Cattleya tigrina (Orchidaceae) in vitro regeneration: Main factors for optimal protocorm-like body induction and multiplication, plantlet regeneration, and cytogenetic stability.

• TDZ was effective for inducing PLBs from leaf explants of C. tigrina. • GA 3 significantly increases shoot regeneration from PLBs. • Cattleya tigrina leaves are endopolyploid, with 2C, 4C and 8C DNA content cytotypes. • 26.5% of the plantlets regenerated from PLB presented duplicated ploidy levels. • The ploidy level of the regenerants changes stomatal density and morphology. The induction and subsequent regeneration of protocorm-like bodies (PLB) is the most common morphogenetic pathway for orchid micropropagation. The regeneration of plants from PLB can be a bottleneck for some species due to asynchronicity. Genetic fidelity is another issue, and the cytogenetic stability of regenerated plantlets deserves special attention due to the common occurrence of endopolyploidy in orchids. In the present work, we defined optimal conditions for PLB induction and plant regeneration for Cattleya tigrina , a threatened orchid from the Brazilian Atlantic Rain Forest. We estimated the optimum thidiazuron (TDZ) concentration for PLB induction from leaf explants, while also comparing whole leaves vs thin cell layer (TCL) as explants. For plantlet regeneration from PLB clusters, we investigated the effects of different concentrations of GA 3 and sucrose, as well as the dehydration of PLBs and the use of temporary vs continuous immersion systems. Furthermore, the cytogenetic stability of regenerated plantlets was analyzed using flow cytometry, and the differences in stomatal morphology were studied. Exogenous TDZ (25 µM) was the most effective concentration for PLB induction, with 17.5% induction rate. Leaf basal regions, either in whole leaves or in TCL, were the most responsive for PLB induction. The dehydration of PLBs for 120 min increased the fresh weight increment (FWI) in plantlet regeneration, but at the expense of decreased shoot number and increased mortality. Temporary-immersion bioreactors were found to be the most suitable system for PLB multiplication compared to continuous immersion system. Shoot development was challenging due to previously acquired habituation to TDZ. Sucrose and GA 3 showed an interactive effect on shoot growth. GA 3 improved shoot formation, and maximum shoot production was estimated to occur at 10.3 and 9.7 µM GA 3 on media containing 1.5% and 2% sucrose, respectively, resulting in larger number of developed plantlets (∼220) per culture flask. The flow cytometry analysis showed that 26.5% of plants regenerated from PLBs had doubled ploidy levels. The ploidy alterations were reflected in changes on leaf epidermis, such as increased stomatal density and number. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]