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Focuses on the role of the United Nations in Rwanda, Mozambique and Somalia. US military role in Somalia; Genocide in Rwanda; Peacekeeping in Mozambique; Lesson for the United Nations.

Deals with United Nations intervention in Somalia. History of Somalia and the civil war in the country; Mismanagement in Somalia; Criticism of UN's peacekeeping efforts; After effects of UN intervention.

Reports on the success of the United Nation's peacekeeping forces in preventing war in Western Sahara's conflicting political factions. Success in implementing a ceasefire; Transitional period plan for the country government; Problems confronting ceasefire negotiations; Assistance for a national election.

Reports on the civil conflict in Mogadishu, Somalia. United States' influence in peacekeeping and mediation efforts; Resistance to United Nations (UN) presence in Somalia by General Mohamed Farah Aidid; Power and readiness of Aidid's militia; Incidents of violence and provocation by clans; Political arbitration efforts by representatives of President Bill Clinton. INSET: A separate peace, by M.D..

Discusses efforts of Somali warlord Mohamed Farah Aidid supporters to retain the Habergidir clan's political clout in the face of the United Nations' (UN) intervention. Council representing the Habergidir's five sub-clans; Attempts to capture Aidid; Evidence of UN ineptness; Factions within the Habergidir; Conflict within the UN force; Legal basis of UN military operations; African Rights report.

Discusses the problem of command and control facing the United Nations peacekeeping forces. Absence of clear guidance or rules of engagement; UN's involvement in situations that are beyond its mandate; Abnormal chain of command; Call for a twenty-four-hour UN operations center; Misconduct of troops; Inconsistency of the West in choosing places to intervene; Absence off pay incentives for assigned troops.

Examines the case of the United Nations Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP) to better understand peace operations and the creation of protected areas. Three phases which UNFICYP evolve through; Objectives identified to implement the United Nations peacekeeping force; Conclusion.

Discusses the peacekeeping role of the United Nations (UN) in the Middle East. Interpretation of media reports about peacekeeping operations; Effect of the Cold War on the activity of the UN; Decisiveness of international response on Iraq's invasion of Kuwait in 1990; Growth in UN intervention since the end of the Cold War.

Explores the prospects for the establishment of a standing, permanent international peacekeeping force made up of volunteers and under the direct command of the United Nations Security Council. Reasons for the peacekeeping failure in Rwanda in 1994; UN's philosophy of collective security; Aspects of the rapid reaction force; Time as a critical factor; Estimates of the numbers of forces needed.

Discusses various aspects of the plan of the United Nations (U.N.) Security Council to commit peacekeeping force in Bosnia. Opposition of U.N. Special Political Affairs Secretary General Marrack Goulding on the deployment of peacekeeping force; Question on the moral authority of U.N.; Mandate and means of peacekeeping; Impact of peacekeeping in mediating the Serbia-Herzegovina war.

Lectures on humanitarian intervention based on the writings of John Vincent, a professor of international relations. Writing and teaching style; Non-intervention and international order; Human rights and international relations; Right of humanitarian intervention; Role of United Nations Security Council.

Studies China's foreign policy towards the United Nations' peacekeeping operations since 1989. Opposition to the aspects of Operation Provide Comfort in Iraqi Kurdistan in Yugoslavia; Rise of nontraditional peacekeeping operations; Explanation of China's conservative behavior; Limits of cooperative behavior.

Discusses the role of member-countries of the British Commonwealth in United Nations (UN) peacekeeping. Carrying out of peace enforcement or operations; Publication of UN Secretary-General Boutros Boutros-Ghali of the position paper `Agenda for Pe ace'; Management structure of the UN peacekeeping operation.

Discusses the role of the United States military power, particularly the US Air Force in multinational peacekeeping operations of the United Nations (UN). US and UN views on global security; Role of the UN in implementing and monitoring diplomatic solutions; American air power in peacekeeping operations; Air Force missions; Implications; Obstacles to success.

Focuses on the scope of application and other key elements of the Convention on the Safety of United Nations and Associated Personnel adopted by the United Nations General Assembly. Particular importance to United Nations peacekeeping. Coverage of operations; Coverage of personnel; Relationship to the laws of war; Universal jurisdiction provisions; Savings and final clauses.

Examines the role of the United Nations (UN) on international peacekeeping missions. Limitations on role, composition and command of its armed forces; Paramount objective preventing another world war; Role of the major powers in the peacekeeping administration; Components of a proposed strengthened peacekeeping system.

Evaluates the aspects associated with the interaction between the United States President Bill Clinton and the 104th Congress relating to war powers, while highlighting the agreement from Congress to the participation of US troops in the United Nations Implementation Force (IFOR) in Bosnia. Information on the `Contract with America'; Introduction of the National Security Revitalization Act on January 4, 1995; Details on the `Presidential Decision Directive 25.'

Looks at the peace-enforcement mission conducted by Australia's Armed Forces in Somalia in contrast to the Unites States/United Nations (UN/US) intervention in Mogadishu and Baidoa. Background information on the civil war that broke out in Somalia; Failures of the US/UN interventions; Reason for the failures; Examination of the Australian peace movement; Success of the Australian peace mission.

Reports on political developments in Somalia after the departure of armed United Nations troops. Analysis of clan fissures causing the country's civil war; Causes of lawlessness in the country; Overview of social service and legal systems in the nation.

Focuses on the Japanese strategy of sending soldiers of its Self Defense Forces (SDF) to participate in the United Nation Operations in Mozambique (ONUMUZ). Japanese understanding of Mozambique in the decade 1980-90; Decision-making processes of the Japanese government in dispatching SDF.

Discusses the withdrawal of international peacekeeping forces from Somalia in 1994. Insights on the nature and dangers of ignoring fundamental issues of human rights and control of resources. Observations on the role of United Nation's peacekeeping forces.

The inconclusive formalist debate on the constitutional basis of peacekeeping can lead to scepticism over the relevance of law to peacekeeping. A contextual approach to the law based on an understanding of the shaping and ultimate dependence of law on politics frees the international lawyer from dry and circular discussion. In this light constitutional issues about the origins and the control of peacekeeping operations are seen to be of paramount importance in the understanding and development of peacekeeping. The potentially restrictive formalist doctrine of implied powers is shown to be a sham behind which the reality is that of a wider, but not unlimited, doctrine of inherent powers. Such a doctrine enables the United Nations to create a wide variety of peacekeeping forces, though the creation and control of such forces is shown to be subject to the constitutional structure of the UN. As regards peacekeeping, the division of competence between the Security Council, the General Assembly and the Secretary-General has grown up in practice. The centralist tendencies of this practice have been undermined in recent years by the growth in quasi-enforcement actions. It is questionable whether the looser constitutional restraints on these operations is desirable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article develops a framework for analysing the use of force by the United Nations. There are two basic modalities: direct use of force deployed and commanded by the UN, and indirect use of force carried out by one or more Member States so authorized by the Security Council. Six purposes for the use of UN-authorized force are identified: peace enforcement, sanctions enforcement, self-defence, protection of civilians, protection of humanitarian activities and intervention in civil conflicts. The political and operational questions which arise from each are discussed. In particular the analysis indicates that 'mission creep' should be avoided and there should be clarity about whether a situation requires peacekeeping or enforcement. Although a 'halfway house' between the two is not ruled out, certain conditions should be fulfilled before embarking on such missions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This section offers updates related to United Nations (UN) peacekeeping activities. The Security Council has decided on July 17, 1995 to appropriate a certain amount of explosives for use exclusively in established humanitarian de-mining programs to be supplied to Rwanda upon application and authorization of the Security Council. The Security Council also voted to extend the UN Interim Force in Lebanon on July 28, 1995. Similar extension was approved by the Security Council to UN Mission in Haiti on July 31, 1995.

The hostage effect is a little-understood aspect of peacekeeping that uses peacekeepers' inherent vulnerability to harm at the hands of the belligerents as a method of influencing those belligerents. Noting that peacekeepers are increasingly being harmed in civil war operations, this article explores the sources and operation of the hostage effect. It tests the operation of those factors found to attend a hostage effect against three case studies: ONUSAL, a functioning hostage effect; UNOSOM II, a dysfunctional hostage effect; and UNPROFOR II, a malfunctioning hostage effect. The conclusions suggest significant ramifications for the applicability of peacekeeping in different types of conflict situations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Japanese foreign policy today has to a great extent been influenced by two related factors: the post-hegemonic environment and a new regionalism. Active pursuit of Japan's policy towards Asia as a whole, and Southeast Asia in particular, is seen in three areas: strengthening official relations, sending peace-keeping forces to Cambodia, and maintaining economic dynamism in the region. However, it is also true that Japan's closer political and economic relations with Southeast Asia have come to be perceived negatively by the United States, with whom Japan has maintained its closest ties. Hence, whether or not Japan seeks regionalism remains the biggest diplomatic question in the 1990s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since 1948 almost 50,000 Swedish men and women have been in military UN service in more than 15 countries under very different circumstances. The stress situation for UN soldiers is quite different from soldiers in other military situations. The UN soldier might be scared by his own aggressiveness, because of his limited opportunities to use his weapons, The mission for the UNIFIL hospital in Naqoura, a few kilometres north of the Israeli border, is to provide the UN forces (5000–6000 soldiers) with hospital care and specialized medical services. Three contingents (N=421) during three years have been studied by means of, questionnaires, self-rating scales, a personality inventory test (KSP) and personal interviews. The personal interviews were structured and performed during the last month of service for each contingent. The UN soldiers were interviewed by six experienced psychiatrists, who were all well acquainted with the Swedish military system. All the interviews took place within the Swedish UN hospital area in South Lebanon, during one week for each group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent international conflicts, especially those in former Yugoslavia, have led to growing calls for the United Nations to return to 'traditional peacekeeping' - based on consent, impartiality and the minimal use of force. If the UN were asked only to perform tasks such as creating buffer zones in Cyprus or on the Iran-Iraq border, it would no doubt have a better record of success. But classical, consensual peacekeeping does not respond fully to the nature of the contemporary world and the challenges the new world disorder poses to the international community. With so many current conflicts unsuited to the traditional treatment, it is probably impossible for UN peacekeeping to go 'back to basics'. The challenge is therefore to develop the conceptual clarity, the political support and the material resources to enable United Nations peacekeeping to play the part the Security Council demands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From the 1950 Korean War to Operation Deliberate Force in Bosnia in 1995, the practice of the United Nations regarding the use of force for UN-approved objectives has differed markedly from the UN Charter provisions. The two principal accepted frameworks for such action have been enforcement in support of a victim of aggression, and impartial peacekeeping based on consent. However, events in the Congo, Namibia, Somalia and former Yugoslavia have pointed to the need for, and even the possibility of, a conceptual framework for limited military action which is distinct from the traditional notions of peacekeeping. Recognition of such a framework, with all its problems, does not imply general advocacy of a more coercive form of UN peacekeeping, but rather acceptance that in a few extreme situations there may be a need for the UN, its member-states, or regional alliances to go beyond the traditional limits of peacekeeping operations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the policies of the United States and the problems that the United Nations Operation in Somalia (UNOSOM) faces. While the United States are pulling out their armed forces in Somalia, the UNOSOM mission of the United Nations continued. The UNOSOM mission of the United Nations aims to reconcile the factional and clan conflicts in Somalia and reconstruct Somalia. According to the author, the change of plans by the U.S. causes the death of the capacity of UNOSOM to enforce peace in Somalia. Other issues that UNOSOM faces are also discussed.

Commentary is provided for the article "The National Security Dilemma: Challenge to Management Scientists," by Marshall K. Wood, published in the April 1, 1961 issue of the periodical "Management Science." The author disagrees with Wood's assertion that the development of international law be contingent on the development of a United Nations military force. Also discussed are Wood's views concerning potential protocols in the case of a nuclear attack, including the implementation of a population shelter initiative.

Focuses on the relationship between the United States and the United Nations (UN) concerning peacekeeping. Inattention of President Bill Clinton to the fate of the UN; Criticism of the UN from the US Congress; Debate over the participation of the US in UN peacekeeping; Inability of the UN to respond to new challenges.

Analyzes the impact of Republican Party leaders' call for the withdrawal of United States support of the United Nations' (UN) peacekeeping efforts. Achievements of UN peacekeeping; Republicans' criticisms of UN's competence; Details of the US House's `Contract With America'; Increased cost and burdens of international action for the US military if US support of the UN is withdrawn.

Presents an overview of the United Nations' (UN) peacekeeping efforts. Peacekeeping as the UN's most visible and controversial activity; UN Charter provisions on the maintenance of peace worldwide; Use of force to end war; Nature of the UN's peacekeeping operations.

Focuses on the United States' policy toward overseas involvement in the peacekeeping efforts of the United Nations (UN). Similarity with Japan's policy; Peacekeeping promises of President Bill Clinton; Role of the United Nations in the post-Cold War era; Congress's stand on UN peacekeeping operations; Policy guidelines.

The article presents information on the United Nations Centre for Disarmament in New York City. It is stated that the Centre runs on a budget of nearly $5.4 million per year. It is headed by Assistant-Secretary-General, and comprises of 25 full-time professionals from countries such as Algeria, Canada, and Lebanon. Rolf Björnerstedt was the first director of the centre under whose leadership the functioning of centre became effective. The first session of the centre which took place in the year of 1978 focused on the studies of disarmament.