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We motivate a 'rooted' PP shell analysis of Arabic prepositional phrases, which takes into account the prepositional dual life, as a lexical root item and as a vocabulary word, projecting a lexical √P headed by the P root, and a functional pP headed by p, the syntactic case assigner. Moreover, PlaceP and PathP projections are motivated by differentiating locative and directional PPs, and AxPartPs represent the structure of adverbial spatial nouns (đ̣uruuf). It is shown that alternative analyses using a single source (or projection) of PPs are inadequate in dealing with prepositional polysemies, and their morpho-syntactic alternations or variations. A bifurcation analysis instead (distinguishing root syntax from category syntax) is motivated and implemented along the lines of distributive models of word formation, making use of the simplest composition operation Merge in both syntax and the lexicon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Cats are popular pets in Australia, being present in around one-third of households. As pets, cats are managed in a wide variety of ways, from fully indoors in apartments to completely outdoor free roaming. Australian wildlife is uniquely vulnerable to cat predation. Roaming cats also create a nuisance and are at risk of accidents and injuries. Councils, veterinarians, animal welfare organisations and conservation groups all have an interest in encouraging cat owners to change their behaviour and prevent their cats from roaming. Understanding what influences cat owner decisions can help design effective programs. This study asked cat owners about their cats, living circumstances, current cat management behaviour and agreement with statements reflecting their ability to contain their cats and their social opportunity and motivation to do so. More than half of participating cat owners already fully contain their cats. The most important influence for cat owners to keep their cats contained was having the skills, knowledge and belief that they could do so successfully. Those who lived in apartments, were renting or were motivated by their cat's safety, to protect wildlife or to care for their community were also more likely to contain their cats. There are over 5 million pet cats in Australia managed on a spectrum from fully indoors to completely outdoor free roaming. Roaming cats threaten biodiversity, can create a nuisance and are at risk of accidents and injury. Hence, there is substantial interest in behaviour change interventions to increase cat containment. An online questionnaire collected information on cat owner demographics, the number of cats owned, current containment behaviours and an agreement with 15 capability, opportunity and motivation (COM) items. Responses were received from 4482 cat owners. More than half (65%) indicated that they currently keep their cat(s) fully contained. Another 24% practiced a night curfew. Owners' psychological capability had the greatest influence on containment behaviour. Motivation (community- and cat welfare-framed), living in an apartment and renting were also associated with a greater likelihood of containment. Cat owners not currently containing their cats could be divided into six profiles who differed on agreement with COM themes, age, future intentions, current behaviour, location and gender. Understanding differences between cat owner segments can assist with designing behaviour change interventions. Increasing cat owners' psychological capability to contain their cats and encouraging the adoption of a night curfew as a first step towards 24 h containment are recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid urbanization, industrialization, and population growth have led to a considerable rise in solid waste production, highlighting the need for efficient solid waste management and recycling methods. To address the challenge of solid waste production, an alternative solution is to repurpose it in geotechnical engineering. This offers promising benefits as solid waste exhibits various mechanisms that can improve soil's hydromechanical and mechanical behaviors. This review aims to comprehensively analyze the effects and potential application of various solid waste types to stabilize and reinforce soil. The impacts and research trends of industrial waste, such as fly ash, red mud, ground granulated blast-furnace slag, and construction and demolition waste, as well as agricultural and municipal solid wastes, including rice husk ash, press mud, used waste tires, and face masks, on soil properties were identified. The findings contribute to a better understanding of the potential of solid waste as a sustainable and cost-effective solution for improving soil quality, highlighting new research themes in this area. A wide range of innovative methods to stabilize and reinforce soil have also been proposed; however, ingenious and effective containment techniques, as well as addressing the potential impacts of climate change on stabilized and reinforced soils (SRS), still need to be developed for robust field applications. This state-of-the-art review offers useful insights into the reutilization of solid wastes as a promising alternative for improving the hydromechanical and mechanical behaviors of SRS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this essay I consider three interrelated aspects of comfort feminism, to consider and unpack its potential use beyond the critique of comfort feminism itself. First, I approach comfort feminism as always intimately implicated in additional affective labor for non-white bodies. I then identify these non-white bodies as geo-bodies: geographically produced subjects/objects. It is a body that is always produced as a disruption to, or an impingement on, the geography and politics of an implicit normative whiteness that is both overt and covert, even in more progressive spaces, including feminist spaces. Ultimately, I consider what pleasure there might be in disrupting the normative despite the (triple) labor geo-bodies do, especially in contemporary politics. To do this, I turn to two separate, but interrelated incidents—one public, the other personal—to extrapolate my approach. In engaging with these examples, I consider the notion of discontainment—where the unhappiness (discontentment) from the disciplining (containment) results in the refusal of both—as a form of radical possibility for the geo-body, especially when occupying spaces—political, geographic, raced, and gendered—not intended for them. By focusing on the interrelated aspects of comfort feminism, my hope is that these negotiations between comfort/discomfort and containment/discontainment may potentially open interesting ways to rethink the relationship between space, race, affect, and politics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2016, Colin Kaepernick began demonstrating during the national anthem to protest racial injustice, kicking off the NFL protests. This paper examines a turning point in protest discourse: statements by President Donald Trump in September 2017 that NFL owners should say to (primarily Black) protesting players, "Get that son of a bitch off the field." In the wake of these remarks, team owner responses that came to their players' defense emphasized the need for "unity" over "divisiveness," using tropes of liberal colorblindness to privilege the status quo over directly addressing anti-Black racism in the league and in American life. These responses represent a rhetorical strategy of containment, more effective at suppressing the radical potential of the protests than previous "All lives matter" counterarguments. By framing all political discourse in the NFL as anti-unity, team statements contributed to the containment of Black activism and the perpetuation of racism inside and outside of the league. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper examines the complex relation between anti-democratic forces ("the extremists") and the broader liberal-democratic institutional environment. The task of containing extremists is analysed both from a theoretical standpoint and in terms of its practical feasibility. I argue that the realities of political communication and the character of political argumentation make containing extremism in practice a much more daunting proposition than is usually understood in the literature. Insights from political philosophy, political science and communication theory are brought together to press these points. As a result, extremists often cannot be stopped from running for office even if the state possesses tools to ban extremist parties. Moreover, once extremist politicians become members of legislative bodies, several democratic and procedural considerations start to apply to them so that it becomes difficult to limit their influence. Their elevated status (given their positions as legitimate representatives of the people, together with the increased media and argumentative platform they gain) complicates attempts at stopping the proliferation of their views. The last part of the paper briefly sketches possible (remnants of) a strategy of containment, arguing that only a combination of informal sanctions can be (partially) successful, including deplatforming, refusal to engage with them, and a pariah status in the legislative assembly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Juliette Felician,1– 3 Filipe Galvao,3 Mylène Lefebvre,3 Mikail Nourredine,2,4– 6,&ast; Laure Peter-Derex1,2,7,&ast; 1Centre for Sleep Medicine and Respiratory Diseases, Hôpital de la Croix-Rousse, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France; 2Medicine faculty, Lyon 1 University, Lyon, France; 3Unité Michel Jouvet – Pôle Est – Z19, Centre Hospitalier Le Vinatier, Bron, France; 4Biostatistics Unit, University Hospital Service of Pharmacotoxicology and Public Health Department, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France; 5Research Department, Centre Hospitalier Le Vinatier, Bron, France; 6Biometry and Evolutionary Biology Laboratory, UMR CNRS 5558, Lyon, France; 7Lyon Neuroscience Research Centre, CNRS UMR 5292/INSERM U1028, Lyon, France&ast;These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Laure Peter-Derex, Centre for Sleep Medicine and Respiratory Diseases, Hôpital de la Croix-Rousse, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 103 Grande Rue de la Croix-Rousse, Lyon, 69004, France, Tel +33 4 72 07 17 69, Fax +33 4 72 07 28 08, Email laure.peter-derex@chu-lyon.frPurpose: The containment of the population during the COVID-19 pandemic led to the emergence or recurrence of psychiatric conditions and sleep disorders. The influence of sleep/wake rhythm on mental health is well known. The objective of our study was to evaluate the link between the shift in sleep/wake rhythm and the presence of depressive symptoms during the March to May 2020 lockdown in the French population.Participants and Methods: Participants (n = 2513) were recruited via newspapers and social networks in March 2020. We evaluated i) the chronotype before and during the lockdown, assessed by the change in mid-sleep time on work-free days corrected for sleep debt on workdays (delta MSFsc); ii) morningness-eveningness circadian preference (Horne & Ostberg questionnaire); iii) depressive symptoms (Patient Health Questionnaire-9, PHQ-9). The delta MSFsc and the PHQ-9 score were compared between circadian preference types. A multivariate model adjusted for age, sex, circadian preference, housing type, and marital status was used to assess the influence of delta MSFsc on the PHQ-9 score in the whole population.Results: The population consisted of 77% women, of median (IQR) age 39 (30– 48) years. Compared with the pre-lockdown period, the median (IQR) MSFsc was shifted by 30 (0– 66) min during the lockdown, with a significant difference between evening [60 (15– 120) min], morning [15 (0– 46) min] and neutral [30 (0– 70) min] circadian type individuals, p < 0.001. One-third of all participants had moderate to severe depressive symptoms (PHQ-9 ≥ 10). A 1-hour shift in MSFsc was associated with a 0.50-point increase [95% CI (0.28; 0.72), p < 0.001] in the PHQ-9.Conclusion: A phase delay in the chronotype was observed in the general population during lockdown. Such disruption was associated with depressive symptoms but the direction of the relationship remains hypothetical. The impact on mental health of preventive measures targeting the sleep/wake rhythm in this context needs further evaluation.Keywords: phase delay, pandemic, containment, mental health, chronotype, circadian preference

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has become a health, environmental, and economic threat around the globe. It is rising in Ethiopia. This analysis was designed to determine the current status of AMR on major bacterial pathogens, laboratory capacities, surveillance systems, and containment activities in the country. Data were collected from published literature and then supplemented by interviews with ten experts from key stakeholders. Data collections were guided by the AMR Situational Analysis Tool developed by Food Safety Officers at the Food Systems and Food Safety Division of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Published articles indicated the presence of gaps in knowledge, attitude, and practices by health professionals, students, and the community. AMR rates among E. coli, Salmonella, Staphylococci, and Campylobacter isolates ranged from 3.69‐88.41, 4.66–87.74, 17.03–85.08, and 8.41–86.63% to commonly prescribed antimicrobials, respectively. Microbiology laboratories are available. However, a considerable number of laboratories didn't have the basic equipment and consumables. AMR surveillance and reporting system have been established. The national strategic plan has been developed and updated three times. To contain AMR, a governance framework and regulations have been prepared. However, most of them were not fully implemented at all administrative levels. In conclusion, there was a high rate of AMR in the country; some activities have been conducted to prevent and contain AMR. However, more interventions and sustainable activities have to be performed to increase awareness, prevent and contain infectious diseases, rational use antimicrobials and generate more evidence in the country.

This paper discusses the problems of unequal access to telework during the Covid-19 crisis in Japan. After examining the definitions of telework, the historical development of the reality of telework in the various institutional arrangements that Japan has experimentally put in place is outlined. Then, based on the socio-economics approach, the segmentation of the labor market, characterized by the gender polarization of jobs, and its effects on access to telework are explored. This statistical work is mainly based on a national survey panel conducted during the Covid-19 crisis in 2020.

Simple Summary: In Australia, most cats and dogs entering animal shelters and pounds are classed as strays, typically from low-income areas. Most dogs and an unknown proportion of stray cats are escaped or wandering owned pets. Many of these stray animals are euthanized, negatively impacting the mental health of staff involved, and increasing the risk of depression, traumatic stress, substance abuse and suicide. Modern sheltering practices aim to reduce the number of stray cats and dogs, which reduces shelter admissions and euthanasia. Australian pet owners (n = 2103) were surveyed about their attitudes towards four types of pet confinement. Dog owners showed the strongest support for confining dogs to the owners' property whenever unsupervised and less support for confining dogs inside the house at night (54% agreed), while 23% believed dogs had a negative impact on wildlife. Cat owners showed the strongest support for confining cats inside at night. Cat owners' non-supportive attitudes towards cat confinement were partly because of higher concern for cat quality of life and lower concern about their cats' predation behaviors, compared to non-cat owners. These results provide valuable information to inform more effective strategies to reduce stray animals and associated issues. Most cats and dogs entering Australian animal shelters and municipal facilities are classed as strays, typically from low socio-economic areas. Contemporary practices increasingly focus on proactively reducing the number of stray animals, which requires further understanding of factors associated with straying animals, including pet confinement. Australian cat and dog owners (n = 2103) were surveyed to investigate attitudes towards four types of pet confinement and how these were influenced by social norms, demographics and concerns about pet quality of life and potential wildlife predation. Dog owners showed the strongest support for confining dogs to the owners' property whenever unsupervised (98% agreement) and less support for confining dogs inside the house at night (54% agreement), and only 23% believed dogs had a negative impact on wildlife. Cat owners showed the strongest support for confining cats inside the house at night (89% agreement). Cat owners' non-supportive attitudes towards cat confinement were partly because of higher concern for cat quality of life and lower concern about their cats' predation behaviours, compared to non-cat owners. The findings provide valuable information to inform more effective strategies to reduce stray animals which would reduce shelter admissions, euthanasia, costs, nuisance issues, potential wildlife predation and negative mental health impacts of euthanasia on staff. Strategies to reduce strays include assisting low-income pet owners to install effective fencing and programs to increase identification. Informing cat owners about bedtime feeding is recommended to assist with night containment, and providing high-intensity free sterilization of owned and semi-owned cats targeted to areas of high cat impoundments is also recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our understanding of the meaning of hoarding is still in development. Thematic readings of the literature suggest that hoarding involves a very distinctive way of understanding the world, with the act of acquiring and retaining of material comprising in a form of psychological home or safe space. The connection of the person to their hoard requires further exploration, as does the place that this relationship has with the wider world of society and culture. This study sought to investigate experiences of persons who hoard and their relationship to their hoarded material. A phenomenologically‐oriented qualitative research design was used to investigate 14 participants' experiences of hoarding. Analysis of transcripts was conducted using thematic moment by moment analysis consistent with the phenomenological approach. To give further clarification and elucidation to the meaning of hoarding a psychoanalytically informed analysis of the material was included. Three themes emerged from this process: Firstly, "It's not yours. It's mine"; secondly, "Keeping within the walls"; and thirdly, "Sorting through." The emergent themes reflect the creative and inventive ways participants related to hoarded material. Themes are discussed in relation to relevant psychoanalytical concepts, including Winnicott's Transitional Objects, with difficulties observed in hoarding paralleling difficulties transitioning out into the world of relating, as well as the part that cultural unconscious processes play here. Aspects of Bion's container‐contained function are also discussed. Implications for future research and working clinically with people who hoard are discussed, particularly the handling of hoarded material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite efforts to prevent their establishment, many invasive species continue to spread and threaten food production, human health, and natural biodiversity. Slowing the spread of established species is often a preferred strategy; however, it is also expensive and necessitates treatment over large areas. Therefore, it is critical to examine how to distribute management efforts over space cost‐effectively. Here we consider a continuous‐space bioeconomic model and we develop a novel algorithm to find the most cost‐effective allocation of treatment efforts throughout a landscape. We show that the optimal strategy often comprises eradication in the yet‐uninvaded area, and under certain conditions, it also comprises maintaining a "suppression zone," an area between the invaded and the uninvaded areas, where treatment reduces the invading population but without eliminating it. We examine how the optimal strategy depends on the demographic characteristics of the species and reveal general criteria for deciding when a suppression zone is cost effective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In severe climatic condition, concrete structures can undergo various damages including alkali-aggregate reaction (AAR) which generally induces internal swelling and cracks in the reactive aggregates and surrounding cement paste. This study proposes an innovative repair technique which consists in casting a thin UHPC layer directly on the affected concrete substrate. For such repair, once UHPC is poured in the formwork, self-induced tensile stresses developed in UHPC by its restrained shrinkage on the concrete substrate. Later, the UHPC repair sustains further tensile stresses resulting from additional AAR internal expansion. The main objective of this research project was to evaluate the UHPC behavior under restrained shrinkage conditions and to assess the available strain margin to contain the AAR expansion in different UHPC repair configurations. A special device adapted to ring specimens was developed to first simulate the restrained shrinkage and second generate the AAR expansion. Experimental results showed that a repair in high performance concrete (HPC) cracks under restrained shrinkage and thus cannot confine internal expansion. For the UHPC repairs, no cracks developed under restrained shrinkage and very limited internal tensile stress was generated in the repair. The expansion applied thereafter on the UHPC repairs showed that the UHPC tensile strain available to confine AAR expansion without loss of watertighness is inversely proportional to the fiber content in the UHPC, i.e. 0.28%, 0.2% and 0.17% for fiber contents of 2%, 3% and 4% in volume respectively. Addition of 1.2% of rebar in the UHPC repair extends by 30% the tensile strain available to confine the AAR, while presence of cold joints in this reinforced repair reduced this performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the COVID-19 emergency, face-to-face classes were suspended. After the vaccination of teachers and to mitigate educational backwardness, the schools have begun to reopen with protocols established by the government. Here, we investigated the COVID-19 outbreak in summer courses during the reopening of a private elementary school in July 2021. We report confirmed cases of COVID-19 in staff members, students, and their families. A total community of 290 people was part of this study, and we built the contact network. The clinical features of all cases are described. We used the methodology of cases and contacts. The index case was identified by epidemiological tracking, and containment measures were activated, as well as further infection chains in the setting. We estimate the attack rate for staff members at 15.68% (95% CI 7.0–28.6), students at 12.24% (95% CI 4.6–24.8), and family members at 2.6% (95% CI 0.8–6.0). An incubation period of 48–72 h was determined. A student–teacher–student–family transmission sequence was identified. The area where the infection was identified was the school swimming pool, an area where face masks are not worn or, in some cases, inadequately used. Finally, we continue with intermittent staff testing and early detection actions, reinforcing prevention measures, environmental control, cleaning, and educational interventions with students regarding the implementation of preventive measures through classes led by school health staff. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revue d'Économie Régionale & urbaine is the property of Librairie Armand Colin and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The paper postulates that the propensity of Polish velar consonants to undergo palatalization is the consequence of the activity of a violable constraint which requires autosegmental place nodes to be associated with one and only one element. Since velars are the only consonants which lack place specification, the spreading of the palatality element |I| onto velars leads to the avoidance of the violation of the relevant constraint. As the palatalizing element |I| must entertain the status of the head, the underapplication of Surface Velar Palatalization before the front mid nasal vowel /ɛ̃/, headed by element |L|, and the vowel /ɛ/ found in some borrowings and headed by element |A|, is enforced by the constraint punishing representations in which more than one element plays the role of the head. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the growth of the populist radical right as a concrete example of the scenario where liberal democratic ideas are losing support in broadly liberal democratic societies. Our goal is to enrich John Rawls' influential theory of political liberalism. We argue that even in that underexplored scenario, Rawlsian political liberalism can offer an appealing account of how to promote the legitimacy and stability of liberal democratic institutions provided it places partisanship centre stage. Specifically, we propose a brand-new moral duty binding 'reasonable' partisans committed to pluralism. This duty establishes conditions where partisans must strategically transform society's public reason (i.e. transform the visions for society their parties campaign on) in ways that promise to attract back support from illiberal and antidemocratic competitors. While this strategic behaviour might seem impermissible, we show that Rawls' distinctive account of sincerity in democratic deliberation is uniquely placed to justify it as perfectly ethical. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While synthetic biology is hoped to hold promise and potential to address pressing global challenges, the issue of regulation is an under-appreciated challenge. Particularly in Europe, the regulatory frameworks involved are rooted in historical concepts based on containment and release. Through a series of case studies including a field-use biosensor intended to detect arsenic in well water in Nepal and Bangladesh, and insects engineered for sterility, we explore the implications that this regulatory and conceptual divide has had on the deployment of synthetic biology projects in different national contexts. We then consider some of the broader impacts that regulation can have on the development of synthetic biology as a field, not only in Europe but also globally, with a particular emphasis on low- and middle-income countries. We propose that future regulatory adaptability would be increased by moving away from a containment and release dichotomy and toward a more comprehensive assessment that accounts for the possibility of varying degrees of 'contained release'. Graphical Abstract [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background: At the start of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, in the absence of pharmaceutical interventions, countries resorted to containment measures to stem the spread of the disease. In this paper, we have conducted a global study using a sample of 46 countries to evaluate whether these containment measures resulted in unemployment. Methods: We use a difference-in-differences (DID) specification with a heterogenous intervention to show the varying intensity effect of containment measures on unemployment, on a sample of 46 countries. We explain variations in unemployment from January-June 2020 using stringency of containment measures, controlling for gross domestic product (GDP) growth, inflation rate, exports, cases of COVID-19 per million, COVID-19-specific fiscal spending, time fixed effects, region fixed effects, and region trends. We conduct further subset analyses by COVID-cases quintiles and gross national income (GNI) per capita quintiles. Results: The median level of containment stringency in our sample was 43.7. Our model found that increasing stringency to this level would result in unemployment increasing by 1.87 percentage points (or 1.67 pp, after controlling for confounding). For countries with below median COVID-19 cases and below median GNI per capita, this effect is larger. Conclusion: Containment measures have a strong impact on unemployment. This effect is larger in poorer countries and countries with low COVID-19 cases. Given that unemployment has profound effects on mortality and morbidity, this consequence of containment measures may compound the adverse health effects of the pandemic for the most vulnerable groups. It is necessary for governments to consider this in future pandemic management, and to attempt to alleviate the impact of containment measures via effective fiscal spending. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Derecho Privado y Constitución is the property of Centro de Estudios Politicos y Constitucionales and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract Background During the first waves of the COVID-19 pandemic, many cultural and sporting events were held without spectators or had to be cancelled. Therefore, several containment strategies to provide requirements for safe events were developed and tested. Nonetheless, every second (50.7%) is afraid of becoming infected on an event. We therefore investigated which hygiene and containment measures are perceived to be important from the visitor’s point of view and thus might increase subjective sense of safety. Methods This online study was carried out in November 2020. A total of 1,004 persons, who regularly attended events before the pandemic, took part in the study. The importance of different hygiene and containment measures was evaluated using a 5-point Likert-scale (1 “unimportant” to 5 “extremely important”). Potential statistical differences in socio-demographical aspects (age, gender, net disposable income for leisure activities) and attendance on events were tested with analyses of variance. Results Participants perceived the use of disinfectant (M = 4.10) as the most important element of containment strategies, followed by transparent information on the hygiene strategy (M = 4.00), reduced occupancy (M = 3.98), and optimized ventilation (M = 3.97). Body temperature measurement at the entrance (M = 3.27), a negative SARS-CoV-2 test (M = 3.11), completion of a health questionnaire (M = 3.05), and abandoning breaks and catering (M = 2.98) were considered as less important. Analyses of group differences in socio-demographical aspects found abandoning breaks and catering to be more important to men than to women. This strategy is also more important to people aged 66 and above than to younger age groups (e.g., age 20–40). For women, the use of disinfectant is considerably more important. No other significant differences exist. Conclusion Combining relevant measures appears to be important to provide a safe containment strategy. Measures aimed at positively influencing people’s sense of safety do not fully correspond to researched knowledge of effectiveness. There are also target group-specific differences in the rating of measures, which should be considered while preparing containment strategies. To describe the dynamic development of changes in subjective rating of containment strategies, continuing research is needed.

• Exploring UHPC and ECC's use in nuclear structures to enhance mechanical response. • Random forest algorithm is proved best for predicting pressure capacities. • Analyzing fragility of structures to provide statistical predictions. This paper examines the use of Ultra-High Performance Concrete (UHPC) and Engineered Cementitious Composites (ECC) for containment structures subjected to internal pressure. It presents finite element models for these structures using UHPC, ECC, and conventional C60 concrete, validated through existing experimental data. The research compares the failure modes and mechanical behaviors of structures built from these materials. Findings show that UHPC and ECC have similar capacities for bearing internal pressure and demonstrate reduced deformation. Both materials notably diminish deformation, curtail cracking, and boost bearing capacity by approximately 30.6% compared to C60. To further analyze these properties, thirty parameter sets for C60 were created using the Latin hypercube sampling method and incorporated into the validated models to evaluate internal pressure capacity. Additionally, the study employed three machine learning algorithms (Bayesian networks, decision trees, and random forests) to predict bearing capacities effectively. With an additional thirty parameter sets, the random forest method emerged as the most precise. Parameter sets for UHPC and ECC were similarly generated and used to develop prediction models for the internal pressure capacities. In a broader scope, one hundred parameter sets across all three materials were analyzed using the random forest method. The maximum likelihood method assessed the fragility of these containment structures, providing statistical forecasts of the capacities to withstand internal pressures. This comprehensive analysis supports the application of UHPC and ECC in practical engineering contexts for containment structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, binary powder blends of acetaminophen (ACAM) and α-lactose monohydrate (LM) at different mixing ratios, with fine, medium-size, and coarse particles are investigated with a new two-chamber setup (TCS) to assess dustiness. The TCS consists of an emission and a detection chamber, allowing plain diffusive or convective particle transport. The aim is to compare the diffusive transport of ACAM with binary blends of ACAM and LM at different particle sizes and similar apparent density. Fine ACAM exhibits significantly higher dust emissions compared to medium and coarse ACAM. With increasing LM portion in the blends, ACAM dust emissions decrease. The blend of fine ACAM and coarse LM shows the highest dust emission, while the blend of coarse ACAM and fine LM reveals the lowest emissions. The TCS offers precise, reproducible measurements with good repeatability, making it beneficial for laboratory and industrial applications, even with small powder quantities. [Display omitted] • Two-chamber setup for investigating dust emissions with minimal amount of substance. • ACAM (9.91–216.12 μm) and LM (28.96–188.31 μm) particle sizes affect dust emissions. • Mixing of ACAM with LM significantly reduces dust emissions. • Blend of fine ACAM and coarse LM shows the highest dust emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the results of the assessment of the radiological consequences of LOCA at DBA and DEC-A for NPPs with VVER-440 and 1000 reactors using approaches that contribute to a realistic assessment of the radionuclide sources, taking into account the thermomechanical criterion of the gas gap activity release and the process of their transfer from the primary circuit to the environment. The results of the improved modelling are compared with conservative estimates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

HPR1000 NPP is designed with Passive Containment Heat Removal System (PCS) following the technical route called active and passive combined concept. The installed PCS system will have effect on the thermal hydraulic (T-H) behavior in the containment, and the complex T-H environment will influence the heat removal and operating character of PCS system backwards. The main goal of this work is to evaluate the effectiveness of the PCS system of HPR1000 and analyse the complex T-H environment of HPR1000 when the PCS system is operating. The HPR1000 containment is modelled by the containment T-H code and the PCS system is modelled based on experiment results. Then, the severe accident sequence initiated by large break LOCA is calculated by an integrated computer code, which outputs mass and energy release sources from reactor coolant primary system as boundaries for the containment T-H code. The results show that HPR1000 PCS system has enough heat removal capability under selected severe accident, which could ensure the containment meet the design requirement. Also, the nonuniformity of temperature and gases in the containment will disappear when the mass and energy releases turn stable, and the operating of PCS system does not cause a huge effect on containment inhomogeneity.

Informal settlements suffer sanitation challenges of inadequate toilet facilities and a high accumulation rate of faecal sludge due to land crises and dense populations. However, settlement people who struggle with informal living, either way, manage to keep their toilets running. This research explores faecal sludge management practices by people in informal settlements. It took Notun-Bazar Char Khulna as a case, purposefully sampled toilets, and populations, and conducted interviews and group discussions among settlement people, sweepers, key persons, and detailed observations of settlement premises. It also mapped excreta flows and discharge locations in drawings and diagrams. It illustrates how faecal sludge from all types of containment ending in the water is unsafe. This study analytically finds practices related to periodical containment management, Collective emptying mechanism, and faecal sludge’s conditional conveyance available in the informal settlement. It suggests developing environmentally safe faecal sludge management in informal settlements with an appreciation of the identified practices.

Around the world, the COVID-19 pandemic quickly led to the closure of educational institutions in the hope of reducing infections and fatalities due to this disease. Distant education is becoming a policy priority, although institutions and teachers are neither experienced nor accustomed to its use.The purpose of this study is to determine secondary school teachers' perceptions and requirements of distance education during confinement. To our knowledge, none of the similar studies conducted in this area has approached this issue in Morocco. To determine teachers' perceptions regarding distance education, we conducted an analytical and descriptive survey among secondary school teachers in May, June, and July 2020.The chi-square test has been used to test the association between all variables. The association was considered significant when the p-value < 0.05. The calculation of the chi² (X²) and the p-value is performed using R software.The grouping of responses show that most teachers have been teaching remotely during confinement using Whatsapp. They confirmed that this is a useful way to ensure pedagogical continuity during the break from classroom teaching, and they also indicated a preference for both face-to-face and hybrid tutoring.Statistical analysis showed a significant correlation between the subjects taught and distance education (X2= 67.4 with p = 0.01), and a low correlation between training follow-up and distance education during the confinement period r = 0.12.This national study, focused in the secondary school teachers, is pertinent and has showen the extent of the problems of continuous teacher training, as well as strategies that are not evaluated and which do not take into account the perceptions of the actors, including the teacher. This data will be valuable and can be used to establish appropriate measures for improving distance learning tools and the quality and competencies of the actors.

The 2020 pandemic and containment were characterized in many places by a demographic revitalization of some rural areas, or at least by a slowing of the depopulation process. This was especially the case in the province of Alicante, located in the south of Spain in Andalusia, where the dynamics observed in 2020 were a break with those of the previous decade (2010-2020). What are the factors that may have favored this undeniable rebound? In this article, we have focused on the potential effect of some geographical, economic and demographic factors: the territorial distribution of rural municipalities, their distance from urban centers, proximity to the coastline, income level, local aging of the population, the demographic dynamics in the decade before the Covid-19 crisis, the presence of foreign residents who arrived to work or retire.The results are mixed. No clear link can be established, but trends emerge that are consistent with the results of studies conducted elsewhere in Spain or confirm certain trends that were apparent before the Covid-19 epidemic. Is this a one-time phenomenon or the beginning of a longer-term dynamic? It is still too early to answer this question. However, this analysis allows us to identify avenues of research that can guide land-use planning policies and stimulate the demographic renewal of rural areas in a sustainable manner.

The environment plays an important role in disease dynamics and in determining the health of individuals. Specifically, the built environment has a large impact on the prevention and containment of both chronic and infectious disease in humans and in non-human animals. The effects of the built environment on health can be direct, for example, by influencing environmental quality, or indirect by influencing behaviours that impact disease transmission and health. Furthermore, these impacts can happen at many scales, from the individual to the society, and from the design of the plates we eat from to the design of cities. In this paper, we review the ways that the built environment affects both the prevention and the containment of chronic and infectious disease. We bring examples from both human and animal societies and attempt to identify parallels and gaps between the study of humans and animals that can be capitalized on to advance the scope and perspective of research in each respective field. By consolidating this literature, we hope to highlight the importance of built structures in determining the complex dynamics of disease and in impacting the health behaviours of both humans and animals.This article is part of the theme issue 'Interdisciplinary approaches for uncovering the impacts of architecture on collective behaviour'.

In 1965, the US Atomic Energy Commission made a fateful decision to license nuclear power plants that, top safety experts believed, had containment structures that were inadequate to contain dangerous releases of radioactivity in the case of core-melting accidents. It was a critical turning point in reactor safety. The AEC’s downgrading of the containment’s role opened the door to smaller, cheaper, “dynamic” containments, which offered significantly less protection in case of a fuel melt accident. Buyers of nearly four dozen large US power reactors opted for the most vulnerable of such containments, of which 30 remain in operation. Because of their inadequate containments, they should all be retired. All but one have exceeded their original 40-year license durations. New plants shouldn’t be licensed unless they include containments that actually do what they were originally supposed to do - contain all radioactive material, even in a worst-case melt-down of a nuclear reactor core. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ghana, a country in the African continent experienced its first ever outbreak of Marburg Virus disease on July 2022. Prior to this, Democratic Republic of Congo and Angola were the two most severely affected countries to be affected by the same disease. Marburg Virus disease is a lethal and serious disease with an average mortality of 50% and has been seen to go as high as 90% in some cases. But despite the propensity to cause fast epidemics, the Ghana government acted swiftly and controlled its spread saving many lives. Simultaneously the country was also facing the Monkeypox outbreak and was doing its best to control the outbreak. This brief article is about the containment measures taken by the country to effectively prevent both the diseases to spread. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article primarily focuses on how the increasing US–China competing strategies in Asia-Pacific affect the policies of South Asian rivals India and Pakistan when, on the one hand, the US as part of its offshore balancing grand strategy has been increasing its strategic partnership with India through the transfer of emerging technologies in terms of military modernization process, and on the other hand, China and Pakistan have improved their geo-economic and geostrategic partnership as part of the Chinese grand strategy via the Belt and Road Initiative while enabling Pakistan to produce effective countermeasures against its potential adversary. The article presumes that, in doing so, such competing strategies frame a quadrangle setting comprising of US and India to deter and contain China on the one hand and China and Pakistan to produce countermeasures and try to create a balance to potentially prevent the risk of conflict in South Asia out of such competing strategies at the quadrangle order conceived here. However, in fact, neither the US nor rising China would desire such a possibility of conflict otherwise unintendedly occurring from the intense US–China competing strategies while affecting the policies of the South Asian rivals. The article concludes that the shaping of this quadrangle framework may bring both opportunities and challenges for the South Asian rivals. It also concludes that the more intense the competition between the US and China becomes, the more intense its implications could be on the South Asian rivals, while the reduced tension between China and the US, although unlikely, would have reduced pressure on India and Pakistan relations as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Wildfire suppression is becoming more costly and dangerous as the scale and severity of impacts from fires increase under climate change. Aims: We aim to identify the key environmental and management variables influencing containment probability for forest fires in Victoria and determine how these change over time. Methods: We developed Random Forest models to identify variables driving fire containment within the first 24 h of response. We used a database of ~12 000 incident records collected across Victoria, Australia. Key results: Response time, fire size at first attack, number of ground resources deployed (e.g. fire fighters), ignition cause, and environmental factors that influence fire spread (e.g. elevation, humidity, wind, and fuel hazard) were key drivers of suppression success within the first 24 h. However, certainty about the factors influencing suppression reduced as the containment period increased. Conclusions: Suppression success hinges on a balance between the environmental factors that drive fire spread and the rapid deployment of sufficient resources to limit fire perimeter growth. Implications: Decreasing the period between an ignition and the time of arrival at the fire will allow first responders to begin suppression before the fire size has exceeded their capability to construct a control line. Suppression of wildfires can be dangerous and expensive. It is important that we understand the main factors influencing suppression success. Resource allocation, weather, and response times are critical factors influencing suppression because they can affect the size of the fire early on, which is the most important factor influencing containment probability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vietnam's efforts to contain the Covid-19 pandemic have been widely praised. The country's leadership took early action to close its borders and reduce community transmission and kept case numbers low, at least in the first year. Between 23 January 2020, when the first cases were detected in Vietnam, and 25 March 2021, the end of the third wave of infection, the country experienced just 2,830 cases and 35 deaths. However, the fourth wave, from 27 April 2021 to 30 March 2022 (when the Vietnamese government declared a formal end to the pandemic), saw over ten million confirmed cases, and 42,454 recorded fatalities. This article examines why the first three waves were successfully contained and the fourth wave of COVID was so much more damaging. The Vietnamese leadership described its approach to controlling the pandemic as 'people-based, state-led'. It treated the pandemic response as a question of popular mobilisation akin to wartime, directed by strong leadership through communist party, government, and local authority structures. The political system mobilized grassroots support for disease prevention, quarantine regulations, and other measures. Importantly, power was delegated to local authorities to tackle infections, and they were held accountable for their actions. The article also highlights the role of voluntary activity in filling gaps in state provision. Lessons learnt in this process can benefit Vietnam and other countries preparing for future pandemic situations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]