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A field experiment was carried out under naturally ventilated greenhouse to assess the performance of tomato cv. Srijana as influenced by GA3 and NAA during the summer season of 2018–2019 at Kham Ghale Krishi farm, Pokhara, Kaski, Nepal. The treatments comprised of four levels of Gibberellic Acid (GA3) (i.e., 0 ppm, 25 ppm, 50 ppm and 75 ppm) combined with four different levels of Naphthalene Acetic Acid (NAA) (i.e., 0 ppm, 25 ppm, 50 ppm and 75 ppm). Treatments were replicated thrice in the two factorial RCBD. The results revealed that the fruit yield was significantly influenced by the levels of GA3, NAA and their interactions. Among four levels of NAA, the highest yield (109.91metric ton ha-1) of tomato was recorded with NAA @ 25 ppm which was 10.37%, 17.47% and 24.78% higher over NAA @ 0 ppm, NAA @ 50 ppm and NAA @ 75 ppm, respectively. Similarly, a significantly higher yield (103.46metric ton ha-1) of tomato was attained with GA3 @ 50 ppm and it was 13.91%, 10.31% and 6.74% higher over GA3 @ 0 ppm, GA3 @ 25 ppm and GA3 @ 75 ppm, respectively. Interactions between GA3 and NAA levels were significant for all yield attributes. Regression analysis on the effect of GA3 and NAA on the yield of tomato exhibited a polynomial regression equation, while the physical dose of GA3 and NAA was observed to be 52.65 ppm and 20.29 ppm, respectively. It could be suggested that the production of tomato could be improved by the combined application of GA3 @ 50 ppm and NAA @ 25 ppm under the controlled condition of Kaski, Nepal.

Our present study evaluated the underlying molecular-mechanism(s) associated with the observed enhanced transcript levels and concomitant functional activity of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase 1 (NtHMGR1), a rate-limiting enzyme of cytosolic mevalonate (MVA) pathway of terpenoids biosynthesis, by gibberellin A3 (GA3) treatment in model cultivated tobacco, Nicotiana tabacum L. Based on the transcription run-on and cordycepin chase assays, our results demonstrated that tobacco seeds-priming with GA3 causes a relative and significantly enhanced transcriptional rate and mRNA stability of NtHMGR1. Taken together, our study established that GA3 mediated transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulatory control as one of the mechanisms for the observed enhanced transcript-levels and consequently enhanced functional activity of NtHMGR1.

Introduction: Shallots are a horticultural product needed by the Indonesian people, the production of shallots has decreased by 16.54%. The decline in production in 2018 was caused by extreme weather in the first quarter which resulted in a significant decrease in production. The purpose of the study was to determine the interaction between the use of varieties and the administration of ZPT at various concentrations on the growth and development of shallot plants. Methods: The experimental design used a randomized block design (RBD) with 2 factors, namely, the onion variety factor (V1: Bauji variety and V2: Blue Lancor variety) and the concentration of PGR (BAP and GA3) consisting of Z0: control (without PGR), Z1: BAP 50 ppm, Z2: GA3 150 ppm, Z3: BAP 50 ppm + GA3 150 ppm. Results: The results showed that the use of various varieties and concentrations of PGR did not affect the vegetative growth of Shallots. The use of various varieties has a significantly different effect on the generative development of shallot plants. The use of ZPT concentrations did not affect the generative development of plants. Two varieties, namely Bauji and Biru Lancor, were unable to influence the growth and development of shallots in the vegetative and generative phases because of the genetic characteristics of the plants whose function was to characterize each variety. Apart from genetic factors, this is thought to be caused by the degree of suitability of the variety to its environment. Conclusion: The Bauji variety is more suitable to be planted in the lowlands of Antirogo than the Blue Lancor variety.

In vitro callus induction and shoot emergence protocols for Maytenus emarginata (Willd) Ding Hou. have been established using young leaves and stem explants of in vivo growing, one and half year-old plants. Plants were growing in the month of August 2016 at department of Botany, Ch. Charan Singh University, Meerut. However, explants were collected in the month of August, 2019. MS (Murashige and Skoog) medium and WPM (Woody Plant Medium), supplemented with different concentrations and combinations of plant growth regulators (PGRs) such as 0.5-2.0 mg/l Naphthalene acetic acid (NAA), 0.5-1.0 mg/l Benzyl Amino Purine (BAP), 2, 4-D (1.0-2.0 mg/l) and 1.0-1.5 mg/l Gibberellic acid (GA3) and temperature regimes were used for callus induction and shoot emergence. The presence of GA3 was found necessary for callus induction and shoot emergence from both explants (leaf and stem). The best response of callus formation from leaf explants was obtained at 24°C on WPM supplemented with 0.5 mg/l NAA+1.0mg/l BAP+1.5mg/l GA3 and MS medium supplemented with 2.0 mg/l NAA+ 0.5 mg/l BAP+ 1.0mg/l GA3. Stem explants exhibited best degree of callus induction only on MS medium supplemented with 0.5mg/l NAA+ 1.0 mg/l BAP+1.5 mg/l GA3. Light and temperature play very crucial role in shoot emergence because exposure of callus or nodal section of stem, to 12 hours dark period followed by 12 hours PAR (photosynthetically active radiation) at 27±2 °C induced shoot emergence on MS medium supplemented with 0.5mg/l NAA+1.0mg/l BAP+1.5 mg/l GA3 after 42 days. This is the first optimization report on tissue culture and medicinal use of callus of Maytenus emarginata.

The major stages of the potato life cycle are tuber dormancy and sprouting, however, there is still known very little of the mechanisms that control these processes. TCP (Theosinte branch I, Cycloidea, proliferationcell factors 1 and 2) transcription factors play a key role in plant growth and dormancy related developmental processes. Previous researches demonstrated that TCP transcription factor StTCP15 had a function in the promotion of dormancy. To elucidate the function of StTCP15 gene, it was cloned from potato cultivar "Desiree," which encodes a polypeptide consisting of 414 amino acids and is mainly found in the nucleus. The potato tubers of StTCP15 overexpression lines sprouted in advance, while the potato tubers of StTCP15 down-regulated expression lines showed delayed sprouting. In addition, it was also found that overexpression lines of StTCP15 extremely significantly reduced the ratio of abscisic acid (ABA)/gibberellic acid (GA3), while the superoxide dismutase activity decreased, and the activity of peroxidase and catalase increased compared with the wild type. The opposite result was found in the down-regulated expression lines of StTCP15 gene. Three interacting proteins, StSnRK1, StF-Box and StGID1, were screened by Yeast two-hybrid, and verified by Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation and Split-luciferase, indicating that StTCP15 could affect ABA and GA3 signaling pathways to regulate potato tuber dormancy and sprouting. Together, these results demonstrated that StTCP15 regulated potato tuber dormancy and sprouting by affecting the dynamic balance between ABA and GA3. The result could provide some information on the molecular mechanism of StTCP15 regulating potato tuber dormancy and sprouting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• TDZ was effective for inducing PLBs from leaf explants of C. tigrina. • GA 3 significantly increases shoot regeneration from PLBs. • Cattleya tigrina leaves are endopolyploid, with 2C, 4C and 8C DNA content cytotypes. • 26.5% of the plantlets regenerated from PLB presented duplicated ploidy levels. • The ploidy level of the regenerants changes stomatal density and morphology. The induction and subsequent regeneration of protocorm-like bodies (PLB) is the most common morphogenetic pathway for orchid micropropagation. The regeneration of plants from PLB can be a bottleneck for some species due to asynchronicity. Genetic fidelity is another issue, and the cytogenetic stability of regenerated plantlets deserves special attention due to the common occurrence of endopolyploidy in orchids. In the present work, we defined optimal conditions for PLB induction and plant regeneration for Cattleya tigrina , a threatened orchid from the Brazilian Atlantic Rain Forest. We estimated the optimum thidiazuron (TDZ) concentration for PLB induction from leaf explants, while also comparing whole leaves vs thin cell layer (TCL) as explants. For plantlet regeneration from PLB clusters, we investigated the effects of different concentrations of GA 3 and sucrose, as well as the dehydration of PLBs and the use of temporary vs continuous immersion systems. Furthermore, the cytogenetic stability of regenerated plantlets was analyzed using flow cytometry, and the differences in stomatal morphology were studied. Exogenous TDZ (25 µM) was the most effective concentration for PLB induction, with 17.5% induction rate. Leaf basal regions, either in whole leaves or in TCL, were the most responsive for PLB induction. The dehydration of PLBs for 120 min increased the fresh weight increment (FWI) in plantlet regeneration, but at the expense of decreased shoot number and increased mortality. Temporary-immersion bioreactors were found to be the most suitable system for PLB multiplication compared to continuous immersion system. Shoot development was challenging due to previously acquired habituation to TDZ. Sucrose and GA 3 showed an interactive effect on shoot growth. GA 3 improved shoot formation, and maximum shoot production was estimated to occur at 10.3 and 9.7 µM GA 3 on media containing 1.5% and 2% sucrose, respectively, resulting in larger number of developed plantlets (∼220) per culture flask. The flow cytometry analysis showed that 26.5% of plants regenerated from PLBs had doubled ploidy levels. The ploidy alterations were reflected in changes on leaf epidermis, such as increased stomatal density and number. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences is the property of Editorial Board of Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Salvia miltiorrhiza is a medicinal plant that synthesises biologically-active tanshinones with numerous therapeutic properties. An important rate-limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of their precursors is 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase (HMGR). This study presents the organ-specific expression profile of the S. miltiorrhiza HMGR4 gene and its sensitivity to potential regulators, viz. gibberellic acid (GA3), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and salicylic acid (SA). In addition, it demonstrates the importance of the HMGR4 gene, the hormone used, the plant organ, and the culture environment for the biosynthesis of tanshinones. HMGR4 overexpression was found to significantly boost the accumulation of dihydrotanshinone I (DHTI), cryptotanshinone (CT), tanshinone I (TI) and tanshinone IIA (TIIA) in roots by 0.44 to 5.39 mg/g dry weight (DW), as well as TIIA in stems and leaves. S. miltiorrhiza roots cultivated in soil demonstrated higher concentrations of the examined metabolites than those grown in vitro. GA3 caused a considerable increase in the quantity of CT (by 794.2 µg/g DW) and TIIA (by 88.1 µg/g DW) in roots. In turn, IAA significantly inhibited the biosynthesis of the studied tanshinones in root material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herbicides are the most commonly used means of controlling the growth of Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. Their constant use has led to the development of resistant populations. They can be evaluated by studying seed germination and the corresponding grown plants, but A. artemisiifolia exhibits seed dormancy, preventing germination and delaying research. Here, we developed a simple and rapid method to stimulate germination of freshly collected or stored A. artemisiifolia seeds. The germination of A. artemisiifolia freshly collected/stored seeds was evaluated after storage, stratification, and chemical treatments (ethephon, gibberellic acid (GA3), thiourea, KNO3). Ethephon or ethephon + GA3 improved freshly collected seed germination by 88 and 95%, respectively, and germination of stored seeds by 78 and 80%, respectively. In addition, placing the seeds of A. artemisiifolia in ethephon, GA3, ethephon + GA3, or thiourea solutions caused the freshly collected seeds to germinate faster than stored seeds or nontreated seeds. In contrast, the conditioning of seeds in these solutions favored germination of stored seeds, especially when ethephon + GA3 or GA3 was used. Imbibition of the freshly collected A. artemisiifolia seeds in a mixture of ethephon and GA3 can effectively overcome primary dormancy when rapid experimental results are needed. For seeds requiring prolonged storage, conditioning in ethephon, GA3, or thiourea solutions may be applied to promote germination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant growth regulators (PGRs), such as cytokinins (6-benzyladenine; BA) and gibberellins (GAs), are widely used in fruit production. This study focused on the plum cultivar "Čačanska rodna" (P. domestica L.) grafted on vegetative rootstock "WaVit" and generative rootstock Prunus cerasifera, with interstock Prunus spinosa. PGR treatments included 50 mg L−1 and 100 mg L−1 of BA and 200 mg L−1 of gibberellin A3 (GA3) and non-treated control. Pomological characteristics of plum fruits were examined at harvest, while physicochemical properties were analyzed at harvest and after 28 days of cold storage and 4 days of shelf life. GA3 and BA application changed the fruit morphological traits, improved skin strength, and increased carotenoid, anthocyanin and sucrose content while decreasing the titratable acidity at harvest. The beneficial effects of higher sucrose, anthocyanin and carotenoid levels persisted in all PGR-treated fruits after cold storage and shelf life. GA3-treated fruits had firmer flesh, stronger skin and higher total soluble solids (TSS) content, while in BA-treated plums, these effects were rootstock-dependent. The physical properties and chemical composition of plum fruit in the postharvest period suggest beneficial effects of the applied PGR treatments. Moreover, these chemical treatments might have prolonged the beneficial impact on fruit storability, nutritional profile and sensory properties. Based on our results, GA3 preharvest treatment can be included in standard cultivation practices within contemporary production systems of European plums not only to improve fruit quality at harvest but also to improve the storage potential and nutritional value, regardless of the rootstock used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solanum surattense is an important constituent of well known Ayurvedic drug "Dasmula" and "Arkadhi". All plant parts are used in Ayurveda. The seed paste is applied on toothache and seed powder is smoked in asthma. The plant is very prickly diffuse, procumbent, often becomes perennial reaching a spread of a meter or so under luxuries conditions., Three types of flower bearing plants i.e. dark purple, light purple and white were observed, which differs in their density and colour. The density of white-flowered plants is very low and rarely found in natural habitats. In the present investigations, fresh seeds of S. surattense showed maximum germination percentage, root and shoot lengths with 5 mg l-1 GA3, while one year old seeds showed in 50 mg l-1 GA3. The results of Germination value and Vigour Index did not show any definite trend. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was carried out in Tokat Gaziosmanpaşa University, Faculty of Agriculture, Field Crops Department, Industrial Plants Tissue Culture Laboratory in 2020. In the study, effects of different media (LS media, LS+1 mg/L Gibberellic acid (GA3), 0.1 mg/L kinetin (KIN) and LS+0.5 mg/L indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) on sweet potato genotypes (Havuc and Hatay Yerlisi) were investigated. Plant and root weights, plant and root lengths, and number of nodes and roots were determined. In this study, plants grown in cytokinin and gibberellin media had higher root number, root weight, root length, plant height, number of nodes and plant weight compared to the ones grown in auxin media. Havuc local genotype had higher values in terms of the investigated traits in all of the media studied.

Potato is a perennial plant (Solanum tuberosum L.) in the nightshade family, which is one of the most developed and competitive vegetable crops compared to other vegetables. Furthermore, its production could not meet the increasing demand, which led to very intensive research and development programs. This research aims to examine the effect of nutrients and growth regulators on the yield of mini-tuber in the aeroponic system and to determine the best type of nutrient, as well as the type and concentration of plant growth regulators to increase mini-tubers yield in an aeroponics system. This experiment has been carried out experimentally using a split-split plot design. The main plots were the types of nutrient media, which consisted of Grow More-modified nutrient and AB-Mix nutrient. The sub-plots were the types of plant growth regulator (PGR), which consisted of BAP and GA3, while the sub-sub-plot were the concentrations of PGR, which consisted of 0; 5; 10; 15; 20 and 25 µM. Each combination of treatments was repeated three times. The results showed that the use of media type, PGR and PGR concentration affected the formation and yield of Granola cultivar of potato mini-tubers. Knols grown in AB-Mix nutrient medium supplemented with 20 µM GA3 resulted in the best mini-tuber formation, as shown by the average number of mini-tubers of 8.33, the total weight of mini-tubers of 21.38 g and the average mini-tuber diameter of 13.05 mm.

This research aims to determine the influence of GA3 and salicylic acid on the germination and growth of Kelinci variety peanuts under aluminum casting. This study was conducted in a 2x3 factorial experiment. Factor A is AL(OH)3 with two concentration levels: 0% b/v and 5% w/v. Factor B is a growing stimulant substance (ZPT) with three levels: GA3 (0.1 % w/v), salicylic acid (0.1% w/v), and GA3 + salicylic acid. The parameters in this study are 1) germinating power, 2) length of sprouts, 3) fresh weight of sprouts, 4) dry weight of sprouts and 5) relative moisture content. The Tukey test determines the main effect, and an F test determines the simple effect. From the research results, the researchers conclude that the mixture of GA3 solution and SA solution is more effective than a single solution of GA3 or SA in overcoming the aluminum's toxic effects on the germination and sprout growth of Kelinci variety peanut.

A field-based experiment was carried out in Rukum (East), Nepal, from February to June 2020, to assess the effect of different pre-sowing treatments on germination of Persian walnut. The experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design with six treatments and four replications. The treatments included hot water treatment, chilling stratification only, cracking + Gibberellic acid (500ppm) followed by chilling stratification, cracking + Gibberellic acid (750ppm) followed by chilling stratification, Gibberellic acid (500ppm) + chilling stratification and Gibberellic acid (750ppm) + chilling stratification. The minimum days for germination (15.75 days) and highest germination (53.25%) were obtained when the combination of cracking with GA3 @ 750 ppm along with chilling stratification was done. The maximum shoot length (34.83 cm) was observed in the combination of cracking with GA3 @ 500 ppm followed by stratification but statistically similar shoot length (34.63 cm) was observed when cracking, application of GA3 @ 750 ppm followed by stratification was done. Cracking, treatment with GA3 @ 500 ppm followed by chilling stratification resulted in the highest shoot fresh weight (11.93 gm) and root fresh weight (10.77 gm) compared to the other treatments used. Thus, cracking along with treatment by GA3 @ 750 ppm followed by chilling stratification could be suggested to the walnut growers for better germination and a better morphological and physiological status of the rootstocks/seedlings.

The mango is considered as ‘king of fruits’ in India due to its delicious taste and nutritional status. Extension of fruit shelf life is a prime importance for availability of fresh fruit in market for longer duration and distance transportation. India is the largest producer and a prominent exporter of mango in the world.In this context, the study was conducted to evaluate the effect of preharvest spray of different chemicals and plant growth regulators (PGRs) on mango var. ‘Amrapali’ for shelf life and its quality. As ‘Amrapali’ has regular bearer with very good flavor and taste with a late maturing character, selected for shelf life studies. The fruits of mango weresprayed with chemicals viz. CaCl2 1%, CaCl2 2%, Ca(NO3)2 1%, Ca(NO3)2 2%, KNO3 1%, KNO3 2%, GA3 25 mg/l, GA3 50 mg/l, Ethrel 0.1 ml/l and Ethrel 0.2 ml/l prior to harvest. After harvesting, fruits were stored under ambient storage condition. Among all the treatments, GA3 25 mg/l treatment recorded significantly highest fruit length, fruit diameter, fruit volume and fruit weight at harvest and at fully ripe stage. Application of CaCl2 2% resulted in significantly minimum physiological loss in weight consistently from 2nd day to 16th day of storage besides significantly highest shelf life and quality. Hence, this intervention can contribute in preserving physical and chemical quality attributes for maximum acceptance by consumers.

The efficacy of plant growth regulators (PGRs) has been demonstrated in the flowering of economically significant orchid hybrids, but studies of their effects in wild species with commercial potential are scarce. The effect of three doses of gibberellic acid (GA3) and 6-benzyladenine (BA), individually or in combination, and a control without PGRs, were evaluated during three flowering periods in Laelia anceps subsp. anceps, in the temporal behavior of flowering, morpho-floral quality parameters and in potential residual effects and malformations. Significant effects were observed between the experimental periods and doses used, with a single application of PGRs in the first period reducing the days to visible flower induction (DVFI), days to anthesis (DAN) and days of flower life (DFL), mainly in the first period. There were no significant differences between doses for morpho-floral quality parameters within each period, but differences existed between experimental periods, where the life and size of the flower increased in the first period, and the number of flowers and flower stems increased significantly in the second period. The doses of 2.37 mg · L−1 BA + 100 mg · L−1 GA3 showed highest significant consistency in the reduction of DVFI, DAN and increase of DFL and flower stems in the study. There were no floral malformations, and a positive residual effect was observed in temporal variables in the second period. Most of the doses used encourage beneficial effects in the various aspects of flowering evaluated.

Pimelea trichostachya Lindl is a little-understood Australian native plant, with irregular field emergence, causing significant poisoning to grazing livestock. The study aims to examine the form of dormancy exhibited by P. trichostachya and determine how key environmental conditions, such as alternating temperature and light conditions, moisture availability, substrate pH and burial depth, affect its germination and emergence. The study concludes that P. trichostachya has a complex dormancy mechanism. This comprises a physical component that can be partly removed by fruit scarification, a metabolic dormancy that can be overcome by gibberellic acid (GA3), and a suspected third mechanism based on a water-soluble germination inhibitor. The results showed that scarified single seeded fruit (hereafter seed) with GA3 treatment gave the highest germination percentage (86 ± 3%) at 25/15 °C, with good germination rates at other temperature regimes. Light exposure stimulated germination, but a significant proportion of seeds still germinated in the dark. The study also found that seeds could germinate under water-limited conditions and a wide range of pH levels (4 to 8). Seedling emergence was inhibited when seeds were buried below 3 cm in soil. Pimelea trichostachya emergence in the field commonly occurs from Autumn to Spring. Understanding its dormancy mechanism and recognizing its triggers for germination will enable better prediction of outbreaks. This can help landholders prepare for emergence and help manage seedbank build-up in pastures and crops.

Ornamental plants are good sources of economy; hence, breeding methods to improve their yield quality and quantity of flowers are more focused. Applying gibberellins significantly enhances plant growth. The current study aimed to investigate the effect of various methods of applying gibberellic acid to improve the morphophysiological characteristics and the Jerusalem cherry's sugar and pigment content quality. The greenhouse experiment with Jerusalem cherry involved gibberellins (0, 100, 200, and 400 mg/l) application and three application methods (foliar, drip treatment, and foliar + drip treatment). The results showed the reciprocal effect of experimental factors on plant height, lateral shoot length, lateral shoot number, fruit number, root length, root wet weight, stem wet weight, chlorophyll a , chlorophyll b , total chlorophyll, pigment function, chlorophyll index, and reducing sugar. Simultaneous application of foliar spray and soil application method + GA 3 increased carotenoid and leaf area ratio compared to a single treatment. The highest amount of chlorophyll a (19.75 μg/ml), chlorophyll b (4.63 μg/ml), total chlorophyll (25.27 μg/ml), and the total amount of pigments (27.67 μg/ml) were obtained by leaves foliar spray and drip treatment with the concentration of 400 mg/l. GA3 application increased the number of fruits, pigment performances, and reduced sugars in a Jerusalem cherry. A hybrid application of leaf foliar spray and soil application showed better results than drip treatment and foliar spray. • New techniques of using hormone improve the yield, quality and quantity of ornamental plants/flowers. • The use of gibberellins increased the number of fruits, pigment performances, and reducing sugars. • Hybrid application method i.e. leaves foliar spray plus soil application showed better results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study focused on alleviating the issue of premature abscission of micro-shoots emerged from the cultured nodal segments in Kinnow mandarin. To resolve the problem, explants of different maturity stages, culture media, growth regulator combinations and ethylene inhibitors (silver compounds) were evaluated. Hardwood stage was observed to be the most efficient explant maturity stage to boost the vigorous early shoot emergence on MS (Murashige and Skoog) medium. Addition of GA3 (Gibberellic acid) 10 mg L-1 resulted in delayed abscission. Further reduction in abscission rate and healthy shoot growth were observed when subculturing of micro-shoots was done on MS medium supplemented with BAP 2.5 mg L-1, GA3 10 mg L-1 and silver thiosulfate 5 mg L-1. This modified procedure could be effectively utilized for mass multiplication as well as crop improvement in Kinnow mandarin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mango is considered as 'king of fruits' in India due to its delicious taste and nutritional status. Extension of fruit shelf life is a prime importance for availability of fresh fruit in market for longer duration and distance transportation. India is the largest producer and a prominent exporter of mango in the world.In this context, the study was conducted to evaluate the effect of preharvest spray of different chemicals and plant growth regulators (PGRs) on mango var. 'Amrapali' for shelf life and its quality. As 'Amrapali' has regular bearer with very good flavor and taste with a late maturing character, selected for shelf life studies. The fruits of mango weresprayed with chemicals viz. CaCl2 1%, CaCl2 2%, Ca(NO3)2 1%, Ca(NO3)2 2%, KNO3 1%, KNO3 2%, GA3 25 mg/l, GA3 50 mg/l, Ethrel 0.1 ml/l and Ethrel 0.2 ml/l prior to harvest. After harvesting, fruits were stored under ambient storage condition. Among all the treatments, GA3 25 mg/l treatment recorded significantly highest fruit length, fruit diameter, fruit volume and fruit weight at harvest and at fully ripe stage. Application of CaCl2 2% resulted in significantly minimum physiological loss in weight consistently from 2nd day to 16th day of storage besides significantly highest shelf life and quality. Hence, this intervention can contribute in preserving physical and chemical quality attributes for maximum acceptance by consumers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Chinese Journal of Oil Crop Sciences is the property of Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The purpose of the present investigation was to study to assess the effectiveness of using some different agro-chemical spraying treatments for controlling fruit defects and improving fruit quality and marketable value of pomegranate at harvest. The pre-harvest foliar sprays were applied as follows: Control was water spray (Ti); 50 mg/L GA3 (T2), 2% Ca Cl2 (T3), 2% Boric acid (T4) and 2% CPPU (T5). The results indicated that all foliar applications im-proved fruit quality and fruit defects of pomegranate, especially CPPU of 10 ppm (T4) and treatment 3 (GA3) during both investigated seasons. Among different treatments CPPU 10ppm (T5) produced the best values of fruit density, fruit cracking percentage, sunburned percentage, total arils weight, SSC/acid ratio, fruit peel anthocyanin and marketable percentages This study recommended different agro-chemical treatments as foliar applications for pomegranate trees specially both treatments (CPPU and GA3) that could be adopted in commercial pomegranate orchards as a practice to control fruit defects and improve fruit quality and marketable value at harvesting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silicon (Si) and Plant growth regulators (PGR's) are known to induce resistance against various insect pests. A study was conducted to determine the effect of Si and PGR's on biology and induced resistance in maize against recently invaded fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda. Different foliar silicic acid (FSA), gibberellic acid (GA3) and jasmonic acid (JA) at different concentrations and combinations were evaluated. The larvae fed on plants treated with FSA, FSA + GA3 and jasmonic acid exhibited lower larval, pre-pupal and pupal weight, whereas no effect of gibberellic acid alone on these parameters. Application of FSA at 2 ml L−1and GA3 0.5 mg plant−1 significantly decreased the larval weight (18.38 mg at 5th day, 219.35 mg at 10th day), pre-pupal weight (168.64 mg), pupal weight (158.22 mg) and larval survival (70.00%), fecundity (500.20 eggs/female) and fertility (62.68%). Male longevity was decreased by all the treatments except with the application of GA3 and JA and female longevity was unaffected by JA. The biological parameters of S. frugiperda were negatively correlated with increase in Si, phenols and tannins and potassium concentration in leaves. The study conclusively demonstrated significant negative effect on various biological parameters of FAW when plants were treated with Si and PGR's. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study analyzed the effects of different combinations of growth regulators on the micropropagation of Aronia (Aronia melanocarpa (Michx.) Elliott). Their best results in terms of the number of plants per explant (4.56 number/explant), shoot length (20.25 mm/explant), and the number of nodes (4.72 number/explant) were measured in a medium with a combination of Murashige and Skoog medium (MS)+1 mgL-1 Benzil amino purin (BAP)+0.02 mgL-1 Indole butyric acid (IBA) + 1 mgL-1 Gibberel-lic acid (GA3). In parameters covering root characteristics such as root number (13,03 number), root length (23,26 mm), and rooting rate (90,00%), the medium containing Vi MS+ 1 mgL-1 IBA was found to be important. In light of the data obtained, it was revealed that the effects of different combinations should be examined together to determine the opti-mum growth regulator concentrations. Therefore, it is more appropriate to apply different plant growth regulators in the medium trials. As a result, the best medium for shoot propagation is a medium containing 1 mgL-1 BAP+0.02 mgL-1 IBA+ 1 mgL-1 GA.The best medium for rooting is a medium containing Vi MS+ 1 mgL-1 IBA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vateria indica L. is an endemic arborescent recalcitrant tree species, native to the South-Western-Ghats of India. The natural regeneration process of the species is hindered by many factors including seed recalcitrance. Recently the species has been categorised as vulnerable since the population is fragmented and rapidly declining. Seed development is a highly complicated process which involves the interaction between phytohormones which regulate the process at different stages of morphogenesis. The orthodox seed development is marked by three distinct stages such as histodifferentiation, reserve accumulation and drying but in recalcitrant seeds, drying phase is absent. Recalcitrant seeds show marked differences from orthodox seeds in development. The onset of different stages is marked by a definite peaking and lowering of phytohormones and the hormonal pattern varies in orthodox and recalcitrant seeds. The present study was conducted to understand the interplay of phytohormones during embryogeny and the following natural embryo desiccation in the recalcitrant seeds of Vateria indica L. The present study revealed that the embryogeny and embryo drying in the recalcitrant seeds of Vateria indica L. shows a striking dissimilarity with the characteristic pattern of hormonal flux in orthodox seeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among different elite horticultural practices, foliar application have been advantageously used in the recently to increase the fruit production and to improve the quality of several fruit crops. The present study was carried out to improve yield, and fruit quality of "Wonderful" pomegranate. Pre-harvest foliar sprays were applied: Control was water spray (T1); 50 mg/L GA3 (T2), 2% Ca Cl2 (T3), 2% Boric acid (T4) and 2% CPPU (T5). All foliar application improved yield and fruit quality of "Wonderful" pomegranate, especially CPPU 10ppm (T4) and GA3 (50 mg/L). It had recorded the highest yield and its compound such as fruit weight, fruit volume, fruit dimensions as well as chemical characters: SSC% and vitamin C as compared with control treatment. Control treatment showed the lowest values in all testing characters, while treatment 2 recorded the highest acidity content during both seasons as compared with other treatments. This study recommend that different agrochemicals as foliar applications of "Wonderful" pomegranate trees specially both treatments (CPPU and GA3) could be adopted in commercial pomegranate orchards as a practice to enhance fruit yield and quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An experiment was conducted at a commercial banana orchard in Chitwan to find out the best chemical to increase the yield and quality of banana during the fruit development stage. The research was laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with seven treatments and three replications. The treatment included plant growth hormones GA3 and Naphthalene acetic acid (NAA)@50 ppm and 100 ppm each. Similarly, Sulphate of Potash (SOP) was applied @1.5% and 2%. The first spray was applied soon after the bunch had completely opened, and the second spray was applied 15 days later. The effect of these chemicals on yield and quality parameters was observed. The result revealed that the application of GA3 @100 ppm increased the length, girth and weight of the bananas. Likewise, the highest weight of the third hand of the banana was also observed in GA3 @100 ppm, whereas minimum physiological loss in the weight of the finger and maximum pulp to peel ratio was observed in SOP @1.5%. Analyzing all these observed parameters, GA3 @100ppm was found to be the most suitable growth hormone to increase the overall yield while SOP @1.5% was found suitable to enhance the yield attributing characters of banana. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A field experiment was carried out to evaluate the effect of plant growth regulators i.e., cycocel, NAA, GA3 at Vegetable research farm of Lovely Professional University, Phagwara (Punjab) during year 2018. The trial was conducted with seven treatments (Including control) and replications thrice. Plants treated with GA3 @20ppm resulted in maximum growth characters like as vine length and leaves per plant whereas plant treated with GA3@40 ppm showed maximum number of branches and number of female flowers. Maximum number of fruits per plant and yield was recorded in GA3 @40 ppm, while maximum fruit length and diameter of fruits was registered with GA3 @ 40ppm and NAA @100ppm, respectively. Among all treatments lower plant growth and yield was found in plants treated with water spray (control). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Cowpea (Leguminosae: Papilionoidae) represents the main food legume and a versatile crop in tropical region. It is drought tolerant and could perform better growth in warm climates. It is most popular in the semi-arid regions of the tropics where other food legumes are available. This crop has been described as the major source of dietary protein in tropical and subtropical regions of the world especially where animal protein consumptions are low. Efforts made to maximize yield, is largely hampered by adverse effect of abiotic stress such as salinity and drought. These effects cause a huge loss due to low yield and failure of the crop to establish in some cases. Alternative approach towards efficient and cost effective means of production of cowpea in the tropical regions is very desirable. Pre-sowing hardening seed treatment is an easy, low cost and low risk technique and also an alternative approach recently used to overcome the effect of abiotic stresses in agricultural production. Increased germination rate and uniformity have been attributed to metabolic repair during imbibition, buildup of germination enhancing metabolites, osmotic adjustment, and, for seeds that are not redried after treatment, a simple reduction in imbibition lag time. The beneficial effects of priming have also been demonstrated for many field crops such as wheat, sugar beet, maize, soybean and sunflower. The main objective was to assess the physiological effect of Indole 3acetic acid (IAA) and gibberellic acid (GA3) on germination and seedling growth of cowpea. Material and Methods This experiment was carried out at the Seed Testing Laboratory, Department of Seed Science & Technology, at the Shoushtar University in Iran, with an objective to determine the rate of seed germination and seedling growth which influenced by various concentrations of growth regulators in cowpea (Vigna sinensis L.). Seeds of cowpea were obtained from the International Institute of Agriculture (IITA), Safiabad Research Station., Ahvaz, Iran. Before the start of experiment, seeds were surface sterilized in 1% sodium hypochlorite solution for 3 min, then rinsed with sterilized water and air-dried. Moisture content of seed was determined by using oven at 103 C for 12 hrs and was found 12% as recommended value. Different concentrations of the growth substances prepared in the laboratory were transferred from the reagent bottles into 50mls conical flasks which were clearly labelled according to the concentration of the growth substances to be used in the soaking treatment. The seeds were soaked in the various concentrations of 20, 40 and 60 ppm of GA3 and IAA with a separate control set. These were soaked for 6 or 12 hours in the above concentrations and only double distilled water for the control set. The seeds were sown on moist filter papers in 9cm well labelled petri dishes. Results and Discussion Emergence rate, root shoot lengths, seedling biomass are all important contributors of seed vigor. Higher emergence rate is the main foundation, which ensures an improvement of overall seedling performance. Seed germination rate varied significantly among the duration and hormone treatment (p < 0.05). The results showed significant increase in the rate of germination for seeds presoaked in the distilled water when compared with various hormones concentrations. Maximum increase of up to about 25 and 71% in compare to presoaked GA3 and IAA was observed. The soaking period of 12 hrs decreased the germination rate and uniformity emergence significantly in respect to 6 hrs treatment. Substantial variation on germination and other aspects were found between treatments. The seeds treated with GA3 showed better performance, in compare with IAA treatments. In comparison, concentrations of GA3 did not show any difference in respect of all measured traits which meant the higher concentration was as good as the lower concentration. Germination rate under the treatments of IAA at all concentrations recorded maximum by 12 hrs soaking. It was observed that for germination enhancement, distilled water was best suited, but in case of plumule length and uniformity emergence, did not show any significant effect with GA3. When the two hormones were compared, gibberellic acid (GA3) was observed more effective and responsive to the regulation of radicle and plumule elongation. Conclusion The findings of this study revealed that cowpea germination and early seedling growth were promoted by pre-sowing hardening treatments in distilled water. The lower concentration of hormones (20 ppm) was found to be more effective in inducing germination rate, total dry weight and uniformity emergence. Generally, treatment of water priming for 6 hours in the laboratory and in the field was the superior treatment in terms of the predominant criteria measured in bean; therefore, it is presented as the best combination of treatment in this study.

This study aimed to determine the influence of GA3 and salicylic acid on the germination and growth of Kelinci variety groundnut under aluminum stress. The research was conducted in the Botanical Laboratory of the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Lampung. This research was conducted in a 2x3 factorial experimental design. Factor A was AL (OH) 3 with two levels of concentration: 0% b/v and 5% b/v. Factor B was Growth Stimulant Substance (ZPT) with three levels of concentration: GA3 (0.1% w/v), salicylic acid (0.1% w/v), and GA3 and salicylic acid. The Tukey test determined the Main Effect, and the Simple Effect was determined with F-test at a significant level of 5%. It can be concluded that the mixture of GA3 solution and US solution was more effective than a single solution of GA3 or US.

In this study, we established that the producers of surfactants Nocardia vaccinii IMV В-7405, Acinetobacter calcoaceticus IMV B-7241 and Rhodococcus erythropolis IMV Аc-5017 were able to synthesize phytohormones of gibberellic nature during cultivation on the traditional substrates (ethanol, hexadecane) and on the industrial waste sunflower oil and biodiesel production waste). The results of specific biotesting showed that the treatment of cucumber seedlings with phytohormonal extracts of all studied strains at 1:500 and 1:600 dilutions stimulated the extension of the cucumber hypocotyls as compared to the water control in values close to the treatment with gibberellic acid. The results of high-performance liquid chromatography showed N. vaccinii IMV B-7405, A. calcoaceticus IMV B-7241 and R. erythropolis IMV Аc-5017 produce highly active forms of gibberellins GA3 and GA4. The level of its synthesis was nearly the same (6.0-10.0 μg∙L-1) under cultivation of strains on every substrate. The exception was strain N. vaccinii IMV В-7405 which synthesized almost 47.0 μg∙L-1 GA3 and GA4 while is growing on the waste oil from meat frying. The obtained results are the groundwork for the development of an economically profitable technology for the recycling of toxic wastes using N. vaccinii IMV B-7405, A. calcoaceticus IMV B-7241 and R. erythropolis IMV Аc-5017. Such technology will allow us to develop complex microbial preparations with various biological properties in a single process.