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One of the challenges in translating new therapeutic approaches to the patient bedside lies in bridging the gap between scientists who are conducting basic laboratory research and medical practitioners who are not exposed to highly specialized journals. This review covers the literature on photobiomodulation therapy as a novel approach to prevent and treat Alzheimer's disease, aiming to bridge that gap by gathering together the terms and technical specifications into a single concise suggestion for a treatment protocol. In light of the predicted doubling in the number of people affected by dementia and Alzheimer's disease within the next 30 years, a treatment option which has already shown promising results in cell culture studies and animal models, and whose safety has already been proven in humans, must not be left in the dark. This review covers the mechanistic action of photobiomodulation therapy against Alzheimer's disease at a cellular level. Safe and effective doses have been found in animal models, and the first human case studies have provided reasons to undertake large-scale clinical trials. A brief discussion of the minimally effective and maximum tolerated dose concludes this review, and provides the basis for a successful translation from bench to bedside.

Тhe article presents the results of studying the world experience in the field of technology, assortment of canned mushroom products and the possibility of their adaptation for domestic producers. A brief description of the results of patent research, available copyright certificates and applications for inventions related to technology, methods of production of canned products from mushrooms or with their addition, the composition of products and packaging materials. In order to study the world experience in the field of technology and methods of production of canned mushrooms, a review of marketing research of the range of products with mushrooms presented in certain European countries, such as Sweden, Denmark, Norway, and some Eastern European countries was conducted. Consumer preferences of assortment groups of canned mushrooms in the post-Soviet republics and European countries and the main world trends in the production of dishes based on mushrooms are established. The research provided the basis for selecting components and manufacturing techniques for developing new types of mushroom products adapted to the changing preferences and demand of domestic and Russian consumers, taking into account the growing influence of global and European trends in nutrition.

Мета: обґрунтування необхідності впровадження сучасних технологій та інструментів логістики у сферу лабораторних досліджень для забезпечення необхідного рівня якості та ефективності їх проведення.Матеріали та методи. Для досягнення мети дослідження проведено аналіз закордонної і вітчизняної наукової літератури та чинної нормативно-правової бази України. Методами дослідження є абстрактно-логічний, монографічний та метод системного аналізу.Результати дослідження. Обґрунтовано доцільність впровадження логістичного підходу в процес надання медичних, зокрема діагностичних послуг. Наведені існуючі алгоритми діагностики щитоподібної залози із зазначенням витрат усіх учасників процесу. Запропоновано альтернативний і більш економічний алгоритм дослідження пацієнтів із віддалених районів м. Харкова із використанням сучасних інформаційних і телекомунікаційних технологій.Висновки. Доведено, що логістика посідає одне з ключових місць у структурі управління лабораторними дослідженнями. Ефективно та чітко організований логістичний процес сприяє підвищенню якості та результативності проведення діагностичних послуг., Aim. To substantiate the necessity of implementation of modern technologies and logistics tools in laboratory researches in order to ensure the important level of quality and their carrying out efficiency.Materials and methods. In order to achieve the purpose of the research, an analysis of foreign and domestic scientific literature and the current regulatory framework ofUkraine have been conducted. Research methods are abstract-logical, monographic and system analysis used.Results. The expediency of logistic approach introduction in the process of providing medical, in particular diagnostic services has been substantiated. Existing algorithms for thyroid diagnostics have been given, indicating the costs of all participants in the process. An alternative and more economical algorithm for the study of patients from remote areas of Kharkiv using modern information and telecommunications technologies has been proposed.Conclusions. It has proved that logistics occupies one of the key places in the structure of laboratory research management. Effectively and clearly organized logistic process helps to improve the quality and effectiveness of diagnostic services., Цель: обоснование необходимости внедрения современных технологий и инструментов логистики в сферу лабораторных исследований для обеспечения необходимого уровня качества и эффективности их проведения.Материалы и методы. Для достижения цели исследования проведен анализ зарубежной и отечественной научной литературы и действующей нормативно-правовой базы Украины. Методами исследования является абстрактно-логический, монографический и метод системного анализа.Результаты исследования. Обоснована целесообразность внедрения логистического подхода в процесс предоставления медицинских, в частности диагностических услуг. Приведены существующие алгоритмы диагностики щитовидной железы с указанием затрат всех участников процесса. Предложен альтернативный и более экономический алгоритм исследования пациентов из удаленных районов г. Харькова с использованием современных информационных и телекоммуникационных технологий.Выводы. Доказано, что логистика занимает одно из ведущих мест в структуре управления лабораторными исследованиями. Эффективно и четко организованный логистический процесс благоприятствует повышению качества и результативности проведения диагностических услуг.

Superlubricity has been developing very rapidly in recent years as a new and important area in tribology. Many new phenomena and materials, as well as some new mechanisms in both liquid and solid superlubricity have been obtained. In liquid superlubricity, tens of new kinds of liquids with superlubricity have been found (e.g., water-based liquids, oil-based lubricants, and liquids combined with additives of two-dimensional (2D) materials that exhibit very good superlubricity properties under high pressure). In the field of solid superlubricity, more materials with superlubricity have been observed, including graphene-to-graphene surfaces, highly oriented pyrolytic graphite to graphene surfaces, and heterostructure surfaces where a friction coefficient as low as 0.00004 has been obtained. However, superlubricity is still under laboratory research. What is the future of superlubricity? What is the barrier restricting superlubricity from industrial applications? How do we transfer superlubricity from scientific research to industrial application? These questions and application fields of superlubricity in near future have been analyzed, and the concept of “superlubricitive engineering” has been proposed in the present work.

Firms often fail to shift from laboratory research to product development, and this failure is known as the Valley of Death. Although previous research has found solutions to the problem, the criti...

Gypseous soil, as one type of collapsible soils, is widely separated in Iraq. Gypsum concentrations of more 60% are not uncommon, and such soils are present in the western and northern parts of this country. Distresses in engineering facilities resulting from high collapse settlements are well known by the locals and as such causing much financial problems in government and private sectors. Soil improvement and replacement techniques are used as a result of tackle the large collapse of the soil. This laboratory research is directed in using lime piles to reduce the collapse potential of the gypseous soil. A comparison study is conducted between vertical lime piles and inclined lime piles. The inclination angle is chosen arbitrarily to be 30° to the vertical. A plain strain footing is used to simulate the separate foundation having length-to-width ratio (L/B) of 4. Three spacing patterns are used for each case of lime piles, namely B/3, B/2 and B. Test results reveal that inclined lime piles have much advantage over the vertical ones in reducing the collapse potential. Measured improvements in reducing settlement for inclined over vertical lime piles are 42% for spacing of B/3, 46% for spacing of B/2 and 27% for B. Unfortunately, the presence of lime piles has been found experimentally to increase the settlement in case, the collapsing soil is in dry condition compared to the untreated soil.

The paper presents one of the approaches for identifying fatty acids using gas chromatography, which significantly reduces the analysis time, and is equally effective when compared with the traditional method of studying the fatty acid composition. The determination of the composition of fatty acids today is a guarantee of quality in identifying various conformations and modifications of milk fat, the bioactive properties of individual acids of the omega-3 and omega-6 families, etc. Moreover, this method is time-consuming, therefore, the goal of this work is to optimize the parameters of this methodology for quick and regular analysis of fatty acid composition in laboratories and dairy enterprises. The analysis of the fatty acid composition was carried out using two columns with different stationary phases. A comparative evaluation of the analytical characteristics was carried out on two capillary chromatographic columns: SP-2560 100 ? 0.25 mm ID, 0.2 ?m with a stationary phase FFAP (traditional) and a gas chromatographic column BPX-70: stationary phase 70% cyanopropylphenyl dimethylpolysiloxane, 10 m ? 0.1 m ? 0.20 ?m. Detection was carried out using a flame ionization detector. A mixture of Supelco® 37 FAME Mix fatty acid methyl esters and Sigma-Aldrich methyl decanoate analytical standard was used as the standard. For data processing, the NetChrom software was used, the composition of fatty acid methyl esters was calculated by the internal normalization method. The analysis time of the first column was 49.07 minutes, for the second 8.44, respectively. The use of a stationary phase column of cyanopropylphenyl dimethylpolysiloxane significantly reduced the analysis time when eluting a complex composition of fatty acids. The studies were carried out using modern analytical techniques and arbitration methods of analysis in the laboratory of technochemical control of the All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of the Dairy Industry. This adapted analysis method will be of interest to specialists in the field of laboratory research and processing enterprises.

In clinical reports, individuals high on social anxiety are often described to avoid gaze at other people, whereas several experimental studies employing images of persons yielded conflicting results. Here, we show that gaze avoidance crucially depends on the possibility of social interactions. We examined gaze behaviour in individuals with varying degrees of social anxiety in real‐life and in a second group of participants using a closely matched laboratory condition. In the real‐life situation, individuals with a higher degree of social anxiety had a reduced bias to look at near persons compared to individuals with a lower degree of social anxiety, while gaze behaviour in the laboratory group was not modulated by social anxiety. This effect was specific to social attention since there was no corresponding effect regarding fixations on objects. The presence of anxiety effects in real‐life but not in the laboratory condition, where participants do not expect to be evaluated by gazed‐at conspecifics, points to critical deficits of current laboratory research paradigms in eliciting authentic social attentional mechanisms, possibly leading to spurious results.

Główne wyniki opracowania RETwix zostały przedstawione w artykule. RETwix jest uniwersalnym sprzętem i oprogramowaniem do badań laboratoryjnych, które można wykorzystać do badania zarówno komponentów elektronicznych, jak i dowolnych procesów elektrycznych, termicznych, chemicznych lub biochemicznych. W tym celu zostały wykorzystane czujniki, aktuatory i przetworniki sygnału Analog Front-End. RETwix zawiera dwa urządzenia CV-LAB (Capacitance & Voltage LABoratory) oraz UA-LAB (Universal Analog LABoratory). Zostały opisane osobliwości budowy oraz przykłady zastosowania RETwix.

Цель. Исследовать факторы, способствующие снижению сохраняемости растворов пенообразователей общего и целевого назначения для тушения пожаров при их длительном хранении в составе стационарных автоматических установок пожаротушения. Методы. Проведение лабораторных исследований свойств пенообразователей общего и целевого назначения для тушения пожаров по показателям кратность и устойчивость пены, водородному показателю, а также исследований коррозионной активности растворов пенообразователей с добавлением стабилизирующих составов. Результаты. Установлены причины, способствующие снижению сохраняемости растворов пенообразователей общего и целевого назначения для тушения пожаров, предложены способы повышения их сроков годности. Область применения исследований. Представленные результаты исследований могут быть использованы при разработке и производстве новых пенообразователей для тушения пожаров и их хранении в составе стационарных автоматических установок пожаротушения.

Development of teaching material based on laboratory research is one way that can be done to improve students' creative thinking abilities in meeting the challenges of 21st century learning. The aims of this study are to determine the feasibility of the developed environmental chemistry modules, to improve of students' thinking abilities and determine the students’ responses to the use of modules in environmental chemistry lectures. Module development by R and D methods 4D model, namely Define, Design, Develop and Disseminate. Module quality is determined by expert validation test. Based on the results of expert validation, the module developed obtained 90.91% percentage of eligibility with a very good category. Based on the N-Gain value obtained, an increase in students' creative thinking abilities on the aspect of flexibility was 0.47, and the aspect of elaboration was 0.64 with medium category. The student responses to the use of modules in learning enviromental chemistry obtained a percentage of 83.82% with very good category.

Biochemical studies of alternative human biological fluids are not common in laboratory practice due to the lack of validation methods. The aim of the study was to validatе on semen plasma routine biochemical research methods using an automatic biochemical analyzer. The studies were carried out on a Cobas Integra 400 plus automatic biochemical analyzer (Roche, Switzerland) using original Roche reagents (Switzerland). Materials for the study were 30 samples of semen plasma obtained from clinically healthy men of reproductive age. Planning and organization of validation activities were carried out in accordance with GOST ISO 15189–2015. The functional characteristics of the methods were determined in accordance with Order 45 of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation «On a system of measures to improve the quality of clinical laboratory research in healthcare facilities of the Russian Federation», and protocols of the CLSI Institute of Clinical Laboratory Standards (USA). It was possible to establish acceptable levels of linearity, precision and specificity for 31 of the 33 analytes studied. Also, the necessary dilution for 12 analytes was established empirically. Establishing the analytical reliability of biochemical methods for studying semen plasma opens up new possibilities for studying the metabolic characteristics of this biological fluid, and therefore expands the range of possibilities for its use as an object of laboratory research.

Стрімка зміна умов життя сучасної людини, погіршення екологічної ситуації впливає на сталість показників, які отримуються емпіричним шляхом у лабораторних умовах під час дослідження різних представників рослинного світую. Для цього необхідні знання щодо класифікації пряно-ароматичних рослин, які не одне десятиліття широко застосовуються у повсякденному житті, відомостей стосовно біохімічного складу таособливостей їх використання. Тим самим відзначається необхідність підвищення зв’язку теоретичних знань із біології з їх практичним застосуванням. Знання основних біологічних особливостей рослин, зокрема, лікарських, їх біохімічних характеристик, уміння використовувати ці знання у практичній діяльності, а також здатність до прогнозування – один із елементів підґрунтя, на якому базується успішна майбутняпрофесійна діяльність. Дослідження спрямоване на пошук комплексу засобів і умов формування у студентів – майбутніх біологів – практичних навичок самостійного вирішення завдань стосовно вибору та використання біоматеріалу. Проблема полягає в тому, що не зважаючи на однакову методику навчання і лабораторні умови, результати досліджень майбутніх фахівців відрізняються. Встановлення достовірності результату передбачало визначення системності появи похибок, порушення вимог, схожості за внутрішніми та зовнішніми характеристиками біоматеріалу тощо. Вперше введені критерії оцінювання процесуальних дій під час проведення досліджень в лабораторних умовах навчання, що було взято за основу в розробленні нової методики. Представлено методику навчання, в якій відображено сутність творчого підходу до отримання власних наукових результатів під час освітнього процесу в закладі вищої освіти. Запропонована методика спрямована на розширення обсягу теоретичних знань, синтезу їх для втілення у процес цілеспрямованої практичної роботи, формування умінь визначати новизну, швидко виконувати процесуальні дії, розвивати творче самовиявлення.

As a host for therapeutic protein expression, Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are widely utilized in the mainstream biopharmaceutical industry. Cell culture process development plays an important role in transitioning laboratory research to manufacturing. Among different mathematic tools, kinetic modeling is commonly achieved through analyzing cell culture data to design process parameters, optimize media, and scale up bioreactors. In this review, we examine key factors for upstream process development, and summarize currently used kinetic modeling strategies. In addition, two original examples of kinetic modeling application optimizing cell culture performance are presented. A comprehensive understanding is provided for the kinetic modeling and its applications in cell culture process development.

The aim of this study was to assess if the curing mode and the etching mode could affect the push-out bond strength of different post cementation systems using two universal adhesives.A total of 100 single-rooted teeth were divided into PrimeBond Elect (PBE), PrimeBond Active (PBA), and PrimeBond XP (PBXP) as a control. The PBE, PBA, and PBXP were used in the self-etch (SE) and etch and rinse (ER) mode. Post cementation was performed using Core X flow used in dark-cure and in light-cure. Data were analyzed using the one-way ANOVA test andBond strength was significantly influenced by the adhesive strategies. The PBE and PBA obtained higher values when used in the SE mode (The PBA and PBE universal adhesives obtained higher PBS values when used in the SE mode and followed by the light-curing of resin cement.Universal adhesives represent a good alternative to the conventional total-etch adhesive system for fiber post cementation. Since they perform better in SE, they would be recommendable in clinical practice, as they can be used with a simplified technique.

Neuropathic pain after spinal cord injury is common and debilitating. Several nonpharmacological neuromodulation techniques have been tried with controversial outcomes. A novel intervention called breathing-controlled electrical stimulation (BreEStim) is developed based on discoveries about the systemic effects of voluntary breathing and the physiological interactions with body systems. Recent laboratory research studies are reviewed. The results demonstrated that BreEStim produced effective analgesic effects with the restoration of autonomic dysfunction via central neuromodulatory mechanisms. A case of long-term application of BreEStim highlights its clinical therapeutic potential.

In this studio and laboratory research study, the suitability of several glazes for use on the earthenware clays used by local potters in the internal provinces of Oman was investigated. The aim was to develop suitable, economic glazes from local materials for use with Omani earthenware clays that could form an adequate adhesive bond with the clay surface and be used in ceramics decoration in local educational institutions. In particular, the experiments in this study mainly evaluated the use of Ferro Frit 3110 in different glazing recipes. It is a calcium- and sodium-rich frit with oxides that are stable and predictable, and it is more dependable in chemical composition than other raw materials. The final results can help to reduce the cost of importing ready-made expensive glazes from overseas for use in ceramics decoration in Omani higher educational institutions.

The article defines the main components of the formation of the ability to combine various technological methods of laboratory research as a special competence that has to be mastered by students of the speciality “Technologies of Medical Diagnostics and Treatment” in the process of training. The combination is presented as the implementation of an action or a series of actions aimed at transforming the existing set of objects into a system that meets the requirements of the task. Its scientific and theoretical, and practical blocks are revealed. It is noted that the scientific and theoretical block of combination consists of scientific approaches and principles, complex combined research methods, and the practical block embraces various methods, techniques and laboratory research technologies. Attention is drawn to the fact that in the process of training of future laboratory assistants it is important to form their understanding that when diagnosing certain diseases of the body one cannot be limited to only one method, but it is necessary to combine various methods and research techniques. The role of synchronous and asynchronous forms of organization of training in the formation of the ability of students of the speciality “Technologies of Medical Diagnostics and Treatment” to combine various laboratory research technological methods is indicated. Examples of combining various technological methods of laboratory research are given.

Aim An in vitro study to evaluate and compare the remineralization potential of commercially available remineralizing agents containing silver diamine fluoride (SDF), casein sucrose phosphate (CSP), casein phospho peptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) using DIAGNOdent. Materials and methods Thirty freshly extracted premolars for orthodontic treatment were collected. Specimens were randomly divided into 3 groups of 10 each: group I: SDF, group II: CSP, group III: CPP-ACP. The samples were subjected to DIAGNOdent analysis for recording the baseline values. Specimens were placed in demineralizing solution incubated at 37°C for 72 hours. DIAGNOdent values were recorded after demineralization. Following this, remineralization procedure was carried out using 3 different remineralizing agents: group I samples with SDF, group II with CSP, and group III with CPP-ACP. The remineralization procedure was performed to group I once and repeated for 14 days for group II and group III and storage solution was changed every 24 hours. The samples were subjected to DIAGNOdent analysis after 72 hours, 7 days, and 14 days and values were recorded. Results The data were analysed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) with analysis of variance (ANOVA) and post hoc test. Intragroup comparison of DIAGNOdent readings showed a highly significant difference between baseline, postdemineralization, and postremineralization values. Among intergroup comparison, SDF showed maximum remineralization values followed by CSP and CPP-ACP, respectively. Conclusion Silver diamine fluoride, CSP, and CPP-ACP are proven to possess remineralization potential. Clinical significance A comparative evaluation of these three remineralizing agents will aid in identifying most potent and effective agent in treating initial caries lesions in an effective noninvasive and child-friendly manner. How to cite this article Vinod D, Gopalakrishnan A, Subramani SM, et al. A Comparative Evaluation of Remineralizing Potential of Three Commercially Available Remineralizing Agents: An In Vitro Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2020;13(1):61-65.

Aim and objective The present study compared the fracture strength and failure pattern of endodontically treated, bi-rooted, maxillary premolars with different number of coronal walls and postendodontic restoration (one vs double post). Materials and methods 105 premolars were divided into 3 groups according to the number of residual walls: control group (intact teeth; n = 15), group 1 (3 residual walls; n = 45), group 2 (2 residual walls; n = 45). Each test group was then divided into 3 subgroups (n = 15 each) according to postendodontic restoration: no post (A), 1 post (B) or 2 posts (C). A load was applied parallel to the longitudinal axis of the teeth, thus simulating physiological occlusion. ANOVA and Tukey's tests were used to detect fracture strength differences among groups, while Chi-square test was used to check differences in fracture pattern. Results No significant differences were observed between control group (intact teeth) and groups A1 (p = 0.999), B1 (p = 0.997) and C1 (p = 1.000); statistically significant differences were detected between control group and groups A2 (p < 0.001), B2 (p < 0.001) and C2 (p < 0.05). Different post placement techniques were non-significantly associated with fracture pattern in both groups 1 (p = 0.666) and 2 (p = 0.143) while, irrespective of the number of posts, the presence of the post was significantly associated with the fracture pattern in teeth with two residual walls. The double-post technique did not further improve the fracture resistance of hardly damaged endodontically treated maxillary bi-rooted premolars compared to single-post technique. Therefore, the insertion of a single post in the palatal canal could be a safer and more conservative choice. Clinical significance The double-post technique did not further improve the fracture resistance of severely structurally compromised endodontically treated maxillary premolars with two roots compared to the single-post technique. Therefore, the safer and less invasive treatment is the placement of a single post in the palatal canal. How to cite this article Spicciarelli V, Marruganti C, Martignoni M, et al. Different Post Placement Strategies for the Restoration of Endodontically Treated Maxillary Premolars with Two Roots: Single Post vs Double Post. J Contemp Dent Pract 2020;21(12):1374–1378.

Fracturing fluid is the blood of fracturing construction, which is very important for fracturing, which requires that fracturing fluid needs to have good performance. The three commonly used fracturing fluids for unconventional oil and gas reservoir transformation are: 1) Guar gum fracturing fluid; 2) Water-based emulsion slippery water fracturing fluid; 3) Oil-based emulsion slippery water fracturing fluid. In this paper, water samples and other experimental data provided by Mahu Oilfield are used to evaluate three different fracturing fluid systems in laboratory. The formulas of the three different fracturing fluid systems are: 1) Water-based emulsion slippery water fracturing fluid is clean slippery water fracturing fluid 0.1% JHFR-2D drag reducer + 0.2% JHFD-2 multifunctional additive; 2) Oil-based emulsion slippery water fracturing fluid 0.1% A agent + 0.2% B agent; 3) Guar gum fracturing fluid 0.1% guanidine gum + 0.5% drainage aid + 0.3% demulsifier. The compatibility, drag reduction performance, reservoir damage, residue content, anti-swelling performance, surface interfacial tension, viscosity and other properties of three different slippery water fracturing fluid systems were studied. Through laboratory experiments, the comprehensive indicators show that clean slippery water fracturing fluid has obvious advantages.

Актуальность исследования заключается в необходимости оценки изменения реологических свойств нефти в процессе образования асфальтосмолопарафиновых отложений. Существующие корреляционные зависимости позволяют определить вязкость нефти при известной температуре и плотности, однако их применение возможно лишь для нефтей конкретного региона и при постоянном компонентном составе. При этом в процессе добычи нефти нередко возникает проблема образования асфальтосмолопарафиновых отложений, что непосредственно влияет на ее компонентный состав. В случае, когда температура нефти выше температуры начала кристаллизации парафина, отложения адгезируются на холодную поверхность лифтовой колонны или нефтепромыслового оборудования, что приводит к изменению компонентного состава нефти и улучшению реологических свойств. В случае, если температура нефти ниже температуры начала кристаллизации парафина, образование данных отложений происходит в ее объеме нефти с формированием суспензии «нефть-отложения» и сопровождается значительным ухудшением ее реологических свойств. Исследование изменения реологических свойств нефти в процессе образования асфальтосмолопарафиновых отложений необходимо для более корректного моделирования процессов ее транспортировки, а также проектирования применения современных методов предупреждения образования данных отложений. Цель: оценить характер и степень влияния образования асфальтосмолопарафиновых отложений в тестовой секции установки «Wax Flow Loop» на реологические свойства исследуемой нефти при различных термических условиях. Методы: проведение лабораторных исследований нефти на установке «Wax Flow Loop», определение толщины асфальтосмолопарафиновых отложений в тестовой секции манометрическим и термометрическим способами. Результаты. Проведен ряд лабораторных исследований при различных температурах нефти. Получено, что ее реологические свойства ухудшаются со снижением температуры. Объем формируемых асфальтосмолопарафиновых отложений в исследовании различен, ввиду чего введен параметр удельного изменения вязкости, равный изменению вязкости нефти за время проведения исследования к объему сформированных отложений. Анализ данного параметра для проведенных исследований указывает на то, что при температуре нефти от 25 до 40 °C он принимает отрицательные значения, реологические свойства в процессе образования отложений улучшаются, причем удельное изменение вязкости в среднем составляет 1,25 мПа с/мл. При исследовании нефти при температуре 20 °C удельное изменение вязкости положительное, что говорит об образовании отложений в объеме нефти и значительном ухудшении реологических свойств. Выводы. Полученные экспериментальные результаты позволяют рассматривать динамику изменения реологических свойств нефти в процессе образования асфальтосмолопарафиновых отложений. Приведен параметр удельного изменения динамической вязкости при различных термических условиях образования асфальтосмолопарафиновых отложений. Получено, что при разных температурных условиях реологические свойства нефти меняются различным образом. Использование данных лабораторных исследований позволит увеличить точность моделирования процесса добычи и транспортировки нефти, а также оценить технологическую эффективность применения некоторых методов борьбы с асфальтосмолопарафиновыми отложениями. The relevance of the research consists in the need to assess changes in the rheological properties of oil during the formation of wax deposits. The existing correlations make it possible to determine the viscosity of oil at known temperature and density, but their application is possible only for oils of a specific region and a constant component composition. However, in the process of its extraction, the problem of the formation of wax deposits often arises, which directly affects its component composition. In the case when the oil temperature is higher than the temperature of the beginning of paraffin crystallization, the deposits adhere to the cold surface of the elevator column or oilfield equipment, which leads to a change in oil component composition and improvement in its rheological properties. If the oil temperature is lower than the temperature of the beginning of paraffin crystallization, these deposits form in the volume of oil with the formation of «oil- deposits» suspension and significant deterioration of its rheological properties. The study of changes of oil rheological properties during the formation of wax deposits is necessary for a more correct modeling of its transportation, as well as the design of the application of modern methods for preventing the formation of these deposits. The aim: to evaluate the nature and degree of influence of the formation of wax deposits in the test section of the «Wax Flow Loop» installation on the studied oil rheological properties under various thermal conditions. Methods: conducting laboratory studies of oil at the «Wax Flow Loop» installation, determining the thickness of wax deposits in the test section by manometric and thermometric methods. Results. A number of laboratory studies have been carried out at various oil temperatures. According to the results of these studies, it was found that its rheological properties deteriorate with a decrease in its temperature. Due to the different dynamics of the formation of wax deposits, a parameter of specific viscosity change was introduced, equal to the change in oil viscosity during the study to the volume of formed deposits. Analyzing this parameter for the conducted studies, it becomes obvious that at oil temperature from 25 to 40 °C, it takes negative values, rheological properties improve during the formation of deposits, and the specific change in viscosity, on average, is 1,25 MPa s/ml. When studying oil at 20 °C the specific change in viscosity is positive, which indicates the formation of deposits in its volume and significant deterioration in rheological properties. Conclusion. The experimental results obtained allow us to consider the dynamics of changes in oil rheological properties during the formation of wax deposits. The parameter of the specific change in dynamic viscosity under various thermal conditions of the formation of wax deposits is given. It is found that its rheological properties change in different ways under different temperature conditions. The use of laboratory research data will increase the accuracy of modeling oil production and transportation, as well as evaluate the technological effectiveness of some methods of combating wax deposits.

Recently, there has been an increase in the number and destructive power of dangerous hydrometeorological phenomena. These phenomena include hail processes. Works on active influences on hail processes with the use of ice- forming reagents are carried out in many countries of the world. Nevertheless, the influence of various factors of the cloudy environment on the ice-forming efficiency of reagents used to influence hail processes remains not fully understood. This paper presents the results of laboratory studies on the effect of an electric field on the ice-forming properties of reagents, as one of the factors of a cloudy environment that can influence the formation of an ice phase in clouds. Conducted laboratory studies have shown that under the action of electric forces there is a decrease in the specific yield of ice-forming nuclei from the pyrotechnic composition used in anti-hail work, which is associated with an increase in the coefficient of coagulation of reagent particles with each other in the presence of an electric field. The specific yield of ice-forming nuclei decreases at temperatures of about -6°C by 2.2 times, and by 1.4 times at temperatures of about -10°C.

Актуальность исследования обусловлена необходимостью увеличения точности моделирования процессов тепломассопереноса и образования органических отложений в нефтяных скважинах и линейных нефтепроводах. Во множестве моделей образования органических отложений опускается влияние их коэффициента теплопроводности на процесс конвективного тепломассопереноса в гетерогенной среде, однако учет данного параметра может значительным образом повлиять на получаемый результат, увеличивая термическое сопротивление трубопровода. Тепломассоперенос в объеме углеводородов является сложным процессом, который рассматривается как конвективный теплообмен, при котором учитываются процессы молекулярной диффузии вещества. В рамках данной работы рассматривается анализ диффузионных механизмов переноса тепла в органических отложениях, однако процессом диффузии вещества предлагается пренебречь. Образование данных отложений является одним из наиболее серьезных осложнений при добыче углеводородов на различных месторождениях по всему миру, в частности в Пермском крае. Цель: оценить степень влияния компонентного состава флюида и его вязкости на коэффициент теплопроводности органических отложений данного флюида; определить возможность оценки коэффициента теплопроводности органических отложений без проведения дополнительных лабораторных исследований. Методы: проведение лабораторных исследований на установке «WaxFlowLoop», определение компонентного состава флюида методом газовой хроматографии. Результаты. Для характеристики компонентного состава флюида была принята величина отношения низкомолекулярных (C5-C16) компонентов к высокомолекулярным (C17-C60+). По результатам проведенных исследований получено, что коэффициент теплопроводности органических отложений увеличивается с ростом доли низкомолекулярных углеводородов в составе исследуемого флюида. Также определено наличие корреляции между динамической вязкостью флюида и величиной коэффициента теплопроводности органических отложений, снижающимися с ростом вязкость флюида. Выводы. Полученные экспериментальные результаты позволяют сделать вывод о возможности прогнозирования величины коэффициента теплопроводности органических отложений по свойствам исходного флюида. Использование величины коэффициента теплопроводности асфальтосмолопарафиновых отложений в процессе моделирования его образования, а также полученные корреляционные зависимости, позволят существенно продвинуться в вопросах моделирования процесса теплопередачи между флюидом и стенкой и образования органических отложений в нефтедобывающих скважинах и подземных нефтепроводах. The relevance of the research is caused by the need to increase the accuracy of modelling heat and mass transfer and formation of organic deposits in oil wells and linear oil pipelines. Many models of the formation of organic deposits omit the influence of their thermal conductivity coefficient on convective heat and mass transfer in a heterogeneous medium, but consideration of this parameter can significantly affect the result, increasing thermal resistance of the pipeline. Heat and mass transfer in the volume of hydrocarbons is a complex process, which is considered as convective heat transfer, which takes into account the matter molecular diffusion. This paper considers the diffusion mechanisms of heat transfer in organic deposits but neglects the diffusion of matter. The formation of these deposits is one of the most serious complications in the production of hydrocarbons in various hydrocarbon fields around the world, in particular in the Perm Krai. The aim of the research is to assess the degree of influence of the component composition of the fluid and its viscosity on thermal conductivity of organic deposits of a given fluid; to determine the possibility of assessing the thermal conductivity coefficient of organic deposits without conducting additional laboratory studies. Methods: laboratory research on the «WaxFlowLoop» installation, determination of the component composition of the fluid by gas chromatography. Results. To characterize the component composition of the fluid, the ratio of low molecular weight (C5-C16) components to high molecular weight (C17-C60+) was taken. According to the results of the studies, it was found that the thermal conductivity of organic deposits grows with the increase in the proportion of low molecular weight hydrocarbons in the composition of the studied fluid. The presence of a correlation between the dynamic viscosity of the fluid and the value of the thermal conductivity of organic deposits, which decreases with an increase in the viscosity of the fluid, was also determined. Conclusion. The obtained experimental results allow us to conclude that it is possible to predict the value of thermal conductivity of organic deposits by the properties of the initial fluid. The use of the wax deposition thermal conductivity value when modeling its formation, as well as the obtained correlations, will make it possible to achieve significant progress in modeling heat transfer between the fluid and the wall and the formation of organic deposits in oil wells and underground oil pipelines.

In this paper laboratory testing of base material and spot welds is explained. Also, results of testing are shown and will be used for further research for numerical models and parametric analyses.

Milk-derived beverages are considered to be beneficial to not only health but also to dental tissue. However, the exact nature of the effect of these beverages should be studied to formulate an exact diet plan for a child so that only good effects can be obtained from a dietary derivative. Aim and objective To evaluate and compare the surface roughness and microhardness of human enamel surface after exposure to different immersion regimes in milk-based beverages. Materials and methods A total of 90 samples were prepared from caries-free premolars extracted for orthodontic purposes. The samples were then randomly divided into three groups based on the immersion beverage used vis-a-vis chocolate milk, sweet lassi, and soy milk. The immersion cycles were done for 7 days. After the immersions were complete, the samples were dried and subjected to microhardness and surface roughness testing. Results The surface roughness of the exposed surface of enamel was found to be in the following order: sweet lassi (verka) > control > soya milk chocolate (sofit) > chocolate milk (Amul Kool Koko). The microhardness of the exposed surface of enamel was found to be in the following order: chocolate milk (Amul Kool Koko) > soya milk chocolate (sofit) > sweet lassi (verka) > control. How to cite this article Ghavri T, Pathak A, Bajwa NK. Comparative Evaluation of the Effect of Different Beverages on the Surface Roughness and Microhardness of Human Enamel Surface: An In Vitro Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2021;14(5):657–661.

The increasing study of emerging wildlife pathogens and a lack of policy or legislation regulating their translocation and use has heightened concerns about laboratory escape, species spillover, and subsequent epizootics among animal populations. Responsible self-regulation by research laboratories, in conjunction with institutional-level safeguards, has an important role in mitigating pathogen transmission and spillover, as well as potential interspecies pathogenesis. A model system in disease ecology that highlights these concerns and related amelioration efforts is research focused on amphibian emerging infectious diseases. Whereas laboratory escape of amphibian pathogens has not been reported and may be rare compared with introduction events from trade or human globalization, the threat that novel disease outbreaks with mass mortality effects pose to wild populations warrants thorough biosecurity measures to ensure containment and prevent spillover. Here, we present a case study of the laboratory biosecurity concerns for the emerging amphibian fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans. We conclude that proactive biosecurity strategies are needed to integrate researcher and institutional oversight of aquatic wildlife pathogens generally, and we call for increased national and international policy and legislative enforcement. Furthermore, taking professional responsibility beyond current regulations is needed as development of legal guidance can be slow at national and international levels. We outline the need for annual laboratory risk assessments, comprehensive training for all laboratory personnel, and appropriate safeguards specific to pathogens under study. These strategies are critical for upholding the integrity and credibility of the scientific community and maintaining public support for research on wildlife diseases.

In this chapter I wish to acknowledge the unintentional contributions made by Norman K. Denzin to the new Iowa School, one which championed laboratory research, or what Dr. Denzin referred to as, “Green Carpet Sociology.” The term refers to the pea-soup-colored rug that covered the new Iowa School Research Laboratory. I also wish to extend the notion of Dr. Denzin as one of the unintended fathers of the Green Carpet approach by describing my particular intellectual relationship with him and noting how he inspired me while I completed my undergraduate degree in Sociology at the University of Illinois. In particular, I review three phases of Dr. Denzin's influence: the awakening, the metamorphoses, and the benediction. All three phases relate to how Dr. Denzin inspired a commitment to the ethos of the “Green Carpet Way.”

Mineworkers face a challenging and dynamic work environment every workday. To maintain a safe workplace, mineworkers must be able to recognize worksite hazards while they perform their jobs. Though hazard recognition is a critical skill, recent research from the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) indicates that mineworkers fail to identify a significant number of hazards. To further the understanding of mineworkers’ hazard recognition ability and to begin to address hazard recognition performance, NIOSH researchers analyzed data collected during a laboratory research study to determine the effect of individual mineworker factors including risk attitude, work experience, and safety training on hazard recognition accuracy. The results of this study show that mineworker risk attitude and safety-specific work experience affect hazard recognition performance while hazard-specific safety training does not. These results suggest that some of these individual factors can be overcome through experience and training. Potential strategies that can be used to address these factors are also discussed.

Rapid and effective hemostasis is of great importance to improve the quality of treatment and save lives in emergency, surgical practice, civilian, and military settings. Traditional hemostatic materials such as tourniquets, gauze, bandages, and sponges have shown limited efficacy in the management of uncontrollable bleeding, resulting in widespread interest in the development of novel hemostatic materials and techniques. Benefiting from biocompatibility, degradability, injectability, tunable mechanical properties, and potential abilities to promote coagulation, wound healing, and anti-infection, hydrogel-based biomaterials, especially those on the basis of natural polysaccharides and proteins, have been increasingly explored in preclinical studies over the past few years. Despite the exciting research progress and initial commercial development of several hemostatic hydrogels, there is still a significant distance from the desired hemostatic effect applicable to clinical treatment. In this review, after elucidating the process of biological hemostasis, the latest progress of hydrogel biomaterials engineered from natural polysaccharides and proteins for hemostasis is discussed on the basis of comprehensive literature review. We have focused on the preparation strategies, physicochemical properties, hemostatic and wound-healing abilities of these novel biomaterials, and highlighted the challenges that needed to be addressed to achieve the transformation of laboratory research into clinical practice, and finally presented future research directions in this area.

This paper addresses a notable gap at the intersection of organizational economics and organization science: how does organizational context influence aggregation of individual behavior in organizational decisions? Using basic centralized versus decentralized organizational structures as building blocks for our experimental design, we examine whether assignment of organizational positions, incentive schemes, and structural configuration induce endogenous adaptation in the form of change in reservation levels (bias) or modified discrimination capability in subjects’ behavior. We found that evaluators adapted their reservation and discrimination levels in centralized structures, whereas they did not generally adapt their reservation and discrimination levels when placed in decentralized structures. We identify mechanisms that explain these findings; explain how they influence aggregate, organizational behavior; and discuss implications for research and practice.

Social movements seek allies as they campaign for social, political, and organizational changes. How do activists gain allies in the targeted institutions they hope to change? Despite recognition of the importance of ally support in theories about institutional change and social movements, these theories are largely silent on the microdynamics of ally mobilization. We examine how the labeling of organizational policies that benefit women influences potential workplace allies’ support for these policies. We theorize that one barrier to mobilizing workplace allies is a misalignment of the labels that activists use to promote new policies and employees’ affiliation with collective identities. We conducted five experiments to test our hypotheses and 26 qualitative interviews to provide illustration of our core concepts. We demonstrate that employees high in feminist identification are more likely to support feminist-labeled (feminist and #MeToo) than unlabeled policies, whereas those low in feminist identification are less likely to support feminist-labeled than unlabeled policies (Studies 1–3). However, we find that participants for whom organizational identification was high (whether measured or manipulated) and feminist identification was low supported organizationally labeled policies more than feminist-labeled polices (Studies 4 and 5). This illustrates that policies whose aims may not align with one collective identity can still garner support by activating another relevant collective identity. Within our studies, we provide evidence that these effects are mediated via feelings of pride in the organization (and not fear or anger), suggesting that positive emotions are a central mechanism in mobilizing workplace allies.

Aim. To study the effectiveness of combined treatment of osteoarthritis (OA) using tereklit clay in the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania.Material and methods. The study included 110 patients aged 34 to 65 years with a disease duration of 1 to 10 years or more, in whom OA was diagnosed as polyosteoarthritis of I, II, III stages. All patients underwent clinical, X-ray and laboratory research, as well as osteodensitometry. In the conditions of the rehabilitation center in Vladikavkaz, patients were prescribed segmental reflex applications of tereklit clay on the affected joints at a temperature of 42 C for 15 minutes for 2 days in a row, followed by a day of rest. The course lasted 10 procedures.Results. As a result, favorable changes were observed, manifested in a decrease in pain and swelling in the joints, as well as in an improvement in its motor function on days 7-10 of treatment. The balneal reaction was not observed in any case.Conclusion. Tereklit clay applications are effective within combined therapy of patients with OA. Contraindication to clay therapy is OA with reactive synovitis, severe pain and exudation.