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Despite much of the dominant narrative within media arguing that franchising and entrepreneurship are very separate domains, more and more research in entrepreneurship suggests that franchisees can behave entrepreneurially (Ketchen et al., 2011). Little is known, however, about how these behaviours and processes occur within franchising (which “occurs when a firm (the franchisor) sells the right to use its trade name, operating systems, and product specifications to another firm (the franchisee)” (Castrogiovanni et al. 2006, 27-28)). Many franchisees are bound to follow the rules and regulations of the franchisor, and this creates constraints on decisions to innovate and entrepreneurial activities. We evaluate how franchisees may overcome these constraints through acts of innovation and “hidden” bricolage (Boxembaum & Roleau, 2011). Bricolage, defined as “making do by applying combinations of the resources at hand to new problems and opportunities” (Baker & Nelson 2005: 333), may be particularly relevant as established franchising processes restrict innovative activities. Franchisees may be forced to be resourceful and innovate with only the resources on hand. Franchisor attempts to suppress local innovations through withholding resources or by invoking normative sanctions may motivate greater use of bricolage and shape the types of innovative behaviour within the franchise system. Franchisee innovations created through bricolage, without the knowledge of the franchisor, are likely to be limited to a single unit, with unpredictable consequences. Prior research suggests that bricolage creates innovative solutions that enhance performance (Garud & Karnoe, 2003) yet others suggest may create barely “good enough” responses (Ciborra, 1996) limiting firm performance. These constraints and bricolage processes (Baker, 2007) by franchisees have not been previously explored in either franchising or entrepreneurial bricolage literature. Such research is important. Franchise sy

Purpose Utilizing the stimulus-organism-response model, the purpose of this paper is to examine the effects of augmented reality (AR) (specifically augmentation) on consumers’ affective and behavioral response and to assess whether consumers’ hedonic motivation for shopping moderates this relationship. Design/methodology/approach An experiment using the manipulation of AR and no AR was conducted with 162 participants aged between 18 and 35. Participants were recruited through snowball sampling and randomly assigned to the control or stimulus group. The hypothesized associations were analyzed using linear regression with bootstrapping. Findings The paper demonstrates the benefit of using an experiential AR retail application (app) to positively impact purchase intention. The results show that this effect is mediated by positive affective response. Furthermore, hedonic shopping motivation moderates the relationship between augmentation and the positive affective response. Research limitations/implications Because of the chosen research approach, the results may lack generalizability to other forms of augmentation. Therefore, researchers are encouraged to test the proposed model using different types of AR stimuli. Furthermore, replication of the study with other populations would increase the generalizability of the findings. Practical implications Results of this study provide a valuable reference for retailers of the benefits of using AR when attempting to optimize experiential value in online environments. Originality/value The study contributes to experiential retail and consumer purchase behavior research by deepening the conceptualization of the impact of experiential technologies, more specifically AR apps, by considering the role of hedonic shopping motivations.

Anna Watson ser i artiklen I Dokumentarteater, hyperteater og hverdags-eksperter – i norsk politisk teater – 1930-2017 på brugen af ikke-professionelle aktører og relationel æstetik i norsk politisk teater, med vægt på dokumentarisk teater i tre tidsperioder: 1930-tallet, 1970-tallet og 2010-tallet.

Social disorganization is represented by an inability of community members to attain mutual goals or to resolve commonly experienced problems (Bursik, 1988). Clifford Shaw and Henry McKay were the first sociologists to denote this occurrence in Chicago. Shaw and McKay are examined as reputable sociologists and a summary of their work on this topic is discussed. This thesis sought to determine the social disorganization in Georgia by examining and analyzing the rates of juvenile delinquency. This thesis contains a literature review, a methodology and an analysis section. The literature review covered the history of the theory, tracing it back to the 1930s. The Methodology section detailed the approaches and techniques used to gather data and research. The research and analysis focused primarily on the arrest numbers and criminal offense ~ of the juveniles in Georgia and compared those with the residential stability, ethnic diversity, and family disorder levels of that area.

In spite of the important contributions of franchising to many economies, it remains unclear whether it truly provides a scope for entrepreneurial tendencies to flourish amongst franchisees. This study examines the debate surrounding the franchisee as an entrepreneur from the perspectives of the main contributors within the UK franchising sector, franchisors and franchisees, by analysing their entrepreneurial tendencies and the franchisee selection process. Design/methodology/approach The paper is based on an empirical study using a focus group and a survey approach. Findings The findings from this study demonstrate that franchisees have similar levels of entrepreneurial tendencies to franchisors. The results further indicate that franchisors appear to value entrepreneurial personalities within their franchised outlets, as demonstrated by their franchisee selection process. Originality/value By providing an indication of the extent of the franchisee’s entrepreneurial tendencies, this study expatiates on major arguments in the franchising and entrepreneurship literature, which are also profound amongst practitioners in the fields of franchising and entrepreneurship.

This study investigates the concept of HR Operational Autonomy, i.e., the freedom a franchisor offers to franchisees throughout the system with regards to their creation of HR practices. It is shown to have a significant positive moderating effect on the EO-performance link among UK franchise systems, explaining over 20 % of the variance in performance outcomes. Implications and future research directions are discussed.

This article aims to understand how the entrepreneurial orientation (EO) of the franchise system may impact franchisor–franchisee relationship quality, given the conflicting forces for standardization/uniformity and franchisee desire for autonomy. A cross-sectional research design, involving a mail questionnaire survey, was employed to collect data from a sample of franchisors operating in the UK. The hypotheses specified in the study were tested using regression (including moderated regression) analyses. The results revealed that EO was significantly and positively related to relationship quality (as perceived by the franchisor). In addition, the recruitment of entrepreneurial franchisees was found to have a positively significant impact on relationship quality. The structural support systems used by franchisors to encourage franchisee entrepreneurial activities were not found to moderate the relationship between EO and relationship quality. The results suggest that systems with EO and entrepreneurial franchisees may enjoy better relations.