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Conventional fluorescent lamps that are used in tissue culture are costly light sources, exhibiting excessive wavelength emission-bandwidth that must be replaced by alternative, less costly, and much lower power-consuming energy sources. The use of Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs) is the best option due to their potential role as elicitors of secondary metabolite production in many plant models. Gynura procumbens (G. procumbens) is widely used for treating various diseases. Here, leaf explants were cultivated in MS medium that was supplemented with 0.5 mg/L of naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and 2.0 mg/L of benzylaminopurine (BAP) for 30 days under white, blue, and red LEDs. Secondary metabolites were analyzed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS). Blue LEDs elicited the highest antioxidant activity, total flavonoid, and phenolic content. Furthermore, the content of cyanidin-monoglucosides significantly increased under blue light.

Secondary metabolites biosynthesis regulation study of herbal plants plays a significant role in the discovery of phytochemical compounds with a wide range of uses. These phytochemical compounds are important nature-derived drugs such as antibiotics, agrochemicals substitutes (allelopathy), pigments, and medicinal immuno-suppressor. Generally, there is a firm scheme for regulating secondary metabolites based on their components, function and synthesis: alkaloids, enzyme, fatty acid, phenolic, polyketides, polypeptides, steroids, and terpenoids. Therefore, with the increasing in economic importance of these valuable compounds has led to a great interest in secondary metabolism, mainly the possibility of modifying and regulating the production of metabolites by means of biotechnological and agricultural practice. This review presents information about the production regulation of bioactive compounds under various stress conditions, particularly on abiotic influence such as water supply and fertilizer application that could be included in G. procumbens production systems. Brief analysis was done by reviewing various collected works and material from articles in related issues. Therefore, it will permit quantitative comparison of studies to address intended questions based on procedures, study systems, locations and scale of used. Keywords: Biosynthesis, glasshouse, Gynura procumbens, metabolites, nitrogen, potassium, review, water

BACKGROUND Ethanolic extract of G. procumbens leaves has been previously shown to possess antihyperlipidemic effects. OBJECTIVE This study was designed to prepare caffeoylquinic acids rich and poor fractions of the ethanolic extract using resin column technology and compare their antihyperlipidemic and antioxidant potentials. RESULTS Among the treatment groups, caffeoylquinic acids rich fraction (F2) and chlorogenic acid (CA, one of the major caffeoylquinic acids) showed potent antihyperlipidemic effects, with significant reductions in total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), very low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (VLDL-C), atherogenic index (AI) and coronary risk index (CRI) (p

The leaves of Annona muricata (sirsak), Gynura procumbens (sambung nyawa), and Typhonium flagelliforme (keladi tikus) have been used as traditional medicines in Indonesia. This study aims to determine the antioxidant capacity and putatively identified phenolics from the leaves of three medicinal plants forementioned above. We used the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) method for measuring radical scavenging (antioxidant assay) while the phenolics profiling was determined using UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS. The results showed that the percentage of radical scavenging activity of G. procumbens leaves extract in ethanol was higher than the other two plants. Phenolics profiling of the three medicinal plants was identified with 38 compounds belonging to flavones and flavanols hydroxycinnamic acid, and several other groups. The number of metabolites identified putatively was 12, 31, and 19 metabolites in the extracts of A. muricata, G. procumbens, and T. flagelliforme, respectively. The results confirmed the correlation between the phenolics presence and the antioxidant capacity of three plants used in this study.

Food is a primary requirement and source of life, which is important as it nourishes the body and sustaining the very existences of humans. It is found to be increasing by number of calories from 2441 kcal in 1970 to 2,950 kcal in 2015, and projected to be 3,040 kcal per capita in 2030. The calories increment is determined from different types of food, including vegetables. This study aims to leverage Gynura procumbens response to drought and climate change in tropical country, on plant productivity in backyard. The cultivation of Gynura procumbens was carried out experimentally with 4 different treatments for 6 months. The plant showed preference for microclimate conditions, such as soil moisture that varies between 70-90%, light intensity ranging from 128, and a temperature range of 31-32 °C. However, it was found that Gynura procumbens still survive in microclimate conditions above or below its preference.

Nonhealing wounds are major socioeconomic challenges to healthcare systems worldwide. Therefore, there is a substantially unmet need to develop new drugs for wound healing. Gynura procumbens, a herb found in Southeast Asia, may be an effective therapeutic for nonhealing diabetic wounds. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of G. procumbens on wound healing in the diabetic milieu. G. procumbens extract was obtained using 95% ethanol and its components were determined by thin layer chromatography. Diabetes was induced in mice using streptozotocin. We found that G. procumbens extract contained stigmasterol, kaempferol and quercetin compounds. Topical application of G. procumbens on the wounded skin of diabetic mice accelerated wound healing and induced the expression of angiogenin, epidermal growth factor, fibroblast growth factor, transforming growth factor and vascular endothelial growth factor. Furthermore, G. procumbens promoted in vitro wound healing and enhanced the migration and/or proliferation of human endothelial cells, fibroblasts, keratinocytes and mast cells cultured in diabetic conditions. Finally, G. procumbens promoted vascular formation in the diabetic mice. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that evaluates in vivo wound healing activities of G. procumbens and activation of cells involved in wound healing process in diabetic conditions. The findings that G. procumbens accelerates wound healing and activates cells involved in the wound healing process suggest that G. procumbens might be an effective alternative therapeutic option for nonhealing diabetic wounds.

Gynura procumbens is a medicinal plant commonly used in Asian countries such as China, Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Vietnam. G. procumbens content flavonoids and glycosides and have bacteria activity and anti-fungal activity such as Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger. The purpose of this study was to obtain empirical data about the effect of using the G. procumbens leaves extract on reducing dandruff on the scalp. The extract was obtained by the maceration method using 70% ethanol solvent. The phytochemical compound content is determined with spectrophotometry ultraviolet. Two observers observe the scalp by using observation sheets and grating instruments assisted by a skin and hair analyzer. The reduction of scalp dandruff was the difference between the initial the results and the final test (after treatment). The sample was selected using a purposive sampling technique totaling ten people and divided into two groups (experimental and control groups). The results showed that the calculation of hypothesis testing after analyzing the data obtained a value of t count (5.817)>t table (1.86). This showed an effect of using the G. procumbens leaves extract as a shampoo for reducing dandruff on the scalp. The use of G. procumbens leaves extract as shampoo can reduce dandruff.

Sambung Nyawa leaves (Gynura Procumbens [Lour].Merr) have been used as a traditional medicine. Sambung Nyawa leaves contain flavonoid compounds, its functional as a natural antioxidant. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of Sambung Nyawa leaves extract addition as an antioxidant and ability to preserve the quality of coconut oil. Firstly, flavonoids were extracted from Sambung Nyawa leaves with combination of raw material to solvent ratio (w/v) and extraction temperature. The extracts which gave the highest total flavonoids contents were mixed into the coconut oil for 3 days, 6 days, 9 days, 12 days, and 15 days. Total flavonoids contents of Sambung Nyawa leaves extracts were analyzed by UV-Vis spectrophotometry. The analyses for coconut oil were the value of acid, iod, and peroxide number. The results showed that the highest total flavonoids contents of 1,32 % be obtained with raw material to solvent ratio of 1:10 (w/v) and extraction temperature of 55 oC. The lowest acid number of 0.45%, the highest iod number of 7.90 gr I2/100 gr, and the lowest peroxide number of 4.40 mg O2/100 gr be obtained with stored time of 3 days for coconut oil which mixed with the Sambung Nyawa leaves extracts.

Background: Andrographis paniculata, Gynura procumbens, Ficus deltoidea and Curcuma xanthorrhiza are commonly consumed as herbal medicines. However their effects on human liver glucuronidation activity are not yet evaluated. Objective: In this study, we evaluate the inhibitory Effects of Andrographis paniculata, Gynura procumbens, Ficus deltoidea and Curcuma xanthorrhiza extracts and their constituents on human liver glucuronidation activity. Materials and Methods: Herbal extracts (aqueous, methanolic and ethanolic extracts) and their constituents were incubated with human liver microsomes with the addition of UDPGA to initiate the reaction. Working concentrations of herbal extracts and their constituents ranged from 10 μg/mL to 1000 μg/mL and 10 μM to 300 μM respectively. IC50 was determined by monitoring the decrement of glucuronidation activity with the increment of herbal extracts or phytochemical constituent's concentrations. Results: All herbal extracts inhibited human liver glucuronidation activity in range of 34.69 μg/mL to 398.10 μg/mL whereas for the constituents, only xanthorrhizol and curcumin (constituents of Curcuma xanthorrhiza) inhibited human liver glucuronidation activity with IC50 of 538.50 and 32.26 μM respectively. Conclusion: In the present study, we have proved the capabilities of Andrographis paniculata, Gynura procumbens, Ficus deltoidea and Curcuma xanthorrhiza to interfere with in vitro glucuronidation process in human liver microsomes. SUMMARY This study documented the capabilities of Andrographis paniculata, Gynura procumbens, Ficus deltoidea and Curcuma xanthorrhiza to inhibit human liver glucuronidation activity which may affect the metabolism of therapeutic drugs or hazardous toxicants that follow the same glucuronidation pathway. Abbreviations used: UGT: Uridine 5’-diphospho-glucuronosyltransferase; 4-MU: 4-methylumbelliferone; IC50: Half Maximal Inhibitory Concentration; Km: Michaelis constant; Vmax: Maximum velocity.

Four new polysaccharides (GPP-20, GPP-40, GPP-60 and GPP-80) were fractionated from Gynura procumbens leaves by 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (v/v) ethanol, successively. Their physicochemical properties including the contents of neutral sugar, uronic acid and protein, as well as the monosaccharide composition were determined. In addition, the antioxidant activities of them were investigated via the reducing power assay and scavenging capacities of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radicals and hydroxyl free radicals, respectively. The results indicated that apart from neutral sugar, they all contained uronic acids and proteins in their structures, which were further proved by the UV-vis and FT-IR spectra. Monosaccharide composition analysis implied that they all belonged to heteropolysaccharides consisted of arabinose, galactose, glucose, xylose and galacturonic acid with different types and ratios. What's more, GPP-20, GPP-40 and GPP-80 always exhibited better antioxidant activities than GPP-60 among these three antioxidant assays in vitro.

Herb is a famously used as medicinal plant as an alternative to chemicals based medicine since it is safer. Gynura Procumbens (sambung nyawa) is bicolor (green and red) herbal plant which is widely grown in Asia. Recent studies proved that this plant has anti-herpes simplex virus, anti-flammatory and antihyperglycaemic properties. This work investigated the extraction of chlorophyll a and b from gynura procumbens of green-leaf species. Optimization was done both by experiment and also Response Surface Method. Solid liquid extraction was used to extract the chlorophyll a and b. The solid to solvent ratio, temperature, solvent used and extraction time were varied to determine the optimum conditions for extraction. It was found that at 80C in 90 minutes with 2:5 solid to solvent ratio were the most favorable conditions to extract chlorophyll a and b. Five valuable compounds was found from GC-MS analysis which are 2-Hexanal, Phenol, Oleic Acid, Copaene and Phytol. This implies that Gynura Procumbens promises a good source of many useful bioactive compounds.

Gynura procumbens (Lour.) Merr. is traditionally used as a raw material for making dumplings or steamed stuffed buns, and its fresh leaves are boiled with water for tea. Herein, we established an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS) combined with characteristic ion filtration (CIF) strategy to rapidly screen active ingredients with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties in G. procumbens. This strategy involved screening the active part of G. procumbens using antioxidation and anti-inflammatory activity assays; discovering the active compounds by speculating on the active site's chemical composition by UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS plus CIF; and verifying the active compounds' activities. The ethyl acetate extract (EEAF) of G. procumbens was the major active site. Eighty-one compounds were identified from the EEAF using UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS plus CIF. Furthermore, polyphenols such as cynarine, isochlorogenic acids A and isochlorogenic acids C have excellent antioxidizing and anti-inflammatory activities. This study provides a practical strategy for rapid in vitro screening of the antioxidizing and anti-inflammatory activities of traditional vegetables and herbs and identification of active ingredients.

Ethnopharmacology relevance Gynura procumbens (Lour.) Merr. displayed cardio-protective effect that may prevent atherogenesis. The primary underlying pathological process of cardiovascular disease is atherosclerosis. Atherosclerotic lesion composed of macrophages, T cells and other immune cells which incorporated with cholesterol that infiltrates from the blood. Aim of the study: The present study was performed to determine underlying mechanism of G. procumbens ethanol extract and its fractions such as aqueous, chloroform, ethyl acetate and hexane affect macrophage derived foam cell formation. Materials and methods Lipid droplets accumulation in treated macrophages were visualized by Oil Red O staining while the total cholesterol present in the treated macrophages were measured using Cholestryl Ester quantification assay kit. Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) were used to detect TNF-α and IL-1β secretion in the supernatant of treated macrophages. Gene expression of Lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 (LOX-1) and ATP-binding cassette transporter A-1 (ABCA-1) in treated macrophages were analyzed using Real-Time Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-qPCR). Results G. procumbens ethanol extract and its fractions reduced lipid droplet accumulation and total cholesterol in oxLDL-treated macrophages together with significantly reduction of TNF-α and IL-1β secretions in supernatant oxLDL-treated macrophages. LOX-1 gene expression was significantly reduced when G. procumbens ethanol extract and its fractions were added in oxDL-treated macrophages. In contrast, G. procumbens ethanol extract and its fractions significantly increased the expression of ABCA-1 gene in oxLDL-treated macrophages. Conclusion In conclusion, G. procumbens ethanol extract and its fractions inhibit the formation of macrophage derived foam cell by reducing TNF-α and IL-1β expression, which usually highly expressed in atherosclerotic plaques, suppressing scavenger receptor LOX-1 gene that binds oxLDL but induced ABCA-1 gene that mediate lipid efflux from macrophages.

Isan Journal ofPharmaceutical Sciences, 15, 3, 14-32

Gynura procumbens (Lour.) Merr. (GP) has been reported in previous studies to possess antihyperlipidaemic, antioxidative, and cardioprotective properties. This study was aimed to determine the effect of standardised 80% ethanol extract of GP on lipid profiles and oxidative status of hypercholesterolemic rats. Postmenopausal (PM) Sprague-Dawley rats were ovariectomised and fed with 2% cholesterol diet fortified with five times heated palm oil to develop hyperlipidaemia status. Two doses of the extract (250 and 500 mg/kg) and atorvastatin (10 mg/kg) were administered once daily via oral gavage for 24 weeks. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) was increased during the first month in the postmenopausal group and decreased with GP supplementation. Lipid droplets accumulation was shown at the tunica media (TM) area of the aorta in the postmenopausal group and reduced with GP supplementation. Total cholesterol (TC), total triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels increased (p<0.05) at 3 and 6 months in the postmenopausal group and were reduced with GP supplementation. GP also increased high-density lipoprotein (HDL) level in the postmenopausal group. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities were reduced in the postmenopausal group compared to control in the sham group but increased (p<0.05) with GP supplementation. The results showed that the higher dose of GP (500 mg/kg) gave better effect. GP has the ability to reduce oxidative stress and prevent membrane cell damage through antioxidant enzyme activity modification and lipid profile changes in postmenopausal rats related to atherosclerosis.

Background: Toleaf is a cold abstraction extract from the Gynura procumbens (Lour.) Merr. plant. Compounds extracted from G. procumbens exert anti-cancer effects against various cancers. However, detailed mechanisms underlying these actions remain unclear. Previous research indicated that G. procumbens ethanol extracts also have immunomodulatory properties. Therefore, we examined the relationship between Toleaf’s anti-cancer effects and immune system responses in vitro and ex vivo. Methods: Effects of Toleaf on immune response were assessed using ELISA, RT-PCR, and flow cytometry to measure IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-4, and IL-12 expression in primary splenic cells obtained from 6-week-old male BALB/c or C57BL/6 mice and in T lymphocytes isolated from mouse splenic cells. Toleaf’s anti-cancer and T-cell activation effects were evaluated by determining CT-26, EL-4, and B16 cancer cell viability. Results: Toleaf treatment increased splenic cell IFN-γ production and CD4+ T lymphocyte IL-2, IL-4, and IL-12-mRNA levels. All three cancer cell lines exhibited decreased viability after exposure to Toleaf-treated T lymphocytes. However, Toleaf did not exert direct cytotoxic effects on these cells. Conclusions: Toleaf activates type 1 and 2 T helper responses, suggesting that its anti-cancer effects are associated with CD4+ T lymphocyte activation.

Nanoparticle is increasing in demand especially in the area such as cosmetics, biomedical sciences, environmental health and drug delivery which mainly due to its minute particle size. Gynura procumbens (G. procumbens) is a medicinal plant that easily found in Southeast Asia and can be used to synthesize silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) without any harsh and toxic chemicals. The objectives of this study were to synthesis AgNPs using G. procumbens leaves extract and investigate the effect of concentration of silver nitrate, concentration of plant extract (PE), reaction time and ratio of PE to silver nitrate in synthesizing AgNPs. Silver nanoparticles were prepared by mixing silver nitrate with PE and the synthesized AgNPs were characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and zeta potential analysis. It was discovered that G. procumbens leaves extract able to reduce aqueous silver ions which resulted in a colour change indicating AgNPs formation. The UV-Vis spectrum showed surface plasmon resonance peak intensity ranging from 449 to 471 nm. Zeta potential analysis proved stability of AgNPs by having the value −40 mV. The FTIR analysis showed that AgNPs were capped by various protein molecules and TEM confirmed the spherical shape of nanoparticles. The data compiled illustrated that G. procumbens is a potential natural source for synthesizing AgNPs.Nanoparticle is increasing in demand especially in the area such as cosmetics, biomedical sciences, environmental health and drug delivery which mainly due to its minute particle size. Gynura procumbens (G. procumbens) is a medicinal plant that easily found in Southeast Asia and can be used to synthesize silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) without any harsh and toxic chemicals. The objectives of this study were to synthesis AgNPs using G. procumbens leaves extract and investigate the effect of concentration of silver nitrate, concentration of plant extract (PE), reaction time and ratio of PE to silver nitrate in synthesizing AgNPs. Silver nanoparticles were prepared by mixing silver nitrate with PE and the synthesized AgNPs were characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and zeta potential analysis. It was discovered that G. procumbens leaves extract able to reduce aqueous silver ions which resulted in a colour change indicating A...

Three polysaccharide fractions, namely CPGP-2-I, CPGP-2-II and CPGP-2-III were purified by DEAE-52 cellulose and Sephadex G-100 chromatographic columns from Gynura procumbens leaves, and their structural characteristics, antioxidant and anti-glycation capacities were investigated. The CPGP-2-I, CPGP-2-II and CPGP-2-III mainly composed mannose, galactose and glucose and had molecular weight of 10.4, 5.9 and 3.2 kDa, respectively. Antioxidant and anti-glycation abilities showed significant in concentration-dependent manner within range 10–200 μg/mL. The ability of CPGP-2-I to scavenging DPPH•, ABTS•+ and •OH, and ferric reducing ability were superior markedly compared to two polysaccharides and ascorbic acid reference. The CPGP-2-I also exhibited most potent inhibitory ability on AGEs formation with IC50 value of 148.12 μg/mL. There was positive correlation between biological activity with mannose and galactose. Our data suggests that the stronger potential of polysaccharides on antioxidant and anti-glycation activities could be due to presence of higher mannose and galactose residues in backbones.

Introduction: Gynura procumbens (GP), otherwise known as longevity spinach or “Sambung Nyawa” in Malay, is an evergreen herb found in Africa and Southeast Asian countries (including Brunei) used traditionally to treat various diseases such as fever, diabetes and hypertension. We examined GP’s vasodilatory action to determine its possible role via the cholinergic-mediated pathway. Methods: GP leaves were prepared by filtration and evaporation to obtain the aqueous (AEGP) and methanol (MEGP) extracts followed by screening for phytochemical constituents. The total phenol, total flavonoid and flavonol contents were determined using the corresponding Folin–Ciocalteau, and aluminium colorimetric methods and the presence of kaempferol 3-O-rutinoside in the extracts was detected using HPLC analysis. Organ bath studies were conducted to determine the vasodilatory activity using intact and denuded isolated rat aortic rings by exposure to either increasing concentration of extracts (0.25, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mg/mL) or 10 µg/mL kaempferol 3-O-rutinoside in the presence or absence of acetylcholine (ACh) after pre-contraction by noradrenaline (NA). Results: MEGP contained more phytochemical constituents and higher content of total flavonoid and total flavonol but less phenolic content than AEGP. Furthermore, MEGP yielded a 20% elevated amount of kaempferol 3-O-rutinoside than AEGP. Both extracts significantly amplified ACh-endothelium dependent vasodilation and mediated relaxation at 1 mg/mL in endothelium-intact and endothelium-denuded aortic rings with MEGP as a more effective vasodilator than AEGP. Overall, these results imply the involvement of extracts in potentiating cholinergic pathway, which might be mediated by kaempferol, as shown by its vasorelaxation effects in endothelium-intact and –denuded aorta. Conclusions: The present findings demonstrate that the vasodilatory activities of the two Gynura procumbens extracts, AEGP and MEGP, in thoracic aorta rings isolated from rats are potentially mediated via a cholinergic pathway through the action of a flavonoid particularly kaempferol 3-O-rutinoside.

This study was designed to investigate the inhibitory effect of Gynura procumbens extract against carbohydrate digesting enzymes and its ability to ameliorate postprandial hyperglycemia in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice. G. procumbens extract showed prominent α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitory effects. The half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of G. procumbens extract against α-glucosidase and α-amylase was 0.092±0.018 and 0.084±0.027 mg/mL, respectively, suggesting that the α-amylase inhibition activity of the G. procumbens extract was more effective than that of the positive control, acarbose (IC50=0.164 mg/mL). The increase in postprandial blood glucose levels was more significantly alleviated in the G. procumbens extract group than in the control group of STZ-induced diabetic mice. Moreover, the area under the curve significantly decreased with G. procumbens extract administration in STZ-induced diabetic mice. These results suggest that G. procumbens extract may help alleviate postprandial hyperglycemia by inhibiting carbohydrate digesting enzymes.

This study was undertaken to examine the effect of fermented phytogenic feed additive (FPFA) containing Gynura procumbens and Rehmannia glutinosa on egg production, egg quality, and cecal microflora population in layers. In total, 288 Hy-Line brown layers were randomly divided into 4 dietary treatment groups with 6 replicate pens per treatment group for 5 weeks. The dietary treatments were the control group (CON; basal diet without FPFA), FPFA1 (CON + 0.5% FPFA), FPFA2 (CON + 1% FPFA), and FPFA3 (CON + 2% FPFA). Egg production and egg weight during the experiment (35-39 weeks) improved linearly with the supplementation of 1% and 2% FPFA. Eggshell strength, albumen height, and Haugh unit were significantly higher in birds fed 1% or 2% FPFA compared with the control group. The cecal microflora populations of Lactobacillus showed a linear increase, whereas cecal microflora populations of E. coli showed a linear decrease related to the level of FPFA addition in the diet. The results of the experiment indicate that adding 1% and 2% FPFA (but not 0.5% FPFA) to the diet of layers can improve their laying performance, egg weight, eggshell strength, albumen height, Haugh unit, and cecal microflora; therefore, diets containing FPFA may enhance the physiologic condition of layers during the laying period.

The bioactive components and properties of various extracts from Gynura procumbens leaves were investigated. The leaves of G. procumbens were initially extracted with 95% ethanol and then sequentially fractionated according to the solvent polarity of chloroform, ethyl acetate and n -butanol. Total phenolic and total flavonoid contents of the crude ethanolic extract and its fractions ranged from 0.8–24.4 mgGAE/g and 0.1–17.3 mgCE/g, respectively. The ethyl acetate fraction (EAF) showed the most potent radical scavenging activity on DPPH , ABTS + , OH and H 2 O 2 , with IC 50 values of 0.22, 0.06, 0.01 and 0.03 mg/ml, respectively. Lipid peroxidation inhibition and oxidative protein damage protecting activities were superior for EAF compared to the other fractions, including ascorbic acid. All extracts possessed strong anti-glycation activity with IC 50 values between 0.04 mg/ml in the EAF and 0.15 mg/ml in the chloroform fraction. Correlation analysis showed the phenolic and flavonoid contents were highly positively correlated with the antioxidant and anti-glycation activities. The individual bioactive compounds, as determined using HPLC, were remarkably different, especially gallic, p -coumaric and ferulic acids for phenolic acids, and myricetin, quercetin and kaempferol for flavonoids. These findings suggest that the strongest bioactive properties of EAF from G. procumbens were because of these phenolics and flavonoids.

Gynura procumbens is a medicinal plant, traditionally used to treat inflammation and fever. A yeast-based assay detected GSK3â-inhibitory activity in the aqueous extract of G. procumbens. GSK3â is now known to have a central role in the modulation of host inflammatory response during bacterial infections. In this study, we investigated the involvement of GSK3â in the anti-malarial and anti-inflammatory effects of an aqueous extract of G. procumbens. Our results showed that G. procumbens inhibited growth of P. falciparum 3D7. Consecutive four-day administration of 250 mg/kg body weight (b.w.) G. procumbens resulted in strong chemosuppression and improved survivability in P. berghei-infected mice. B. pseudomallei-infected mice treated with G. procumbens (50 mg/kg b.w.) showed increased survivability. TNF-a and IFN-a levels in liver and serum of B. pseudomallei-infected mice were lowered by G. procumbens treatment. IL-10 level was higher in serum of G. procumbens-administered infected mice. G. procumbens treatment of P. berghei-and B. pseudomallei-infected animals each resulted in increased hepatic GSK3â (Ser9) phosphorylation. It is noteworthy that kaempferol (one of the compounds in G. procumbens) also inhibited the growth of P. falciparum 3D7; showed strong chemosuppression and improved survivability in P. berghei-infected mice at 5 mg/kg b.w. B. pseudomallei-infected mice treated with kaempferol (10 mg/kg b.w.) showed improved survivability. Concomitantly, the described effects due to kaempferol also involved enhanced GSK3â (Ser9) phosphorylation as observed with G. procumbens. In summary, the observed anti-malarial and anti-inflammatory effects of G. procumbens involved inhibition of GSK3â and kaempferol may in part be responsible for the pharmacological effects.

Sambung nyawa leaves (Gynura Procumbens [Lour]. Merr) is used as traditional medicine. Sambung nyawa leaves contain flavonnoid compound which can be used as natural antioxidant. This research was done to analyze the effect of the additon of Sambung Nyawa leaves extract as antioxidant and its ability to keep the quaity of coconut oil. The variables used in this research were the ratio of raw material to solvent (m/v) and extraction temperature. First, extraction was done to extract flavonoid compound from Sambung Nyawa leaves. The extract of Sambung Nyawa leaves with the highest flavonoid compound was mixed with coconut oil for 3 days, 6 days, 9 days, 12 days and 15 days. Total flavonoid level from Sambung Nyawa leaves was analyzed by UV-Vis Spectrophotometry. Acid number, iodine number and peroxide number of the coconut oil were also analyzed in this research. The highest total flavonoid level obtained was 1.32% at 55°C by using 1:10 (m/v) of raw material to solvent ratio. The lowest acid number, the highest iodine number and the lowest peroxide number in coconut oil with Sambung Nyawa leaves extract after it was kept for 3 days were 0.45%, 7.90g I2/100g and 4.40 mg O2/100g respectively.

Gynura procumbens, also known as sambung nyawa is a medicinal plant that belongs to Astereceae family. Many research and studies shows that Gynura procumbens is well known for its bioactive compounds and health benefits. Gynura procumbens leaves are often consumed raw or added in cooking. Gynura procumbens leaves are easily withered and rotten because of its high moisture. Therefore, the aim of this study was to make the Gynura procumbens as a powder that can be used and more applied, especially in the production of food and drinks as a form of food diversification and functional food. The making of Gynura procumbens powder consists of sorting, washing, blanching, drying, blending, sieving, packing and sealing, then analysing its moisture, total ash, and crude fibre. The powder was analysed using standard official methods and three replicates. The analysis results of the Gynura procumbens powder were moisture (6.6773%) which is lower than in the fresh leaves (82.4898%), total ash (6.3846%) which is higher than in the fresh leaves (4.3232%), and crude fibre (5.5527%) which is lower than in the fresh leaves (6.4458%).