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Copyright of Revista de la Asociacion Aragonesa de Criticos de Arte is the property of Asociacion Aragonesa de Criticos de Arte and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

+cunt is a fiber arts project intended to support the exploration of a person's relationship with their vulva. Makers create a palm sized soft-sculpture vulva adorned to their preferences. The project aims to address strained relationships with this part of the body due to culturally embedded stigma, trauma, and ignorance. From personal art practice to its most recent function as an art-based intervention in individual or group therapy settings, +cunt is contextualized within sexual violence, gender, and sex education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introdução: mapear os estudos que mensuraram o potencial Hidrogeniônico (pH) da região vulvar no ciclo vital da mulher. Métodos: revisão de escopo conforme recomendações do Manual for Evidence Synthesis do Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI), nas bases SCOPUS, Web of Science, Academic Search Premier, PubMed, Bielefeld Academic Search Engine e Google Acadêmico em janeiro de 2022. Foram incluídos estudos publicados em português, espanhol, francês e inglês, sem limite temporal. Resultados: dos 954 documentos recuperados, 13 foram selecionados. Apurou- se que os estudos utilizaram diferentes procedimentos para as medições quanto aos equipamentos, ambiente e preparo das participantes. A média de idade apresentada pela população feminina estudada variou entre 31 e 43 anos. Os locais de medição vulvar foram os grandes e pequenos lábios, dobra interlabial e períneo. O menor valor do pH aferido foi 4,6 e o maior 6,3. Conclusões:constatou-se baixa produção de estudos acerca do pH vulvar e ênfase das pesquisas na população de mulheres adultas. A diversidade de procedimentos e locais de aferição encontrados não permite afirmações seguras sobre uma faixa de valor de pH da superfície da pele vulvar.

Low-grade fibromyxoid sarcoma (LGFMS) is a rare soft tissue tumor composed of bland spindled cells in a variably fibrous to myxoid stroma. Its occurrence in the vulva region is rare, and thus, it may not be always taken into account in the differential diagnosis. Here, we describe a 34-year-old woman presented with a right vulvar mass and underwent complete surgical excision. The final pathologic diagnosis revealed LGFMS of the vulva based on the morphological, immunophenotypic, and molecular genetic features. The patient has not experienced a local or metastatic recurrence after 9-month follow-up. Despite being rare, LGFMS of the vulva should be considered when making a diagnosis of vulvar lesions. We also report that the genetic testing by next-generation sequencing (NGS) represents a very useful tool for the differential diagnosis of LGFMS from its mimics. Moreover, we have reviewed the literature on LGFMS of the vulva and summarized the characteristics of the patients, providing assistance for the diagnosis of such patients. Most vulvovaginal LGFMS can be fully removed through surgery. However, ongoing monitoring over the long term is essential as local and/or distant spread can occur decades after the initial diagnosis.

ObjectiveTo evaluate prognostic factors, outcomes, and management patterns of patients treated for squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva.MethodsOne hundred sixty-four women were retrospectively identified with primary squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva treated at our institution between 1/1996-12/2018. Descriptive statistics were performed on patient, tumor, and treatment characteristics. The χ² tests and t-tests were used to compare categorical variables and continuous variables, respectively. Recurrence free survival (RFS), overall survival (OS), and disease-specific survival (DSS) were analyzed with Kaplan-Meier estimates, the log-rank test, and Cox proportional hazards.ResultsMedian follow-up was 52.5 months. Five-year RFS was 67.9%, 60.0%, 42.1%, and 20.0% for stage I-IV, respectively. Five-year DSS was 86.2%, 81.6%, 65.0%, and 42.9% for stage I-IV, respectively. On multivariate analysis, positive margins predicted overall RFS (hazard ratio [HR]=3.55; 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.18-10.73; p=0.025), while presence of lichen sclerosus on pathology (HR=2.78; 95% CI=1.30-5.91; p=0.008) predicted local RFS. OS was predicted by nodal involvement (HR=2.51; 95% CI=1.02-6.13; p=0.043) and positive margins (HR=5.19; 95% CI=2.03-13.26; p=0.001). Adjuvant radiotherapy significantly improved RFS (p=0.016) and DSS (p=0.012) in node-positive patients. Median survival after treatment of local, groin, and pelvic/distant recurrence was 52, 8, and 5 months, respectively.ConclusionFor primary treatment, more conservative surgical approaches can be considered with escalation of treatment in patients with concurrent precursor lesions, positive margins, and/or nodal involvement. Further studies are warranted to improve risk stratification in order to optimize treatment paradigms for vulvar cancer patients.

In this issue of PLOS Biology, Lattmann and colleagues report a new function for proteins of the DNA prereplication complex promoting the anchor cell to invade through the basement membrane and initiate vulval development in Caenorhabditis elegans.

This review looks at the use of botulinum toxin in the gynaecological field with the aim of determining what needs to be further investigated to achieve a standardized application. Numerous studies have been conducted to explore how botulinum toxins (BoNT) can be applied, and it is becoming popular for treating various disorders such as chronic pelvic pain, vestibulodynia, and vaginism. However, the exact dosage and ideal location for injections still need to be clarified. The objective of this study is to point out which aspects need to be more carefully studied to ensure a consistent use of BoNT in gynaecology.

Abstract Background vulvar cancer, once predominantly diagnosed in older women, is increasingly being diagnosed in younger individuals, due to Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection. Our study aimed to describe the epidemiological and histopathological aspects of vulvar cancer in Togo and its associated factors. Methods This was a cross-sectional study, conducted on vulvar cancer cases histologically diagnosed at the Pathological Laboratory of Lomé over a period of 17-years (2005–2021). Parameters investigated included age, occupation, risk factors, sample nature, macroscopic tumor aspects, histological types, therapeutic intervenions, and prognostic outcomes. Results A total of 32 cases of vulvar cancer were collected, yieding an annual frequency of 1.88 cases. The average age of the patients was 48±14.12 years with extremes of 27 years and 82 years. Housewives accounted for the largest proportion of cases (37.5%). Among the 32 cases, 27 had identifiable risk factors, with HPV infection being the most prevalentr (33.3%). The ulcero-budding aspect was most frequently observed, and squamous cell carcinoma was the most common histological type, with the majority being well differentiated (89.3%). Statistically significant associations were found between risk factors and histological types, risk factors and degrees of differentiation, as well as between histological types and good differentiation of vulvar cancers. The 3-year survival was estimated at 78.13%. Conclusion The incidence of vulvar cancer is increasing in Togo, particularly among young, primarily due to HPV infection.

Syringoma is a benign neoplasm originating from the eccrine ducts of the sweat gland. Lesions are most commonly located on the face. Rarely, do syringomas develop in the vulvar region, where they may be accompanied by persistent pruritus. The article presents the case of a 34-year-old female patient, in whom small nodules and pruritus of the vulva had persisted for approximately two years. The paper includes a description of the dermoscopic features of the skin lesions. The final diagnosis was made based on the histopathological examination. The paper also discusses the most used therapeutic methods in this rare entity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses a rare type of tumor called a lipoblastoma-like tumor that can occur in the male genital region. The authors describe a case of this tumor in the spermatic cord of a 20-year-old male, which was previously thought to only occur in the vulva. They also note the resemblance of this tumor to another type called fibrosarcoma-like lipomatous neoplasm. Since their original report, there have been further cases of lipoblastoma-like tumors in the male genital region, and studies have suggested that these tumors may be the same as fibrosarcoma-like lipomatous neoplasms. The authors conclude that their case could be classified as either a male counterpart of lipoblastoma-like tumor of the vulva or a fibrosarcoma-like lipomatous neoplasm of the paratesticular region. [Extracted from the article]

Granular cell tumors (GCTs) (Abrikossoff's tumors) are rare neoplasms derived from Schwann cells. Immunohistochemistry remains the most useful instrument for diagnosing GCTs. Complete surgical excision has been demonstrated to be curative for benign lesions. However, long-term follow-up in these patients is strongly recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article, titled "Decision-making in complicated dystocias," describes a case report of a successful management of a mare in labor with entrapment of the bladder and small colon. The veterinarians made quick decisions and performed immediate surgical intervention, resulting in the successful discharge of both the mare and foal from the hospital. The article discusses the challenges in determining the nature of the structure extruding from the vulva and emphasizes the importance of timely decision-making in dystocia management. It also highlights the postoperative goals and potential complications after a caesarean section. The authors provide insights and recommendations based on their experience, and the article serves as a valuable resource for similar cases in the future. [Extracted from the article]

Vulval fibroadenoma is a rare benign tumor arising from the ectopic breast tissue or mammary-like anal glandular tissue. Although it is a common breast neoplasm, its genital location makes it notable, with less than a hundred cases being reported in the literature so far. It is commonly known to present in the reproductive age group, similar to its breast counterpart, with its histogenesis being a frequent topic of discussion. Despite being benign and largely infrequent, these vulval neoplasms continue to be important reasons for medical consultation. We present one such case of vulval fibroadenoma presenting as an enlarged lymph node in a 37-year-old female.

Background: Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP) is a soft tissue tumor that originates from deep layers of the dermis and mainly is common in young adults to middle age. This tumor is rare in the vulva. Case Presentation: A 53-year-old multiparous menopause female had complained of asymptomatic swelling of the right labia major. Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans was reported in primary tumor resection. Six months later, rapid growing mass recurred in the vulva. The patient underwent radical Vulvectomy and resection of the margin of about 2-3 cm along with bilateral Inguinofemoral lymphadenectomy. The margins of the mass were negative in the frozen section. Microscopic examination revealed that hypercellular neoplasm in dermis comprising monomorphic spindle cells with high mitotic activity, some hyperchromatic nuclei arranged in palisading fashion. Microscopic and IHC study confirmed the conversion of dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans to fibrosarcoma. Conclusion: This case was presented due to the rarity of dermatofibrosarcoma protuberance in the vulva and pathologic conversion to fibrosarcoma.

Uma akinha (narrativa) kuikuro faz a autora voltar a pensar e a escrever sobre sexos e sexualidades de mulheres (e homens) num canto do mundo ameríndio e no nosso mundo de kagaiha (não indígenas). A personagem da akinha é Ájahi, a ave-gente Urutau, que empreende uma viagem para saber como seria a vagina por dentro. É uma narrativa divertida e séria, ao mesmo tempo, que leva para complementaridades, desdobramentos e contrastes. Egü (vulva ou vagina) é outro personagem, vagina-pessoa, que atravessa o pensamento mitológico ameríndio em fragmentos e transformações. Vulva “boa para ser pensada”.

Inguinal lymph node involvement is the most robust predictor of mortality in vulval cancer and sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy is a safe diagnostic modality. We describe a technique based on anatomical landmarks. Our aims are (1) to describe the territorial mapping of SLNs, (2) to evaluate the associated complication rate vis-à-vis those reported in the literature, and (3) to assess its accuracy in detecting SLNs. Data from women who underwent groin SLN biopsies for vulval cancer at a single cancer centre were prospectively collected. All subjects met the GROINSS-V eligibility criteria. The location of the SLN relative to the saphenous vein was recorded. All women were followed up and early and late complications were recorded. The recurrence rate at the time of the census was calculated. A total of 71 groins in 44 women were included. The SLN was primarily located over Cloquet’s node (85.2%). The incidence of early wound cellulitis and dehiscence were 2.8% and 11.3% while lymphocysts were present in 11.3% of groins. The negative nodal recurrence rate was 1.7%. Results showed that this reproducible technique allows access to 96.7% of SLNs, including both deep and superficial SLNs whilst minimising the need for extensive dissection and complications associated with overharvesting of lymph nodes.

Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is a subtype of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) and is estimated to account for approximately 30% of all NHL cases. NHL can also occur in the female genital tract and accounts for approximately 1.5% of all NHL cases. Many doctors have difficulty diagnosing or treating vulvar DLBCL because of its very low prevalence. A 55-year-old woman presented with a solid mass on the right side of the vulva. No significantly enlarged lymph nodes were observed in the inguinal region. She underwent excisional biopsy at our institution. DLBCL was diagnosed based on histological examination. According to the Hans algorithm, the lesion was diagnosed as a non-germinal center B-cell-like subtype. The patient was referred to a hematologic oncologist. The disease stage was classified as IE according to the Ann Arbor staging classification. The patient received four cycles of chemotherapy with rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisolone and localized radiation therapy with 36 Gy in 20 fractions. She showed complete remission and maintained this status on the latest computed tomography scan. Gynecologists should rule out lymphoma in patients presenting with a vulvar mass.

Background: vulvar cancer, once predominantly diagnosed in older women, is increasingly being diagnosed in younger individuals, due to Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection. Our study aimed to describe the epidemiological and histopathological aspects of vulvar cancer in Togo and its associated factors. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study, conducted on vulvar cancer cases histologically diagnosed at the Pathological Laboratory of Lomé over a period of 17-years (2005–2021). Parameters investigated included age, occupation, risk factors, sample nature, macroscopic tumor aspects, histological types, therapeutic intervenions, and prognostic outcomes. Results: A total of 32 cases of vulvar cancer were collected, yieding an annual frequency of 1.88 cases. The average age of the patients was 48±14.12 years with extremes of 27 years and 82 years. Housewives accounted for the largest proportion of cases (37.5%). Among the 32 cases, 27 had identifiable risk factors, with HPV infection being the most prevalentr (33.3%). The ulcero-budding aspect was most frequently observed, and squamous cell carcinoma was the most common histological type, with the majority being well differentiated (89.3%). Statistically significant associations were found between risk factors and histological types, risk factors and degrees of differentiation, as well as between histological types and good differentiation of vulvar cancers. The 3-year survival was estimated at 78.13%. Conclusion: The incidence of vulvar cancer is increasing in Togo, particularly among young, primarily due to HPV infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Approximately 40% of vulvar squamous cell carcinoma (vSCC) cases are etiologically associated with high-risk human papillomaviruses (HPVs) of the alpha genera (α-HPV) that cause other anogenital cancers; however, the etiology of α-HPV-negative vSCC is poorly understood. HPVs of the beta genera (β-HPV) are risk factors for cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) and may be related to carcinomas originating in other cutaneous sites such as the vulva. In this study, we investigate the presence of β-HPVs, with an emphasis on p16-negative squamous lesions adjacent to vSCC. We subjected 28 vulvar squamous intraepithelial lesions adjacent to vSCC for comprehensive HPV genotyping, p16 and p53 immunohistochemistry, and consensus morphology review. Selected cases were subjected to qPCR and RNA in situ hybridization. Clinical data were obtained from medical records. β-HPV DNA was detected in eight of ten p16-negative lesions and three of fourteen p16-positive high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions. The HPV DNA loads in vulvar squamous intraepithelial lesions ranged between less than 1 HPV DNA copy per cell to more than 100 HPV DNA copies per cell. This is, to the best of our knowledge, the first report of the association of p16-negative vulvar intraepithelial squamous lesions with detection of β-HPVs. These findings expand possible etiologic mechanisms that may contribute to p16-negative lesions of the vulva. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of this preliminary study was to investigate whether women have nocturnal vasocongestion episodes like men and whether nocturnal vaginal pH (NVpH) monitoring can be used for female sexual function assessment-like nocturnal penile tumescence and rigidity (NPTR) test in men. Materials and Methods: Twelve premenopausal volunteers were included in the study. All women were within sexually active age and had normal hormonal profiles. NVpH was performed in an ambulatory manner on the same day and phase of the menstrual cycle. Female sexual function index (FSFI) scores, lubrication scores, and clitoral artery peak systolic velocity (PSV) were recorded. The volunteers were grouped according to the number of elevated pH episodes (EPE). Results: Four women had four or more EPEs and constituted group 1. Eight women had 3 or less EPEs and constituted group 2. Group 2 had statistically significantly lower FSFI scores and clitoral artery PSV (p=0.001 and p=0.014, respectively). However, there was no statistically significant difference between the groups for lubrication scores and age. Conclusion: The results of this preliminary study suggested that women and men has the same nocturnal vasocongestion episodes and NVpH measurement in women might be considered as analogous to NPTR in men. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

More than 23 Trichuroidea species have been identified in ruminants in different parts of the world. Most are pathogenic, causing trichurosis. Trichuris adults of most species within this family have a predilection for the ceca, where they may cause damage to the epithelial wall. In the present study, Trichuris spp. from large intestine of goats were analysed based on morphological and molecular characteristics. Fifty adult worms (male = 25 and female = 25) were selected for morphometric and molecular analysis. Male Trichuris were distinguished by their longer spicules, typical spicule sheaths, and small spicules that were always completely covered by the spicule sheath. The presence of an uneverted vulva in the vagina distinguished female worms. We have performed the molecular characterisation of adult warms to identify as Trichuris skrjabini. Genetic comparison of T. skrjabini rDNA ITS2 sequences with those from other Trichuris spp. was performed to assess within and between species variation and validate the use of ITS-2 rDNA as a robust species-specific marker for T. skrjabini identification. This work provides the first report of this parasite species from Pakistan and validated species-specific marker of T. skrjabini that reduces the production potential of goats in the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pathologic diagnosis of HSIL does not usually pose significant diagnostic difficulty in routine practice, since the core histologic profile of HSIL has not changed substantially since its seminal descriptions. Keywords: high grade squamous intraepithelial lesion; VIN III; vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia; spongiosis; edema; severe dysplasia EN high grade squamous intraepithelial lesion VIN III vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia spongiosis edema severe dysplasia 1110 1114 5 09/12/23 20230901 NES 230901 Introduction High-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion of the vulva [HSIL or vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN) II or III] is the presumed precursor lesion to human papillomavirus [HPV]-associated vulvar invasive squamous cell carcinomas, with an estimated 10-year cumulative risk for vulvar invasive squamous cell carcinomas of about 9.7%.[1],[2] HSIL may display a variety of clinical appearances, some of which overlap with those of inflammatory disorders, necessitating tissue sampling to definitively characterize them, given the substantial differences in management between these 2 groups of disorders. High grade squamous intraepithelial lesion, VIN III, vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia, spongiosis, edema, severe dysplasia. [Extracted from the article]

Clitoromegaly usually develops due to hyperandrogenism. There are a few cases of clitoromegaly described without clinical and biochemical hyperandrogenism. Clitoromegaly due to clitoral priapism and clitoral priapism after appendectomy have not been reported previously. A 7-year-old girl was referred for enlargement of the clitoris. She reported having a mild, pulsating clitoral pain starting three days after an appendectomy operation. Subsequently, painful swelling and an increase in the size of the clitoris was observed. Her growth and physical examination were otherwise normal. Causes of the clitoromegaly due to androgen excess were excluded after a comprehensive work-up. Color Doppler ultrasound revealed a high peak systolic velocity and resistance in the cavernosal artery, consistent with clitoral priapism. The clitoromegaly and associated symptoms improved significantly with oral pseudoephedrine and intracavernosal aspiration. This unique case illustrates that clitoral priapism is a rare, non-hormonal cause of clitoromegaly and may occur after appendectomy. Pseudoephedrine treatment is helpful in alleviating the symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ginecología y Obstetricia de México is the property of Federacion Mexicana de Ginecologia y Obstetricia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Estudos Feministas is the property of Revista Estudos Feministas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Female genital mutilation (FGM) is a practice that involves the removal of external female genitalia and is widely known as a violation of human rights. The custom is illegal in the United Kingdom (UK) and carries a sentence of up to 14 years in prison. This prohibition, along with the secretive nature of the practice, has led to limited research on the awareness of FGM on young people in the UK. Little is known about the process of involving young people in research about the topic. Methods: This paper is based on the findings of a Ph.D. project that used a community-based participatory research approach (CBPR). The research took a two-stage approach: stage one aimed to recruit nine young people aged 15–18, from the Southwest of England, who attended a 10-day training workshop to prepare them for stage two—data collection with young people aged 13–15. This paper focuses on the 10-day creative, collaborative workshops. The data collected from the collaborative workshops were analysed using thematic analysis. Results: Undertaking CBPR enhanced the quality and relevance of this research. Engaging young people as co-researchers was vital for the success of this project. By developing a collaborative learning environment, young people were able to build trusting relationships which flourished beyond the research project. In addition, the creative workshops enabled peer learning about FGM and inspired young people to learn new skills that was useful in their daily lives. Conclusion: The collaborative environment created in this project enabled an insightful learning experience for young people and researchers alike. Participants and facilitators formed relationships; participants learned new marketable skills and researchers gained new insights about FGM, from a young person's perspective. Plain English summary: Making sure that young people are involved in research is important. It can sometimes be hard for young people to get involved with research involving a sensitive topic, such as female genital mutilation. This may be due to several reasons, one of which is the hidden nature of the practice, which may make it harder for researchers to engage and involve the youth. This project involved a group of second-generation youth from FGM-affected communities as co-researchers in a community based participatory research (CBPR) approach, which examined how second-generation youth, living in the United Kingdom (UK)—whether directly or indirectly affected by FGM—interpreted and understood the practice. We followed a two-stage process. Stage one involved recruiting and training young people to become co-researchers, and stage two involved the co-researchers conducting focus groups and interviews with their peers. The focus of this paper is stage one. Nine young people aged 15–18, attended a 10-day creative workshop training programme [7] and worked with the researcher to develop participatory methods that would be used with young people aged 13–15 at stage two of the project. The workshops employed team-building approaches and interactive learning techniques, including drawing and writing. Participants and facilitators formed relationships; participants learned new marketable skills and researchers gained new insights about FGM, from a young person's perspective. There were some difficult parts of running the sessions, such as, the time needed to make sure the sessions run smoothly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extragastrointestinal stromal tumors (EGISTs) carry the same morphological, immunohistochemical and molecular features as gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) and involve extragastrointestinal tract soft tissue. The majority of reported EGIST cases arise from intraabdominal, retroperitoneal, or pelvic soft tissue. A significant subset of such tumors originates from the gastrointestinal muscle layer, grows in an exophytic manner, then loses attachment to the gastrointestinal tract. Consequently, true EGISTs are exceedingly rare. Herein, we are reporting a case of a vulvar EGIST. A 77‐year‐old woman presented with a painless subcutaneous nodule on the right perineum. An excisional biopsy showed a fairly circumscribed bland spindle cell lesion in the dermis. The tumor cells were positive for CD117 and ANO1/DOG‐1 and negative for smooth muscle myosin, smooth muscle actin, STAT6, low‐ and high‐molecular‐weight cytokeratins, SOX10, MART‐1, CD10, S‐100 protein, and estrogen and progesterone receptors. A diagnosis of EGIST was made and complete excision was recommended. Superficial/subcutaneous EGISTs are extremely rare, and it is important for dermatopathologists to be aware of this entity as it can be misdiagnosed as more common spindle cell neoplasms, both benign and malignant, including but not limited to smooth muscle neoplasms (leiomyoma/leiomyosarcoma), spindle cell melanoma, and sarcomatoid squamous cell carcinoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Aphelenchoides tenuis n. sp. found in loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) logs imported from the USA, is described. It is characterised by a very slim body (a = 56.8 (45.8-67.2) and 49.1 (42.2-54.2) in males and females, respectively), three incisures in the lateral field, short stylet (9-12 μ m), the excretory pore located at the level of nerve ring, the vagina is not sclerotised, the vulva has slightly protruding lips and lacks a flap and the post-uterine sac is well developed, forming ca 36.2 (28.4-48.2)% of the vulva to anus distance. The spicules are smoothly arcuate, the apex and rostrum are rounded and well developed, and the dorsal limb is 23.3 (21.1-25.5) μ m long, without a hook-like structure at the distal tip. The male tail bears three pairs (2 + 2 + 2) of caudal papillae. The tail of both sexes is sub-cylindrical, the terminus bearing a bluntly pointed mucron with tiny nodular protuberances. The new species belongs to the Group 2 category of Aphelenchoides species sensu Shahina and is defined as A2-B1/2-C1-D1/2-E2-F2/3 according to the categorisation codes of OEPP/EPPO. Phylogenetic analysis based on 18S and 28S D2-D3 of rDNA, along with ITS and mt COI , confirmed its status as a new species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction and hypothesis: Preclinical studies have shown that neuromodulation can increase vaginal blood perfusion, but the effect on vulvar blood perfusion is unknown. We hypothesized that pudendal and tibial nerve stimulation could evoke an increase in vulvar blood perfusion. Methods: We used female Sprague–Dawley rats for non-survival procedures under urethane anesthesia. We measured perineal blood perfusion in response to 20-minute periods of pudendal and tibial nerve stimulation using laser speckle contrast imaging (LSCI). After a thoracic-level spinalization and a rest period, we repeated each stimulation trial. We calculated average blood perfusion before, during, and after stimulation for three perineal regions (vulva, anus, and inner thigh), for each nerve target and spinal cord condition. Results: We observed a significant increase in vulvar, anal, and inner thigh blood perfusion during pudendal nerve stimulation in spinally intact and spinalized rats. Tibial nerve stimulation had no effect on perineal blood perfusion for both spinally intact and spinalized rats. Conclusions: This is the first study to examine vulvar hemodynamics with LSCI in response to nerve stimulation. This study demonstrates that pudendal nerve stimulation modulates vulvar blood perfusion, indicating the potential of pudendal neuromodulation to improve genital blood flow as a treatment for women with sexual dysfunction. This study provides further support for neuromodulation as a treatment for women with sexual arousal disorders. Studies in unanesthetized animal models of genital arousal disorders are needed to obtain further insights into the mechanisms of neural control over genital hemodynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: Extramammary Paget disease (EMPD) is an epithelial neoplasm that can occur at many sites, including the vulva and scrotum. EMPD is characterised by the presence of neoplastic cells, in single cells and clusters, that infiltrate all layers of non‐neoplastic squamous epithelium. The differential diagnosis for EMPD includes melanoma in situ and secondary involvement of tumours from other sites, such as urothelial or cervical; pagetoid spread of tumor cells can also been seen at other sites, such as anorectal mucosa. The most frequently utilised biomarkers for confirming the diagnosis of EMPD include CK7 and GATA3; however, these biomarkers lack specificity. The purpose of this study was to evaluate TRPS1, a newly described breast biomarker, in pagetoid neoplasms of the vulva, scrotum and anorectum. Methods and results: Fifteen cases of primary EMPD of the vulva (two with associated invasive carcinoma) and four primary EMPD of the scrotum showed strong nuclear immunoreactivity for TRPS1. In contrast, five cases of vulvar melanoma in situ, one case of urothelial carcinoma with secondary pagetoid spread into the vulva and two anorectal adenocarcinomas with pagetoid spread into anal skin (one with associated invasive carcinoma) were negative for TRPS1. Additionally, weak nuclear TRPS1 staining was observed in non‐neoplastic tissues (e.g. keratinocytes), but always with less intensity when compared to tumour cells. Conclusions: These results demonstrate that TRPS1 is a sensitive and specific biomarker for EMPD, and may be especially useful for excluding secondary involvement of the vulva by urothelial and anorectal carcinomas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Localized provoked vulvodynia (LPV) is a chronic pain condition without an identifiable cause that is localized to a portion of the vulva and provoked by pressure or touch. LPV is a commonly occurring but poorly understood condition lacking consensus on management. This scoping review used Arksey and O'Malley's approach to identify and evaluate literature published between 2010 and 2023 that addressed the question: What is the current evidence on the efficacy or effectiveness of pharmacological treatments in the management of LPV? This review evaluated 18 papers reporting on the efficacy or effectiveness of oral, topical, and injectable medications. Seven of the studies were randomized controlled trials. Oral gabapentin and oral desipramine showed some improvement in sexual function compared to placebo. Small sample sizes and methodological issues limited confidence in interpreting findings. Pain was reduced in descriptive studies of tricyclic antidepressants, milnacipran, injectable anesthetics, and botulinum toxin. Where pain did not improve with treatment, some oral medications improved participants' mood and sexual function. Some topical agents may be effective in reducing peripherally mediated neuropathic pain. Botulinum toxin was the most well-studied injectable but yielded mixed outcomes related to pain, quality of life, and sexual function. There is a lack of convincing evidence to draw conclusions about the efficacy or effectiveness of pharmacological therapies for LPV. The breadth of therapies for treating LPV warrants the development of evidence-based, consensus guidelines for measuring treatment outcomes and improving comparisons across studies. Recommendations for research include addressing methodological shortcomings and diversifying the participant pool to increase the generalizability of findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To evaluate whether an acute vulvar ulcer that developed after the COVID‐19 vaccine administration is an adverse effect of the vaccine. Methods: This is a descriptive study of two cases that we observed in addition to cases that have been reported in the literature. We searched for case reports in the PubMed. The consistency of clinical manifestations among cases and the association between ulceration and vaccination were assessed. Results: Fourteen female patients were identified, including 12 patients from 8 literatures published in 2021 and 2022 and 2 patients from our cases. Of the 14 patients, 11 had received the BNT162b2 vaccine, 2 had received the ChAdOx1 nCoV‐19 vaccine, and one had received the mRNA‐1273 vaccine. The patient's ages were 16.9 ± 5.0 (mean ± SD) years. Postvaccination, the disease progressed in the following sequence (time interval from vaccination): fever and other systemic inflammatory reactions (0.9 ± 0.4 days), development of vulvar ulcers (2.4 ± 1.2 days), and resolution of the ulcer (16.9 ± 7.4 days). The ulcers eventually healed in all cases, except one where the prognosis was not noted. For two‐dose vaccine recipients, more patients developed the ulcer after the full vaccination (the second or third doses) compared with after the first dose: n = 10 and n = 2, respectively. Conclusion: The acute vulvar ulcer was closely associated with COVID‐19 vaccination in terms of temporality and vaccine doses, supporting the notion that a vulvar ulcer is an adverse event of the COVID‐19 vaccines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Male pseudohermaphroditism is a rare disorders of sex development (DSD) that is manifested by a female-like appearance or incompletely differentiated external genitalia in an individual with a Y chromosome. In this paper, we report our investigation of the case of a 33-year-old Chinese female who was diagnosed with a malignant mixed germ-cell tumor of the ovary. To confirm the sex of the female, we utilized genetic approaches to detect amelogenin and Y-STR loci. Y chromosome microdeletion was performed to identify existing deletions in the AZF regions and SRY. Chromosome karyotyping and whole-exome sequencing (WES) were then applied to reveal the deletion of sex chromosome segments and pathogenic variations in DNA sequences. Using DNA-STR genotyping, we detected both AMEL-X and AMEL-Y fragments. We also found haplotype Y-STR loci and detected all alleles. Furthermore, no microdeletion was detected in the AZF regions and SRY. The chromosome karyotyping was 46, XY. WES revealed a transversion mutation of 58T → C in the androgen receptor exon 1, which could be the pathogenic variant in this case of abnormal sexual development. Sex determination in forensic DNA typing is based on the amelogenin system. It is important that forensic biologists should master various genetic approaches to overcome the issue of gender ambiguity caused by DSDs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) is a serious life-threatening complication of infertility treatment. Vulvar edema is a disease with various causes and frequent phenomena seen in physiological and pathologic conditions like pregnancy, inflammatory disorders, tumors, idiopathic reasons, and most importantly, in the severe form of OHSS. Case Presentation: Here, we report a 26-yr-old woman with severe OHSS, recombinant follicle-stimulating hormone therapy. 8 days later, we observed a mild and asymmetrical swelling of the vulva with severe edema in the right labia. Due to the worsening of the vulvar edema even after 15 days of conservative treatment, hand massage and compressive bandaging of the vulva were performed, which caused rapid recovery within 20 min of the case. Conclusion: Treatment with a hand massage with lubricant gel followed by compressive bandaging resolved the vulvar edema immediately; it is an easy procedure without any adverse events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The most important causative agent of neoplasms in the anogenital area is the human papillomavirus (HPV). Due to the anatomical proximity of the genital and anus area and the ease with which HPV infection is transmitted, it seems that patients after the treatment of HPV-related gynecological diseases may have an increased risk of developing a second HPV-related neoplasm anal cancer. The aim of this study was to determine the risk of anal intraepithelial neoplasia (AIN) and anal cancer (AC) among patients after the treatment of HPV-related gynecological diseases. Methods: We conducted a comprehensive review of the available literature from multiple databases. The study was performed following Cochrane Reviewers' Handbook and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses 2009 guidelines. Moreover, we assessed the quality of each study using QUADAS-2. Results: Twenty-five studies were included in the final analysis. Patients after the treatment of HPV-related gynecological diseases have a significantly higher risk of AC (mean standardized incidence ratio (SIR) = 5.387, mean incidence risk (IR) = 0.096%, mean IR per 100,000 person–years = 10.37) and AIN (mean IR = 23.683%) compared to the population risk. Conclusions: patients with HPV-related gynecological diseases should constitute a group for which an appropriate primary and secondary screening for AC should be introduced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Deep (aggressive) angiomyxoma (DAM) is an extremely rare primary neoplasm of the vulva whose growth is particularly favored during pregnancy. To date, neither the origin nor the optimal management of DAM are clear, especially in pregnancy. Therefore, we present here a systematic review that could be a useful tool to provide further knowledge about the behavior of and the management strategies for this rare malignancy. Deep (aggressive) angiomyxoma of the lower genital tract is a rare malignancy affecting women of reproductive age. Being a hormone-sensitive tumor, its growth is particularly benefitted during pregnancy. Surgical excision with complete resection is indicated, even if a wait-and-see approach can be considered until delivery, to avoid destructive surgeries. The mode of delivery is to be evaluated based on the location and size of the neoplasm; vaginal delivery is not contraindicated, as long as the tumor does not obstruct the birth canal. Positive surgical margins are the most important prognostic factor for recurrence. Adjuvant therapy with gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogues may be proposed after pregnancy, in the case of non-radical surgery. Despite the high local relapse rate, the outcomes for mother and child are favorable. Since recurrences can occur after many years, the patient should be included in long-term follow-up. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The present study describes a new Ditylenchus species, isolated from the bulbs of the Persian buttercup (Ranunculus asiaticus L.) imported from Israel at the Ningbo plant quarantine lab, Ningbo, P.R. China. Ditylenchus israelensis n. sp. is an amphimictic species; females have six incisures in the lateral field, a long and slim body, a delicate, short stylet (7-8 μ m) with small and rounded knobs, excretory pore in the anterior region of the basal pharyngeal bulb, posteriorly located vulva (V = 78.6-83.1), a short PUS (15.0-24.0 μ m), and a long conical tail with a pointed terminus. Males are similar to females in general morphology and have 14.0-18.0 μ m long spicules. The new species was also characterised molecularly using 18S, ITS and D2-D3 expansion segments of 28S rDNA genes. Our phylogenetic analyses showed its independent position among available Ditylenchus species and a close phylogenetic affinity with D. valveus. Several Ditylenchus species are regulated pests; their detection in a given sample can implement quarantine measures. However, to our knowledge D. israelensis n. sp. did not cause any damage to the R. asiaticus bulbs. In addition, future studies regarding fecundity and host association may shed some light on the pathogenic potential of D. israelensis n. sp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Rotylenchus bunae n. sp. was discovered in the coffee rhizosphere in Gera district of Jimma, Ethiopia, and has been morphologically and molecularly characterised. The new species is identified by a female body length of 725-876 μ m, hemispherical lip region with 4-5 lip annuli, stylet length of 28-30 μ m, lateral field areolation only in the pharyngeal region, no cuticular striations, pharyngeal gland overlapping intestine dorsally by 15-26 μ m, double epiptygma, no clear spermathecae, vulva position at 54-58% of body length from anterior end, prominent fasciculi in mid and posterior body, rounded or sometimes slightly truncated, coarsely crenated tail with 11-13 annuli, and phasmids located at 7-16 annuli anterior to anus. No males were detected. This species was found closely related to other African Rotylenchus species, such as R. unisexus and R. wimbii ; however, it could be well separated from them by both morphology and molecular data (D2-D3 of 28S and partial 18S of rDNA). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: A Bursaphelenchus species belonging to the abietinus group was isolated from a bark sample of Fagus japonica infested by an unidentified Dryocoetes bark beetle. The species is typologically characterised by its two-lined lateral field, mitten-shaped spicule possessing a well-developed and dorsally truncate condylus, narrow triangular rostrum and a distinct cucullus, the presence of seven (P1, P2, P3 papilliform and P5 gland-opening-like) male genital papillae, female vulva with side flap and the long, smoothly tapering and ventrally recurved female tail with strongly ventrally recurved distal part. The species is typologically close to B. irokophilus and B. rainulfi but can be distinguished from these two species by the shape of spicule rostrum, which is narrower in the new species. Phylogenetically, the new species forms a well-supported clade with B. rainulfi but can be distinguished from them by the differences in the SSU and D2-D3 LSU sequences. The new species is described as Bursaphelenchus ogawanus n. sp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper describes a new strongylid nematode belonging to the genus Cylicostephanus Ihle, 1922 (Strongyloidea, Cyathostominae), from Asiatic wild ass (Khulan) and domestic horses in Mongolia. The external leaf-crown (ELC) of Cylicostephanus scharchui sp. n. consists of approximately 12 elements and the internal leaf-crown (ILC) of approximately 36 elements. The buccal capsule is cylindrical, circular in cross-section, and slightly deeper than wide. A long dorsal gutter extends from the floor of the buccal capsule closely to base of ILC. The duct of the dorsal esophageal gland opens at the tip of the dorsal gutter. The tail of females is short, and the vulva is close to the anus. The buccal capsule and dorsal gutter are most similar to those of Cylicostephanus calicatus, but differ significantly in size of dorsal gutter and relative width and depth of the buccal capsule as well as characteristics of the leaf-crowns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review looks at the use of botulinum toxin in the gynaecological field with the aim of determining what needs to be further investigated to achieve a standardized application. Numerous studies have been conducted to explore how botulinum toxins (BoNT) can be applied, and it is becoming popular for treating various disorders such as chronic pelvic pain, vestibulodynia, and vaginism. However, the exact dosage and ideal location for injections still need to be clarified. The objective of this study is to point out which aspects need to be more carefully studied to ensure a consistent use of BoNT in gynaecology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]