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International audience; Biodiversity-based agriculture is the main form of agriculture practiced by smallholder farmers, who produce half the world's food, especially in the Global South. This form of agriculture relies on planned biodiversity intentionally managed by farmers and on the associated biodiversity that spontaneously colonizes the agroecosystem. In recent decades, there have been increasing calls from researchers and society to support biodiversity-based agriculture as an alternative paradigm to today's industrial agriculture. Building adapted governance and management systems for enhancing farmers' access to agrobiodiversity is a key challenge for the development of biodiversity-based agriculture. To achieve this, a better understanding of how farmer's access agrobiodiversity is needed, and in particular, how this access is affected by interactions between farmers and with institutions, i.e., social networks. In this article, we first review the literature on the role of social networks in farmers' access to agrobiodiversity, in the form of crop diversity and associated biodiversity, and the related knowledge to manage this diversity. This review points at a major knowledge gap concerning how the composition and structure of these networks affect farmers' access to agrobiodiversity. Then, we review literature on social-ecological networks to identify how this framework developed for environmental management could contribute in getting a better understanding of the role of social networks' structure and composition in farmers' access to agrobiodiversity. Based on this review, we propose a social-ecological network framework dedicated to crop diversity. Finally, we present potential applications of this framework to develop new participatory approaches for agrobiodiversity management and governance, adapted to biodiversity-based agriculture.

Le Moyen-Ouest est une vaste région du centre de Madagascar située à l'ouest de l'Itasy et du Vakinankaratra et limité à l'est par la falaise du Bongo Lava et le fleuve Manambolo. La superficie du Moyen-Ouest est de 50 000 km2 environ, près du 1/5 de la superficie du pays. Nous avons choisi de considérer deux périodes dans le développement du Moyen-Ouest, depuis les années 1950. Le présent document a pour objet de faire le point sur l'histoire, les réussites, les difficultés et les évolutions de ce développement très innovant dans les deux périodes. Le référentiel de développement territorial du Moyen-Ouest fut d'abord élaboré et vécu entre 1950 et les années 1990, essentiellement grâce au Projet Sakay (dans sa partie technique) puis ODEMO (Opération de Développement du Moyen-Ouest) qui constitue une référence majeure pour le développement du Moyen-Ouest. La seconde période, après 2000, est surtout marquée par l'introduction concluante des SCV (ou Agriculture de conservation) dans la partie sud.

Cet ouvrage saura convaincre le lecteur de s'intéresser aux fruits et légumes et l'amèner à comprendre que leur production par des petites exploitations est essentielle à la réalisation des Objectifs de développement durable établis par les Nations Unies. Au fil de cinq chapitres, le lecteur découvrira les défis et les opportunités de ce secteur pour les producteurs, les distributeurs et les consommateurs. Chapitre 1 : définition opérationnelle des fruits et légumes et utilité du soutien des petits agriculteurs et des chaînes de valeur. Chapitre 2 : options de gestion agricole durable, notamment en ce qui concerne les ressources phytogénétiques, les systèmes de semences et la gestion de l'eau, des sols, des éléments nutritifs ainsi que des ravageurs et des maladies. Chapitre 3 : options à envisager pour intégrer les petits producteurs de fruits et légumes à vocation commerciale dans des chaînes de valeur socialement inclusives, y compris des services post-récolte novateurs, des débouches commerciaux et la réduction des pertes et du gaspillage alimentaires. Chapitre 4 : options à envisager par les praticiens et les responsables politiques dans des cadres gouvernementaux, institutionnels et sociaux en vue de promouvoir la production durable et la consommation de fruits et légumes nutritifs et sains à prix abordable. Chapitre 5 : interventions et innovations majeures permettant de favoriser la production durable de fruits et légumes dans la plupart des pays à revenu faible ou intermédiaire du monde. Cet ouvrage emmène le lecteur à la découverte d'un large éventail de fruits et de légumes au fil d'études de cas richement illustrées sélectionnées dans le monde entier. Il lui explique également pourquoi les fruits et légumes sont si importants et l'engage à contribuer activement à promouvoir leur production et leur consommation.

Contributeurs : Adeline Alonso Ugaglia, Magali Aubert, Clarence Bluntz, Zouhair Bouhsina, Jean-Christophe Bureau, Jean-Marie Cardebat, Vincent Chatellier, Maxime David, C��cile Detang-Dessendre, Ronan Divard, Pierre Dupraz, Louis Dupuy, Geoffroy Enjolras, Pascale Ezan, Serena Ferrari, Anne-Emmanuelle Fiamor, Agn��s Fran��ois-Lecompte, Julien Frayssignes, Patrick Gabriel, Herv�� Guyomard, Morgane Innocent, Florence Jacquet, Pierre Labartin, Anne-Laurence Lafont, Marine Le Gall-Ely, Carole Maurel, Kader L��onide Modou, Val��rie Olivier Salvagnac, Genevi��ve Parent, Micha��l Pouzenc, Jean-Louis Rastoin, Xavier Reboud, Vincent Requillart, Arthur Riedacker, Nathalie Rivenet, Savanna Sloop, Louis-Georges Soler, Margot Tysebaert et Bertrand Valiorgue.

This book will convince the reader to care about fruit and vegetables and to see that the small-scale production of these crops is fundamental to achieving sustainable development goals. In five chapters, the reader will learn about the challenges and rewards for producers, sellers, and consumers. Chapter 1: a working definition for fruit and vegetables, making the case for supporting small-scale farmers and value chains. Chapter 2: options for farm management to ensure that production is sustainable including genetic resources, seed systems, management of water, soil, nutrients, and control of pests and diseases. Chapter 3: options to integrate small-scale commercial fruit and vegetable farmers into socially inclusive value chains, including innovative post-harvest handling services, market linkages, and reducing food loss and waste. Chapter 4: options for practitioners and policymakers at different governmental, institutional and social levels to promote the sustainable production and consumption of safe, nutritious, and affordable fruit and vegetables. Chapter 5: key interventions and innovations to facilitate the sustainable production of fruit and vegetables in low- and middle-income countries across the world. This publication takes readers on a journey introducing them to a diverse array of fruit and vegetables through colorfully illustrated studies from around the world. It justifies the importance of these crops and it encourages readers to take an active role both in promoting fruit and vegetable production and in encouraging more people to eat them.

Este libro convencerá al lector de la importancia de las frutas y hortalizas, y le hará ver que la producción a pequeña escala de estos cultivos es fundamental para alcanzar los objetivos de desarrollo sostenible. A lo largo de sus cinco capítulos, el lector conocerá los desafíos y las recompensas para los productores, los vendedores y los consumidores. Capítulo 1: definición práctica de las frutas y hortalizas, y justificación del apoyo a los pequeños agricultores y las cadenas de valor. Capítulo 2: opciones de manejo agrícola para garantizar que la producción sea sostenible, incluyendo recursos genéticos, sistemas de semillas, manejo del agua, suelo, nutrientes y control de las plagas y enfermedades. Capítulo 3: opciones para integrar a los pequeños agricultores comerciales que cultivan frutas y hortalizas en cadenas de valor socialmente inclusivas, lo que incluye servicios innovadores de manejo poscosecha, vínculos comerciales y reducción de la pérdida y el desperdicio de alimentos. Capítulo 4: opciones para que los profesionales y los responsables políticos de diferentes niveles gubernamentales, institucionales y sociales promuevan la producción y el consumo sostenibles de frutas y hortalizas seguras, nutritivas y asequibles. Capítulo 5: intervenciones e innovaciones clave para facilitar la producción sostenible de frutas y hortalizas en los países de rentas medias y bajas de todo el mundo. Esta publicación lleva al lector a un viaje, presentándole una diversa variedad de frutas y hortalizas a través de estudios de casos ilustrados de todo el mundo. Contiene argumentos a favor de la importancia de estos cultivos y anima a los lectores a desempeñar un papel activo tanto en la promoción de la producción de frutas y hortalizas como a la hora de alentar a la gente a consumirlas.

• Crop diversification is a dynamic pathway towards sustainable agrifood systems. • Technological and institutional barriers restrict uptake of crop diversification. • More coordination and cooperation among agrifood system stakeholders is required. • The European Crop Diversification Cluster calls for multiactor networks. European cropping systems are often characterized by short rotations or even monocropping, leading to environmental issues such as soil degradation, water eutrophication, and air pollution including greenhouse gas emissions, that contribute to climate change and biodiversity loss. The use of diversification practices (i.e., intercropping, multiple cropping including cover cropping and rotation extension), may help enhance agrobiodiversity and deliver ecosystem services while developing new value chains. Despite its benefits, crop diversification is hindered by various technical, organizational, and institutional barriers along value chains (input industries, farms, trading and processing industries, retailers, and consumers) and within sociotechnical systems (policy, research, education, regulation and advisory). Six EU-funded research projects have joined forces to boost crop diversification by creating the European Crop Diversification Cluster (CDC). This Cluster aggregates research, innovation, commercial and citizen-focused partnerships to identify and remove barriers across the agrifood system and thus enables the uptake of diversification measures by all European value-chain stakeholders. The CDC will produce a typology of barriers, develop tools to accompany actors in their transition, harmonize the use of multicriteria assessment indicators, prepare policy recommendations and pave the way for a long-term network on crop diversification.

L'agroécologie fait l’objet d’un intérêt grandissant comme moyen de progresser vers une agriculture et des systèmes alimentaires plus durables. Cependant, les preuves de la contribution de l'agroécologie à la durabilité restent fragmentées en raison de méthodes et de données hétérogènes, d'échelles différentes et de lacunes dans la recherche. Pour faire face à ces défis, 70 représentants d'organisations liées à l'agroécologie dans le monde ont participé au développement de l'Outil pour l’Évaluation des Performances de l'Agroécologie (TAPE de son acronyme en Anglais), afin de produire et de consolider des preuves sur les performances multidimensionnelles des systèmes agroécologiques. TAPE est un cadre analytique global qui utilise l'agroécologie pour mesurer la durabilité et la performance multi-dimensionnelle des systèmes agricoles. Basé sur les 10 Éléments de l'Agroécologie et étroitement lié aux Objectifs de Développement Durable, TAPE peut être utilisé, entre autres, pour caractériser le niveau de transition agroécologique de tout type de système agricole, pour suivre et évaluer les impacts de projets de développement durable, et/ou pour évaluer comment l’agroécologie contribue à la réalisation des ODD. Son application peut soutenir la co-création et le partage des connaissances entre les producteurs, favoriser l'adoption de pratiques de production plus durables et inspirer la formulation de politiques publiques qui soutiennent les transitions agroécologiques. Les résultats préliminaires des applications pilotes montrent que TAPE peut fonctionner dans une variété de régions et d'agroécosystèmes et qu'il permet d'évaluer les performances de divers critères qui vont au-delà des indicateurs classiques pour commencer à construire une base de données globale pour l'agroécologie et soutenir la transformation vers une production agricole et des systèmes alimentaires durables. Cette étude est basée sur un article plus complet en Anglais originellement publié dans Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems sous le titre « Assessing Transitions to Sustainable Agricultural and Food Systems: A Tool for Agroecology Performance Evaluation (TAPE) ».

International audience; Understanding the processes related to the adoption of best environmental practices is an important challenge to support the transition to more sustainable agriculture. Our paper aims to contribute to this issue by analyzing the relation between farm's organizational design and environmental performance. We used data of 47562 dairy farms from the 2010 French Agricultural Census and employed econometric analysis to study the correlation between farm's internal and external factors and environmental performance. The environmental performance is approached by a score based on the adoption of nine best management practices. The results show that while the internal, structural and managerial resources, through which farms can increase their absorptive capacity, play an important role, external factors, particularly the type of market environment in which farms operate, play a key role in environmental performance. The results also highlight the central role of farms' spatial environment and, more specifically, the strong correlation with the environmental performance of the neighboring dairy farms. Finally, policies to promote locally farmer's experience exchanges, to supporting diversification, high quality products and short circuits can bust the environmental performance of dairy sector.

International audience; Le déploiement en France de l'agroécologie est l'une de priorités de la loi d'avenir pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et la forêt de 2014. Les membres de l'Académie d'Agriculture de France et de nombreux collègues s'appuyant sur les premières réflexions d'un groupe de travail se sont interrogés sur les conditions et les solutions pour réussir ce déploiement. Après un rapide tour d'horizon sur le développement de l'agroécologie dans d'autres continents, les réflexions et les propositions rassemblées dans cet ouvrage sont fondées sur la contribution des sciences agronomiques, écologiques, économiques et sociales ainsi que sur des analyses et témoignages issus du terrain. Elles s'adressent aux enseignants, aux étudiants, aux agents de développement, aux professionnels comme aux décideurs politiques, soucieux de la mise en œuvre d'une transition agroécologique mieux à même de faire face au changement climatique, à l'érosion de la biodiversité, ainsi qu'aux attentes des consommateurs pour une alimentation saine et diversifiée.

International audience; Rural development projects to develop sustainable agriculture need to be assessed before engaging smallholder farmers at large scale. Data on agricultural systems to produce food, provide income for smallholders and reduce greenhouse-gas (GHG) emissions are scarce in Sub-Saharan Africa countries. Here, we assessed the potential of agroecological practices (AP) on economic benefits to farmers, GHG balance derived from agricultural activities, and efficiency of economic investments to mitigate GHG. The study was based on a NGO rural development project, which promoted AP: agroforestry, compost, and System of Rice Intensification. The economic and GHG mitigation benefits were projected over a period of 20 years on three scenarios. Two scenarios, differing by two expected levels of AP adoption, were compared to a reference one, in which there was no NGO intervention. Socio-economic, yield and soil data were gathered on 192 farms during five growing seasons (2013–2018). The GHG balance was estimated with TropiC Farm Tool and EX-ACT. The GHG emissions were reduced in both scenarios compared to the reference one: −5.2 to −13.6 tCO2eq farm−1 yr−1 for scenario 1 and 2 respectively. At the regional scale, the projected amount of C saved per euro invested was estimated at −0.25 tCO2eq euro−1 and -0.41 tCO2eq Euro−1 (or € 4 to 2.5 tCO2eq−1) under scenario 1 and scenario 2. The annual cash flow of farmers increased over the 20 years. Our study highlighted the potential of AP for increasing productivity and profitability of smallholder agricultural systems for the Malagasy farmers, while simultaneously contributing to climate change mitigation.

There is increasing interest in agroecology as a way to move toward more sustainable agriculture and food systems. However, the evidence of agroecology's contribution to sustainability remains fragmented because of heterogeneous methods and data, differing scales and timeframes, and knowledge gaps. Facing these challenges, 70 representatives of agroecology-related organizations worldwide participated in the development of the Tool for Agroecology Performance Evaluation (TAPE), to produce and consolidate evidence on the multidimensional performances of agroecological systems. TAPE is composed of: Step 0, the preliminary step that includes a description of the main socio-economic and demographic characteristics of the agricultural and food systems and an analysis of the enabling environment in terms of relevant policy, market, technology, socio-cultural and/or historical drivers; Step 1, the Characterization of Agroecological Transitions (CAET), based on the 10 Elements of Agroecology adopted by FAO and its member countries, using descriptive scales to establish scores and assessing the degree of transition, with information from the farm/household and community/territory scale; Step 2, the Core Criteria of Performance listing the key dimensions considered relevant to address the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): Environment & climate change; Health & nutrition; Society & culture; Economy and Governance. Finally Step 3, a participatory validation of the results obtained from the previous steps with the producers and relevant stakeholders. TAPE can be used (i) to assess the extent of agroecological transition among agricultural producers in a community or a territory, (ii) to monitor and evaluate projects by characterizing the initial and subsequent steps in an agroecological transition, and/or (iii) to evaluate widely diverse agricultural systems against agroecological elements and how they contribute to the achievement of the SDGs. Its application can support the transition of all forms of agricultural systems toward more sustainable practices and the formulation of adequate policies to enable this transformation. Preliminary results from pilot applications show that TAPE can perform in a variety of geographic regions and agroecosystems and that it allows assessment of performances of various criteria that move beyond classic indicators to begin to build a global evidence base for agroecology and support transformation to sustainable agricultural production and food systems.

International audience; A growing concern on the deleterious effects of chemical inputs to the environment has been on the rise from the excessive use of chemical inputs leading to soil and water pollution, destruction to fauna and microbial communities, reduced soil fertility and increased crop disease susceptibility. In the Great Mekong Region (GMR), a large majority of the population relies on agriculture and faces severe challenges including decline in soil fertility, increased pests and diseases, leading to lower ecosystem productivity. In this region, over-dependence on chemical fertilizers also continues to impact negatively on soil health and the wider ecosystem. Agroecological practices, and beneficial microorganisms in particular, offer an affordable and sustainable alternative to mineral inputs for improved plant nutrition and soil health for optimal crop performance and sustainable production. Biofertilizers are a key component in integrated nutrient management as well as for increased economic benefits from reduced expenditure on chemical fertilizers, holistically leading to sustainable agriculture. To cope with the need for biofertilizer adoption for sustainable agricultural production, the countries in the GMR are putting efforts in promoting development and use of biofertilizers and making them available to farmers at affordable costs. Despite these efforts, farmers continue to use chemical fertilizers at high rates with the hope of increased yields instead of taking advantage of microbial products capable of providing plant nutrients while restoring or improving soil health. This study explored the current agricultural practices in the six countries in the GMR (China, Vietnam, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia and Lao PDR), the critical need for sustainable agroecological practices with a special emphasis on biofertilizers. We highlighted the current status, distribution, adoption and gaps of biofertilizer production in the GMR, in order to obtain an insight on the nature of biofertilizers, efficacy and production standards, adoption or lack of biofertilizers in the GMR.

The awareness of the population and politics but also the necessity of an ecological transition of our economy leads us every day to think about a new way of production. Agriculture is one of the main business sectors to be in transition which is tending to be more respectful of the environment and humans while saving economic profitability. In this sense, France is working on reducing the use of phytosanitary inputs since 2008, through the Ecophyto plan. The ambitious objectives of this plan were in 2015, revised downwards with a goal of a 25% decrease of the phytosanitary inputs use in 2020, to a 50% one in 2025.The Maison Lavau-Maucoil, a society principally based on the trade and the vinification of the Southern Rhone valley wines, is producing since 2009, its own grape on a 200 ha vineyard distributed all over the Vaucluse department. Since 2017, some experimentations are leaded on the domain, in order to reduce the phytosanitary inputs and in particular with the help of the Optidose program. This smart, helping decisions taking tool, developed by the Institut Français de la Vigne et du Vin, aims to reduce treatment doses using different factors like disease pressure and sensitivity of the vine. This thesis has for objective, the continuation of the studies on the program efficiency and its impact on the decrease of the phytosanitary inputs as well as ensuring the spray is based on the good parameters which permit the maximal efficiency.Finally, and more largely, it is the cultivation system of exploitations durability that will be evaluated with the multicriteria analysis tool so called DEXI PM viti. Thus, thanks to the inventory of practices, it will be possible to find the prioritized points to improve, in order to develop a durable agriculture on the Lavau-Maucoil vineyard.; La prise de conscience de la population mais également des politiques, de la nécessité d’une transition écologique de notre économie conduit chaque jour à repenser notre manière de produire. L’un des principaux secteurs d’activités en transition est l’agriculture, elle se veut être plus respectueuse de l’environnement mais aussi des Hommes tout en gardant une rentabilité économique. La France oeuvre dans ce sens depuis 2008 et vise, via le plan Ecophyto, à réduire l’utilisation des intrants phytosanitaires. Les objectifs ambitieux de ce plan ont été revus à la baisse en 2015, avec pour le but de réduire de 25% l’utilisation de produits phytosanitaire à l’horizon 2020 et de 50% d’ici 2025.La Maison Lavau-Maucoil, une société principalement centrée sur le négoce et la vinification des vins de la vallée du Rhône méridionale, produit depuis 2009 son propre raisin sur 200 ha de vigne répartie sur le département du Vaucluse. Depuis 2017, des expérimentations sont menées sur le domaine pour la réduction des intrants phytosanitaires, avec la mise en place du programme Optidose. Cet outil d’aide à la décision développé par l’Institut Français de la vigne et du vin, tente de réduire les doses de traitement en s’appuyant sur différents facteurs tel que la pression en maladie et la sensibilité de la vigne. Ce mémoire a pour but de continuer l’étude sur l’efficacité de ce programme et son impact sur la réduction des intrants phytosanitaires, mais également de veiller au bon réglage des pulvérisateurs qui permettent sa mise en place efficace. Enfin plus largement c’est la durabilité des systèmes de culture de l’exploitation qui sera évaluée à l’aide de l’outil d’analyse multicritère DEXI PM viti. Ainsi par cet état des lieux des pratiques, il sera possible de trouver des points cruciaux à améliorer afin de développer une agriculture durable sur le vignoble Lavau-Maucoil.

International audience; L’agroforesterie, qui associe des arbres aux cacaoyers, apparaît comme une option crédible pour renouveler la cacaoculture en Afrique. La culture pure de cacaoyers, dominante, y est en effet à bout de souffle. Il est donc urgent d’identifier des solutions techniques pour stabiliser les zones cacaoyères, réduire la tension sur les forêts et s’adapter à l’évolution du climat. Un équilibre peut être trouvé entre les cacaoyers et un panachage d’arbres choisis par les agriculteurs pour leurs usages variés, tout en maintenant un rendement en cacao convenable sur le long terme. Cet équilibre assure aussi des services écologiques comme le stockage du carbone et la protection phytosanitaire. Des travaux récents menés au Cameroun montrent que le pilotage des cacaoyères agroforestières peut s’appuyer sur un indicateur simple, la mesure de la surface terrière des cacaoyers et celle des arbres associés. Cet indicateur pourrait être adopté pour la certification du cacao durable, tandis que la convergence constatée entre savoirs locaux et résultats scientifiques pourrait aider à co-construire les conseils techniques.

International audience; Combining mixed trees with cocoa trees in so-called cocoa agroforestry systems is emerging as a viable option for regenerating cocoa cropping in Africa. Pure cocoa crop stands currently prevail in these areas but are running out of steam. Technical solutions are therefore urgently needed to stabilize cocoa-growing areas, reduce pressure on forests and adapt to climate change. A balance can be struck in stands by combining cocoa trees with diverse trees chosen by farmers for their different uses, while maintaining a suitable and sustainable cocoa yield. Ecological services such as carbon storage and crop protection are co-benefits of this balance. Recent research in Cameroon highlights that cocoa agroforestry stands can be managed using a straightforward indicator—measurement of the basal area of cocoa trees and associated trees. This indicator could be adopted for sustainable cocoa production certification purposes, while the observed convergence between local know-how and scientific results could facilitate joint drawing up of technical recommendations.

Aquatic weeds such as muskgrass (Chara spp.), water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes), water lettuce (Pistia stratiotes), hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillate), filamentous algae (Lyngbya wollei), and duckweed (Lemna minor) thrive in farm canals within the Everglades Agricultural Area of South Florida. Their presence, particularly during the summer months is an environmental concern with regards to water quality, in addition to being a nuisance because of their ability to multiply and spread rapidly in open waters causing restricted drainage/irrigation flow and low dissolved oxygen levels. Chemical control is effective but can have undesirable off-target effects, so reduced herbicide use is desirable. Hence, need exists to discover ways in which these weeds could be best managed or utilized. The objective of this research was to evaluate the allelopathic effect of these weeds to determine their use as potential biopesticides. Six aqueous extracts were tested against 100 bacterial strains isolated from plants and soil to evaluate their antimicrobial activity. These extracts were also used to determine their insecticidal and antifeedant effects on fall armyworm (FAW, Spodoptera frugiperda). Both extracts and powder form of the aquatic weeds were tested for their herbicidal activity towards seed germination and growth of three common terrestrial weed species. At a dilution of 1:100 and 1:1,000, none of the aquatic weeds inhibited in-vitro growth of the bacterial strains, with one exception (filamentous algae extract at 1:100 reduced growth of one bacterial isolate by 54%). Water lettuce reduced the survival rate of FAW by 14% while hydrilla and duckweed caused 11% and 9% reduction of FAW growth, respectively. Powdered duckweed inhibited the growth of nutsedge by 41%, whereas filamentous algae powder and extract reduced germination of amaranth by 20% and 28%, respectively. Harvesting these weeds and converting them into useable compounds could not only eliminate the in situ farm canal and water quality problems but also result in development of new soil amendments or biopesticides.

Cet article discute la façon dont les accords internationaux sur le climat ont été traduits par les acteurs brésiliens de l'agrobusiness dans la construction du Plan sectoriel d'atténuation et d'adaptation au changement climatique pour la consolidation d'une économie à faibles émissions de carbone dans l'agriculture (Plan ABC), et comment cela a été mis en oeuvre dans les États du Minas Gerais et de Rio Grande do Sul, par le biais du programme ABC. Pour cela, 70 acteurs liés à la construction et à la mise en oeuvre de la politique publique ont été interrogés, et les approches de traduction et de mise en oeuvre des politiques publiques ont été utilisés. En termes de résultats, l'article démontre que la construction du Plan ABC a impliqué une certaine «traduction anticipée» des idées du contexte international au contexte national. Interprétés comme une opportunité pour resignifier l'agriculture brésilienne, les acteurs de l'agrobusiness ont défini une stratégie à l'avance et ont participé à la COP15 avec une proposition de politique publique structurée pour une agriculture bas carbone. Contrairement aux processus de transfert unidirectionnel, le plan et le programme ABC sont le résultat d'un processus de «traduction bidirectionnelle» du niveau international au niveau national, stratégiquement guidé par le Brésil. Après avoir été «traduit» dans le contexte national, le plan et le programme ABC ont subi des (re) traductions lors de sa mise en oeuvre aux espaces locaux. Si les idées de réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de serre (GES) étaient présentes lors de la formulation du Plan et du Programme, elles ne trouvent pas de correspondance dans les interprétations et les actions des Street-Level Bureaucrats. Ils interprètent le programme comme une ligne de crédit supplémentaire, soulignant les problèmes formels et administratifs qui découragent l'accès à cette politique publique. On observe ainsi une «distance d'interprétation» entre les idées présentes à l'échelle globale et leurs traductions aux échelles nationale et locale. Esse trabalho objetiva discutir como os acordos climáticos internacionais foram traduzidos pelos atores do agronegócio brasileiro na construção do Plano Setorial de Mitigação e de Adaptação às Mudanças Climáticas para a Consolidação de uma Economia de Baixa Emissão de Carbono na Agricultura (Plano ABC), e como este foi implementado nos estados de Minas Gerais e Rio Grande do Sul, por meio do Programa ABC. Para isso foram entrevistados 70 atores vinculados à construção e implementação da referida política pública, e utilizados os referenciais de tradução e implementação de políticas públicas. Em termos de resultados, o artigo demonstra que a construção do Plano ABC envolveu certa “tradução antecipada” das ideias do contexto internacional para o nacional. Interpretada como uma oportunidade de ressignificação da agricultura brasileira, os atores do agronegócio definiram antecipadamente uma estratégia e participaram da COP15 com uma proposta estruturada de política pública para a agricultura de baixa emissão de carbono. Destoando dos processos de transferência unidirecional, o Plano e o Programa ABC resultam de um processo de “tradução de mão dupla” do nível internacional para o nacional, estrategicamente pautado pelo Brasil. Depois de “traduzido” para o contexto nacional, o Plano e o Programa ABC sofreram (re)traduções durante sua implementação, ao alcançar os espaços locais. Se as ideias de redução de emissão de gases de efeito estufa (GEE) estavam presentes no momento de formulação do Plano e do Programa, as mesmas não encontram correspondência nas interpretações e atuações dos burocratas de nível de rua. Estes interpretam o Programa como “mais uma” linha de crédito, apontando questões formais e administrativas que desestimulam o acesso a essa política pública. Observa-se, deste modo, um “distanciamento interpretativo” entre as ideias presentes na escala global e suas traduções nas escalas nacional e local. This paper aims to discuss how international climate agreements were translated by the Brazilian agribusiness actors in the construction of the Sectorial Plan for Mitigation and Adaptation to Climate Change for the Consolidation of a Low Carbon Economy in Agriculture (ABC Plan), and how it was implemented in the states of Minas Gerais and Rio Grande do Sul, through the ABC Program. For that, 70 actors linked to the construction and implementation of these actions were interviewed, and was utilized the policy translation and implementation approaches. The paper demonstrates that the ABC Plan construction involved a certain advance translation of the ideas from the international to the national context. Interpreted as an opportunity to re-signify the Brazilian agriculture, agribusiness actors defined a strategy in advance and attended in the COP15 with a structured policy proposal for low-carbon agriculture. Diverging of the unidirectional policy transfer, the Plan and the ABC Program resulted of a process of two-way translation from the international to the national level, strategically guided by Brazil. After being “translated” into the national context, the ABC Plan and Program were (re)translated during its implementation, when reaching local spaces. If the ideas of reducing greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions were present during the ABC Plan and Program formulation, they do not find any correspondence in the interpretations and actions of street-level bureaucrats. They interpret the Program as another credit line, pointing out formal and administrative issues that discourage the policy access. It is observed, therefore, an interpretive distance between the ideas on the global scale and their translations into national and local scales.

International audience; In the mountainous areas of South-East Asia, family farms have shifted from subsistence to input-intensified and market-oriented maize-based farming systems, resulting in a substantial increase in farm income, but also in new environmental threats: deforestation, biodiversity loss, soil erosion, herbicide leaching and soil fertility degradation. In this typical case study of cash-strapped farms, where the balance between socio-economic and environmental dimensions of sustainability is complex, we used participatory methods (serious games and Q-methodology), combined with agronomic field monitoring, to identify relevant farm and field-level criteria for sustainability assessment.Serious games at farm level showed that short-term socio-economic dimensions prevailed over environmental dimensions in farmers' objectives. However, farmers also greatly valued their capacity to transfer a viable farm to the next generation and avoid herbicide use. Serious games at field level showed that some farmers were willing to preserve soil fertility for future generations. The agronomic field monitoring showed that maize yield deviations from potential water-limited yield were primarily due to weed infestation favoured by low sowing density, due to uncontrolled moto-mechanized crop establishment. This technical failure at the beginning of the maize cycle led to herbicide overuse, poor returns on investment for fertilizer, and increased exposure to soil erosion.Combining the perspectives of scientists and farmers led to the following set of locally-relevant criteria: i) at farm level: farm income, diversity of activities, farmer autonomy, farmer health, workload peaks, soil fertility transfer between agroecological zones in the landscape, rice and forage self-sufficiency; ii) at field level: resource use efficiency, soil fertility, erosion and herbicide risks, susceptibility to pests, weeds and climate variability, biodiversity, land productivity, economic performance, labour productivity and work drudgery. Our approach helped to identify key relevant sustainability criteria and could be useful for designing alternatives to current maize-based cropping systems, and contributed to informing priority-setting for institutional development and agricultural policies in the region.

International audience; Sustainable intensification (SI) of farming systems aims to increase food production from existing farmland in ways that have a lower environmental impact and maintain the food production capacity over time. SI embraces a set of diverse agricultural technologies that share a common feature: their adoption is dependent on the interactions between farmers’ decision-making processes, locally specific agro-ecological conditions, and the traits of the technology itself. There are concerns about the sustainability of the maize mono-cropping systems that are in use in Laosc today. Therefore, we used discrete choice experiments (DCE) to explore the potential adoption or alternative agricultural systems. We analyse the heterogeneity of farmers’ preferences and willingness to pay for different cropping system attributes using a mixed logit model, and we discuss the possible drivers and barriers to the adoption of these more sustainable options. The results suggest the existence of four types of farmers: “fertility-minded”, “factor-constrained”, “maximisers”, and “risk-averse”. Each type of farmers was likely to react differently to the proposed sustainable intensification techniques. Overall, the DCE appeared to be an efficient tool to elicit the diversity of farmer preferences in an agricultural region and for fine-tuning strategies for successful research and development of sustainable intensification.

Monocultural rubber plantations have replaced tropical forest, causing biodiversity loss. While protecting intact or semi‐intact biodiverse forest is paramount, improving biodiversity value within the 11.4 million hectares of existing rubber plantations could offer important conservation benefits, if yields are also maintained. Some farmers practice agroforestry with high‐yielding clonal rubber varieties to increase and diversify incomes. Here, we ask whether such rubber agroforestry improves biodiversity value or affects rubber yields relative to monoculture.\ud \ud We surveyed birds, fruit‐feeding butterflies and reptiles in 25 monocultural and 39 agroforest smallholder rubber plots in Thailand, the world's biggest rubber producer. Management and vegetation structure data were collected from each plot, and landscape composition around plots was quantified. Rubber yield data were collected for a separate set of 34 monocultural and 47 agroforest rubber plots in the same region.\ud \ud Reported rubber yields did not differ between agroforests and monocultures, meaning adoption of agroforestry in this context should not increase land demand for natural rubber. Butterfly richness was greater in agroforests, where richness increased with greater natural forest extent in the landscape. Bird and reptile richness were similar between agroforests and monocultures, but bird richness increased with the height of herbaceous vegetation inside rubber plots.\ud \ud Species composition of butterflies differed between agroforests and monocultures, and in response to natural forest extent, while bird composition was influenced by herbaceous vegetation height within plots, the density of non‐rubber trees within plots (representing agroforestry complexity) and natural forest extent in the landscape. Reptile composition was influenced by canopy cover and open habitat extent in the landscape. Conservation priority and forest‐dependent birds were not supported within rubber.\ud \ud Synthesis and applications. Rubber agroforestry using clonal varieties provides modest biodiversity benefits relative to monocultures, without compromising yields. Agroforests may also generate ecosystem service and livelihood benefits. Management of monocultural rubber production to increase inter‐row vegetation height and complexity may further benefit biodiversity. However, biodiversity losses from encroachment of rubber onto forests will not be offset by rubber agroforestry or rubber plot management. This evidence is important for developing guidelines around biodiversity‐friendly rubber and sustainable supply chains, and for farmers interested in diversifying rubber production.

International audience; In the quest for sustainable intensification of crop production, we discuss the option of extending the root depth of crops to increase the volume of soil exploited by their root systems. We discuss the evidence that deeper rooting can be obtained by appropriate choice of crop species, by plant breeding, or crop management and its potential contributions to production and sustainable development goals. Many studies highlight the potentials of deeper rooting, but we evaluate its contributions to sustainable intensification of crop production, the causes of the limited research into deep rooting of crops, and the research priorities to fill the knowledge gaps

Knowledge on sustainable grassland management is available in the large body of literature. However, it is unclear where to look for it, and what is really relevant to the many interrelated challenges of sustainable grassland management. This special issue illustrates options to fill some of those gaps. This editorial introduces the Special Issue entitled “Grassland Management for Sustainable Agroecosystems”. Two review articles deal with (i) concepts for monitoring grassland degradation (by Tiscornia et al. Agronomy 2019, 9, 239) and (ii) impacts of alternative management practices and disturbances (by Wagle and Gowda et al. Agronomy 2018, 8, 300). One paper (by Steiner et al. Agronomy 2019, 9, 699). summarized a series of papers of the special issue. Other topics covered include four main aspects: (I) Landscape features (Ravetto Enri et al. Agronomy 2019, 9, 333), two papers by Northup et al. Agronomy 2019, 9, 329, Northup et al. Agronomy 2019, 9, 281, and Ma et al. Agronomy 2019, 9, 238; (II) climate (Zhou et al. Agronomy 2019, 9, 219, Starks et al. Agronomy 2019, 9, 235, and Moinet et al. Agronomy 2019, 9, 124); (III) soil fertility (Franzluebbers et al. Agronomy 2019, 9, 204, Poblete-Grant et al. Agronomy 2019, 9, 191); and (IV) one on modeling (Puche et al. Agronomy 2019, 9, 183). Two additional papers are from Andueza et al. Agronomy 2019, 9, 273 (on the feed value of barn-dried hay) and Úbeda et al. Agronomy 2019, 9, 340 (on the role of prescribed burns).

International audience; La agroforestería, que asocia árboles con cacaoteros, parece ser una opción posible para renovar el cultivo del cacao en África. El cultivo puro de árboles de cacao, dominante, no es sostenible y el potencial productivo disminuye con el tiempo. Por lo tanto, es urgente encontrar soluciones técnicas que estabilicen las áreas de cultivo de cacao, reduzcan la presión sobre los bosques y se adapten al cambio climático. Se puede encontrar un equilibrio entre los árboles de cacao y una mezcla de árboles escogidos por los agricultores para sus diversos usos, manteniendo al mismo tiempo un rendimiento de cacao adecuado a largo plazo. Este equilibrio también asegura servicios ecológicos como el almacenamiento de carbono y la protección fitosanitaria. Un trabajo reciente llevado a cabo en Camerún muestra que el manejo de las plantaciones de cacao agroforestales puede basarse en un indicador simple, la medición del área basal de los árboles de cacao y la de los árboles asociados. Este indicador podría ser adoptado para la certificación de cacao sostenible, mientras que la convergencia observada entre el conocimiento local y los resultados científicos podría ayudar a construir conjuntamente el asesoramiento técnico.

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa, Willd.) is an Andean grain crop recognized as an ally for global food security due to its high nutritional value. However, quinoa globalization entails challenges to the countries of origin. Farmers face a scenario of new concerns and competitors. In 2018, quinoa was present for research and production in 123 countries. Although 74% of global exports are still supplied by Peru and Bolivia, production outside the Andes is increasing. In addition, producer prices collapsed in 2015 while yields remained unstable, averaging 0.4–1.1 t ha−1. Understanding the reality of the new quinoa situation is fundamental to face the challenges of encouraging local biodiversity, promoting market diversification and cooperating with inclusive processes towards equitable benefits.

International audience; In French Guiana, the general environmental context and the growing need for energy and food products, linked to population growth, are responsible for increasing pressure on natural resources through land use changes. Low impact practices are emerging in the aim of reconciling production and environmental objectives. In French Guiana slash and burn practices are still used to increase agricultural area, and lead to a large loss of carbon. A field survey was carried out in order to understand the place of soil in farmers' choices, and to obtain a description of production systems and practices, focusing on identifying those with low impact on carbon dynamics. This step was realized through specific soil carbon stock measurements. Our results show that the "soil object" is mastered by farmers in terms of physical properties, and organic matter is a recognized indicator which is used to inform spatial management of farming systems. Farmers mobilizing low-impact practices have efficient production systems for their economic and environmental benefits.; En Guyane, les questions environnementales et le besoin croissant en énergie et produits alimentaires liés à la croissance démographique exercent une pression accrue sur les ressources naturelles par le changement d'affectation des sols qu'ils engendrent. Des agriculteurs testent cependant des pratiques à faible impact conciliant objectifs de production et respect de l'environnement. Une prospection dans les systèmes de production agricoles guyanais, basée sur des enquêtes de terrain, a permis la description de ces pratiques ; parmi celles-ci, les pratiques à faible impact sur la dynamique du carbone ont été sélectionnées dans des systèmes maraîchers et arboricoles, pour des mesures spécifiques des stocks de carbone des sols. En Guyane, la pratique de la défriche est toujours active afin d'étendre les surfaces agricoles utiles. Cela induit des pertes de carbone importantes. Nous cherchons donc à identifier des pratiques qui permettent de compenser ces pertes. La place du sol dans les prises de décision des agriculteurs a été appréhendée et des mesures spécifiques des stocks de carbone des sols ont complété l'enquête, pour mieux comprendre les logiques des pratiques mises en oeuvre et en cerner les effets. Nos résultats montrent que les agriculteurs maîtrisent « l'objet sol » dans ses composantes physiques ; la matière organique est un indicateur reconnu qui conditionne l'organisation des cultures sur l'exploitation. En Guyane, les agriculteurs mobilisant des pratiques à faible impact ont des systèmes de production efficients au niveau économique et environnemental (carbone et gaz à effet de serre). Mots clés : système de culture / Amazonie / petite agriculture tropicale Abstract-Identification and evaluation of agricultural practices that store soil carbon, a first step towards low impact agriculture. In French Guiana, the general environmental context and the growing need for energy and food products, linked to population growth, are responsible for increasing pressure on natural resources through land use changes. Low impact practices are emerging in the aim of reconciling production and environmental objectives. In French Guiana slash and burn practices are still used to increase agricultural area, and lead to a large loss of carbon. A field survey was carried out in order to understand the place of soil in farmers' choices, and to obtain a description of production systems and practices, focusing on identifying those with low impact on carbon dynamics. This step was realized through specific soil carbon stock measurements. Our results show that the "soil object" is mastered by farmers in terms of physical properties, and organic matter is a recognized indicator which is used to inform spatial management of farming systems. Farmers mobilizing low-impact practices have efficient production systems for their economic and environmental benefits.

Pig production systems provide multiple benefits to humans. However, the global increase in meat consumption has profound consequences for our earth. This perspective describes two alternative scenarios for improving the sustainability of future pig production systems. The first scenario is a high input–high output system based on sustainable intensification, maximizing animal protein production efficiency on a limited land surface at the same time as minimizing environmental impacts. The second scenario is a reduced input–reduced output system based on selecting animals that are more robust to climate change and are better adapted to transform low quality feed (local feeds, feedstuff co‐products, food waste) into meat. However, in contrast to the first scenario, the latter scenario results in reduced predicted yields, reduced production efficiency and possibly increased costs to the consumer. National evaluation of the availability of local feed and feedstuff co‐product alternatives, determination of limits to feed sourced from international markets, available land for crop and livestock production, desired production levels, and a willingness to politically enforce policies through subsidies and/or penalties are some of the considerations to combine these two scenarios. Given future novel sustainable alternatives to livestock animal protein, it may become reasonable to move towards an added general premium price on ‘protein from livestock animals’ to the benefit of promoting higher incomes to farmers at the same time as covering the extra costs of, politically enforced, welfare of livestock animals in sustainable production systems. © 2020 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.