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The development of the highly active pincer-type rhodium catalyst 2 for the nucleophilic Meinwald rearrangement of functionalised terminal epoxides into methyl ketones under mild conditions is presented. An excellent regio- and chemoselectivity is obtained for the first time for aryl oxiranes.

Since landslide detection using the combination of AIRSAR data and GIS-based susceptibility mapping has been rarely conducted in tropical environments, the aim of this study is to compare and validate support vector machine (SVM) and index of entropy (IOE) methods for landslide susceptibility assessment in Cameron Highlands area, Malaysia. For this purpose, ten conditioning factors and observed landslides were detected by AIRSAR data, WorldView-1 and SPOT 5 satellite images. A spatial database was generated including a total of 92 landslide locations encompassing the same number of observed and detected landslides, which was divided into training (80%; 74 landslide locations) and validation (20%; 18 landslide locations) datasets. Results of the difference between observed and detected landslides using root mean square error (RMSE) indicated that only 16.3% error exists, which is fairly acceptable. The validation process was performed using statistical-based measures and the area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) curves. Results of validation process indicated that the SVM model has the highest values of sensitivity (88.9%), specificity (77.8%), accuracy (83.3%), Kappa (0.663) and AUROC (84.5%), followed by the IOE model. Overall, the SVM model applied to detected landslides is considered to be a promising technique that could be tested and utilized for landslide susceptibility assessment in tropical environments.

Gadus morhua eggs contain several nutrients, including polyunsaturated fatty acids, lecithin and glycoproteins. A novel sialoglycopeptide from the eggs of G. morhua (Gm-SGPP) was extracted with 90% phenol and purified by Q Sepharose Fast Flow (QFF) ion exchange chromatography, followed by S-300 gel filtration chromatography. Gm-SGPP contained 63.7% carbohydrate, 16.2% protein and 18.6% N-acetylneuraminic acid. High-performance size exclusion chromatography and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) demonstrated that Gm-SGPP is a 7000-Da pure sialoglycopeptide. &beta, elimination reaction suggested that Gm-SGPP contained N-glycan units. Amino acid N-terminal sequence analysis indicated the presence of Ala-Ser-Asn-Gly-Thr-Gln-Ala-Pro amino acid sequence. Moreover, N-glycan was connected at the third Asn location of the peptide chain through GlcNAc. Gm-SGPP was composed of D-mannose, D-glucuronic acid and D-galactose. Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-NMR) and methylation analysis were performed to reveal the structure profile of Gm-SGPP. In vitro results showed that the proliferation activity of MC3T3-E1 cells was significantly promoted by Gm-SGPP. In vivo data revealed that Gm-SGPP increased the calcium and phosphorus content of tibias and promoted longitudinal bone growth in adolescent rats.

Aims In this study, we determined whether different subtypes of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) exon19 mutation are associated with the therapeutic effect of EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) on advanced non-small cell lung adenocarcinoma. Methods A total of 122 patients with stage III or IV non-small cell lung adenocarcinoma were retrospectively reviewed. Clinical characteristics of these patients, including progression-free survival (PFS) outcome for EGFR-TKI treatment, were analyzed. Results According to the mutation pattern, we classified the in-frame deletions detected on EGFR Exon19 into three different types: codon deletion (CD), with a deletion of one or more original codons; codon substitution and skipping (CSS), with a deletion of one or two nucleotides but the residues could be translated into a new amino acid without changing following amino acid sequence; CD or CSS plus single nucleotide variant (SNV) (CD/CSS+SNV), exclude CD or CSS, there’s another SNV nearby the deletion region. The clinical characteristics of three groups were analyzed and as a result, no significant difference was found. By comparing the average number of missing bases and amino acids of the three mutation subtypes, it could be discovered that the number of missing bases and amino acids of the three mutation subtypes is diverse, and group CSS> group CD> group CD/CSS+SNV. Finally, survival analysis was performed between three groups of patients. The median PFS of group CD, group CSS and group CD/CSS+SNV was 11 months, 9 months and 14 months respectively. There was a distinct difference in the PFS between group CSS and group CD/CSS+SNV (P=0.035

AimsIn this study, we determined whether different subtypes of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) exon19 mutation are associated with the therapeutic effect of EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) on advanced non-small cell lung adenocarcinoma.MethodsA total of 122 patients with stage III or IV non-small cell lung adenocarcinoma were retrospectively reviewed. Clinical characteristics of these patients, including progression-free survival (PFS) outcome for EGFR-TKI treatment, were analyzed.ResultsAccording to the mutation pattern, we classified the in-frame deletions detected on EGFR Exon19 into three different types: codon deletion (CD), with a deletion of one or more original codons; codon substitution and skipping (CSS), with a deletion of one or two nucleotides but the residues could be translated into a new amino acid without changing following amino acid sequence; CD or CSS plus single nucleotide variant (SNV) (CD/CSS+SNV), exclude CD or CSS, there’s another SNV nearby the deletion region. The clinical characteristics of three groups were analyzed and as a result, no significant difference was found. By comparing the average number of missing bases and amino acids of the three mutation subtypes, it could be discovered that the number of missing bases and amino acids of the three mutation subtypes is diverse, and group CSS> group CD> group CD/CSS+SNV. Finally, survival analysis was performed between three groups of patients. The median PFS of group CD, group CSS and group CD/CSS+SNV was 11 months, 9 months and 14 months respectively. There was a distinct difference in the PFS between group CSS and group CD/CSS+SNV (P=0.035ConclusionsDifferent mutation subtypes of EGFR exon19 can predict the therapeutic effect of EGFR-TKIs on advanced non-small cell lung adenocarcinoma.

Faba bean (Vicia faba L.), a partially allogamous species, is rich in protein. Condensed tannins limit the use of faba beans as food and feed. Two recessive genes, zt-1 and zt-2, control the zero tannin content in faba bean and promote a white flower phenotype. To determine the inheritance and develop a linkage map for the zt-1 gene in the faba bean germplasm M3290, F2 and F3 progenies were derived from the purple flower and high tannin content genotypes Qinghai12 and zt-1 line M3290, respectively. Genetic analysis verified a single recessive gene for zero tannin content and flower colour. In total, 596 SSR markers and 100 ISSR markers were used to test the polymorphisms between the parents and bulks for the contrasting flower colour via Bulked Segregant Analysis (BSA). Subsequently, six SSR markers and seven ISSR markers were used to genotype the entire 413 F2 population. Linkage analysis showed that the zt-1 gene was closely linked to the SSR markers SSR84 and M78, with genetic distances of 2.9 and 5.8 cM, respectively. The two flanked SSR markers were used to test 34 faba bean genotypes with different flower colours. The closely linked SSR marker SSR84 predicted the zt-1 genotypes with absolute accuracy. The results from the marker-assisted selection (MAS) from this study could provide a solid foundation for further faba bean breeding programmes.

The pharmacokinetics of statins show substantial inter-subject variability. Increasing systemic exposure of statins may lead to adverse drug reactions such as myopathy. The variation in statin pharmacokinetics is partly explained by genetic factors. OATP1B1, coded by SLCO1B1 transports a large number of therapeutic drugs, such as atorvastatin. Here we investigated the effect of SLCO1B1 polymorphism on the pharmacokinetics of atorvastatin and its metabolites. Two pharmacokinetic studies were conducted in Chinese Han volunteers and 132 volunteers were enrolled in our study as 72 in trial 1 and 60 in trial 2. A LC-MS/MS method was developed for the identification and quantification of atorvastatin acid and its metabolites. S LCO1B1 c.521TC (rs4149056) was identified by the MALDI-TOF MS and Sequenom MassARRAY system. The distribution frequencies of SLCO1B1 c.521TC were in agreement with Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium both in trial 1 and trial 2. In subjects with 521C allele the mean Cmax, AUC0-24h and AUC0-∞ of atorvastatin acid and 2-hydroxyatorvastatin acid were significantly higher than subjects with 521TT genotype, while the mean CL was lower. In conclusion, our results suggested that SLCO1B1 c.521TC had an effect on the pharmacokinetics of atorvastatin and 2-hydroxyatorvastatin in Chinese Han population. Subjects with 521C allele have an increased risk of toxic effects caused by atorvastatin.

Spirobicyclic structures are versatile building blocks for functional chiral molecules. An enantioselective synthesis of chiral spirobilactams via a copper-catalyzed double N-arylation was developed. Amplification of solution ee by in situ precipitation of the racemate was observed with this method and enantioenriched spirobilactams were obtained with excellent ee values through simple solid-solution phase separation.

Radial oxygen loss (ROL) has been suggested to be a major process to protect plants exposed to the anaerobic by-products of soil anaerobiosis. The aim of the present study was to test the effects of root ROL from two submerged plants (Hydrilla verticillata and Vallisneria spiralis) on the rhizosphere oxygen profile and rhizosphere microarea. Phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) of sediment samples were used to characterize and quantify the microbial community. The results showed clearly that there were significant differences between the two plants in radial oxygen loss, which affected rhizosphere physicochemical parameters and the microbial community. Rhizosphere total biomass, bacteria, gram-positive bacteria, actinomycetes, and microbial diversity of V. spiralis were significantly higher than those of H. verticillata. The present study highlights root ROL as a key parameter affecting the microbial community of the rhizosphere microarea.

The protein subunit is the most important basic unit of protein, and its study can unravel the structure and function of seed storage proteins in faba bean. In this study, we identified six specific protein subunits in Faba bean (cv. Qinghai 13) combining liquid chromatography (LC), liquid chromatography-electronic spray ionization mass (LC-ESI-MS/MS) and bio-information technology. The results suggested a diversity of seed storage proteins in faba bean, and a total of 16 proteins (four GroEL molecular chaperones and 12 plant-specific proteins) were identified from 97-, 96-, 64-, 47-, 42-, and 38-kD-specific protein subunits in faba bean based on the peptide sequence. We also analyzed the composition and abundance of the amino acids, the physicochemical characteristics, secondary structure, three-dimensional structure, transmembrane domain, and possible subcellular localization of these identified proteins in faba bean seed, and finally predicted function and structure. The three-dimensional structures were generated based on homologous modeling, and the protein function was analyzed based on the annotation from the non-redundant protein database (NR database, NCBI) and function analysis of optimal modeling. The objective of this study was to identify the seed storage proteins in faba bean and confirm the structure and function of these proteins. Our results can be useful for the study of protein nutrition and achieve breeding goals for optimal protein quality in faba bean.

Remote sensing data and field investigations indicate that at least 3,878 landslides were induced by the 2013 Lushan, China Ms7.0 earthquake. This study selects a square area of 100 km × 100 km around the epicenter to make an interactive statistical analysis to these landslides. Percentages of landslide number and landslide concentration are calculated based on a GIS platform, so as to find out the relationship between the distribution of landslides and six predisposing factors including elevation, slope angle, slope aspect, slope curvature, geologic ages of underlying bedrocks, and peak ground acceleration (PGA). In general, the correlations from interactive statistical analysis show a good consistency with the results from the bivariate statistics. However, several abnormal values are observed. For example, the relationship between slope aspect and co-seismic landslides is more easily influenced in the areas of slope angles larger than 40o or with the PGA value range of 0.36–0.44 g. The correlation between slope angle and co-seismic landslides is stronger in areas with underlying bedrocks of the Triassic age. Interactive statistical analysis of co-seismic landslides controlled by the factors in this study can effectively compensate the results from bivariate statistical analysis, which allows us to better understand spatial distribution patterns of earthquake-triggered landslides.

Colony formation plays an important role in the life history of Microcystis. However, analyzing the colony size distribution with a microscope is time consuming, and colony formation also hinders the direct monitoring of cell density. In this study, a quantitative protocol for rapidly analyzing the cell density and colony size distribution of pelagic and benthic Microcystis was developed. Microcystis colonies were disintegrated by alkaline hydrolysis with 0.01-0.05 mol L-1 sodium hydroxide at 85 A degrees C for 6-8 min and automatically measured by the Flow Camera And Microscope (FlowCAM). Benthic Microcystis colonies were isolated from different lake sediments using 40 % Percoll solution. Alkaline hydrolysis was validated as a rapid and universally effective method to disintegrate different morphospecies of Microcystis colonies. The FlowCAM exhibited excellent accuracy, reproducibility, and efficiency in determining the cell density and size distribution of Microcystis. The developed protocol was successfully applied to field samples from Lake Caohai (China) and can accurately monitor the population dynamics and colony size distribution of bloom-forming Microcystis.

The 5 September 2018 (UTC time) Mw6.6 earthquake of Tomakomai, Japan has triggered about 10,000 landslides with high density, causing widespread concern. We attempted to establish a detailed inventory of this slope failure and use proper methods to assess landslide susceptibility in the entire affected area. To this end we applied the logistic regression (LR) and the support vector machine (SVM) for this study. Based on high-resolution (3 m) optical satellite images (planet image) before and after the earthquake, we delineated 9295 individual landslides triggered by the earthquake, occupying an area of 30.96 km2. Ten controlling factors were selected for susceptibility analysis, including elevation, slope angle, aspect, curvature, distances to faults, distances to the epicenter, Peak ground acceleration (PGA), distance to rivers, distances to roads and lithology. Using the LR and SVM, two landslide susceptibility maps were produced for the study area. The results show that in the LR model, the success rate is 84.7% between the landslide susceptibility map and the training dataset, and the prediction rate is 83.9% shown by comparing the test dataset and the landslide susceptibility map. In the SVM model, a success rate of 90.9% exists between the susceptibility map and the test samples, and a prediction rate of 87.1% from comparison of the test dataset and the landslides susceptibility map. In comparison, the performance of the SVM is slightly better than the LR model.

Inclusive caches have been widely used in Chip Multiprocessors (CMPs) to simplify cache coherence. However, they have poor performance compared with noninclusive caches not only because of the limited capacity of the entire cache hierarchy but also due to ignorance of temporal locality of the Last-Level Cache (LLC). Blocks that are highly referenced (referred to as hot blocks ) are always hit in higher-level caches (e.g., L1 cache) and are rarely referenced in the LLC. Therefore, they become replacement victims in the LLC. Due to the inclusion property, blocks evicted from the LLC have to also be invalidated from higher-level caches. Invalidation of hot blocks from the entire cache hierarchy introduces costly off-chip misses that makes the inclusive cache perform poorly. Neither blocks that are highly referenced in the LLC nor blocks that are highly referenced in higher-level caches should be the LLC replacement victims. We propose temporal-based multilevel correlating cache replacement for inclusive caches to evict blocks in the LLC that are also not hot in higher-level caches using correlated temporal information acquired from all levels of a cache hierarchy with minimal overhead. Invalidation of these blocks does not hurt the performance. By contrast, replacing them as early as possible with useful blocks helps improve cache performance. Based on our experiments, in a dual-core CMP, an inclusive cache with temporal-based multilevel correlating cache replacement significantly outperforms an inclusive cache with traditional LRU replacement by yielding an average speedup of 12.7%, which is comparable to an enhanced noninclusive cache, while requiring less than 1% of storage overhead.

In order to optimize the knapsack problem further, this paper proposes an innovative model based on dynamic expectation efficiency, and establishes a new optimization algorithm of 0-1 knapsack problem after analysis and research. Through analyzing the study of 30 groups of 0-1 knapsack problem from discrete coefficient of the data, we can find that dynamic expectation model can solve the following two types of knapsack problem. Compared to artificial glowworm swam algorithm, the convergence speed of this algorithm is ten times as fast as that of artificial glowworm swam algorithm, and the storage space of this algorithm is one quarter that of artificial glowworm swam algorithm. To sum up, it can be widely used in practical problems.

2,4-Dihydroxy-7-methoxy-2H-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4H)-one (DIMBOA), the dominant benzoxazinoid hydroxamic acid in maize (Zea Mays L.), serves as important factors of resistance against insects and microbial diseases, allelochemicals used in competition with other plants. In this paper, a novel and simple method for the isolation and purification of DIMBOA from maize seedlings was developed. Frozen shoots from 7-d-old maize seedlings (1 000×g) were firstly defrosted and then were directly homogenized and extracted with ethyl acetate. The macerate was allowed to stand at room temperature (25±2)°C for 1 h to allow enzymatic release of DIMBOA from DIMBOA-glucoside. Then the ethyl acetate phase was filtered, dried and evaporated to dryness. The resulting light-tan, semicrystalline residue was stored at −20°C for 24 h. Upon recrystallization from acetone-hexane, a relative higher yield (0.58 g) of pure DIMBOA crystals was obtained compared with the yield afforded by Woodward methodology (0.26 g).

This study aims to investigate anti-adipogenic effects of long-chain bases from Cucumaria frondosa (Cf-LCBs) in vitro. Results showed that Cf-LCBs inhibited adipocyte differentiation and the expressions of CCAAT/enhancer binding proteins (C/EBPs) and peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor γ (PPARγ). Cf-LCBs increased β-catenin mRNA and nuclear translocation and increased its target genes, cyclin D1 and c-myc. Cf-LCBs enhanced fizzled and lipoprotein-receptor-related protein5/6 (LRP5/6) expressions, whereas wingless-type MMTV integration site10b (WNT10b) and glycogen syntheses kinase 3β (GSK3β) remained unchanged. Cf-LCBs also reduced adipogenesis and recovered WNT/β-catenin signaling in the cells suffering from 21H7, a β-catenin inhibitor. In addition, Cf-LCBs decreased triglyceride content and the expressions of lipogenesis genes. Cf-LCBs increased FFA levels and the expressions of lipidolytic factors. Cf-LCBs promoted the phosphorylation of adenosine-monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and acetyl-CoA carboxylase. These findings indicate that Cf-LCBs inhibit adipogenesis through activation of WNT/β-catenin signaling and regulate lipid metabolism via activation of AMPK pathway.

Cache replacement policies often order blocks into distinct positions. A block is placed into a set in some initial position. A re-referenced block is promoted into a higher position while other blocks may move into lower positions. A block in the lowest position is a candidate for replacement. Tree-based PseudoLRU is a well-known space-efficient replacement policy based on representing block positions as distinct paths in a binary tree. We find that a placement or promotion for one block often needlessly disturbs the non-promoted blocks. Guided by the principle of minimal disturbance, i.e. that a policy should seek to disturb the order of non-promoted blocks to the smallest extent possible, we develop a simple modification to PseudoLRU resulting in a policy that improves performance over previous techniques while retaining the low cost of PseudoLRU. The result is a minimal disturbance placement and promotion (MDPP) policy. We first give a static formulation of MDPP and show that it provides superior performance to LRU, PseudoLRU and matches performance for SRRIP for both single-threaded and multi-core workloads. We then give a dynamic formulation that uses dead block prediction for placement and bypass and show that it meets or exceeds state-of-the-art performance with lower overhead. For single-threaded workloads, dynamic MDPP matches the 5.9% speedup over LRU of the state-of-the-art policy SHiP. For multi-core workloads, dynamic MDPP gives a normalized weighted speedup of 14.3% over LRU, compared with SHiP that yields a speedup of 12.3% over LRU and requires double the storage overhead per set. We show that minimal disturbance policies can reduce the frequency of a costly read-modify-write cycle for replacement state, making them potentially suitable for future work in DRAM caches.

A series of title compounds is prepared as building blocks for functional chiral molecules.

Microporous carbon anode materials were prepared from phenol-melamine-formaldehyde resin by ZnCl 2 and KOH activation. The physicochemical properties of the obtained carbon materials were characterized by scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffraction, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller, and elemental analysis. The electrochemical properties of the microporous carbon as anode materials in lithium ion secondary batteries were evaluated. At a current density of 100 mA g −1 , the carbon without activation shows a first discharge capacity of 515 mAh g −1 . After activation, the capacity improved obviously. The first discharge capacity of the carbon prepared by ZnCl 2 and KOH activation was 1010 and 2085 mAh g −1 , respectively. The reversible capacity of the carbon prepared by KOH activation was still as high as 717 mAh g −1 after 20 cycles, which was much better than that activated by ZnCl 2 . These results demonstrated that it may be a promising candidate as an anode material for lithium ion secondary batteries.

A microporous carbon material with large surface area was prepared by carbonizing and activating of phenol–melamine–formaldehyde resin, using K2CO3 as activation reagent. The textural characteristics of the carbon materials were characterized by scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffraction, Raman spectra, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller, elemental analyses, respectively. Results showed that the surface area and pore diameter of the activated carbon were 1,610 m2 g−1 and less than 2 nm. Electrochemical lithium insertion properties were also investigated. At a current density of 100 mA g−1, the activated carbon showed an enormous first-discharge capacity of 2,610 mAh g−1 and the first charge capacity of 992 mAh g−1. From the second cycle, the coulombic efficiency went up rapidly to above 95 %. The results indicated it may be a promising candidate as an anode material for lithium secondary batteries.

Square tubular carbon with a large number of surface functional groups are prepared by carbonizing and activating polyaniline, which are synthesized by polymerization of aniline with a template-free self-assembly method in aqueous media. The physicochemical properties of the square tubular carbon is characterized by scanning and transmission electron microscopy, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area measurements, Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements. When used as an electrode, the square tubular carbon exhibit a specific capacitance of 223 F g–1 at a scan rate of 2 mV s–1, which could still stay over 90% when the scan rate increased by 10 times. The specific capacitance even hardly decrease at a current density of 3 A g–1 after 10,000 cycles, which indicates that the square tubular carbon have good cycle durability and may be a promising candidate as an electrode for supercapacitors.

A novel activated carbon has been prepared by simple carbonization and activation of phenol–melamine–formaldehyde resin which is synthesized by the condensation polymerization method. The morphology, thermal stability, surface area, elemental composition and surface chemical composition of samples have been investigated by scanning electron microscope, thermogravimetry and differential thermal analysis, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller measurement, elemental analysis and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, respectively. Electrochemical properties have been studied by cyclic voltammograms, galvanostatic charge/discharge, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements in 6 mol L−1 potassium hydroxide. The activated carbon shows good capacitive behavior and the specific capacitance is up to 210 F g−1, which indicates that it may be a promising candidate for supercapacitors.

A series of microporous carbons were prepared by simple carbonization and activation of phenol–melamine–formaldehyde resin. The morphology, surface area, and elemental composition of the samples were investigated by scanning electron microscope, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller measurement, Raman spectra, and elemental analysis, respectively. Electrochemical characteristics were evaluated by cyclic voltammograms, galvanostatic charge/discharge, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements in 6.0 mol L−1 KOH. The microporous carbon activated by KOH presented a high specific capacitance of 202 F g−1 at a scan rate of 2 mV s−1. Furthermore, the KOH-activated microporous carbon electrode exhibited durable operation, the total loss of capacitance after 20,000 cycles is 2% at a current density of 500 mA g−1. The good electrochemical performance of the activated carbon was ascribed to well-developed micropores, high surface area, larger pore volume as well as oxygen groups.

A novel activated nitrogen-containing carbon anode material has been prepared by carbonization and activation of phenol-melamine-formaldehyde resin which is synthesized by the condensation polymerization method. The physicochemical properties of the carbon were characterized by scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffraction, Raman spectra, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller, elemental analysis and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurement. Lithium storage performances have been analyzed by galvanostatic charge/discharge and cycle performance. The carbonization sample shows a first discharge capacity of 515 mAh g −1 . After activation, the first discharge capacity is up to 917 mAh g −1 , the reversible capacity is still as high as 251 mAh g − 1 after 20 cycles. It may be a promising candidate as anode material for lithium secondary batteries.

The degradation of acephate and its metabolite methamidophos during different stages of commercial processing, homing processing, and storage was assessed. Residues were determined by a simple gas-chromatographic method using a flame photometry detector. Acephate and methamidophos mostly remained in rice hull fractions, and hulling significantly reduced acephate and methamidophos in rice. Commercial processing caused the loss of 86% of acephate and 35.9% of methamidophos from rough brown rice to polished rice, whereas home processing caused the loss of 83.9% of acephate and 70% of methamidophos from polished rice to cooked rice. Washing for 5, 15, and 30 min (with tap water, 0.9% NaCl, and 0.1% Na 2 CO 3 ) caused an average loss in the range of 9.8%–35.3% of acephate and 9.7%–45.2% of methamidophos. Extending washing time and adding a small amount of soda into the washing solution can efficiently eliminate acephate and methamidophos. The stability of acephate and methamidophos in polished rice was studied at different storage intervals, from 7 to 42 days at ambient temperatures (25 °C). Methamidophos was found to be more persistent than acephate.

Great earthquakes occurring in mountainous areas can trigger large-scale landslides, leading to serious geological disasters. Thus, in recent years, especially after the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake, much attention has been focused on the research about regional risk assessment of seismic landslides in China and elsewhere in the world. Such study is based on the engineering geological analogy, and its purpose is to estimate the risks of earthquake-induced landslides for the regions with the same or similar environment. In light of previous work, such assessment includes 2 tasks: establishment of seismic landslide database and evaluation of potential landslides using mathematical statistics models. The interpretation of regional seismic landslides is the basis for building the landslide database. The common methods for risk assessment include the evidence-weight model, certainty factor method (CF)and information value model, logistic regression model (LR), artificial neural networks (ANN), support vector machine method (SVM), Newmark displacement model,analytic hierarchy process (AHP), and so forth. This paper presents a review on these methods, and an outlook on the advancement of this research field in the future.

Carbon nanotubes with large surface area and surface nitrogen and oxygen functional groups are prepared by carbonizing and activating of polyaniline nanotubes, which is synthesized by polymerization of aniline with the self-assembly method in aqueous media. The physicochemical properties of the carbon nanotubes are characterized by scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller, elemental analyses and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements. The surface area and pore diameter are 618.9 m2 g−1 and 3.10 nm. The electrochemical properties of the carbon nanotubes as anode materials in lithium ion batteries are evaluated. At a current density of 100 mA g−1, the activated carbon nanotube shows an enormously first discharge capacity of about 1370 mAh g−1 and a charge capacity of 907 mAh g−1. After 20 cycling tests, the activated carbon nanotube retains a reversible capacity of 728 mAh g−1. These indicate it may be a promising candidate for an anode material for lithium secondary batteries.

Microporous carbon with large surface area was prepared from polyaniline base using K2CO3 as an activating agent. The physicochemical properties of the carbon were characterized by scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffraction, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller, elemental analyses and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurement. The electrochemical properties of the microporous carbon as anode material in lithium ion secondary battery were evaluated. The first discharge capacity of the microporous carbon was 1108 mAh g−1, whose first charge capacity was 624 mAh g−1, with a coulombic efficiency of 56.3%. After 20 cycling tests, the microporous carbon retains a reversible capacity of 603 mAh g−1 at a current density of 100 mA g−1. These results clearly demonstrated the potential role of microporous carbon as anode for high capacity lithium ion secondary battery.

Polyaniline nanotubes were prepared by the template-free self-assembly method in various aqueous media. Typically, polyaniline synthesized in methanol solution has a carambola-like shape covered with some nanotubes, and those obtained in acetic acid are short nanotubes accompanied with lots of nanoparticles. When appropriate mixed solution was used, uniform and long polyaniline nanotubes were obtained. The impact of proportion of methanol and acid was illustrated as well as the synergetic effect of these two components. The morphology evolution during the polymerization process was also investigated. SEM images clearly demonstrate that polyaniline nanotubes form through a self-curling behavior. The structure features of end products in various aqueous media and intermediates in the optimum mixed solution were surveyed by FTIR.

Activated carbon for supercapacitor electrode was prepared from polyaniline using chemical activation with ZnCl2. The morphology, surface chemical composition, and surface area of the as-prepared carbon materials were investigated by scanning electron microscope, atomic force microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller measurement, respectively. Electrochemical characteristics were evaluated by cyclic voltammograms, galvanostatic charge/discharge, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy tests in 6.0 mol L−1 KOH aqueous solution. The electrochemical measurements showed that ZnCl2 activation led to better capacitive performances. The activated carbon presented a high-specific gravimetric capacitance of 174 F g−1, with rectangular cyclic voltammetry curves at a scan rate of 2 mV s−1, and it remained 93% even at a high scan rate of 50 mV s−1. These demonstrated that activated carbon would be a promising electrode material for supercapacitors.

An activated carbon was prepared from a polyaniline base using K2CO3 as an activating agent. The morphology, surface chemical composition, and surface area of the as-prepared carbon materials were investigated by scanning electron microscope, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller measurement, respectively. Electrochemical properties of the as-prepared sample were studied by cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge/discharge, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements in 6 mol L−1 KOH aqueous solution. Compared with the non-activated carbon, activated carbon showed superior capacitive performance. The activation carbon presented a high specific gravimetric capacitance of 210 F g−1. The good electrochemical performance of the activated carbon was ascribed to well-developed micropores, high surface area, the presence of nitrogen and oxygen functional groups, and larger pore volume.

Doped carbons have been prepared from polyaniline for supercapacitors. The morphology of samples has been characterized by scanning electron microscope, the surface chemical composition of samples has been investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and the surface area of samples has been calculated by Brunauer–Emmett–Teller measurement. Electrochemical properties have been studied by cyclic voltammograms, galvanostatic charge/discharge, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements in 6 mol L−1 potassium hydroxide. Their charge storage performance has been evaluated, and the effect of nitrogen atomic functionalities on the pseudocapacitive property has been studied. The experimental results have proved two mechanisms of energy storage in doped carbons: double-layer formation and pseudocapacitance. The overall specific capacitance of doped unactivated carbon is mainly attributed to pseudocapacitance, that of doped activated carbon prepared by physical activation is attributed to the synergic effect of pseudocapacitance and double-layer capacitance, but that of doped activated carbon prepared by chemical activation is mainly attributed to double-layer capacitance.

In the current study, we investigated the improvement of phosphorylated peptides from Antarctic krill Euphausia superba (PP-AKP) on osteoporosis in ovariectomized rats. PP-AKP was supplemented to ovariectomized Sprague-Dawley rats for 90 days. The results showed that PP-AKP treatment remarkably prevented the reduction of bone mass and improved cancellous bone structure and biochemical properties. PP-AKP also significantly decreased serum contents of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRACP), cathepsin K (Cath-k), matrix metalloproteinases-9 (MMP-9), deoxypyridinoline (DPD), C-terminal telopeptide of collagen I (CTX-1), Ca, and P. Mechanism investigation revealed that PP-AKP significantly increased the osteoprotegerin (OPG)/receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL) ratio in mRNA expression, protein expression, and serum content. Further research suggested that NF-κB signaling pathways were inhibited by suppressing the mRNA and protein expressions of nuclear factor of activated T-cells (NFATc1) and tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6), diminishing the mRNA expression and phosphorylation of nuclear factor κB p65 (NF-κB p65), three key transcription factors in NF-κB pathways. These results suggest that PP-AKP can improve osteoporosis by inhibiting bone resorption via suppressing the activation of osteoclastogenesis related NF-κB pathways.

Modern graphics processing units (GPUs) include hardware- controlled caches to reduce bandwidth requirements and energy consumption. However, current GPU cache hierarchies are inefficient for general purpose GPU (GPGPU) comput- ing. GPGPU workloads tend to include data structures that would not fit in any reasonably sized caches, leading to very low cache hit rates. This problem is exacerbated by the design of current GPUs, which share small caches be- tween many threads. Caching these streaming data struc- tures needlessly burns power while evicting data that may otherwise fit into the cache. We propose a GPU cache management technique to im- prove the efficiency of small GPU caches while further re- ducing their power consumption. It adaptively bypasses the GPU cache for blocks that are unlikely to be referenced again before being evicted. This technique saves energy by avoid- ing needless insertions and evictions while avoiding cache pollution, resulting in better performance. We show that, with a 16KB L1 data cache, dynamic bypassing achieves sim- ilar performance to a double-sized L1 cache while reducing energy consumption by 25% and power by 18%. The technique is especially interesting for programs that do not use programmer-managed scratchpad memories. We give a case study to demonstrate the inefficiency of current GPU caches compared to programmer-managed scratchpad memories and show the extent to which cache bypassing can make up for the potential performance loss where the effort to program scratchpad memories is impractical.

Caches are essential to the performance of modern micro- processors. Much recent work on last-level caches has focused on exploiting reference locality to improve efficiency. However, value redundancy is another source of potential improvement. We find that many blocks in the working set of typical benchmark programs have the same values. We propose cache deduplication that effectively increases last- level cache capacity. Rather than exploit specific value redundancy with compression, as in previous work, our scheme detects duplicate data blocks and stores only one copy of the data in a way that can be accessed through multiple physical addresses. We find that typical benchmarks exhibit significant value redundancy, far beyond the zero-content blocks one would expect in any program. Our deduplicated cache effectively increases capacity by an average of 112% com- pared to an 8MB last-level cache while reducing the physical area by 12.2%, yielding an average performance improvement of 15.2%.

An ultra-performance LC/tandem MS (UPLC/MS/MS) method for the simultaneous quantification and identification of matrine and berberine, alkaloidswidely used in plant fungicides, has been developed and validated. Methanol or 1% ammonia–acetonitrile were selected as extraction solvents,and primary secondary amine sorbent was chosen for cleanup to achieve satisfactory recoveries in accordance with European Union guidelines. The chromatographic separation was carried out on a hydrophilic interaction LC column with a UPLC/MS/MS-based method to improve the retentions and shapes of the peaks. Method validation was performed forlinearity, repeatability, interday precision, andsensitivity. Recoveries and RSDs were acceptable (73.1–109.3% recovery, RSD ≤ 15.8%). The LODs varied from 0.34 to 1.07 μg/kg for matrine and 0.09 to 0.18 μg/kg for berberine, while the LOQs ranged from 1.12 to 3.58 μg/kg for matrine and 0.31 to 0.60 μg/kg for berberine. This method was successfully and efficiently applied for the analysis of matrine and berberine in real samples.

Graphics processing units (GPUs) have specialized throughput-oriented memory systems optimized for stream-ing writes with scratchpad memories to capture locality explicitly. Expanding the utility of GPUs beyond graphics encourages designs that simplify programming (e.g., using caches instead of scratchpads) and better support irregular applications with finer-grain synchronization. Our hypothe-sis is that, like CPUs, GPUs will benefit from caches and coherence, but that CPU-style “read for ownership” (RFO) coherence is inappropriate to maintain support for regular streaming workloads.

A QuEChERS procedure for the simultaneous determination of pyrimethanil, cyprodinil, mepanipyrim and its metabolite (M31) in fresh and processed fruit and vegetables was developed using ultra-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). The determination of the four target compounds was achieved in less than 6.0 min using an electrospray ionisation source in positive mode. The limits of detection (LODs) were below 0.4 μg kg⁻¹, while the limits of quantification (LOQs) did not exceed 1.5 μg kg⁻¹ for all studied matrices. Good linearity of the calibration curves was obtained over the range from 0.002 to 2 mg kg⁻¹, with correlation coefficients higher than 0.999. The average recoveries of this method in apple, peach, cabbage and tomato at the five spiked levels (0.002, 0.01, 0.05, 0.20 and 2.0 mg kg⁻¹) ranged from 81.5% to 107.3% with relative standard deviations (RSDs) in the range of 1.5-13.9% (n = 5) for all analytes. Residue levels of anilinopyrimidine fungicides in fresh and home-processed apple, peach, cabbage and tomato were also studied. The results indicate that residue levels are significantly reduced following washing, peeling and boiling, and there is no toxic metabolite of mepanipyrim (M31) which is detected during boiling. This study provides a theoretical basis for China to draw up maximum residue limits (MRLs) and protect consumers from the negative health effects of pesticide residues detected in fruit and vegetables.

A sensitive and effective method for the simultaneous quantitative determination of aminopyralid, clopyralid, and picloram in vegetables (eggplant, cucumber, and tomato) and fruits (apple and grape) was developed and validated using ultra-performance LC coupled with MS/MS. The three herbicides were successfully separated and independently confirmed in a single run. Different extraction and cleanup methods were used to optimize the pretreatment processes of the residue analysis method. The final method is straightforward and involves extraction with 1% formic acid–acetonitrile, and no complicated cleanup process is needed. Determination of the compounds was achieved within 3.0 min. Respective average recoveries using this method at four concentration levels (0.05, 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 mg/kg) ranged from 66.5 to 109.4%, with RSDs in the range of 1.1–19.7% (n = 5) for all analytes. The LODs were below 0.010 mg/kg, and the LOQs did not exceed 0.036 mg/kg, which were lower than the maximum residue limits (MRLs) of 0.5–5.0 mg/kg clopyralid in vegetables and fruits samples, as established by the European Union. This study provides a theoretical basis for China to develop MRLs and an analytical method for aminopyralid, clopyralid, and picloram in vegetables and fruits.

2550 Background: Combined inhibition of signaling pathways interfering with angiogenesis and cell proliferation may overcome mechanisms of drug resistance in tumors. We evaluated the combination of...