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Objective: To describe the clinical and epidemiological characteristics, and to determine prognostic factors, event-free survival (EFS) and overall survival (OS) of patients with Ewing sarcoma family tumors (ESFT). Materials and methods: A retrospective study conducted in patients under 18 years of age with ESFT, treated at the Unit of Pediatric and Adolescent Oncology of the Hospital Edgardo Rebagliati between January 2006 and June 2016. The descriptive analysis was performed by frequency distribution. Kaplan-Meier curves were used for EFS and OS analysis. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed according to the Cox regression model for demographic, clinical and surgical variables, and prognostic factors. The measure of strength of association was expressed in hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI), and p<0.05 was considered for significant differences. Results: There were 29 cases of ESFT. The median age was 9 years (range 2-17), 55% were males. The most frequent location was the pelvis (31%). Fifty-nine percent (59%) had metastasis at diagnosis. The 3-year EFS in localized ESTF was 40.4% (± 14.4 EE) and with metastasis was 14.6% (± 12.2, EE). The 3-year OS in localized ESTF was 53.9% (± 17.8 EE) and with metastatic disease was 15.1% (± 9.7, EE). The tumor size =5cm (HR 14.84, p=0.01) and the presence of metastasis at the onset of the disease (HR 3.23, p=0.01) were independent prognostic factors of worse OS. There was no significant difference in prognosis regarding the gender, age, histological type, involvement of surgical borders or location of the tumor. Conclusions: ESFT are highly aggressive. The prognostic factors that contribute to a lower EFS and OS are the presence of metastasis at the onset of the disease and a tumor size =5cm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the legal structures and discursive framings informing the governance of one particular “backward” region of India, the Andaman Islands. I trace the shifting patterns of occupation and development of the islands in the colonial and postcolonial periods, with a focus on the changes wrought by independence in 1947 and the eventual history of planned development there. I demonstrate how intersecting discourses of indigenous savagery/primitivism and the geographical emptiness were repeatedly mobilized in colonial-era surveys and postcolonial policy documents. Postcolonial visions of developing the Andaman Islands ushered in a settler-colonial governmentality, infused with genocidal fantasies of the “dying savage.” Laws professing to protect aboriginal Jarawas actually worked to unilaterally extend Indian sovereignty over the lands and bodies of a community clearly hostile to such incorporation. I question the current exclusion of India from the global geographies of settler-colonialism and argue that the violent and continuing history of indigenous marginalization in the Andaman Islands represents a de facto operation of a logic of terra nullius. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lungs are one of most metastatic areas for primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET), however primary pulmonary PNET is extremely rare. Here we present a case of a 58-year-old male patient with a tumor in the right lung that originated from the lung but not from chest wall. Patient was diagnosed with PNET following histological and immunohistochemical examination of CT-guided percutaneous tru-cut needle biopsy and no distant metastasis were detected in PET-CT scan. As advised recently in published literature, surgical resection following neoadjuvant chemotherapy protocol is preferred in the treatment of our patient as it has better success of complete resection leading to higher 5-year survival rates. Although primary pulmonary PNET is uncommon, it should be taken into account and complete surgical resection should be aimed as treatment to achieve higher survival rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The posterior thigh muscles on the right side of an 81-year-old male cadaver had multiple variations, denoted muscles I-IV. Muscle I originated from the posteromedial surface of the greater trochanter and divided into two muscle bellies. These muscle bellies fused with the long head of the biceps femoris and were innervated by two branches from muscular branches of the semitendinosus and the long head of the biceps. Muscle II separated from the medial surface of the long head of the biceps in the proximal third and fused with the semitendinosus in the distal fourth. Muscle III was a biventer muscle. Its superior belly separated from the medial surface of the long head of the biceps in the distal third. The inferior belly of this muscle fused with the posterior surface of the crural fascia and was innervated by the tibial nerve. Muscle IV separated from the adductor magnus muscle, passed between the long and short heads of the biceps, fused with the inferior belly of muscle III, and was innervated by the muscular branch of the common fibular nerve to the short head of the biceps. Peeling off the epineurium of the muscular branches to the inferior belly of muscle III showed that this nerve fascicle divided from the common trunk with branches to the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles. The inferior bellies of muscle III and muscle IV were thought to be equivalent to the tensor fasciae suralis and tenuissimus muscles, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Four cases of cutaneous S-100 negative granular cell tumor were described in 1991. Until now, only 3 cases of oral involvement have been documented in English literature. Two additional cases of oral S-100 negative granular cell tumor are described. Immunohistochemical markers were applied to exclude other lesions that may show the presence of granular cells. The clinical findings were correlated with the histopathological and immunohistochemical features to arrive at the appropriate diagnosis. S-100 negative granular cell tumors are erythematous polypoid masses commonly mistaken for granulation tissue or a pyogenic granuloma. Any part of the oral cavity may be affected. Histopathologically, the lesions consist of sheets, nests, and fascicles of granular cells that are S-100 negative. The granular cells are non-reactive to SMA, HMB45, Melan A, and CD163. The intracytoplasmic granules are diffusely and strongly positive to NKI/C3. The cell lineage of the S-100 negative granular cell tumor is obscure. Absence of staining with CD163 excludes a histiocytic lineage. Absence of staining with S-100 excludes a neural origin. Absence of staining with S-100 and key melanoma markers HMB45 and Melan A also excludes a melanocytic origin. In this context, positive reactivity with NKI/C3 is indicative of presence of intracytoplasmic lysosomal granules only. Greater awareness of this lesion in the oral cavity will result in better characterization of its biologic potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aimirg at the problem of difficult to recognize and understand the hand-drawn symbols, because of irregular and fuzzy, the features of hand-drawn electrical symbols, stroke segmentation of the symbols, the identification of the primitive type, structural relations between primitives, the types of the similarity between symbols and other aspects were studied, and a new recognition method for hand-drawn electrical symbols based on structural relationship between primitives was proposed. First of all, hand-drawn electrical symbols were segmented into several primitives based on their characteristics. Then attributed relational graph was used to describe the attribution of the primitives and the structural relationship between primitives in hand-drawn electrical symbols. And a method for calculating the similarity of hand-drawn electrical symbols matching based on attributed relational graph was proposed. Finally, through calculating the similarity between the unknown symbol and the symbol in template library, the unknown hand-drawn electrical symbol was recognized successfully. The results indicate that the proposed method can be used to construct an effective, trainable, multiline character recognizer, which is not affected by the direction, the size and the drawing order of the symbol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the powers of the Fibonacci matrices are investigated and closed formulas for their entries are derived, related to the suitable terms of thek− step Fibonacci sequences in order to develop the properties of the irreducibility and primitivity of the Fibonacci matrices. Some bounds for the spectral radius and the modulus of the remaining eigenvalues of the Fibonacci matrices are presented. New formulas for computing of the odd and even terms of a special Fibonacci sequence are discussed, generalizing the Cassin’s and Sharpe’s formulas. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Possible worlds and propositions are the most fundamental building blocks of intensional semantics, as well as the most fundamental building blocks of modal logic. Within the standard possible-world semantics there are two prevailing approaches to the explication of possible worlds and propositions. The first approach treats possible worlds as primitive and specifies propositions in terms of them (propositions as sets of primitive possible worlds in which they hold). The second approach treats propositions as primitive and specifies possible worlds in terms of them (possible worlds as maximal consistent sets of primitive propositions). Supposing we wish to stay within the standard possible-world setting, the aim of this paper will be to compare these two approaches: Which arguments have been (can be) listed in their favour? Can these arguments help us to decide between them? It should be clear that the present paper is not going to explicate any modal notions (such as necessity, obligation, belief, and so on); its perspective will not be semantic or logical, but rather methodological. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author aims is to analyze the absurdity as the dominant of A. Platonov's existential worldview, a defining category of his anthropology. The author uses philosophical-anthropological approach, descriptive and comparative–historical methods for a discovery of the topic. The social-realistic approach to studying the writer's creativity is criticizing by the author. A. Platonov is considered as a bright carrier of an existential consciousness, an existential worldview. The investigator emphasizes that the peculiarity of the worldview of A. Platonov is a close interweaving of the absurdity with the primitive. This circumstance finds its embodiment in the writer's attempt to hold the principle of a special primitive view of the world - the view of the child. The result is the emergence of a world of bizarre forms of human existence, the world of absurdity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The alligator gar Atractosteus spatula is a primitive fish species, occupying a wide range of temperature and salinity habitats. Long-distance movements are limited, leading to genetic differentiation between inland and coastal populations. Unknown is whether physiological capacity differs between geographically separated populations, particularly for traits important to osmoregulation in saline environments. Alligator gar from inland and coastal populations were reared in a similar environment and exposed to temperature (10, 30 °C) and salinity (0, 20 ppt) extremes to determine whether iono- and osmoregulatory ability differed between populations. There were few differences in osmoregulatory ability between populations, with similar gill, blood and gastrointestinal tract osmoregulatory parameters. Blood plasma osmolality, ion concentrations, intestinal pH and bicarbonate base concentrations, intestinal fluid osmolality, ion concentrations and gill Na + , K + -ATPase (NKA) activity were similar between populations. Notably, gar from both populations did not osmoregulate well at low temperature and high salinity, with elevated plasma osmolality and ion concentrations, low gill NKA, and little evidence of gastrointestinal tract contribution to ionic and base regulation based on a lack of intestinal fluid and low base content. Therefore, the hypothesis that coastal gar would have improved osmotic regulatory ability in saline environments as compared to inland alligator gar was not supported, suggesting physiological capacity may be retained in primitive species possibly due to its importance to their persistence through time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to explore how in his last book Bergson moves away from the meaning assigned to the condition of civilized and primitive both in the common sense and in the science of his time. I intend therefore to show that the philosopher is successful in deviating from the meanings thus crystalized by the language only if, wriggling from the strict circumscription of certain fields of knowledge, he dares to operate a methodological transgression which, beyond scientific objectivity, at the same time carries out an effort of introspection and contemplates the perspective more general of life. By doing so, there appears the notion of "fabling function" that comes to reveal an archaic dimension of the primitive which not only persists in the civilized but that ultimately turns into one of the elements that makes the survival of the species viable. Furthermore, it will be seen that, according to Bergson, attributes generally associated with the development of civilization and to the contemporary Western man are equally experienced by the so-called primitives or uncivilized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Erupted lavas and tephras remain among the best tools we have to ascertain the mantle processes that give rise to the compositional diversity and spatial distribution of near-primary magmas at volcanic arcs. A compilation of mantle-melt thermobarometry for natural, primitive arc magmas to date reveals published estimates vary between ~1000-1600 °C at ~6-50 kbar. In addition to the variability of mantle melting processes within and between different arcs, this range of conditions is the result of different methodology, such as the nature of reverse fractional crystallization calculations, the choice of thermobarometer, how magmatic H2O was quantified and its calculated effect on pressure and temperature, and choices about mantle lithology and oxygen fugacity. New and internally consistent reverse fractionation calculations and thermobarometry for a representative subset of the primitive arc samples with adequate published petrography, measured mineral and melt compositions, and constraints on pre-eruptive H2O content suggest a smaller range of global mantle-melt equilibration conditions (~1075-1450 °C at ~8-19 kbar) than the literature compilation. The new pressure and temperature estimates and major element modeling are consistent with a model whereby several types of primitive arc magmas, specifically hydrous calc-alkaline basalt, primitive andesite and hydrous high-MgO liquid such as boninite, first form at the location of the water-saturated mantle solidus at pressures of ~20-35 kbar and rise into the hot core of the mantle wedge reacting with the mantle en route. Due to their re-equilibration during ascent, these hydrous magmas ultimately record the conditions in the hot, shallow nose of the mantle wedge at the end of their mantle ascent path rather than the conditions at their point of origin as often interpreted. When the mantle residue for this process is lherzolite, calc alkalinebasaltis generated. When themantleresidueis harzburgiteto dunite, either high-Mg primitive andesite or high-MgO liquid is generated, depending on the H2O content. A different type of primitive arc magma, specifically nominally anhydrous arc tholeiite, is generated by near-fractional decompression melting at or near the anhydrous lherzolite solidus in the upwelling back limb of corner flow at ~25-10 kbar and is focused into the same region of the shallow mantle wedge as the hydrous melts. The similarity in the terminus of the mantle ascent paths for both wet and dry primitive arc magmas likely explains their eruption in close spatial and temporal proximity at many arcs. The conditions of last mantle equilibration for primitive arc tholeiites generated by decompression melting also imply that the convecting mantle extends to 10 kbar (~30 km) or less below most arcs. The range of mantle-melt equilibration conditions calculated here agrees well with the range of temperatures predicted for the shallow mantle wedge beneath arcs by geodynamic models, although it suggests some subduction zones may have higher maximum temperatures at shallower depths in the wedge than originally predicted. Primitive hydrous arc magmas also constrain natural variation on the order of 200-250 °C in the maximum temperature in the hot shallow nose of the mantle wedge between arcs. Thus the new primitive magma thermobarometry presented here is useful for understanding melt migration processes and the temperature structure in the uppermost part of the mantle wedge, as well as the origin of different primitive magma types at arcs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to continue the study of chief factors of a Lie algebra and to prove a further strengthening of the Jordan–Hölder theorem for chief series. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper provides the first steps in classifying the finite solvable groups having Property A, which is a property involving abelian normal subgroups. We see that this classification is reduced to classifying the solvableChermak–Delgado simple groups, which the author defines. The notion of “Chermak–Delgado simple,” or “CD-simple” for short, is a generalization of simple groups through the Chermak–Delgado lattice. The author completes a classification of Chermak–Delgado simple groups under certain restrictions on the primes involved in the group order. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

For a primitive group G acting on a finite set $$\Omega $$ , we define the orbital diameter to be the maximum of the diameters of all orbital graphs of G. In this paper, we study the orbital diameters of symmetric and alternating groups. We give necessary numerical conditions for the orbital diameter to be bounded by some constant c and give precise descriptions of the actions for which the orbital diameter is bounded by 5. For each primitive action, we also either determine all orbital graphs of diameter 2 or give descriptions of infinite families of orbital graphs of diameter 2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The problem of finding the plane supporting curve (brachistochrone) along which a heavy particle released from rest at the given starting point slides with dry (Coulomb) friction and reaches the given destination point in least time, is stated as a variational isoperimetrical problem. The finite parametric equations of the extremal curve are obtained. This curve is the sought-for brachistochrone if the solution of the problem exists. Several numerical examples are given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Steady-state production of all circulating blood cells in the adult ultimately depends on hematopoietic stem cells ( HSCs), which first arise in small numbers beginning at embryonic day (E) 10.5 in large arterial vessels of the murine embryo. However, blood cell synthesis first begins in the yolk sac beginning at E7.25 and consists of two waves of hematopoietic progenitors. The first wave consists of primitive erythroid, megakaryocyte, and macrophage progenitors that rapidly give rise to maturing blood cells of all three lineages. This 'primitive' wave of progenitors is followed by a partially overlapping wave of 'erythro-myeloid progenitors', which contain definitive erythroid, megakaryocyte, macrophage, neutrophil, and mast cell progenitors that seed the fetal liver and jump-start hematopoiesis before the engraftment and expansion of HSCs. These two waves of progenitors that arise in the yolk sac are necessary and even sufficient to sustain the survival of the mouse embryo until birth in the absence of HSCs. They provide key signals to support HSC emergence. Finally, HSC-independent hematopoiesis also provides long-lived tissue-resident macrophage populations that function in multiple adult organs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An iterative algorithm used with variable block size of public key encryption, multiple 32-m bits. Encrypt text runs in steps. As cryptographic primitives are used: stochastic scrolling block, bi-directional sliding coding, nonlinear and stochastic substitution permutation-adjustment elements of the elements of the block. The cryptotransformers of each 256-bit block is under the governance leniem individual block key, which varies depending on the encrypted data and secret round key.

This article examines texts by Elisabeth Wilson and Martin Heydrich written in 1914 at the University of Leipzig on the subject of ‘primitive’ ornament. Both synopsize the history and literature of this field from its beginnings in the nineteenth century to the time of their writing. This article considers how Wilson and Heydrich represent this history and how the field’s multidisciplinary practitioners perceived its pressing problems. Above all, Wilson and Heydrich set up a number of recurring oppositions between major approaches to ‘primitive’ art and ornament, between ‘materialist’ interpretation, allied with archaeology, symbolic interpretation practiced for the most part by ethnologists, and an ‘aesthetic’ approach, pursued by art theorists and focused on the psychological will of its creators. These issues and this configuration of approaches are further examined in one of August Schmarsow’s important essays on art history and ethnology.

This article examines the relationship between the French fin-de-siècle painter Paul Gauguin’s (1848-1903) anti-modernism and the ideology behind the colonial project. Setting out to refute the Western materialistic ‘civilisation’, Gauguin embraced the supposed savage, primitive, and pure ‘Other’. In paintings such as ‘Breton Calvary’ (1889) and ‘The Specter Watches Her’ (1892), Gauguin uses Breton farmers and Tahitian women as formal embodiments of his imagined ‘earthly paradise’ and the primordial ‘savage’ character. However, as the postmodern philosopher Michel Foucault (1926-1984) argues, there is always a relationship of power within a discourse. Through defining what is ‘primitive’ and what is ‘civilised’ from within a Western paradigm, Gauguin is testifying to a Western hegemony. Though Gauguin’s idealisation of the ‘primitive’ essentially sought to criticise the Western colonial discourse, it essentially reinforces its main ideological justification: the hierarchical dichotomy between the ‘primitive’ and the ‘civilised’.

Les lymphomes malins non-hodgkiniens (LMNH) primitifs du sein sont des tumeurs rares. Leur symptomatologie clinique est polymorphe. L'imagerie médicale est non-spécifique. Le diagnostic peut être évoqué à l'examen cytologique, sa confirmation est toujours histologique. Il s'agit essentiellement de lymphomes de type B, ceux de type NK/T restant rares. Les plus fréquents sont les lymphomes diffus à grandes cellules présentant la particularité de donner des rechutes sous forme d'extension au système nerveux central. Nous rapportons un cas de LMNH primitif bilatéral du sein chez une patiente âgée de 33 ans, révélé par deux nodules mammaires bilatéraux. La mammographie et l'examen extemporané ont évoqué une tumeur phyllode. Le diagnostic du LMNH n'a été fait qu'après examen histologique définitif. Sous chimiothérapie, l'évolution était favorable avec un recul de 15 mois.

Les appendagites sont une cause rare de douleur abdominale chez l'adulte, elles simulent souvent le tableau d'une appendicite aiguë ou une sigmoïdite, le diagnostic est souvent poser par une TDM ou lors d'un acte chirurgicale, le traitement est essentiellement médicale.

From Burnside'spαqβ-Theorem, it follows that any nonabelian group of orderpαqβ, wherepandqare primes, cannot be simple. As a main result of this article, we state and prove an analog of the mentioned theorem for commutative association schemes. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Copyright of Dialogue: Canadian Philosophical Review is the property of Cambridge University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this paper we derive a formula for the number of N -free elements over a finite field F q with prescribed trace, in particular trace zero, in terms of Gaussian periods. As a consequence, we derive several explicit formulae in special cases. In addition we show that if all the prime factors of q − 1 divide m , then the number of primitive elements in F q m , with prescribed non-zero trace, is uniformly distributed. Finally we explore the related number, P q , m , N ( c ) , of elements in F q m with multiplicative order N and having trace c ∈ F q . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We show that special Jordan systems J which are free of torsion over a scalar ring imbed in primitive (hence strongly prime) Jordan systems J ˜ = J ⊕ Heart ( J ˜ ) with simple primitive heart. We show examples of exceptional Jordan systems which cannot be imbedded in a nondegenerate system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relational complexity $$\rho (X,G)$$ of a finite permutation group is the least k for which the group can be viewed as an automorphism group acting naturally on a homogeneous relational system whose relations are k-ary (an explicit permutation group theoretic version of this definition is also given). In the context of primitive permutation groups, the natural questions are ( a) rough estimates, or (preferably) precise values for $$\rho $$ in natural cases; and ( b) a rough determination of the primitive permutation groups with $$\rho $$ either very small (bounded) or very large (much larger than the logarithm of the degree). The rough version of ( a) is relevant to ( b). Our main result is an explicit characterization of the binary ( $$\rho =2$$ ) primitive affine permutation groups. We also compute the precise relational complexity of $${{\mathrm{Alt}}}_n$$ acting on k-sets, correcting (Cherlin in Sporadic homogeneous structures. In: The Gelfand Mathematical Seminars, 1996-1999, pp. 15-48, Birkhäuser , Example 5). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The class of finitely presented algebras over a field with a set of generators and defined by homogeneous relations of the form , where runs through a subset of the symmetric group of degree , is investigated. Groups in which the cyclic group is a normal subgroup of index are considered. Certain representations by permutations of the dihedral and semidihedral groups belong to this class of groups. A normal form for the elements of the underlying monoid with the same presentation as the algebra is obtained. Properties of the algebra are derived, it follows that it is an automaton algebra in the sense of Ufnarovskij. The universal group of is a unique product group, and it is the central localization of a cancellative subsemigroup of . This, together with previously obtained results on such semigroups and algebras, is used to show that the algebra is semiprimitive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the sources usually disregarded by the scholarship on 18th century architecture is a volume of seven letters published in 1787 by an obscure architect, Viel de Saint-Maux, under the ambitious title Lettres sur l'Architecture des Anciens, et celle des Modernes, dans lesquelles se trouve dévelopé le génie symbolique qui présida aux Monuments de l'Antiquité. The author of these letters speculated on the grounding of (classical) architecture onto an essentially tectonic culture, disregarding completely the paradigm of the forest. More precisely, according to him, the modern architecture must have been rooted in the megalithic assemblies which, furthermore, were religiously connoted through the medium of mysterious inscriptions. Extravagant and obscure as they were, the conjectures advanced by Viel de Saint-Maux are worth being read as an attempt to revive the theoretical discourse -- even if virulently contesting the Vitruvian tradition -- by resorting to allegory and symbolism. It is precisely this intricacy of myth, metaphor and history encapsulated within Viel de Saint-Maux's discourse that my paper deals with. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article we investigate: conditions under which a primitive idempotent in a ring is central; the set of right idealseRwhere e is a primitive idempotent in a ring R; the set of primitive idempotent ideals of a ring; and idempotent elements in the ring of matrices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Yedi is the property of YEDI (Dokuz Eylul Universitesi Guzel Sanatlar Fakultesi Yayini) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction: Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumour (PNET) is a rare, aggressive and highly malignant group of tumours composed of small round cells of neuroectodermal origin or neural crest cells. PNET generally manifests in childhood or early adulthood. Its involvement in the paranasal sinuses is very rare. To date, only less than five cases of PNET involving the paranasal sinuses have ever been reported worldwide. However, its primary involvement in the ethmoid sinus has never been reported elsewhere before. Objective: To report an extremely rare case of PNET originating from the ethmoid sinus as the primary site of this tumour. Design: Retrospective case note analysis. Materials & Methods: Review of the patient's clinical note was made. Results: We describe an extremely rare case of PNET that originated from the ethmoid sinus of a 10 year old boy as the primary site of this tumour. The boy initially presented to us with rapid onset 3 months history of progressive unilateral left eye proptosis, blurring of vision, headache and unilateral left sided nasal congestion. Radiological investigation revealed a locally aggressive heterogeneous solid tumour originating from the left ethmoid sinus with local destruction of the left medial orbital wall and erosion of the anterior skull base with exposed dura. The tumour was resected surgically by transnasal endoscopic approach with subsequent post-operative multidrug adjuvant chemotherapy. Immediate clinical improvement was observed post-operatively. At 1 year follow-up post-surgery and chemotherapy, our patient had shown continual clinical improvement with no clinical evidence of tumour recurrence or distant metastasis. Conclusion: PNET originating from the ethmoid sinus has never been reported elsewhere before. In this case report, we discuss the rarity of this tumour, the disease progression, investigations and treatment of this highly aggressive malignant tumour in our patient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]