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In Part I, we proposed reconfigurable ferroelectric transistors (R-FEFETs) with a unique property of dynamic modulation between the volatile (logic) and nonvolatile (memory) modes of operation with the help of a control signal. They showcase excellent robustness in the presence of gate leakage with larger hysteresis in the nonvolatile mode with respect to ferroelectric FETs (FEFETs) and higher ON current in the volatile mode compared with standard FETs. Using the unique attributes of R-FEFETs presented in Part I, we explain the dynamics of transition between various modes of operation for circuit-level applications in this paper. We propose a 3T nonvolatile memory design that offers significant power savings over FEFET-based memories by virtue of the control terminal. Our analysis shows that the proposed R-FEFET memory exhibits 55% lower write power and 37%–72% lower read power at iso access time and 33% lower area compared with a recently proposed standard FEFET-based memory.

The blinking of an eye can be detected in electroencephalographic (EEG) recordings and can be understood as a useful control signal in some information processing tasks. The detection of a specific pattern associated with the blinking of an eye in real time using EEG signals of a single channel has been analyzed. This study considers both theoretical and practical principles enabling the design and implementation of a system capable of precise real-time detection of eye blinks within the EEG signal. This signal or pattern is subject to considerable scale changes and multiple incidences. In our proposed approach, a new wavelet was designed to improve the detection and localization of the eye blinking signal. The detection of multiple occurrences of the blinking perturbation in the recordings performed in real-time operation is achieved with a window giving a time-limited projection of an ongoing analysis of the sampled EEG signal.

This paper studies the problem of robust stabilization for a class of nonlinear discrete-time switched systems with polytopic uncertainties and unknown state delay. Moreover, the control signal is assumed to be constrained. The objective of the proposed controller is to stabilize the switched system under arbitrary switching signals based on the switched Lyapunov function approach. Therefore, based on the constrained robust model predictive control method and an appropriate Lyapunov–Krasovskii functional, the sufficient conditions to guarantee the asymptotical stability of the switched system are developed as linear matrix inequalities. Through online solving an optimization problem, the predictive state-feedback controller is designed. Furthermore, in this delay-dependent approach, only the upper bound of time-delay should be known. Appropriate transient response, ability to handle constraints, and nonconstrained switching signal are the other advantages of the proposed method. Finally, the performance of the proposed approach is compared with a similar approach through a numerical example. As well as, to show the applicability of the proposed controller, it is applied to a drinking water supply network, as an application example.

In industrial applications, process delay and disturbance are considered to be major concerns which are responsible for the deterioration in the performance of multivariable systems. quadruple tank process (QTP) is one of the multivariable system that requires control over at least two variables. This paper deals with the designing of robust control strategy for quadruple-tank MIMO process with time delay compensation in the presence of matched uncertainty and process delays. The Sliding Mode Control (SMC) is designed for the class of non-linear MIMO system. The process delays in the system are compensated using Pade Approximation technique. The sliding mode control law is derived using non-switching reaching law which provides faster convergence speed for states and negligible chattering at the control signal. The sufficient condition for closed-loop stability of MIMO system is derived using Lyapunov approach. Simulation study focuses on a MIMO quadruple-tank process having process delays and matched disturbances. Simulation results are presented and compared with conventional quadruple tank process having process delays and power-rate reaching law to show the effectiveness of time delay compensation and robustness of proposed control algorithm derived using non-switching type reaching law in the presence of matched uncertainties and process delays.

The aim of this paper is to propose a new peak detection method for a portable device, which know as modified automatic threshold peak detection (M-ATPD). M-ATPD evolves out of ATPD with a focus on reducing computational time. The proposed method replaces the clustering threshold calculation in ATPD with a standard deviation threshold calculation. M-ATPD reduces computational time by 2 times faster compared to ATPD for control signal and 8.65 times faster compared to ATPD for raw biosignals. Modified ATPD also shows a slight improvement in terms of detection error, with a decrease of about 6.66% to 13.33% in peak detection of noise signals. Modified ATPD successfully fixes the error of peak detection on pulse control signals associated with ATPD. For raw biosignals, in total M-ATPD achieved 19.41% lower detection error compare to ATPD.

A nonlinear spin-wave (magnonic) logic gate based on the ferrite-film Mach-Zehnder interferometer was realized. The gate has two inputs and one output. The principle of operation of the device is based on the power-dependent phase shift of spin waves propagating in an yttrium iron garnet film. A XOR logic functionality for two digital data streams supplied to the gate inputs is shown. No control signal is needed for the gate operation. The performance characteristics of the device are discussed. Reliable functionality in the pulsed regime at 50 and 250 kb/s is demonstrated.

This paper presents the elaboration of a fuzzy sliding mode controller (FSMC) used for a Brushless DC motor (BLDC). The studied controller specifies modifications in the output control signal by using the sliding surface and its variation in order to guarantee the attraction conditions and the sliding mode stability. The proposed FSMC is implemented in Matlab Simulink and compared to a conventional PI control. The simulation results confirm the efficiency and the robustness of the proposed FSMC strategy against motor parameters and load variations.

A Linear Feedback Shift Register (LFSR) is used to generate Pseudo random sequences of bits which can be used in testing a logical circuit. In this work a Test Pattern Generator is implemented which can work as internal LFSR and external LFSR based on the control signal. This module is implemented for different Primitive polynomials from 3bits to 11 bits in Vivado using Zynq-7000 and parameters like utilization, power, and timing are analyzed. The main objective of this work is to increase the length of the Pseudorandom sequences generated by a Test Pattern generator by combining internal and external LFSR using a control signal in a single module. So that, the long test patterns can be generated by using lower bit LFSR.

High frequency electrical stimulation of brain is commonly used in research experiments and clinical trials as a modern tool for control of epileptic seizures. However, the mechanistic basis by which periodic external stimuli alter the brain state is not well understood. This study provides a computational insight into the mechanism of seizure suppression by high frequency stimulation (HFS). In particular, a modified version of the Jansen-Rit neural mass model is employed, in which EEG signals can be considered as the input. The proposed model reproduces seizure-like activity in the output during the ictal period of the input signal. By applying a control signal to the model, a wide range of stimulation amplitudes and frequencies are systematically explored. Simulation results reveal that HFS can effectively suppress the seizure-like activity. Our results suggest that HFS has the ability of shifting the operating state of neural populations away from a critical condition. Furthermore, a closed-loop control strategy is proposed in this paper. The main objective has been to considerably reduce the control effort needed for blocking abnormal activity of the brain. Such an energy reduction could be of practical importance, to reduce possible side effects and increase battery life for implanted neurostimulators.

The article discusses a method for dealing with concentrated acoustic interference in telecommunication audio exchange systems. The study and development of algorithms for processing speech signals that increase the efficiency of information-control telecommunication systems of audio exchange under the influence of external concentrated acoustic noise of high intensity are carried out in the work. A telecommunications system for transmitting speech information is considered, an algorithm for calculating the signal-to-interference ratio is proposed, the influence of noise interference on the perception of signals received at the output of a telecommunication system is estimated. An adaptive algorithm for generating a control signal is proposed, which makes it possible to turn off channels affected by concentrated interference, the efficiency of the proposed algorithm and the dependence of possible losses of a useful signal on the choice of a rejection band are estimated.

Constructing an image acquired by a non-uniform scanning pattern is a difficult task. The main challenges are:(1) resampling technique (2) discrepancy between demanded (dictated by control signal) and actually performed, empirical scanning path. Here, we show how to calibrate the scanning path of MEMS scanner using Galvanometric Scanner and to what extent the time of acquisition impacts the resulting image.

The fundamental principles of first and second order sliding mode control are presented. It is shown that first order sliding mode control is robust to exogenous disturbances, but involves the use of a discontinuous control signal that may lead to a chattering effect in which the control input rapidly fluctuates. Chattering is generally undesirable, as it can damage actuators, but in some cases it is possible to alleviate it by approximating the discontinuous term with a continuous function. It is shown that the control input generated when using second order sliding mode control is smooth, but still robust to exogenous disturbances and model uncertainty. The use of higher order sliding mode techniques is introduced for the real-time differentiation of signals and the observation of system states and disturbances. Lastly, a multiple input multiple output super twisting controller-observer system suitable for the control of marine vehicles is presented.

[Resumen] En este trabajo se presenta el diseño de un controlador basado en eventos para el control de altitud del Crazyflie 2.1. La novedad estriba en la implementación del generador de eventos mediante un umbral relativo. La adaptación de este umbral se realiza en función de la distancia a la referencia y la presencia de ruido en el sistema. Los resultados obtenidos muestran una reducción del 93% de actualizaciones de la señal de control requeridas frente a controladores basados en eventos con umbral fijo o controladores de tipo periódico. [Abstract] In this work the design of an event-based controller for the altitude controller of the Crazyflie 2.1 is presented. The novelty is based on the implementation of the event generator by means of a relative threshold. The adaptation of this threshold is carried out according to the distance to the reference and the presence of noise in the system. This obtained results show a 93% reduction of the number of control signal updates with respect to event-based controllers with a fixed threshold or periodic controllers. Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación; RTI2018-094665-B-I00 Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación; DPI2017-84259-C2-2-R

As described in Chap. 1, a 5-bit successive approximation analog-to-digital converter (ADC) digitizes the analog error voltage (Vin) to a 5-bit digital word, where Vin serves as a control signal in the filter calibration algorithm. Given the digital-to-analog converter (DAC) reference is 900 mV (see Fig. 2.1 below), the smallest step size (LSB) is equal to \( \frac{VREF}{2^N} \), where N is the resolution of the data converter. Thus, the minimum step for the 5-bit SAR-ADC described in this book is 28.125 mV.

We present an effective Hamiltonian theory available for some quasi-periodically driven quantum systems which does not need the knowledge of the Fourier frequencies of the control signal. It could also be available for some chaotically driven quantum systems. It is based on the Koopman approach which generalizes the Floquet approach used with periodically driven systems. We show the properties of the quasi-energy states (eigenvectors of the effective Hamiltonian) as quasi-recurrent states of the quantum system.

There is high variety of injectors for spark ignited (SI) engines, especially those fitted with additional aftermarket LPG/CNG fuel system. The tendency is for using injectors with lower electrical resistance, because of the faster opening time. But this rise some difficulties, one of which is the higher current, that pass through injector’s coil. One of the most used method to counter fight that is using special control signal. Experiments are conducted with varying parameters of the control signal and its influence over current through the coil, temperature, injector’s opening and closing time. Results show that not only less current and heating of the coil but also faster operating speed of the injector itself can be achieved, as the modulation of the pulse affects mainly the closing time of the valve needle.

This paper proposes a robust Fuzzy PI to detect the changing of load and provide an appropriate control signal to stabilize the motor speed. First, the mathematical model of Permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) and the structure of the Mamdani fuzzy controller were proved. Secondly, this controller will be combined with PI controller to adjust K p , K i when the load changing. Finally, the speed response and overshoot will be discussed and compared with the PI method.

We analyze the wavelength drifting of a Mach-Zehnder Interferometer coupler assisted reflective-type microring resonator (RT-MRR) based on the transmission matrix formalism. An experiment is carried out to validate our analysis. The results show that the resonant wavelength of the RT-MRR periodically drifts as a function of the control signal, which helps us to understand the wavelength drifting mechanism and to find solutions to avoid the wavelength drifting effect.

When a quadrotor UAV is interfered so much that it may deviate from the equilibrium state greatly. Due to the limitation of the output rate of the actuator, its output control signal is always less than the control signal needed to adjust the attitude of the aircraft, which may cause the quadrotor UAV to lose control. This paper focuses on the characteristics of yaw dynamics of the six DOF underactuated quadrotor UAV, studies the quantitative matching relationship between the design of the control loop, the motor rate limiter and the maximum angular velocity interference of the quadrotor UAV, through the analysis of without the actuator and with the actuator respectively. The maximum angular velocity disturbance and the maximum attitude angular acceleration disturbance are obtained. Finally, the great anti-interference capability of the quadrotor UAV controlled by the classical PD control method is verified by simulation. The simulation results show that the conclusion of this paper is correct. It provides a reference for engineering application.

The main goal of existing scan chain diagnosis approaches is to identify a point (or range of points) in the scan chain(s) at which values are directly corrupted due to a defect. A common assumption made in these techniques is the defect causing failure is in the scan chain/path itself. Based on the real silicon failure analysis over years, this assumption is often found to be correct, but not always. Specifically, in cases where a single defect is expected (stress fails and field returns), yet multiple chains fail, this assumption is more often incorrect. In these cases, the defect was found to be in the clock and control signal logic. This paper proposes an improved approach to diagnose defects on clock and control signal lines to enhance accuracy of scan chain diagnosis. Experimental results on injected clock and control signal defects demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed technique. Physical Failure Analysis (PFA) on selected silicon devices confirmed the results of proposed technique.

The closed-form fhan and Fast algorithms proposed in Chap. 3 were both derived for a discrete-time, double-integral system using the method of isochronic regions; they demonstrate that the solution for DTOC problem is not necessarily a bang-bang control. Also, instead of chattering, the DTOC can produce a smooth control signal that results in the performance similar to that of the bang-bang control.

Genetically engineered T-cells are being developed to perform a variety of therapeutic functions. However, no robust mechanisms exist to externally control the activity of T-cells at specific locations within the body. Such spatiotemporal control could help mitigate potential off-target toxicity due to incomplete molecular specificity in applications such as T-cell immunotherapy against solid tumors. Temperature is a versatile external control signal that can be delivered to target tissues in vivo using techniques such as focused ultrasound and magnetic hyperthermia. Here, we test the ability of heat shock promoters to mediate thermal actuation of genetic circuits in primary human T-cells in the well-tolerated temperature range of 37-42 °C, and introduce genetic architectures enabling the tuning of the amplitude and duration of thermal activation. We demonstrate the use of these circuits to control the expression of chimeric antigen receptors and cytokines, and the killing of target tumor cells. This technology provides a critical tool to direct the activity of T-cells after they are deployed inside the body.

A novel radio tracking system is proposed by a two-element time modulated array (TMA). By estimating the spectrum of incident signal after time modulation, the system produces control signal and rotates the platform to tracking the source. The signal processing of the proposed method relies on two-point discrete Fourier transform (DFT). Its system complexity is low since only one RF channel is required. Simulation is conducted to verify its effectiveness.

Conveyor is one of the important mining equipment in the coal mine and the belt is the key component of the conveyor. Once the belt is torn longitudinally, if the measures are not taken in time, the entire conveyor belt will be torn completely, which will cause serious economic losses. To solve this problem, this paper studies a method to detect longitudinal rip of coal conveyor belt by applying MATLAB and knowledge of image processing. By extracting the longitudinal rip part of the image, combining with edge detection, then calculating the area of the longitudinal rip part with a new algorithm, at last comparing this area with the minimum area of the longitudinal rip set by system, it can be judged whether the belt has been longitudinally torn. So control signal can be provided to the control equipment to prevent the conveyor belt from continuing to be torn.

This paper studies distributed adaptive architectures for controlling uncertain multiagent systems with unmeasurable coupled dynamics. Specifically, we first analyze a standard distributed adaptive control method with system uncertainties and coupled dynamics in a leader-follower setting, where we present local stability conditions. We second propose an additional feedback term within the control signal of each agent in order to relax the aforementioned local stability conditions. An illustrative numerical example is then given in order to demonstrate our contributions.

Increased beta band synchrony has been demonstrated to be a biomarker of Parkinson’s disease (PD). This abnormal synchrony can often be prolonged in long bursts of beta activity, which may interfere with normal sensorimotor processing. Previous closed loop deep brain stimulation (DBS) algorithms used averaged beta power to drive neurostimulation, which were indiscriminate to physiological (short) versus pathological (long) beta burst durations. We present a closed-loop DBS algorithm using beta burst duration as the control signal. Benchtop validation results demonstrate the feasibility of the algorithm in real-time by responding to pre-recorded STN data from a PD participant. These results provide the basis for future improved closed-loop algorithms focused on burst durations for in mitigating symptoms of PD.

Brushless DC Motor (BLDCM) is broadly utilized for some mechanical applications, given their high efficiency, high torque, and low volume. It is very hard to tune the parameters and accomplish full force highlights utilizing a basic custom PID controller. An adaptive PID controls can meet the highlights and are anything but difficult to enrol. The list items test that any adaptive PID controller has favoured both the PI controller and the customary Tahitian PID controller. This paper applies an Adaptive PID controller dependent on the extra blunder of a turn around control sign to comprehend non-linearity, parameter varieties, and burden travel issues that happen in the BLDC motor drive framework. The test results are exhibited to demonstrate that Adaptive PID controllers dependent on the extra mistake of the reverse control signal are fit for the following movement, just as diminishing the impact of parameter changes. The proposed adaptive PID controller model has done by MATLAB/SIMULINK.

There are numerous ways to reach for an apple hanging from a tree. Yet, our motor system uses a specific muscle activity pattern that features activity bursts and silent periods. We suggest that these bursts are an evidence against the common view that the brain controls the commands to the muscles in a smooth continuous manner. Instead, we propose a model in which a motor plan is transformed into a piecewise-constant control signal that is low-pass filtered and transmitted to the muscles with different muscle-specific delays. We use a Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method to identify transitions in the state of the muscles following initial activation and show that fitting a bang-bang control model to the kinematics of movement predicts these transitions in the state of the muscles. Such a bang-bang controller suggests that the brain reduces the complexity of the problem of ballistic movements control by sending commands to the muscles at sparse times. Identifying this bang-bang controller can be useful to develop efficient controllers for neuroprostheses and other physical human-robot interaction systems.NEW & NOTEWORTHY While ballistic hand reaching movements are characterized by smooth position and velocity signals, the activity of the muscles exhibits bursts and silent periods. Here, we propose that a model based on bang-bang control provides the link between the abrupt changes in the muscle activity and the smooth reaching trajectory. Using bang-bang control instead of continuous control may simplify the design of prostheses and other physical human-robot interaction systems.

Introduction: The pedestrian hybrid beacon (PHB) is a traffic control device used at pedestrian crossings. A recent Arizona Department of Transportation research effort investigated changes in crashes for different severity levels and crash types (e.g., rear-end crashes) due to the PHB presence, as well as for crashes involving pedestrians and bicycles. Method: Two types of methodologies were used to evaluate the safety of PHBs: (a) an Empirical Bayes (EB) before-after study, and (b) a long-term cross-sectional observational study. For the EB before-after evaluation, the research team considered three reference groups: unsignalized intersections, signalized intersections, and both unsignalized and signalized intersections combined. Results: For the signalized and combined unsignalized and signalized intersection groups, all crash types considered showed statistically significant reductions in crashes (e.g., total crashes, fatal and injury crashes, rear-end crashes, fatal and injury rear-end crashes, angle crashes, fatal and injury angle crashes, pedestrian-related crashes, and fatal and injury pedestrian-related crashes). A cross-sectional study was conducted with a larger number of PHBs (186) to identify relationships between roadway characteristics and crashes at PHBs, especially with respect to the distance to an adjacent traffic control signal. The distance to an adjacent traffic signal was found to be significant only at the α = 0.1 level, and only for rear-end and fatal and injury rear-end crashes. Conclusions: This analysis represents the largest known study to date on the safety impacts of PHBs, along with a focus on how crossing and geometric characteristics affect crash patterns. The study showed the safety benefits of PHBs for both pedestrians and vehicles. Practical Applications: The findings from this study clearly support the installation of PHBs at midblock or intersection crossings, as well as at crossings on higher-speed roads.

Guarding buildings and residents against calamities caused by vibrations is very crucial. Active vibration control devices combined with control systems have shown fruitful results. The study was an effort to tackle the issue of complexity and improving robustness in previous control methods proposed by scholars. The modified PID controller combined active force control method was able to reduce the vibration of both levels of the building structure investigated by 99.99% and also the amount of control signal required was reduced to the minimum. The method maintains the advantages of the PID controller most especially simplicity as well as robustness of the active force control scheme. Hence, it might make a breakthrough in active vibration control in buildings as well as other similar structures, although further investigations may be required. The study is novel in the sense currently no such technique was proposed for eradication of vibration disturbances in buildings.

Proactive control reflects a sustained, top-down maintenance of a goal representation prior to task-related events, whereas reactive control reflects a transient, bottom-up goal reactivation in response to them. We designed a manual stop-signal task to isolate electrophysiological signals specifically involved in proactive control. Participants performed a simple choice reaction time task but had to withhold their response to an infrequent stop signal, resulting in go- and stop-signal trials. We manipulated the stop-signal probability (30% vs. 10%) over different blocks of trials so that different proactive control levels were sustained within each block. The behavioral results indicated that most participants proactively changed their behaviors. The reaction times in the go trials increased and the number of response errors in the stop-signal trials decreased. However, those two behavioral measures did not correlate: individuals with an increased delayed reaction did not necessarily manifest a higher decrease in response errors in the stop-signal trials. To isolate the proactive control signal, we obtained event-related potentials (ERPs) locked to an uninformative fixation onset and compared the signals between the two stop-signal probability conditions. We found that the ERPs at the left hemisphere were more negatively shifted with the increasing stop-signal probability. Moreover, ERP differences obtained from a set of electrodes in the left hemisphere accounted for the changes in response errors in the stop-signal trials but did not explain the changes in reaction times of the go trials. Together, the behavioral and electrophysiological results suggest that proactive control mechanisms reducing erroneous responses of the stop-signal trials are different from mechanisms slowing reaction times of the go trials.

This paper introduces an add-on, supervisory scheme, referred to as Action Governor (AG), for discrete-time linear systems to enforce exclusion-zone avoidance requirements. It does so by monitoring, and minimally modifying when necessary, the nominal control signal to a constraint-admissible one. The AG operates based on set-theoretic techniques and online optimization. This paper establishes its theoretical foundation, discusses its computational realization, and uses two simulation examples to illustrate its effectiveness., 6 pages, 2 figures

This study focuses on an analysis of circuit solutions for biological signals recording unit in prostheses. Creation of prostheses using the biological signal as the control signal is an important problem in the field of medical technologies. Electromyographic signal is the popular biological signal in prosthesis control. In this study three options for the electromyographic signal recording unit were considered: the unit based on an instrumentation amplifier, the circuit with the addition of an “active ground” and the circuit with the addition of filtration of polarization voltage of the electrodes. Based on these options, three installations were invented. Using these installations electromyographic signals from triceps of test subjects were recorded and processed. Signal-to-noise ratios of signals were calculated and compared using the statistical methods. Quality of recorded biological signals depends on many factors including circuit solution of recording unit. Based on the results obtained, the optimal circuit solution was chosen for recording the electromyographic signals for prostheses control. The optimal was called circuit with the highest signal-to-noise ratio and acceptable dimensions. It was discovered that circuit with the addition of active ground” part is the most appropriate for recording of biological signals which are used as prostheses control signals. The results of the study can be used in the development of prosthesis control unit and other medical applications which are used to record biological signals.

The article deals with the problem of modeling and calculating processes in a linear system with a delay based on dynamic graphs. A graph model of a continuous lagging signal (initial function) is constructed. A graph model of a linear stationary system with a delay in the feedback chain is constructed as a union of graph models of its elements. The graph model makes it obvious that a system with a delay in the feedback circuit is open relative to the signals flowing in it, which makes it possible to significantly simplify computational procedures. A linear system with a delayed control signal is also considered. Based on graph models the authors obtain the recurrent relations and an algorithm for calculating processes in a linear system with a delay in state and a delay in control. The paper presents an example of using the obtained algorithm. The proposed method allows for a clear and strict formalization of the description and analysis of complex systems, including nonlinear discrete systems with different types of modulation

Genetically engineered T-cells are being developed to perform a variety of therapeutic functions. However, no robust mechanisms exist to externally control the activity of T-cells at specific locations within the body. Such spatiotemporal control could help mitigate potential off-target toxicity due to incomplete molecular specificity in applications such as T-cell immunotherapy against solid tumors. Temperature is a versatile external control signal that can be delivered to target tissues in vivo using techniques such as focused ultrasound and magnetic hyperthermia. Here, we test the ability of heat shock promoters to mediate thermal actuation of genetic circuits in primary human T-cells in the well-tolerated temperature range of 37–42°C, and introduce genetic architectures enabling the tuning of the amplitude and duration of thermal activation. We demonstrate the use of these circuits to control the expression of chimeric antigen receptors and cytokines, and the killing of target tumor cells. This technology provides a critical tool to direct the activity of T-cells after they are deployed inside the body.

The role of spectral measurements in science and technology is noted. The measurement of optical spectra by an idealized spectral device based on an acousto-optic tunable filter is considered. It is shown that the acousto-optical methods of spectral measurements can be considered as a manifestation of the bilinear property of acousto-optical interaction. In this context, the transition to linear integral operators describing the measurement of the spectra of radio and optical signals is made. An analysis is given of the procedure for measuring the optical spectrum with a spectral device based on an acousto-optic tunable filter with an abrupt change in the frequency of the control signal. The comprehensive characteristic of such a device, its complex spread function, as well as the result of measuring the optical spectrum in the form of an energy spectrum, has been established.

Risk and ambiguity are two fundamental parameters in decision making, and it remains elusive whether they are dissociable at the neural level. The current EEG study examined the ERP and oscillatory correlates of neural feedback processing under risky and ambiguous decision making. Participants performed a wheel-of-fortune task and received either gain or nongain feedback following risky or ambiguous gambles while their EEG was recorded. Results revealed that the early, obligatory detection of reward information was not dependent on the nature of the previous gamble, which was reflected by the reward positivity. However, risky gambling seemed to elicit an enhanced cognitive control signal as indexed by theta oscillation, whereas ambiguous gambling increased the affective and motivational salience during feedback processing as represented by the P3 and delta oscillation. Together, our findings suggest that feedback processing during risky and ambiguous decision making taps into common and distinct electrophysiological correlates.

This article focuses on mitigation of zero dynamic attack in communication link-enabled droop-controlled hybrid AC/DC microgrids (MGs). To transmit setpoints for droop controllers and to also send measured AC and DC voltages and AC frequency in this sort of MGs, a communication link is required. Such links are exposed to cyber-attacks. First of all, this article tries to indicate that the system would be vulnerable to zero dynamic attack. In the second step, it is shown that zero dynamic attack can be mitigated by closing the secondary control loop. It is also shown that the attack can be distinguished from load/generation disturbances. In order to proceed with the challenge, the control signal in a closed loop system is used as the tricks of the trade. To achieve the goal, parity space as a kind of model-based fault detection approach is applied to a recently proposed dynamic model for droop-controlled hybrid AC/DC MGs. Evaluation of the detecting approach confirms that not only it can detect the attack effectively, but also it distinguishes from disturbance perfectly.