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177 results on '"long-term observation"'

152. Long-term observations of oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs) in an urban atmosphere in southern China, 2014-2019.

Author

Xia SY, Wang C, Zhu B, Chen X, Feng N, Yu GH, and Huang XF

Subjects
Atmosphere, China, Environmental Monitoring, Air Pollutants analysis, Volatile Organic Compounds analysis
Abstract

Oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs) are important precursors and intermediate products of atmospheric photochemical reactions, which can promote the formation of secondary pollutants such as ozone (O 3 ) and secondary organic aerosol (SOA). However, there have been few studies on the sources of and long-term variation in ambient OVOCs. This study combined sensitive, near real-time measurements of VOCs by proton transfer reaction-mass spectrometry (PTR-MS) with an improved photochemical age parameterization method to quantify daytime sources of OVOCs in an urban atmosphere in China from 2014 to 2019, permitting the observation of the impacts of emission control strategies that were implemented during this period. Temporal variation in six key OVOCs (methanol, acetaldehyde, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone (MEK), formic acid, and acetic acid) were observed. The sum of concentrations of OVOCs was averagely 13% higher during the dry season (November to April), when winds transported polluted air masses to Shenzhen from the continent, than during the wet season, and peak diurnal levels occurred during the daytime year-round due to photochemical production and higher daytime anthropogenic emissions. The average dry season concentration of OVOCs declined from a peak of 30.3 ppb in 2015 to 18.7 ppb in 2019. The results of source apportionment showed that primary anthropogenic sources contributed the most to methanol, MEK, and acetic acid (32-51%); the dominant sources of acetaldehyde and formic acid were both primary and secondary anthropogenic sources; and biomass burning contributed a small fraction (5-11%) to the six OVOCs. From 2014 to 2019, contributions from primary anthropogenic sources of OVOCs decreased significantly by 50-60% due to intensive pollution control measures in Shenzhen, whereas pollution control measures had no observable impact on secondary OVOCs, indicating their formation was not limited by availability of their primary VOC precursors., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Published
2021
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153. Incidence and baseline characteristics of relapse or exacerbation in patients with pulmonary sarcoidosis in Japan.

Author

Murata O, Suzuki K, Takeuchi T, and Kudo A

Abstract

Background: To identify the incidence and baseline characteristics of relapse and exacerbation in patients with pulmonary sarcoidosis over a long-term period., Methods: We enrolled 103 patients. The incidence and characteristics of relapse or exacerbation were retrospectively recorded and statistically analysed., Results: Of 103 patients, 79% were women. Mean age at diagnosis was 50.1 ± 16.4 y. Mean observation period was 9.8 ± 8.6 y. Overall relapse or exacerbation was 22.3% (n = 23) and mean time from diagnosis (including diagnosis of ocular disease at another facility) to relapse or exacerbation was 8.7 ± 8.3 y. We analysed the data of 69 -patients who were observed for > 5 y and identified relapse or exacerbation within 5 y in 9 patients. -Comparison of characteristics at diagnosis between the relapse/exacerbation group and the improved/stable group showed that the relapse/exacerbation group had a significantly higher frequency of bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy, longer disease duration, ocular involvement, cardiac involvement, and oral glucocorticoid use at diagnosis ( P = 0.014, 0.027, 0.019, 0.035, and 0.0043, respectively). The number of risk factors was positively and significantly associated with the cumulative rate of relapse/exacerbation ( P = 0.048)., Conclusion: Our long-term observational cohort study newly identified the incidence and baseline risk factors for relapse or exacerbation in patients with pulmonary sarcoidosis over a long-term period. Scoring the number of factors at baseline may facilitate the prediction of relapse or exacerbation., Competing Interests: We thank Libby Cone, MD, MA, from DMC Corp. (www.dmed.co.jp ) for editing drafts of this manuscript.The authors declare no conflicts of interest on this study.All procedures were approved by the medical ethics committee of Hachinohe Red Cross Hospital and followed the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki., (Copyright: © 2021 SARCOIDOSIS VASCULITIS AND DIFFUSE LUNG DISEASES.)

Published
2021
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154. Characteristics and alongshore variability of sandbar migration on the Chirihama and neighboring beach

Subjects
千里浜海岸, 砂州, 周期変動, periodic migration, long-term observation, sandbar, 長期観測, Chirihama beach
Abstract

The characteristics of spatiotemporal variation of the multiple bar system on the Chirihama and neighboring beach, Japan, have been investigated using a set of field surveys collected over 13 years and aerial photographs during 1947 to 2010. In the north and middle of the study area temporal variation of sandbar configuration is characterized by the presence of cyclic cross-shore migration with approximately 4 to 6 years return period. The direction of systematic inter-annual migration is net offshore. The migration features indicate substantial alongshore variability. On the north part the behavior of bar system is quasi two-dimensional. On the middle to south area several three-dimensional configuration and deformation such as bar switching and bifurcation are observed.

Published
2013

155. Characteristics of Inter-Annual Bar Migration on the Ishikawa Coast, Japan

Subjects
砂州, 周期変動, 石川海岸, periodic migration, long-term observation, Ishikawa Coast, sandbar, 長期観測
Abstract

This study analyzes a bathymetric dataset sampled annually for 51 years along the Ishikawa Coast, Japan, where the morphological variation is characterized by the cyclic cross-shore migration of bars with approximately 10-year return period. Five cycles have been identified from 1960 to 2010. The variability of spatial pattern during individual cycle is analyzed to quantify the characteristics of three-dimensional morphological evolutions. Considerable changes in plan shape were observed such as quasi-regular crescentic patterns, parallel alignment of oblique bars, disconnection and realignment of bars. This is in contrast to the quasi two-dimensional progress of net offshore migration (NOM) of sandbars reported in the Netherlands, New Zealand, Denmark, and Japan.

Published
2013

156. Severe multiple rabid dog bite injuries in a child in central China: Continuous 10-year observation and analysis on this case.

Author

Zhu Z, Huang S, Lu S, Zhang M, Meng S, Hu Q, and Fang Y

Subjects
Animals, China, Dogs, Post-Exposure Prophylaxis, Bites and Stings complications, Rabies prevention & control, Rabies Vaccines
Abstract

Dog bites are common in rural areas of underdeveloped countries or regions, affecting persons of different ages. Suspected rabid dog bites will lead to more severe outcomes, especially in children because injuries often occur on their heads and faces that are highly innervated parts of the body. In such circumstances, immediate and complete post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) will be essential, though vaccine hesitancy is a problem. Herein, we report a 4-y-old girl who was seriously bitten by a confirmed rabid dog in rural China. Multiple lacerations and punctures distributed on her head, neck, face, extremities, and back after being bitten. It was in question that surgery or PEP should be performed in priority when the dog was not confirmed rabid at first, but considering the risks of rabies, immediate PEP was provided to her, along with immunogenicity tests to ensure an adequate protective immune response. Because of the severity of her injuries, medical practitioners suggested her parents to bring her to take immunogenicity tests in 1-, 5-, and 10-y intervals to ensure adequate rabies virus-neutralizing antibodies (RVNA) titers. Her parents had a good preference for medical advices, and in the 10-y interval, it was found that her RVNA titer was below protection level, so a booster vaccination was given to her, and 14 d after that, according to immunogenicity test, RVNA titer arose quickly above the protection level.

Published
2020
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157. Characteristics of ground freezing and thawing under snow cover based on long-term observation

Subjects
snow cover period, 凍結深, long-term observation, frost depth, 土の凍結, 積雪期間, thawing of frozen soil, ground freezing, 長期観測, 凍土の融解
Abstract

application/pdf, 北海道東部地域の1定点（帯広畜産大学構内)で， 1981 ~2006年度冬期に土の凍結深と積雪深の観測を実施し，積雪下の土の凍結融解特性を分析した。その結果，年最大凍結深は，26冬期に5~55cmと年毎に大きく異なった。凍結深は，積雪深に影響され，積雪深が20cmに達するまでの積算寒度の平方根に比例することを確認した。一方，凍土の融解は，地中からの熱流の影響もあるが，根雪期間完了ごろに地表面から急速に進行する。そして，3月下旬から5月上旬までに凍土は完全に消失した。 この凍土が消失する深さは，根雪期間完了日から凍土消失日までに降雨や表土の再凍結がなければ，その聞の積算暖度の平方根に比例することが示された。これらの関係を用いて，帯広測候所の気温と積雪深データから196 1 ~ 1980年度の最大凍結深や凍土消失日の予測結果を加え，46冬期の長期特性を考察した。初冬の積雪の増加，最深積雪の増加，1991年以降の凍結指数減少などにより，最大凍結深は減少し，凍土消失日は4月中旬から上旬へ早まる， この半世紀の傾向が明らかになった。, Observations of frost and snow depths were conducted at the Obihiro University site located in eastern Hokkaido，Japan，from November 1981 to April 2007，and the characteristics of ground freezing and thawing under snow cover were analyzed. The results indicated that the annual maximum frost depth ranged from 5 to 55cm during the 26 winters. Frost depth is inftuenced by seasonal changes in snow depth，and it was confirmed that it is proportional to the square root of the freezing index when snow depth reaches 20cm. The thawing of frozen ground starts from the surface at the seasonal end of snow cover and finishes from late March to early May （last frost day) A linear relationship was found between the vanishing frost depth and the maximum frost depth. Further，the vanishing frost depth was found to be proportional to the square root of the thawing index. Based on these findings，the seasonal maximum frost depth，vanishing frost depth，and last frost day were calculated using meteorological data from 1961 to 1980 obtained :from Obihiro Meteorological Observatory. Taken together， we can conclude that the annual maximum frost depth has decreased in Ihe last half century and that the last frost day has shifted frorn mid to early April.

Published
2009

158. Long-Term Observation of Atmospheric Speciated Mercury during 2007–2018 at Cape Hedo, Okinawa, Japan.

Author

Marumoto, Kohji, Suzuki, Noriyuki, Shibata, Yasuyuki, Takeuchi, Akinori, Takami, Akinori, Fukuzaki, Norio, Kawamoto, Kazuaki, Mizohata, Akira, Kato, Shungo, Yamamoto, Takashi, Chen, Jingyang, Hattori, Tatsuya, Nagasaka, Hiromitsu, and Saito, Mitsugu

Subjects
*ATMOSPHERIC mercury, *AIR masses, *TREND analysis, *PRODUCTION control, *MERCURY, *SEASONAL temperature variations
Abstract

The concentrations of atmospheric gaseous elemental mercury (GEM), gaseous oxidized mercury (GOM), and particle-bound mercury (particles with diameter smaller than 2.5 μm; PBM2.5) were continuously observed for a period of over 10 years at Cape Hedo, located on the north edge of Okinawa Island on the border of the East China Sea and the Pacific Ocean. Regional or global scale mercury (Hg) pollution affects their concentrations because no local stationary emission sources of Hg exist near the observation site. Their concentrations were lower than those at urban and suburban cities, as well as remote sites in East Asia, but were slightly higher than the background concentrations in the Northern Hemisphere. The GEM concentrations exhibited no diurnal variations and only weak seasonal variations, whereby concentrations were lower in the summer (June–August). An annual decreasing trend for GEM concentrations was observed between 2008 and 2018 at a rate of −0.0382 ± 0.0065 ng m−3 year−1 (−2.1% ± 0.36% year−1) that was the same as those in Europe and North America. Seasonal trend analysis based on daily median data at Cape Hedo showed significantly decreasing trends for all months. However, weaker decreasing trends were observed during the cold season from January to May, when air masses are easily transported from the Asian continent by westerlies and northwestern monsoons. Some GEM, GOM, and PBM2.5 pollution events were observed more frequently during the cold season. Back trajectory analysis showed that almost all these events occurred due to the substances transported from the Asian continent. These facts suggested that the decreasing trend observed at Cape Hedo was influenced by the global decreasing GEM trend, but the rates during the cold season were restrained by regional Asian outflows. On the other hand, GOM concentrations were moderately controlled by photochemical production in summer. Moreover, both GOM and PBM2.5 concentrations largely varied during the cold season due to the influence of regional transport rather than the trend of atmospheric Hg on a global scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2019
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159. Seasonal physiognomical changes of a landscape from a botanical view-point, shown for the limestone areas in the vicinity of Göttingen : part 1: Analytical landscape phenology

Author

Dierschke, Hartmut

Subjects
arable fields, ddc:580, long-term observation, symphenology, phenological aspects, gardens, geophenophases, grassland, microbiotopes, geophenologic species groups
Abstract

Auf der Grundlage von Untersuchungen zum jahreszeitlichen Wechsel von Pflanzengesellschaften (Symphänologie), beginnend mit der Aufnahme phänologischer Daten auf Dauerflächen in Buchenwäldern seit 1981, und persönlichen langzeitigen Beobachtungen des jahreszeitlichen Landschaftswandels (Landschaftsphänologie) wird erstmals die jahreszeitliche Gliederung einer Kulturlandschaft in phänologische Phasen (Geophänophasen) vorgestellt. Beispiel ist das kollin-submontane Muschelkalkgebiet um Göttingen. Als Schlüsselfaktoren der Gliederung werden vor allem phänologische Ereignisse pflanzlicher Erscheinungsweisen benutzt, insbesondere Blühwellen geophänologischer Artengruppen mit gleichzeitigem Blühbeginn, dazu Aspekte der vegetativen Entwicklung von Austreiben und Beblätterung im Frühjahr bis zu Herbstfärbung und Laubfall, auch Auswirkungen landwirtschaftlicher Einflüsse. Für die phänologische Landschaftsanalyse werden vor allem die großflächigen Vegetationstypen von Gehölzen, Äckern und Grasland benutzt, zusätzlich verschiedene Kleinstrukturen. Neben der freien Landschaft werden auch die Gehölze der Siedlungsbereiche, insbesondere Gärten und Parks mit ihren zahlreichen exotischen Pflanzen, einbezogen. Die genauere Auswertung der zahlreichen Daten zeigt eine regelmäßige Verteilung phänologischer Erscheinungsweisen im Jahresverlauf und hat zur Aufstellung von 12 Geophänophasen geführt, größtenteils benannt nach zwei charakteristischen blühenden Arten von Gehölzen und Krautigen: 1 Corylus-Tussilago-Phase (Vorfrühling), 2 Salix caprea-Anemone nemorosa-Phase (Frühlingsbeginn), 3 Prunus spinosa-Taraxacum-Phase (Erstfrühling), 4 Fagus-Alopecurus pratensis-Phase (Vollfrühling), 5 Quercus robur-Ranunculus acris-Phase (Frühlingsende), 6 Crataegus laevigata-Leucanthemum ircutianum-Phase (Frühsommerbeginn), 7 Sambucus nigra-Papaver rhoeas-Phase (Frühsommerende), 8 Tilia cordata-Cirsium arvense-Phase (Hochsommer), 9 Clematis vitalba-Solidago canadensis-Phase (Spätsommer), 10 Hedera-Colchicum-Phase (Frühherbst), 11 Vollherbst-Phase, 12 Winter-Phase. Diese Abfolge kann als beispielhaft für weitere Bereiche Mitteleuropas angesehen werden. In diesem ersten Teil werden qualitative Aspekte der Geophänophasen beschrieben (Analytische Landschaftsphänologie). In einem zweiten Teil sollen quantitative Merkmale zusammenfassend dargestellt werden (Synthetische Landschaftsphänologie). On the basis of investigations of seasonal changes of plant communities (symphenology), beginning with the recording of phenological data on permanent plots in beech forests since 1981, and long-term personal observations of seasonal landscape changes (landscape phenology) the division of a cultural landscape into geophenophases is introduced for the first time. Example is the colline-submontane cultural landscape around Göttingen. Key criteria for the separation of geophenophases in a cultural landscape are especially phenological events of plant appearance, above all flowering waves of geophenologic species groups with synchronous onset of flowering, besides aspects of vegetative development from sprouting and leafing in spring until autumn coloration and leaf fall, and also effects of agricultural management. For the phenological landscape analysis especially common vegetation types such as wood, arable land and grassland are used, as well as different microbiotopes. In addition to the free landscape, settlement areas such as gardens and parks with their numerous exotic woody plants are included. Many observations show a regular pattern of phenological features leading to the establishment of 12 geophenophases, mainly named by two characteristic flowering woody and herbaceous plants: 1 Corylus-Tussilago phase (before spring), 2 Salix caprea-Anemone nemorosa phase (beginning of spring), 3 Prunus spinosa-Taraxacum phase (early spring), 4 Fagus-Alopecurus pratensis phase (full spring), 5 Quercus robur-Ranunculus acris phase (end of spring), 6 Crataegus laevigata-Leucanthemum ircutianum phase (beginning of early summer), 7 Sambucus nigra-Papaver rhoeas phase (end of early summer), 8 Tilia cordata-Cirsium arvense phase (full summer), 9 Clematis vitalba-Solidago canadensis phase (late summer), 10 Hedera-Colchicum phase (early autumn), 11 Full autumn phase, 12 Winter phase. This sequence of geophenophases can be seen as representative for larger parts of central Europe. In the first part analytical aspects of the geophenophases are described (analytical landscape phenology). In the second part quantitative aspects will be summarized (synthetical landscape phenology).

Published
2015

161. Influence of climatic factors on <italic>Ixodes ricinus</italic> nymph abundance and phenology over a long-term monthly observation in Switzerland (2000–2014).

Author

Hauser, Gaël, Rais, Olivier, Morán Cadenas, Francisca, Gonseth, Yves, Bouzelboudjen, Mahmoud, and Gern, Lise

Subjects
CASTOR bean tick, PHENOLOGY, BIOCLIMATOLOGY, COMMUNICABLE diseases, DISEASE vectors
Abstract

Background: One of the major public health challenges in the field of communicable diseases consists of being able to predict where and when a population is at risk of being infected by a pathogen. In the case of vector-borne diseases, such predictions often require strong ecological knowledge of the vector life-cycle and the environmental conditions promoting or preventing its establishment and maintenance. In this study, we analyse how climatic factors influence the abundance and phenology of the Lyme borreliosis vector Ixodes ricinus in a Swiss temperate forest, based on a long-term monthly observation over a period of 15 years (2000 and 2014). Results: Our results show that questing nymph density significantly decreased during the study period in the sampling area. Although the analyses of climatic variables point out the relative importance of air temperature, relative humidity and saturation deficit on nymph questing activity, the global trends followed by these variables over the study period failed to fully explain the observed decline. However, nymph phenology was additionally explained by the presence of climatic thresholds that limit the questing behaviours of ticks. Most notably, we found that the presumed upper threshold of air saturation deficit, which strongly limits the increase of questing nymph density and is typically reached in the middle of spring, was reached significantly earlier and earlier over years. Conclusions: In addition to phenology per se, the use of climatic thresholds may help to predict the presence and abundance of questing ticks in Lyme borreliosis endemic areas. Tick sensitivity to temperature or saturation deficit thresholds also suggests that extreme climatic events more than global trends may affect tick population dynamics. These two points may be of high importance in epidemiological short-term as well as long-term predictions. However, the highly unexplained variability in nymph density underlines the need for further studies that include other factors such as tick host abundance or tick microhabitats, two potentially influent factors that were not assessed in the present study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2018
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163. Clinical long-term results of a randomized trial comparing sequestrectomy alone versus discectomy

Author

Manall, P, Brenke, C, Schmieder, K, and Barth, M

Subjects
disc herniation, ddc: 610, long-term observation, lumbar spine, 610 Medical sciences, Medicine
Abstract

Objective: Sequestrectomy alone in cases of herniated lumbar disc disease has been reported as an attractive alternative to standard microdiscectomy. However, prospective long-term data from randomized trials are scarce. The two year-results of the present patient cohort comparing sequestrectomy (S)[for full text, please go to the a.m. URL], 64. Jahrestagung der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Neurochirurgie (DGNC)

Published
2013
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167. La chute de litière et la chimie de la litière changent au fil du temps dans une vieille forêt tempérée du Nord-Est de la Chine

Author

Li, Xuefeng, Hu, Yanling, Han, Shijie, Liu, Ying, and Zhang, Yan

Subjects
long-term observation, [SDV.SA.SF]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Silviculture, forestry, chimie de la litière, forest floor properties, chute de litière, propriétés du sol forestier, litter chemistry, litterfall, vieille forêt tempérée, old-growth temperate forest---observation à long terme
Abstract

International audience; Litterfall and litter chemistry are key factors for the assessment of forest floor properties. A long-term study on litterfall, litter chemistry and forest basal areas was carried out in an old-growth temperate forest, northeastern China.* The objective of this study was to test whether forest floor properties in the old-growth forest remain relatively constant.* Litterfall increased significantly over the past 27 y but litterfall of various litter components showed different temporal trends. Changes in proportions of various litter components, combined with the inherent chemistry differences among them, made litter carbon (C): nitrogen (N) and lignin:N ratios increase at an average rate of 0.19 and 0.16 per year, respectively, suggesting a decreasing trend in the forest floor C and N cycling rates. Changes in dominant tree species biomass significantly affected their corresponding foliar litter production and proportions in the total litterfall and therefore played a dominant role in regulating the developing trends of litter chemistry and quantity in this forest floor.* Our study indicated that forest floor properties in the old-growth forest still showed a directional change and this was mainly caused by the intrinsic changes rather than yearly climatic fluctuation.; Les chutes de litière et la chimie des litières sont des facteurs clés pour l'évaluation des propriétés de la couverture des sols forestiers. Une étude à long terme sur la chute des litières, la chimie des litières et les surfaces terrières a été effectuée dans une vieille forêt tempérée du nord-est de la Chine.* L'objectif de cette étude était de vérifier si les propriétés de la couverture du sol forestier dans la vieille forêt demeuraient relativement constantes.* Les chutes de litière ont augmenté sensiblement au cours des 27 dernières années, mais les différentes composantes ont montré différents trends. Des changements dans les proportions de divers composants de la litière, associés à des différences de chimie entre eux, ont fait que les rapports carbone de litière (C) : azote (N) et lignine : N ont respectivement augmenté d'un taux moyen de 0,19 et 0,16 par an, ce qui suggère une tendance à la baisse dans le tapis forestier des taux des cycle de carbone et d'azote. Des changements, dans la biomasse des arbres des essences dominantes, ont considérablement affecté leur production de litière feuillue correspondante et les proportions dans la litière totale et ont donc joué un rôle dominant dans la régulation du développement des tendances de la chimie de la litière et de la quantité de litière dans ce tapis forestier.* Notre étude a montré que les propriétés de la couverture du sol forestier dans la vieille forêt, ont encore montré un changement directionnel, ce qui a été principalement causé par des changements intrinsèques plutôt que par les fluctuations annuelles du climat.

Published
2010

168. Litterfall and litter chemistry change over time in an old-growth temperate forest, northeastern China

Author

Ying Liu, Shijie Han, Yanling Hu, Xuefeng Li, and Yan Zhang

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Forest management, propriétés du sol forestier, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Basal area, long-term observation, [SDV.SA.SF]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Silviculture, forestry, Nitrogen cycle, litterfall, old-growth temperate forest---observation à long terme, Forest floor, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, Ecology, forest floor properties, Temperate forest, Forestry, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, litter chemistry, 15. Life on land, Plant litter, Old-growth forest, 13. Climate action, chimie de la litière, chute de litière, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, Litter, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, vieille forêt tempérée
Abstract

International audience; Litterfall and litter chemistry are key factors for the assessment of forest floor properties. A long-term study on litterfall, litter chemistry and forest basal areas was carried out in an old-growth temperate forest, northeastern China.* The objective of this study was to test whether forest floor properties in the old-growth forest remain relatively constant.* Litterfall increased significantly over the past 27 y but litterfall of various litter components showed different temporal trends. Changes in proportions of various litter components, combined with the inherent chemistry differences among them, made litter carbon (C): nitrogen (N) and lignin:N ratios increase at an average rate of 0.19 and 0.16 per year, respectively, suggesting a decreasing trend in the forest floor C and N cycling rates. Changes in dominant tree species biomass significantly affected their corresponding foliar litter production and proportions in the total litterfall and therefore played a dominant role in regulating the developing trends of litter chemistry and quantity in this forest floor.* Our study indicated that forest floor properties in the old-growth forest still showed a directional change and this was mainly caused by the intrinsic changes rather than yearly climatic fluctuation.; Les chutes de litière et la chimie des litières sont des facteurs clés pour l'évaluation des propriétés de la couverture des sols forestiers. Une étude à long terme sur la chute des litières, la chimie des litières et les surfaces terrières a été effectuée dans une vieille forêt tempérée du nord-est de la Chine.* L'objectif de cette étude était de vérifier si les propriétés de la couverture du sol forestier dans la vieille forêt demeuraient relativement constantes.* Les chutes de litière ont augmenté sensiblement au cours des 27 dernières années, mais les différentes composantes ont montré différents trends. Des changements dans les proportions de divers composants de la litière, associés à des différences de chimie entre eux, ont fait que les rapports carbone de litière (C) : azote (N) et lignine : N ont respectivement augmenté d'un taux moyen de 0,19 et 0,16 par an, ce qui suggère une tendance à la baisse dans le tapis forestier des taux des cycle de carbone et d'azote. Des changements, dans la biomasse des arbres des essences dominantes, ont considérablement affecté leur production de litière feuillue correspondante et les proportions dans la litière totale et ont donc joué un rôle dominant dans la régulation du développement des tendances de la chimie de la litière et de la quantité de litière dans ce tapis forestier.* Notre étude a montré que les propriétés de la couverture du sol forestier dans la vieille forêt, ont encore montré un changement directionnel, ce qui a été principalement causé par des changements intrinsèques plutôt que par les fluctuations annuelles du climat.

Published
2010

170. Deep-sea borehole seismological observatories in the western Pacific: temporal variation of seismic noise level and event detection

Author

Yuka Kaiho, Takuji Yamada, E. Araki, Toshihiko Kanazawa, Kiyoshi Suyehiro, Masashi Mochizuki, Kazuo Nakahigashi, Masanao Shinohara, and Yoshio Fukao

Subjects
Seismometer, deep-sea borehole observatory, lcsh:QC801-809, Borehole, Environmental Seismic Intensity scale, Seismic noise, lcsh:QC851-999, Deep sea, lcsh:Geophysics. Cosmic physics, Geophysics, long-term observation, seismic noise level, broadband seismometer, lcsh:Meteorology. Climatology, Variation (astronomy), Vertical seismic profile, Seismology, Noise (radio), Geology
Abstract

Seismological networks provide critical data for better understanding the dynamics of the Earth; however, a great limitation on existing networks is the uneven distribution of stations. In order to achieve a more uniform distribution of seismic stations, observatories must be constructed in marine areas. The best configuration for oceanic seismic observatories is thought to be placement of seismometers in deep boreholes. Two deep-sea borehole seismological observatories (WP-1 and WP-2) were constructed in the western Pacific and form the initial installations of a 1000 km span network. At present, seismic records of more than 400 total days were retrieved from both the WP-1 and WP-2. Long-term variations in broadband seismic noise spectra (3mHz - 10 Hz) in the western Pacific were revealed from these records, and the data showed that ambient seismic noise levels in borehole observatories are comparable to those of the quietest land seismic stations. In addition, there is little temporal variation of noise levels in periods greater than 10 seconds. Due to this low seismic noise environment, many teleseismic events with magnitudes greater than 5 were recorded. It is confirmed that seismic observation in deep-sea borehole gives the best environment for earthquake observation in marine areas.

Published
2006

171. [Social adaptation of patients with organic mental disorders in childhood: the results of the long-term study].

Author

Shmakova OP and Mazaeva NA

Subjects
Adolescent, Child, Disability Evaluation, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Moscow epidemiology, Neurocognitive Disorders epidemiology, Quality of Life, Surveys and Questionnaires, Neurocognitive Disorders psychology, Social Adjustment
Abstract

Aim: To analyze the clinical and social outcomes of organic mental disorders (OMD), diagnosed in children and teens; establish the factors that are relevant for the formation of the clinical picture of OMD in different sexes; the circumstances that determine the dynamics of remote OMD and the level of social adaptation of patients in adulthood., Material and Methods: Four hundred and ninety-eight children with organic mental disorders were followed-up in one of neuropsychiatric outpatient clinics of Moscow, until they reached 23-25 years of age. The total duration of observation was from 7.5 to 22 years (M±σ: 17.3±3.5 years). Clinical-psychopathological and follow-up methods were used. To assess social functioning of patients, a form for recording social skills of adolescents and a questionnaire for assessment of social functioning and quality of life were used., Results and Conclusion: In 82% of patients, OMD reduced by the time of adulthood. Disorders with severe intellectual impairment, paroxysmal disorders, psychopathic syndrome, mixed forms of the disease were the causes of a lifelong disability in 3.6% of cases.

Published
2018
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172. Long-Term Clinical Course in a Patient with Complete Congenital Stationary Night Blindness.

Author

Kurata K, Hosono K, and Hotta Y

Abstract

Background: This report describes a 45-year-old man with complete congenital stationary night blindness (CSNB1) who has been followed up for 38 years., Case: The patient first visited our hospital as a 7-year-old boy with a complaint of low visual acuity. Best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was 0.5 in the right eye and 0.6 in the left eye. The refractive error was approximately -5.0 D in both eyes. The fundus showed only myopic changes. A bright-flash electroretinogram (ERG) revealed a negative configuration. We diagnosed CSNB and corrected the refractive error with glasses. We continued to monitor the ERG and various waveform components as well as visual acuity and the appearance of the fundus. All NYX exons were screened for a causative mutation by polymerase chain reaction amplification, and direct sequencing was performed., Results: By 10 years of age, BCVA had increased to 0.8 on the right and 0.9 on the left, with little change thereafter. The fundus continued to show only myopic changes. No changes were seen in the amplitude or implicit time of the a-wave or b-wave or in the b/a-wave ratio. A novel hemizygous insertion mutation, c.1205&#95;1206insT, p.(Glu404Argfs*89), was detected in exon 2 of the NYX gene., Conclusion: To our knowledge, this is the longest follow-up of a patient with CSNB1. No changes in the clinical course have been seen during follow-up. We believe that it is important to continue observations and accumulate clinical data for prognostic purposes on patients with CSNB1.

Published
2017
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173. Three-Dimensional Cyclic Behaviors of Multiple Sandbars on the Ishikawa Coast, Japan

Subjects
砂州, 周期変動, 石川海岸, periodic migration, long-term observation, Ishikawa Coast, sandbar, 長期観測
Abstract

The characteristics of spatiotemporal variation of the multiple bar system on the Ishikawa Coast, Japan, have been investigated using a set of field surveys collected over 51 years. For the time variation, the behavior of sandbars is characterized by the presence of cyclic cross-shore migration of outer bars with approximately 10-year return period. Five cycles have been recognized from 1960 to 2010. The evolution of outermost bar strongly exhibits three-dimensional features. On the contrary to the bar migration patterns observed at many of other sites, the bar position are observed to move landward during the decaying phase.

Published
2012

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