatic bone tumors who underwent whole-body bone scans that were analyzed by the automated CAD system. The patients were divided into four groups: a group with prostatic cancer ( N = 71), breast cancer ( N = 109), males with other cancers ( N = 153), and females with other cancers ( N = 73). We investigated the bone scan index and artificial neural network (ANN), which are parameters that can be used to classify bone scans to determine whether there are metastases. The sensitivities, specificities, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and accuracies for the four groups were compared. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses of region-based ANN were performed to compare the diagnostic performance of the automated CAD system. Results: There were no significant differences in the sensitivity, specificity, or NPV between the four groups. The PPVs of the group with prostatic cancer (51.0 %) were significantly higher than those of the other groups ( P < 0.01). The accuracy of the group with prostatic cancer (81.5 %) was significantly higher than that of the group with breast cancer (68.6 %) and the females with other cancers (65.9 %) ( P < 0.01). For the evaluation of the ROC analysis of region-based ANN, the highest Az values for the groups with prostatic cancer, breast cancer, males with other cancers, and females with other cancers were 0.82 (ANN = 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, and 0.8), 0.83 (ANN = 0.7), 0.81 (ANN = 0.5), and 0.81 (ANN = 0.6), respectively. Conclusion: The special CAD system 'BONENAVI' trained with a Japanese database appears to have significant potential in assisting physicians in their clinical routine. However, an improved CAD system depending on the primary lesion of the cancer is required to decrease the proportion of false-positive findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Some studies of prostate cancer (PCa) have reported the presence of human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA. Polymorphisms in IL-10 gene can influence inflammation and immune response and may be related to the risk of prostate cancer. The capacity for IL-10 production varies according to the genetic composition of the IL-10 locus. We aimed to elucidate the relation between HPV infection and IL-10 polymorphism for the development of prostate cancer. We examined 108 formalin-fixed specimens for the existence of HPVs DNA and IL-10 -1082 genotype distribution. Materials and Methods: The DNA are extracted from archival prostate tissues of totally 108 patients, 40 of whom with adenocarcinoma and 68 with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Genotypes of IL-10 -1082 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) were performed using allele specific polymerase chain reaction (ARMS). HPV detection was performed by using conventional HPV primers. Results: HPVs DNA was detected in 15 of 68 BPH specimens (22%) and in 16 of 40 prostate PCa specimens (40%). Distribution of IL-10 -1082 genotype was not statistically different between PCa and BPH using chi-square (p> 0.05). There was not any association between HPVs DNA positivity and IL-10 -1082 genotypes. Conclusion: The results suggest that the HPVs DNA positivity might be involved in the etiology of a minority of prostate cancers. As result, we consider that future investigations are needed to provide conclusive evidence on the role of this pathogen and genes in the prostate cancer.

INTRODUCTION: Brachytherapy (BT) with real-time technique for the treatment of low and medium risk prostate cancer (CaP) has been a well known practice for over 25 years in the USA and for over 15 years in Italy. However, it is an uncommon procedure, because of problems related to the organization and cooperation among urologists, radiotherapists and physics, to the competition of alternative therapies, to dogmatic and educational beliefs, and to the poor knowledge of this technique. METHODS: Between May 1999 and July 2013, 400 patients with low and medium risk CaP underwent I 125 BT using a "real-time" approach. The seeds implantation was performed using a Mick applicator in the first 190 patients and the "QuickLink" technique in the last 210 cases. Oncologic results were reported for the first 250 cases with a mean follow-up of 10 years, while functional outcomes and complications were assessed in 350 patients with a minimum follow-up of 1 year. RESULTS: A good quality implantation was assessed in 90% of the patients (D90>145 Gy). A biochemical failure was assessed, based on Phoenix criteria, in 12 patients (4.8%). Out of these patients, 10 underwent prostate biopsy (the other 2 patients showed a systemic disease). The biopsy showed a CaP in 6/10 patients who underwent retropubic radical prostatectomy (4 patients) and external radiotherapy (2 patients) respectively. The remaining 4/10 patients with negative biopsy were treated with total androgen blockade (3 patients) and watchful waiting (1 patient) respectively. Functional results showed an incidence of postoperative irritative disorders in 70% of the patients during the first six months and a good recovery of erectile function in 78.8% and 68.2% of the patients after one and five years from BT respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Brachytherapy is a good alternative to radical prostatectomy in the low and medium risk prostatic cancers with excellent oncologic and functional results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]