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Introducción: la rápida propagación del síndrome respiratorio agudo severo coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) en todo el mundo y la enfermedad originada por el coronavirus 19 (COVID-19), ha provocado una pandemia mundial con demoledoras consecuencias sociales y económicas. Objetivo: mostrar si hay alguna correlación de los fallecidos por COVID-19 y la vacunación contra el SARS-COV-2 en el periodo comprendido entre el 17 de febrero al 27 de mayo de 2021. Metodología: el trabajo de investigación se desarrolló mediante un tipo experimental, la información se obtuvo de la página web del Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social de los informes diarios de fallecidos y vacunación contra el COVID-19, en el periodo mencionado. Resultados: el p-valor de las pruebas para las variables contagio y vacunación para COVID-19 es de 0,000 siendo menor de α =0.01, de esta manera se acepta Ha, es decir la prueba de correlación de Pearson nos indica que existe relación entre el número de fallecidos por COVID-19 y la vacunación contra el SARS-COV-2 en Colombia. Conclusión: a partir de la vacunación de la vacuna contra COVID-19 a mediados de febrero de 2021 en Colombia, no se ha evidenciado un registro de la disminución del número de fallecidos por COVID-19. Si bien se observó un aumento en el total de vacunados de febrero a mayo 2021, no hubo reducción de los casos de fallecidos en el mismo lapso. Ante los aspectos descritos, es posible plantear que la vacunación en Colombia en 2021 aún no ha llegado a ser una medida del todo efectiva.

The importance of tourism for the economy has been growing worldwide with substantial growth in international tourist arrival and receipts. There is consensus on the positive economic consequences ...

Past research indicates that increasing the economic consequences of evaluations should theoretically discourage discrimination by making it more costly. I theorize that such consequences may also encourage discrimination in settings in which evaluators may be motivated by performance expectations, e.g., stereotypes. I explore this theory using data from an online lending platform whose loan guarantee policy reduced the potential economic consequences of using borrowers’ demographics during lending decisions. I find evidence that with the policy in place, lenders evaluated female borrowers less favorably than male borrowers. This finding is consistent with the theory that the policy discouraged performance-motivated discrimination (that driven by beliefs about performance abilities) and simultaneously encouraged consumption-motivated discrimination (that driven by a like or dislike of others because of their demographic traits). Because I theorize about underlying motives for discrimination, the insights developed here should apply to a wide range of types of discrimination that vary according to these motives, including classic taste-based discrimination, homophily-driven discrimination, statistical discrimination, and status-based discrimination. Economic consequences may therefore represent an important dynamic link between different types of discrimination.

The first case of COVID-19 in India detected on January 30, 2020, after its emergence in Wuhan, China, in December 2019. The lockdown was imposed as anemergency measure by the Indian government to prevent the spread of COVID-19 but gradually eased out due to its vast economic consequences. Just 15?days after the relaxation of lockdown restrictions, Delhi became India's worst city in terms of COVID-19 cases. In this paper, we propose a variable-order fractional SIR (susceptible, infected, removed) model at state-level scale. We introduce a algorithm that uses the differential evolution algorithm in combination with Adam?Bashforth?Moulton method to learn the parameters in a system of variable-order fractional SIR model. The model can predict the confirm COVID-19 cases in India considering the effects of nationwide lockdown and the possible estimate of the number of infliction inactive cases after the removal of lockdown on June 1, 2020. A new parameter p is introduced in the classical SIR model representing the fraction of infected people that get tested and are thereby quarantined. The COVID-19 trajectory in Delhi, as per our model, predicts the slowing down of the spread between January and February 2021, touching a peak of around 5 lakh confirmed cases.

This article investigates and analyses the mass media and analytical (non-academic) reporting on the economic consequences of the Coronavirus. The collected sample of indicative works seeks to understand how the problem is framed as a crisis, with a focus on the identification of government policy and its consequences on the economy, and predictions concerning the longer-term effects and consequences for the economy.

A more generous consumer bankruptcy system provides greater insurance against financial risks, but it may also raise the cost of credit to consumers. We study this trade-off using the 2005 Bankruptcy Abuse Prevention and Consumer Protection Act (BAPCPA), which raised the costs of filing for bankruptcy. We identify the effects of BAPCPA on borrowing costs by exploiting variation in the effects of the reform on bankruptcy risk across credit-score segments. Using a combination of administrative records, credit reports, and proprietary market-research data, we find that the reform reduced bankruptcy filings, and reduced the likelihood that an uninsured hospitalization received bankruptcy relief by 70 percent. BAPCPA led to a decrease in credit card interest rates, with an implied pass-through rate of 60–75 percent. Overall, BAPCPA decreased the gap in offered interest rates between prime and subprime consumers by roughly 10 percent.

PurposeIt is well known that micromanagement — excessive control of employees — is detrimental to the employees' morale and thus, decreases their productivity. But what if the managers keep people happy — will there still be negative consequences of micromanagement? This is the problem analyzed in this paper.Design/methodology/approachTo analyze our problem, we use general — but simplified — mathematical models of how productivity depends on the working rate.FindingsWe show that even in the absence of psychological discomfort, micromanagement is still detrimental to productivity. Interestingly, the negative effect of micromanagement increases as the population becomes more diverse.Originality/valueThis is the first paper in which the purely economic consequences of micromanagement — separate from its psychological consequences — are studied in precise mathematical terms, and is the first paper that analyzes the relation between these consequences and diversity of the population.

Investigating the economic consequences of the natural hazards on the infrastructures is a crucial task in any risk-based decision-making process. Life-cycle cost (LCC) analysis is an important too...

We use a multi-regional general equilibrium model and a multi-regional microsimulation model to explore the economic consequences of a Goods and Services Tax (GST) rate rise and broadening of the G...

Background: Female genuine stress urinary incontinence (SUI) affects a great number of females, with important social and economic consequences. SUI is more frequent after several deliveries, after menopause as a result of changes in the urethral support or the sphincter mechanism. Aim of Study: To compare traditional tension free trans-obturator tape (TOT) and surgeon tailored mesh (STM) in treatment of female stress urinary incontinence as regard of safety, efficacy, side effects, cost, and follow-up. Patients and Method: Prospective randomized study was done on sixty three female patients were suffered SUI with determining of eligibility of the study as shown in COSORT flow chart Fig. (1) at Al Zahraa University Hospital, Al Azhar University from December 2016 to April 2019. All patients subjected to full history, general, and local examination (cases of cystocele, rectocele, or previous vaginal surgeries were excluded). Cystometrogram (CMG) was done for exclusion of uninhibited detrusor contractions, small bladder capacity ( 100 CC) assessed by ultrasonography were excluded from this study. All patients requested surgical treatment and provided informed written consent, and the study was approved by the ethical committee. With follow-up for six month post-operatively. Results: Depending on subjective criteria obtained from the Patric questionnaire, and objective criteria from physical examination.As regards traditional tape group, 13 patients (43.33%) were cured; two patients (6.67%) improved with no failed cases and STM group 14 patients (46.67%) were cured; one patient (3.33 %) improved with no failed cases (p-value 0.542, Pearson Chi-Square test). Conclusions: TOT (outside in technique) using both STM and traditional tape are minimally invasive techniques and are equally effective and safe in treatment of pure female SUI, with short hospital stay which reduces the cost of surgery. Both techniques could be used in treatment of pure SUI with good outcome. This technique is more economical due to the cheap ordinary polypropylene mesh. So, it should be considered as a low-cost alternative to the available commercial kits in the treatment of female SUI, mainly for public health systems with few financial resources.

Institutional changes inevitably impose adjustment costs on firms while also generating benefits. However, empirical evidence regarding the adjustment costs of institutional changes is limited, with much of the focus centered on benefits. Using data on China’s A-share listed companies from 2010 to 2018 and the nation’s staggered adoption of the “business tax to value-added tax reform” (hereafter, “VAT reform”) as a natural experiment, we examine the impact of this reform on a particular corporate cost: audit fees. We find audit fees to be 8.11% higher for VAT reform firms than for non-VAT reform firms. This difference does not exist before or after the reform year. That is, it is only observed in the year of VAT reform implementation. This indicates the existence of an adjustment cost specifically related to the VAT reform. Furthermore, we observe larger fee increases among firms audited by Big 4 international audit firms, firms that require more audit work, firms that are more complex, and firms with weak internal controls. From the audit pricing perspective, we provide evidence of the economic consequences of tax reform. The corporate adjustment costs that arise from institutional changes deserve more attention from decision-makers.

The old tissues of cities are among the tissues that are now suffering from severe physical-spatial deficiencies following the change of biological pattern and the formation of new needs. These bottlenecks and the resulting social and economic consequences have bilaterally reduced the quality of life in the old urban fabric. Physical exhaustion and exhaustion of the social and economic life of the old tissues in a reciprocal relationship has led to the intensification of the stagnation of urban life and the decline of the quality of urban life in most cities. People's participation in all social activities, including planning and urban planning, is something that is accepted in all societies today, which is considered in the above research. The present research is descriptive-analytical. The information required for the above research has been collected by library and field methods.The purpose of this study is to investigate the social participation of citizens in the improvement and renovation of dilapidated urban fabric through urban design in the sixth district of Kabul, which has been done by collecting information from relevant organizations and observing the current situation in the district.

The potential threats to the USA from current and projected sea level rise are significant, with profound environmental, social and economic consequences. This current study continues the refinement and improvement in analysis techniques for sea level research beyond the Fourth US National Climate Assessment (NCA4) report by incorporating further advancements in the time series analysis of long tide gauge records integrated with an improved vertical land motion (VLM) assessment. This analysis has also been synthesised with an updated regional assessment of satellite altimetry trends in the sea margins fringing the USA. Coastal margins more vulnerable to the threats posed by rising sea levels are those in which subsidence is prevalent, higher satellite altimetry trends are evident and higher ‘geocentric’ velocities in mean sea level are being observed. The evidence from this study highlights key spatial features emerging in 2020, which highlight the northern foreshore of the Gulf Coast and along the east coast of the USA south of the Chesapeake Bay region being more exposed to the range of factors exacerbating threats from sea level rise than other coastlines at present. The findings in this study complement and extend sea level research beyond NCA4 to 2020.

This study investigates market reactions to announcements of chief accounting officer (CAO) unqualifications. Using 61 Taiwanese observations from 2006 to 2020, we find negative market reactions pr...

This paper analyzes the epidemiological and economic effects of quarantines. We use a basic epidemiological model, a SEIR-model, that is calibrated to roughly resemble the COVID-19 pandemic, and we assume that individuals that become infected or are isolated on average lose a share of their productivity. An early quarantine postpones but does not alter the course of the pandemic at a cost that increases in the duration and the extent of the quarantine. For quarantines at later stages of the pandemic there is a trade-off between lowering the peak level of infectious people on the one hand and minimizing fatalities and economic losses on the other hand. A longer quarantine dampens the peak level of infectious people and also reduces the total number of infected persons but increases economic losses. Both the peak level of infectious individuals and the total share of the population that will have been infected are U-shaped in relation to the share of the population in quarantine, while economic costs increase in this share. In particular, a quarantine covering a moderate share of the population leads to a lower peak, fewer deaths and lower economic costs, but it implies that the peak of the pandemic occurs earlier.

A city's walkability is a measure of how friendly, safe and attractive a city is for walking within it. Moreover, a well-designed walkable environment can become a place where many social, political, and other important urban activities occur. Following the appearance of motorised vehicles, cars have occupied urban spaces, with many city structures changing according to motor vehicles' requirements rather than pedestrians. Regardless of the many benefits that cars bring to people’s lives, the overuse of cars has had many social, physical, and economic consequences. Based on the reviewed literature, this research analyses the relationship between the built environment and walking, behavioural factors and travel mode choices, walking as a means of socialisation and as a transportation mode. In addition to these factors, four main groups of criteria contributing to increased walking rate are identified: lifestyle, urban design factors, personal and locational factors. Each of these groups has comprehensive sub-categories that can evaluate the walkability of a street or an urban space. This research mainly examines the relationship between the built environment's physical properties and the walkability of urban space.

Aim Among children who receive hospital care, preterm infants are Europe's largest group, whose numbers are continually increasing. Currently, no pan-European standards of care for preterm or critically ill infants are available, except for a few specific topics, and practices vary widely in different regions.Methods The European Foundation for the Care of Newborn Infants (EFCNI) has initiated a transdisciplinary collaboration project to provide agreed standards for high-quality perinatal and neonatal care, whose implementation will ensure fairer and more equitable care across Europe. This will improve care for these vulnerable infants and their families, ameliorate the long-term conditions found in preterm and critically ill infants and enhance the quality of family life of affected families. More than 220 experts-healthcare professionals, patient representatives and other relevant stakeholders-have come together for the first time to develop a broad reference guidance in neonatology and associated fields.Results Ninety-six standards on 11 overarching topic areas were developed and endorsed.Conclusion This reference framework serves as a basis for the development of binding national standards for high-quality care. A robust translation and implementation strategy is facilitated, with the goal of improved health outcomes following preterm birth all around Europe.

The global burden of heart failure has reached epidemic proportions with tremendous health and economic consequences. Sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors, vericiguat, and omecamtiv mecarbil are novel agents that promise to blunt the high residual risk of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. We review the vast knowledge base that has rapidly materialized for these agents and is poised to shape the current and future trends and recommendations in heart failure pharmacotherapy. Résumé: Le fardeau planétaire que représente l’insuffisance cardiaque (IC) a atteint des proportions épidémiques en plus d’avoir d’énormes répercussions sur la santé et l’économie. Le vericiguat et l’omécamtiv mécarbil sont des inhibiteurs du cotransporteur sodium-glucose de type 2 (SGLT2) novateurs et prometteurs qui donnent de l’espoir dans la réduction du risque résiduel élevé d’insuffisance cardiaque avec fraction d’éjection réduite. Nous examinons à l’heure actuelle la vaste base de connaissances qui s’est rapidement constituée pour ces agents et qui s’apprête à façonner les tendances et recommandations actuelles et futures relatives à la pharmacothérapie de l’IC.

We examine the role and economic consequences of emotions in shaping the judgment of corporate executives. Analyzing a large sample of U.S. public firms, we find that sunshine-induced good mood leads managers to make upwardly biased earnings forecasts. Importantly, our evidence implies that managers become less susceptible to the sunshine priming effect in unambiguous settings, when their forecasts are subject to stricter external monitoring, and when they have stronger incentives to issue accurate forecasts. Additional tests show that equity market participants discern less informative signals from forecasts influenced by sunshine and that managers prone to the sunshine priming effect impose costs on their firms in the form of higher information risk and equity financing costs. Reflecting that labor markets also play a disciplinary role, we find that mood-prone managers suffer adverse career outcomes. We provide the first large-scale analysis on the nuanced ways in which emotions affect top executives. JEL Classifications: G02; G30; M40; M41.

This article offers a brief summary of the complex factors leading to the famine in Bengal in the 1940s and discusses its longer-term impacts—the afterlife, so to speak—of famine. This episode of starvation claimed as many as five million lives in Bengal, and had long lasting social, political, and economic consequences. Several different paradigms emerged that impacted the socio-political landscape of Bengal in the midst of the famine. Famine studies often focus on causality and on peaks of starvation deaths. However, periods of mass starvation such as the famine in Bengal do not simply end when mass starvation ends. Rather, famine inscribes itself into a famine society in elaborate fashion, impacting post-famine societies in abiding ways for generations to come.

The reliability of China’s GDP data has been questioned for a long time. Prior studies have discussed the causes of GDP distortion in China, but the evidence on the economic consequences is scant. This paper examines the economic consequences of regional GDP distortion from the perspective of analyst forecasts. We find that regional GDP distortion leads to lower analyst forecast accuracy, and this result is robust to potential endogeneity. Further investigations show that analysts with information advantages have the ability to resist the distorted GDP data and issue accurate forecasts. Political pressure is another factor leading to inaccurate analyst forecasts. Our paper contributes to the literature by highlighting the importance of the reliability of GDP figures as a determinant of analyst forecast accuracy.

The paper analyzes the economic consequences of the US–China trade war on economics in ASEAN-4. The analysis uses the Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) model. The simulation scenarios depicted s...

none 4 si This paper investigates the changing nature of quality employment in the United States, considering the social and economic consequences of neoliberal policies on the quality and availability of good jobs. Neoliberalism and its policies have profoundly influenced the American economy and impaired the socioeconomic landscape. Access to quality employment is a critical component of the future of work, as it shapes worker identities and empowers them to meet household needs. Quality employment can curb rising inequality, reduce job polarization, close urban-rural divides, and halt the corrosion of trust in American social democracy. This paper proposes a new conceptual and analytical approach to evaluating trends and structural changes in quality employment across American industries. The analytical framework involves a composite indicator — the Quality Employment Index (QEI) — that measures industries’ capacity to offer quality employment relative to one another. We use the QEI to rank fifteen American manufacturing industries from 2001 to 2018, and evaluate them in the context of the U.S. political economy. mixed Christine Ngoc Ngo, Marco R. Di Tommaso, Mattia Tassinari & John Marcus Dockerty Christine Ngoc Ngo, Marco R. Di Tommaso, Mattia Tassinari & John Marcus Dockerty

The city of Pohang in South Korea experienced substantial damage following the ML 5.4 earthquake on 15 November 2017. Damage surveys immediately after the earthquake revealed significant spatial variations in damage intensity across the epicentral area. We collected ambient noise data (three‐component seismic data) from 124 locations in Pohang, covering a total area of 17 km × 20 km, and applied the horizontal‐to‐vertical spectral ratio technique to estimate the resonance frequency, amplification factor and vulnerability of the ground to seismic shaking. Spatial variations exhibited by these three parameters are strongly correlated and consistent with variations in local geology. By comparing the distribution of the ground vulnerability index (Kg) with the damage distribution (or intensity) documented by the Korea Meteorological Administration following the earthquake, we confirm that the site effect is the prevailing effect that influences damage intensity in this region. We also demonstrate that Kg is an efficient proxy for identifying relatively fragile zones during ground shaking: in areas with a reported damage intensity of VIII, the proportion of the area with Kg > 20 is as high as 78.2%. Given that the study area has experienced a recent moderate earthquake, with significant economic consequences, our new results and analytical techniques will provide valuable information for future urbanization projects.

This paper examines the effects and mechanism of the financialization of manufacturing enterprises on total factor productivity (TFP). Thus, it provides evidence of the economic consequences of corporate financialization from the perspective of productivity. Using the panel data of China's listed manufacturing companies from 2007 to 2018, the level of corporate financialization is measured using the proportion of financial assets in the total assets. The results show that the deepening of the financialization of manufacturing enterprises significantly reduces TFP and the magnitude of the impacts of different types of financial assets variates. In addition, the effects of corporate financialization on TFP are heterogeneous in terms of their significance and degrees in different types of enterprises as well as in different levels of enterprises' TFP. The further analysis of the influencing mechanism shows that corporate financialization has different effects on the TFP of manufacturing enterprises through technological innovation and resource allocation efficiency.

BACKGROUND:Brucellosis, which has profound public health and economic consequences, is endemic to Saudi Arabia.Brucellais transmitted to humans by direct contact with infected animals or by consumption of unpasteurized dairy products. Manifestations of brucellosis are protean and require a combination of drugs to prevent the emergence of resistance. The WHO recommends the use of doxycycline with rifampicin or an aminoglycoside for brucellosis, but experts in Saudi Arabia prefer to avoid the use of rifampicin and aminoglycosides to lessen the possibility of emergence of drug-resistant tuberculosis.OBJECTIVES:Compare rifampicin and doxycycline in the treatment of human brucellosis versus various combinations of doxycycline, with either trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (co-trimoxazole), quinolones or aminoglycosides, and describe the clinical manifestations of brucellosis.DESIGN:Retrospective medical record review.SETTING:Single tertiary care center.PATIENTS AND METHODS:Diagnosis of brucellosis was based on positive serology by standard agglutination test (SAT), or isolation by culture ofBrucellaspecies from blood, body fluid or tissue.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:Cure rate with the use of doxycycline in combination with either co-trimoxazole, quinolone or aminoglyco-sides in comparison to doxycycline/rifampicin and the clinical features of brucellosis.SAMPLE SIZE:123.RESULTS:In 118 (96%) patients, the median IgG/IgM antibody titers at diagnosis and at 6 and 12 months were 1:1280/1:1280, 1:640/1:640, and 1:320/1:160, respectively. There were no differences in outcome between treatment regimens, as evidenced by a significant decrease in SAT titers and symptom resolution within six months. Five (4%) patients relapsed from non-adherence to treatment, but responded well to a second course of treatment. Blood cultures were positive in 50 patients (41%) patients. Fever, arthralgia and back pain were the most common symptoms. Good serological and clinical responses were achieved in 96% of patients. Relapse in 4% (n=5) was due to self-reported non-adherence.LIMITATIONS:Retrospective, relatively small sample size.CONCLUSIONS:Doxycycline with co-trimoxazole is as efficacious as doxycycline/rifampicin in non-focal brucellosis and is preferred in countries with a high prevalence of tuberculosis.CONFLICT OF INTEREST:None.

In this study, we have investigated the impact of the implementation of AAOIFI (Accounting and Auditing Organization of Islamic Financial Institutions) on the level of corporate social responsibility disclosures (CSRD) within the context of Islamic banks. We measured the level of CSRD in annual reports using a disclosure instrument based on AAOIFI governance standard and other indexes from the previous studies. We have used data of 36 Islamic banks that was located in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) between 2012 and 2016. We found out that AAOIFI adoption had a positive effect on CSRD. Furthermore, this paper - is the first one that has investigated to what extent adoption of financial accounting standards as AAOIFI can enhance the level of CSRD in Islamic banks. We contributed for the debate and literature about the economic consequences of adoption financial accounting standards specifically for Islamic

The climate variations have lot of the financial, medical and economic consequences. Studies showed that climate plays the vital role in virus transmission. This study analyzed the impact of climate indicators on COVID-19 concerning Pakistan. The secondary data is used for analysis as obtained from world health organization, ministry of health Pakistan and Pakistan meteorological department. The results show that all the research variables like temperature maximum, temperature minimum, humidity, and wind flow are positively and significantly correlated to COVID-19. Findings show that temperature maximum, temperature minimum, and wind flow have the positive and significant association with COVID-19, while the humidity has a positive impact on COVID-19 transmission. The study show that minimum temperature is favorable for the virus transmission. Thus, the study provides significant results in reaching the decision and concluding the study.

This paper describes the key phenomenon occurring in the contemporary world economy, which is foreign direct investments. The paper focuses mostly on the scale of FDI flow in the world. Furthermore, much attention was paid to the determinants of the inflow of investments and to their economic consequences.

Purpose of the study: This article aims to examine the economic consequences of the unprecedented crisis of COVID-19 across Pakistan's sectors. To date, the second phase of COVID-19 is underway, and the economic losses of the industries and the recovery plan are still underdeveloped. Methodology: This study is qualitative based. Mix method and desk review approaches are used to analyse the impact of covid-19 on the different sectors of Pakistan Main Findings: The review revealed that the pandemic had a range of negative impacts on domestic, foreign trade, health care, education, and tourism, but had a positive effect on the environment and the agriculture sector. Applications of this study: This study can be effective for the researcher to an immediate need to study each sector's economic insights further to improve crisis management policy. Novelty/Originality of this study: this research contributes to the covid-19 pandemic in the different sectors of Pakistan. It also offers insights into how policymakers should build policies.

Background:Aside from its pervasiveness, whereby it affects as much as 20% of the world's population, depression continues to be one of the most crucial psychiatric problems due to the loss of power it causes by disrupting daily life functioning, containing economic consequences, and having a high suicidal tendency. Major depression (MD) is a systemic and multifactorial disorder involving complex interactions between genetic predisposition and disturbances of various molecular pathways.Objectives:In our current study, we aimed to identify the proteins obtained from serum samples that change during depression with the MD model.Methods:The MD model was applied through the forced swim test in rats. 14 Winstar Albino male rats were divided into two equal groups as follows: depression and control groups. Serum samples were separated by chromatographic methods and then compared with two-dimensional (2D) electrophoresis.Results:A total of 9 potential diagnostic protein sequences were identified, which were distinguished with computer software. During the last phase of the study, the Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/ Ionization – Time of Flight (MALDI-TOF) analysis, the previous expression sequences identified among the groups were determined and classified. By comparing protein expressions, it was concluded that 9 different points could be used together as a potential biomarker.Conclusion:Results can help us identify a new diagnostic system that can be used to diagnose MD.

espanolTomando como punto de partida el proceso de ubicuidad digital contemporaneo y sus consecuencias politicas, sociales y economicas; el presente trabajo propone una definicion de “arte postdigital”. Esta, mas que revisar las consecuencias de dicha situacion en el campo de la cultura, tiene como objetivo convertirse en espacio de analisis y reflexion ante las consecuencias sociales, politicas y economicas de la presente situacion, marcada por el denominado “capitalismo de plataformas”, una propuesta de Nick Srnicek para definir un sistema capitalista fundamentado en el trafico de datos. Con este objetivo, se expone, en primer lugar, un analisis de la construccion del termino a traves de figuras como Kim Cascone o Florian Cramer. A continuacion, y con el objeto de seguir analizando el uso del termino, se presenta un estudio de la inclusion de este en el campo institucional de las artes, observando como la mayoria de las aportaciones se han acogido a las mencionadas figuras y, por tanto, a una nocion de “postdigital” que analiza, unicamente, las consecuencias de la ubicuidad digital en la cultura. Por ultimo, y con el fin de conformar nuestra propuesta de “arte postdigital”, se presenta una clasificacion de las practicas artisticas que responden a nuestra propia definicion. Esta clasificacion responde a tres tematicas: la materialidad de las herramientas digitales, el analisis y uso del error de las tecnologias y, por ultimo, la identidad. EnglishTaking the current process of digital ubiquity and its political, social and economic consequences as a starting point, we propose here a definition of “postdigital art”. This definition, rather than reviewing the consequences of this situation in the culture field, aims to become a space for analysis and reflection on the social, political, and economic consequences of the current situation, marked by the so-called “platform capitalism” (Nick Srnicek) to define a capitalist system based on data traffic. Following this objective, we present an analysis of the term presented through figures such as Kim Cascone or Florian Cramer. Afterwards, and to continue analyzing the use of the term, we expound a study of the term in the artistic institution, where we can observe how most of the contributions have been made use of the already mentioned names and, therefore, to a notion of “postdigital” that only analyzes the consequences of digital ubiquity in culture. Finally, and to conform our idea of “postdigital art”, a classification of artistic practices that respond to our own definition is presented. This classification responds to three issues: the materiality of digital tools, the analysis and use of error in technologies and identity.

Transfer of stocks to a more regulated section within the same stock exchange is a quasi-natural experiment that enhances the investor base of companies. The purpose of this paper is to examine for the first time this investor base change and its price-impact. Considering the Japanese Exchange Group merger in 2012 and its structural amendments, the author uses a final sample of 181 firms between 2014-2019. An event study methodology is used to examine the abnormal returns and trading activity in relation to the investor base change proxy. The study also uses robust MM regression analysis to investigate whether the expected price-impact has is temporary or permanent. The results demonstrate that companies that had the largest positive shift in investor base also experienced the largest positive abnormal returns (+ 3.74%) and volume gains. Crucially, the author found no evidence of reversal of this price-impact, inconsistent with the price-pressure hypothesis. Instead, the increase in stock prices caused by section transfer to a more regulated section seems to be permanent. Keywords: Section transfers, More regulated section, TSE1, TSE2, Investor Base Change, Permanent price-impact.

What will the cities of the future be like? This is a question that does not have an unequivocal response. The cities of the future will be developed by people who have not been born yet or who are not devoted to shaping urban planning policy and markets. Furthermore, these cities have not yet been created and will be created thanks to a knowledge that does not yet exist today. All we can do is try to draw along the general (alternative) guidelines according to which those future cities might be constructed and the consequences of every alternative. This work tries to analyze the main problems caused by today’s urban planning models and its results. Later we will try to explain the different general policy frameworks used to develop urban areas. Finally, we will offer a figure of the type of urban development and the economic consequences of every alternative. In this final step the author will analyze the scope that is granted to human creativity and social cooperation in each case. Key words: City, knowledge, creativity, entrepreneurship, prices, economic calculation, speculation, corruption, cartesian order, spontaneous order, developed or contractual law, customary law and urban planning. JEL Classification: R00, R40, R48, R50, R52, R58, K11, K12, K32. Resumen: ¿Cómo serán las ciudades del futuro? Esta es una pregunta que no tiene una respuesta inequívoca. Las ciudades del futuro serán desarrollados por personas que no han nacido aún o que no se dedican a la elaboración de las políticas de planificación urbana. Además, estas ciudades todavía no se han creado y se crearán gracias a un conocimiento que no existe aún hoy en día. Todo lo que podemos hacer es tratar de esbozar diferentes alternativas para la creación de las ciudades del futuro y las consecuencias de cada alternativa. Este trabajo pretende analizar los principales problemas causados por los modelos actuales de planificación urbana y sus resultados. Además vamos a tratar de explicar los diferentes marcos de política general utilizados para las espacios urbanos. Por último, se ofrecerán dos posibilidades de planeamiento urbano y las consecuencias económicas de cada alternativa. En esta parte final el autor analiza el alcance que se otorga a la creatividad humana y la cooperación social en cada caso. Palabras clave: Ciudad, Conocimiento, creatividad, Función Empresarial, Precios, Cálculo Económico, Especulación, Corrupción, Orden Cartesiano, Orden Espontáneo, Leyes Contractuales o desarrolladas, Ley Consuetudinaria y Planeamiento Urbano. Clasificación JEL: R00, R40, R48, R50, R52, R58, K11, K12, K32.

The Covid-19 pandemic has presented a range of economic consequences for the tourism industry. Notably, this has been striking mainly because of the rising fear toward public places and travel avoi...

Europe’s recent summer droughts have had devastating ecological and economic consequences, but the severity and cause of these extremes remain unclear. Here we present 27,080 annually resolved and absolutely dated measurements of tree-ring stable carbon and oxygen (δ13C and δ18O) isotopes from 21 living and 126 relict oaks (Quercus spp.) used to reconstruct central European summer hydroclimate from 75 bce to 2018 ce. We find that the combined inverse δ13C and δ18O values correlate with the June–August Palmer Drought Severity Index from 1901–2018 at 0.73 (P

The paper deals with social and economic consequences of COVID-19 in the context of long-term trends of economic development. The current crisis is compared with economic and war cataclysms of 20th—21st centuries. Special attention is paid to types of anti-crisis policies as well as to relations between anti-crisis (short-term) and modernization (medium-term) challenges. The paper discusses the influence of pandemic on budget and monetary policies, trends of globalization, and new approaches to government regulation of economic development.

Purpose This paper aims to review the economic impact of Covid in Spain and propose policies to deal with them. Design/methodology/approach Not relevant. Findings The pandemic is having a very severe effect, which varies across sectors and regions. Given the severity of the problem, a comprehensive policy strategy is needed. Specific proposals about such a strategy are made, distinguishing between the short and the long run. Originality/value It provides a discussion about the main measures that have been taken to mitigate the economic consequences of Covid in Spain and about what else should be done.

The economic consequences of carbon reduction policies have been well documented in the literature. However, it remains unclear whether such policies can promote firm innovation. In this study, we examine the effects of carbon emission reduction on firm innovation in China with reference to the carbon intensity constraint policy (CICP) issued in 2009 to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. We design a natural experiment to investigate the effect of the CICP on firm innovation, and the results show that the introduction of the CICP significantly reduced firm innovation. Overall, this study offers clear practical implications for regulators concerned with the issues of firm innovation and environmental protection.

We estimate the causal effect of accidents on employment and earnings among Chilean men using event study methods and monthly administrative data. An accident of any type reduces the probability of being employed by 8.4 percentage points in the first year, by 11.2 percentage points in the second year, and by 14.8 percentage points in the third year after the accident. On average, over the three years after the accident, employment declines by 14%, relative to the pre-accident mean. In addition, accidents reduce monthly earnings by around 11% in the first year, 17% in the second year, and 22% in the third year after the accident. On average, monthly earnings fall by 16%, relative to the pre-accident average. Thus, we estimate persistent and increasing labor market effects of accidents over time. These effects vary by individuals' age, education, and industry and by severity of the accident. Our findings imply that the economic consequences of health shocks go beyond direct medical expenses.

Faultlines can affect a board of director’s effectiveness in supervising senior managers, which in turn affects the value of a company’s cash holdings. Based on sample data from Chinese A-share listed companies from 2004 to 2016, we examine the relationship between board faultlines and the value of cash holdings. The empirical results indicate that board faultlines have a significant inhibitory effect on cash holding value. This inhibitory effect is stronger for board faultlines resulting from deep-level attributes. Furthermore, the inhibitory effect of board faultlines is stronger in state-owned enterprises (SOEs) than in non-SOEs. As an important governance mechanism, management shareholdings can reduce agency costs and mitigate the negative impact of board fissures on cash holdings. Overall, we enrich the literature on the economic consequences of board faultlines and their influence on cash holding value. We also offer companies practical suggestions for improving the supervisory mechanism of their board of directors.

Significant regional inequalities of income and wealth exist in every Western European country and in North America, but their extent varies from country to country. In both Europe and the US, it is generally thought that they tended to narrow from the early 1900s until about 1980, since when they have widened. This widening has become associated with the rise of populism, while the Covid-19 crisis has thrown regional disadvantage into sharp relief. This article discusses measurement issues, traces developments over time, and explores the social and economic consequences of regional disparities. It describes the evolution of regional policy, and in particular the move to more localized approaches in Europe, analysing their strengths and weaknesses.

Introduction: From 2008, several Norwegian Health Trusts have acquired surgical robotic systems, and robotic hysterectomy accounted for 15 % of all hysterectomies performed in Norway in 2018. Robotic assisted hysterectomy is costly, and there is no evidence that the clinical outcome of robotic assisted hysterectomy is superior compared to the outcomes following other minimal invasive hysterectomies such as vaginal and laparoscopic hysterectomies. The objectives of this study were to describe the implementation of robotic hysterectomy and changes in other hysterectomy approaches, such as open abdominal, laparoscopic and vaginal hysterectomy in hospitals with and without robotic systems for hysterectomy. Methods: Quantitative study based on hysterectomy data between 2010 to 2018 from the Norwegian Patient Registry. Results: 9 out of 19 health trusts performed robotic assisted hysterectomy during the study period. The rate of abdominal hysterectomies declined during the study period, both in the health trusts with and without available surgical robotic systems. The rate of other minimally invasive hysterectomies also declined in some health trusts after the implementation of robotic assisted hysterectomy. Discussion: Robotic hysterectomy has been implemented and is increasing in Norway without a thorough evaluation of the effect on patient safety and possible economic consequences. According to our findings, it appears that the implementation of robotic hysterectomy has not had a significant impact on the use of open abdominal hysterectomy. Although associated with increased costs and a lack of evidence of improved clinical outcomes for women, robotic hysterectomy has furthermore to some extent replaced other minimal invasive hysterectomies.

Introduction: There are many ambiguities and contradictions in the economic consequences of outsourcing services in public hospitals. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to systematically review the economic consequences of outsourcing in public hospitals in Iran. Methods: The information required in this systematic review study was collected using relevant keyword searches in the databases of PubMed, ProQuest, Scopus, Web of Knowledge, Google Scholar, SID, and MagIran without time limit. Textual data were analyzed manually by the content analysis method. Results: Finally, 20 articles were included in the study. Three types of rental outsourcing, managerial, and public-private partnership were reported in the studies. In five studies, the whole hospital was outsourced. None of the studies had a control group. A total of 51 indicators were used, most of which were total revenues, total costs, and personnel costs. The mean study time of the outsourcing effects was 24.2 months. The results of most studies showed the positive effects of outsourcing in economic terms. The most important achievements of outsourcing included reducing costs and increasing profitability, and the most important obstacles included the existence of hidden costs, imposing additional costs on patients, lack of economic stability, and lack of economic evaluation. Conclusion: The results showed that outsourcing has been economically successful in many wards and services of public hospitals; however, in some cases, outsourcing has led to increased costs. Therefore, more attention should be paid by hospital managers and health policy makers to identify the influencing factors and negative consequences of outsourcing.

The question of whether environmental regulation stimulates innovation activities has long been important and controversial. This study explores an ideal setting, the low-carbon city pilot program conducted by the Chinese government as a quasi-natural experiment to address this question. We conduct a difference-in-differences approach to analyze the impact of environment regulation on R&D investment. We find that the program’s adoption has led to an increase in R&D investment of 0.145% as a percentage of total assets and 0.273% as a percentage of sales, indicating a positive effect of environmental regulation on R&D expenditures. The increase in R&D expenditures is greater for firms experiencing a larger increase in government subsidies, a greater decline in corporate tax or a greater improvement in financial condition following the low-carbon pilot program. A series of robustness tests support a causal interpretation of our findings and indicate that the observed effect of the low-carbon pilot program on corporate R&D investment is unlikely driven by chance. Our results provide in-depth insights into the economic consequences of low-carbon regulation policies which could be of interest to academic researchers and policymakers.

In work the estimation of the volume and value of imports of product group 02 unified Foreign Economic Activity Commodity Nomenclature of the Eurasian Economic Union (FEACN of the EEU) under embargo. For evaluation, we used data external trade statistics of the customs service of the Russian Federation. The analysis showed that the product group 02 FEACN of the EEU were imported with a certain periodicity. It is noted that the reduction of customs duty payment in 2014 relative to 2013 was $500 million.

This paper examines the long-run economic consequences of Russian serfdom. Employing data on the intensity of labor coercion just prior to emancipation in 1861, we document that a 25 percentage point increase in historical serfdom (1 SD) reduces household expenditure today by up to 17%. We then provide evidence on the persistence of this relationship by studying city populations over the period 1800 to 2002. Exploring mechanisms, our findings suggest that less urban agglomeration and slower industrial development in areas with a greater degree of serfdom perpetuated the negative effects of forced labor before, during, and after the Soviet period.

Background: Vitamin D deficiency have serious medical, social and economic consequences for human health and require timely diagnosis and adequate correction.Aim: Evaluation of the efficacy and safety of therapy with Fortedetrim soft capsules (MEDANA PHARMA AO, Poland) using saturating and maintenance doses compared to therapy with Vigantol®, an oily solution for oral administration (Merck KGaA, Germany) in patients with vitamin D deficiency.Materials and methods: The study included 150 patients with vitamin D deficiency (less than 20 ng/ml) aged 18 to 75 years, who were randomized into 3 groups in a 1:1:1 ratio (50 people each). Fortedetrim capsules were used in two groups during the first four weeks 50,000 IU once a week (5 capsules 10,000 IU each) and 56,000 IU — 8,000 IU daily (2 capsules 4000 IU), and Vigantol® was used in the comparison group 1000 IU daily (2 drops). Over the next 12 weeks, patients received supportive therapy — in the first group, Fortedetrim 10,000 IU was used once a week, in the second — Fortedetrim 2,000 IU daily (14,000 IU per week); the comparison group continued to take Vigantol® 1000 IU daily.Results: As a result of evaluating the data on the results of stages I and II of the clinical study Fortedetrim in comparison with Vigantol®, the hypothesis was proved that the high-dose drug Fortedetrim (capsules of 2000, 4000 and 10000 IU) is superior to the drug Vigantol® (drops, 1000 IU daily). Nevertheless, it should be noted that long-term intake of colecalciferol at a dose of 1000 IU daily by 20 weeks allowed 36% of participants to reach a level of 30 ng/ml, but this is significantly less than in groups using high-dose drugs. There were no differences in the number of adverse events during the study, their degree and the relationship with drug intake between the treatment and comparison groups.Conclusion: The use of the drug Fortedetrim in saturating doses is effective and safe for the treatment of adult patients with vitamin D deficiency. However, an individual approach to its replenishment is required (taking into account compliance, the degree of obesity, impaired absorption of calcium and vitamin D), since not all patients in the applied saturation regimes, the target values of vitamin D in the blood were reached.