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Hrvatsko dermatovenerološko društvo Hrvatskoga liječničkog zbora ustrojilo je radnu skupinu vodećih hrvatskih stručnjaka koji se bave psorijazom. Radna je skupina kritički proučila mjerodavnu znanstvenu literaturu te donijela smjernice za dijagnostiku i liječenje psorijaze.

smjernice za dijagnostiku i liječenje vulgarne psorijaze

Bol maseteričnog mišića jedan je od najčeščih znakova TMP i orofacijalne boli uopće. Etiopatogeneza poremećaja još je uvijek nedovoljno razjašnjena te je i terapija nedostatna. Novije studije ukazuju na važnost neuralnih mehanizama u nastanku poremećaju što potvrđuje činjenica o postojanju znakova i simptoma poremećaja u pacijenata u kojih nisu vidljive promjene struktura stomatognatog sustava. Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je utvrditi obostranu bolnost maseteričnog mišića nakon jednostrane upale masetera te ekspresiju IL-1 u TRG. Jednostrana upala maseteričnog mišića dovela je do obostranog smanjenja praga boli maseter te promjene u razini IL-1 ipsilateralnog TRG. Dobiveni rezultati ukazuju na ulogu IL-1β u upalom izazvanoj boli masetera dok su promjene u bolnosti kontralateralnog mišića vjerojatno posredovane promjenama u višim moždanim centrima.

Autoimune bulozne dermatoze čini skupina ozbiljnih, potencijalno životno ugrožavajućih bolesti koje su karakterizirane pojavom mjehura i erozija na koži i/ ili sluznicama. S obzirom na histopatološke, imunološke i kliničke kriterije, autoimune bulozne bolesti podijeljene su u dvije velike skupine ovisno razvijaju li se antitijela na dezmosome (skupina pemfigusa) ili hemidezmosome (subepidermalne bulozne bolesti - skupina pemfigoida i stečena bulozna epidermoliza). Pemfigus vulgaris je rijetka, kronična autoimuna bulozna bolest u koje je smrtnost prije uvođenja terapije dostizala oko 75%. Incidencija bolesti u rasponu je od 0.076 do 1.61 na 100 000 stanovnika. IgG protutijela se u vulgarnom pemfigusu usmjeravaju na dezmosomalne proteine, u glavnini dezmoglein 3, s posljedicom stvaranja intraepitelnih mukokutanih mjehura. Stečena bulozna epidermoliza je rijetka, kronična bulozna bolest kože i sluznica prevalencije 0.2 na milion ljudi. Bolest karakteriziraju cirkulirajuća IgG antitijela na tip VII kolagena koji je sastavnica usidrenih vlakanaca epidermo-dermalne granice s posljedicom nastajanja subepidermalnih mjehura. Obzirom na rijetkost navedenih dermatoza i tek spori napredak u provođenju kontroliranih randomiziranih studija, otežano je utvrditi terapijske smjernice zasnovane na dokazima. Okosnicu terapije za vulgarni pemfigus čini samostalna primjena kortikosteroida ili njihova kombinacija s imunosupresivima/ imunomodulatorima poput azatioprina, mikofenolat mofetila i ciklofosfamida. No u slučajevima kada je konvencionalna terapija neuspješna ili nedovoljna da dovede do kliničke remisije liječenje bolesnika i dalje ostaje izazov. U posljednje vrijeme bilježi se značajan uspjeh u proširenju terapijskih mogućnosti na novije lijekove i intervencije uključujući visoku dozu i.v. imunoglobulina, upotrebu imunoadsorpcije i rituximaba koji su promjenili prognozu bolesti. Stečena bulozna epidermoliza često je otporna na različite terapijske modalitete. U najširoj upotrebi su sustavni kortikosteroidi, a u nekih bolesnika zamjećuje se dobar odgovor i na pulsnu steroidnu terapiju. Od ostalih imunosupresiva koriste se ciklosporin, mikofenolat mofetil, metotreksat i pulsna terapija ciklofosfamidom. Značajan učinak pokazala je i upotreba kolhicina i dapsona. Od ostalih terapijskih mogućnosti tu je plazmafereza, dok je upotreba intavenskih imunoglubulina i rituximaba pokazala dobre rezultate u rezistentnih slučajeva stečene bulozne epidermolize. Mi prikazujemo dvije bolesnice s rezistentnim vulgarnim pemfigusom te jednu s terapijski rezistentnom stečenom buloznom epidermolizom, u kojih je za učinkovitu kontrolu bolesti bilo potrebno primjeniti različite terapijske modalitete.

Cilj: Svrha ove studije bila je utvrditi utjecaj spola na gustoću alveolarne kosti oko zuba nosača kvačica. Metode: U istraživanju je sudjelovalo 45 ispitanika obaju spolova, nositelja djelomičnih proteza (DP) s kvačicama i okluzalim upiračima. Metodom intraoralne mikrodenzitometrije po Knezović-Zlatarić procijenila se promjena gustoće kosti oko retencijskih zuba. Svi ispitivani zubi dva su puta snimani standardnim retroalveolarnim rendgenskim snimkama u razdoblju od 3 mjeseca: prvi put nakon predaje DP-a, te nakon 3 mjeseca nošenja proteze. Na rendgenski film pričvršćen je bakreni kalibracijski klin s 5 stupnjeva debljine (0.1 – 0.5 mm) prije ekspozicije u svrhu kalibracije snimaka. Na svakom rendgenogramu odabrano je 7 područja interesa (eng. region of interest, ROI) oko korijena zuba veličine 4 piksela. Za procjenu promjene gustoće alveolarne kosti izmjerene su razine sivila u ROI-jima pretvorene u ekvivalent debljine bakrenog klina, te je izračunata razlika u gustoći kosti između dviju snimaka. Rezultati: Rezultati ispitivanja obrađeni su statističkim metodama (studentov T-test za zavisne uzorke, te ANOVA – jednosmjerna analiza varijance), te su pokazali da analizirani podaci, uz razinu značajnosti od 5 %, pokazuju da nema razlike u gustoći alveolarne kosti ovisno o spolu.Rasprava: Pravilna konstrukcija DP-a i intermitentnost djelovanja žvačnih sila vjerojatno je razlog što u razdoblju od 3 mjeseca ne dolazi do statistički značajnog smanjenja gustoće kosti., Aim: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of sex on alveolar bone density around the teeth with clasps. The study included 50 subjects of both sexes wearing removable partial denture (RPD) with clasps and occlusal rests. Methods: We used the method of intraoral microdensitometry by Knezović-Zlatarić to assess the changes in bone density around the retention teeth. All examined teeth were shot twice using retroalveolar standard radiographs within 3 months: the first time after RPD delivery and then after a period of 3 months of denture wearing. The copper calibration step wedge consisting of 5 steps of thickness (0.1-0.5mm) was attached to the radiograph prior to exposure in order to calibrate images. On each radiograph 7 areas of interest (region of interest; ROI) around the tooth root were selected, all 4 pixels in size. For the evaluation of alveolar bone change grey levels of each ROI were measured and were converted into equivalents of the copper step wedge thickness and it differences in bone density between the two radiographs were calculated. Results: The results of the study were analysed using Student T-test for dependent patterns and one-way variance analysis (ANOVA) with the level of reliability of 5%. The results indicated that there is not any statistically relevant change in the alveolar bone density depending on the gender. Discussion: Proper construction of RPD and intermittency of masticatory forces were probably the reason why in a 3 months period there was no statistically significant decrease in bone density.

Cilj istraživanja bio je utvrditi uspješnost grupne terapije na sposobnosti imenovanja u osoba s afazijom.

Peti znanstveni skup o temporomandibularnim poremećajima održan je u veljači 2012. u Hrvatskoj akademiji znanosti i umjetnosti. Prepoznavši značaj predloženog sadržaja, Razred za medicinske znanosti Hrvatske akademije znanosti i umjetnosti podržao je voditelje i predavače ovog skupa u namjeri da izdaju ovu publikaciju.

Suradna psihijatrija podrazumijeva interdisciplinarni pristup u liječenju somatskih bolesti. Psihodermatologija podrazumijeva suradnju psihijatrijskih i dermatoloških timova u dijagnostici i liječenju psihodermatoloških poremećaja s ciljem prepoznavanjanja bioloških, psiholoških i socioloških čimbenika vezanih uz etiologiju kožnih poremećaja. Psihodermatološke poremećaje dijelimo na psihosomatske poremećaje, primarne psihijatrijske poremećaje i sekundarne psihijatrijske poremećaje. Psihosomatski poremećaji kože kao psorijaza ili ekcem nisu direktno uzrokovani psihološkim čimbenicima, ali se pojavljuju ili pogoršavaju u skladu s emocionalnim stanjem bolesnika. Primarni psihijatrijski poremećaji su psihijatrijska stanja u okviru kojih se javljaju i dermatološki simptomi kao što su neurotske ekskorijacije, trihotilomanija ili sumanute ideje o parazitima u koži. Sekundarni psihijatrijski poremećaji posljedica su nagrđujućih kožnih bolesti koji se često manifestiraju kroz gubitka samopouzdanja, socijalnu fobiju, anksioznost ili depresiju. Liječenje psihodermatoloških poremećaja nije moguće bez holističkog, timskog pristupa psihijatra i dermatologa. Kroz prikaz slučaja 70 godišnje bolesnice pokazat ćemo važnost suradnje liječnika somatske medicine i psihijatra u dijagnostici i terapiji sumanute dismorfofobije. U ovom slučaju radi se o «monosimptomatskoj hipohondrijskoj psihozi». Kod bolesnice su prisutne sumanute ideje o parazitima koji se razmnožavaju i kreću pod kožom te u kožu ispuštaju otrove vidljive kao mrlje. Olakšanje osjeća kad putem oštećenja kože grebanjem odstrani parazite iz kože. Kako je bolesnica uvjerena u sumanutu ideju o parazitima javljaju se problemi u prihvaćanju psihijatrijskog pregleda i terapije. Interdisciplinarna suradnja dermatologa, interniste i psihijatrijskog tima rezultirala je rješenjem diferencijalno dijagnostičkih nedoumica te uspješnim terapijskim ishodom za navedenu bolesnicu.

Psoriasis is chronic, immune-mediated skin disease. The treatment of psoriasis requires long-lasting effect. Conventional treatments for psoriasis comprise topical solutions, photo and photochemotherapy, retinoids, methotrexate or cyclosporine. However, sometimes those treatments fail, are contraindicated or are associated with severe adverse events. Therefore novel biologic response modifiers or simply biologic agents are indicated in such cases. They act by targeting the precise elements in immunological cascade. Therefore, they can be classified into three categories: T- cell modulating agents (eg. alefacept and efalizumab), the inhibitors of tumor necrosis factor- alpha (TNF-alpha) (eg. adalimumab, etanercept, infliximab) and the inhibitors of interleukin (IL)-12 and IL-23 (eg. ustekinumab). Herein, we present our four years experience (2008-2012), mostly assess and compare effectiveness and safety of different biologics used in treatment of moderate to severe psoriasis.

Cilj: Svrha ove studije bila je utvrditi utjecaj spola na gustoću alveolarne kosti oko zuba nosača kvačica. Metode: U istraživanju je sudjelovalo 45 ispitanika obaju spolova, nositelja djelomičnih proteza (DP) s kvačicama i okluzalim upiračima. Metodom intraoralne mikrodenzitometrije po Knezović-Zlatarić procijenila se promjena gustoće kosti oko retencijskih zuba. Svi ispitivani zubi dva su puta snimani standardnim retroalveolarnim rendgenskim snimkama u razdoblju od 3 mjeseca: prvi put nakon predaje DP-a, te nakon 3 mjeseca nošenja proteze. Na rendgenski film pričvršćen je bakreni kalibracijski klin s 5 stupnjeva debljine (0.1 – 0.5 mm) prije ekspozicije u svrhu kalibracije snimaka. Na svakom rendgenogramu odabrano je 7 područja interesa (eng. region of interest, ROI) oko korijena zuba veličine 4 piksela. Za procjenu promjene gustoće alveolarne kosti izmjerene su razine sivila u ROI-jima pretvorene u ekvivalent debljine bakrenog klina, te je izračunata razlika u gustoći kosti između dviju snimaka. Rezultati: Rezultati ispitivanja obrađeni su statističkim metodama (studentov T-test za zavisne uzorke, te ANOVA – jednosmjerna analiza varijance), te su pokazali da analizirani podaci, uz razinu značajnosti od 5 %, pokazuju da nema razlike u gustoći alveolarne kosti ovisno o spolu.Rasprava: Pravilna konstrukcija DP-a i intermitentnost djelovanja žvačnih sila vjerojatno je razlog što u razdoblju od 3 mjeseca ne dolazi do statistički značajnog smanjenja gustoće kosti., Aim: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of sex on alveolar bone density around the teeth with clasps. The study included 50 subjects of both sexes wearing removable partial denture (RPD) with clasps and occlusal rests. Methods: We used the method of intraoral microdensitometry by Knezović-Zlatarić to assess the changes in bone density around the retention teeth. All examined teeth were shot twice using retroalveolar standard radiographs within 3 months: the first time after RPD delivery and then after a period of 3 months of denture wearing. The copper calibration step wedge consisting of 5 steps of thickness (0.1-0.5mm) was attached to the radiograph prior to exposure in order to calibrate images. On each radiograph 7 areas of interest (region of interest; ROI) around the tooth root were selected, all 4 pixels in size. For the evaluation of alveolar bone change grey levels of each ROI were measured and were converted into equivalents of the copper step wedge thickness and it differences in bone density between the two radiographs were calculated. Results: The results of the study were analysed using Student T-test for dependent patterns and one-way variance analysis (ANOVA) with the level of reliability of 5%. The results indicated that there is not any statistically relevant change in the alveolar bone density depending on the gender. Discussion: Proper construction of RPD and intermittency of masticatory forces were probably the reason why in a 3 months period there was no statistically significant decrease in bone density.

The etiopathogenesis of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis is not entirely acknowledged. It is assumed that the developement of psoiasis and psoriatic arthritis is influenced by interaction of genetic, enviromental and immunologic factors. Recent data suggest that childhood and adulthood stressors may play a signicicant role in the developement of an autoimmune disease. The aim of study was to explore both positive and negative life experiences in patients with psoriatic arthritis.

Recent studies have associated childhood exposure to trauma to some skin diseases. Our study aimed at exploring whether psoriasis is related to the reported traumatic life events as well as positive life events from childhood to adulthood. One hundred patients with psoriasis and 101 controls patients with skin conditions considered to be non psychosomatic completed a specific questionnare measuring traumatic life experiences - TAQ. The TAQ asseses positive and negative personal experiences from early childhood to adulthood. We found that negative traumatic experiences appeared more frequently in patients with psoriasis during all development periods. The amount of positive experiences did not differ significantly among groups except for safety scores that were higher in controls compared with psoriatics. Our finding suggests a relationship between retrospectively reported negative traumatic experiences and psoriasis.

To study the impact of age, gender, tooth colour and maxillary anterior teeth status on patient's satisfaction with their dental appearance.A total of 259 Caucasian subjects participated in the study (119 men, mean age 56 years; 140 women, mean age 61 years) divided into three age groups (young35 age; middle aged 35-54 age; old ≥55 age). Their maxillary anterior teeth status was classified into three groups: (1) natural teeth (NTG) group; (2) composite filling group (CFG) and (3) porcelain-fused-to-metal fixed prosthodontic restoration group (FPDG). The participants judged appearance and tooth colour using a scale with three categories: completely dissatisfied, moderately dissatisfied and completely satisfied.Almost half of the participants were completely satisfied with their dental appearance and tooth colour. Half of the 'young' and 'middle-aged' participants with natural maxillary anterior teeth were completely satisfied and half of the 'old' participants were moderately satisfied with their dental appearance and tooth colour. The majority of participants with composite restorations (45-51%) were moderately satisfied with their dental appearance, one-third of 'young' and 'middle-aged' participants were moderately satisfied or dissatisfied with their tooth colour and more than 70% of older participants were dissatisfied with their tooth colour (p0.05).Satisfaction with the appearance of the maxillary anterior teeth differed both between individuals of different age and different dental status.

Alopecia areata (AA) is a frequent disease with nonscarring hair loss on the scalp and/or body. Hair follicle in alopecia areata is not irreversibly destroyed, so potential for hair regrowth remains. Considering unknown etiopathogenesis, treatment of AA is symptomatic and directed toward halting disease activity. Lymphocytic inflammatory infiltrate around hair follicle, increased levels of autoantibodies, cytokine abnormalities and increased prevalence of autoimmune comorbidities, support the hypothesis of AA as an organ-specific autoimmune disorder. Therefore, investigations are directed toward new immunomodulatory or immunosuppressive drugs with induction effect on hair growth. New biologic drugs and their influence on hair growth as well as genetic therapy for alopecia areata are currently under investigation. Contemporary principles in therapy of alopecia areata and treatments available will be discussed in this article.

It is well known that several psychiatric disorders may be related to childhood psychological trauma. Recent studies have associated childhood exposure to trauma to some skin diseases. Our study aimed at exploring whether psoriasis is related to the reported positive and negative life experiences in different age intervals beginning from early childhood to adulthood. One hundred patients with psoriasis and 101 controls completed a specific questionnaire measuring traumatic life experiences (Traumatic Antecedents Questionnaire, TAQ).The TAQ assesses positive personal experiences (competence and safety) and negative personal experiences (neglect, separation, secrets, emotional, physical and sexual abuse, trauma witnessing, other traumas and exposure to alcohol/drugs) from early childhood to adulthood. Our results demonstrates an incresed history of childhood and adulthood negative traumatic experiences in patients with psoriasis compared to the control group. The amount of positive experiences did not differ significantly among groups, except for safety scores that were higher in controls compared with both psoriatic groups (eary and late onset). Our findings suggest a relationship between retrospectively reported negative traumatic experiences and psoriasis.

U radu je prikazano korištenje napredne tehnologije u poslovanju zrakoplovne kompanije s ciljem optimiranja procesa putničkog prometa.

Povijest grupne terapije afazija seže u vrijeme Drugoga svjetskoga rata za jezično-govornu terapiju vojnika s ozljedama mozga. Iako je danas individualna logopedska terapija standard u rehabilitaciji afazija, grupna logopedska terapija još uvijek je zanemareno područje. Dok jedni istraživači tvrde da je ona samo nadopuna individualnoj terapiji, drugi smatraju da je upravo psihosocijalna potpora ključna za osobe s afazijom. Postoji i stajalište da grupna terapija ne smije biti jedini oblik terapije budući da daje rezultate primarno na emocionalnom i socijalnom području. Kako bi se principi govorno-jezične terapije što bolje prilagodili grupnom načinu provođenja terapije, postoje dva pravca: direktni (strukturirani) i indirektni (nestrukturirani). Grupna terapija može uključivati obiteljsko savjetovanje, grupe potpore, te višenamjenske grupe. U okviru Logopedskog kabineta u Centru za rehabilitaciju, Edukacijsko-rehabilitacijskog fakulteta osmišljena je i počela se provodititi i grupna logopedska terapija za osobe s afazijom. U grupnu terapiju uključene su četiri osobe s Brocinom afazijom. Osim uvježbavanja jezičnih zadataka, potiče se i započinjanje razgovora, razumijevanje konteksta, izmjena komunikacijskih uloga i funkcionalna komunikacija. Zadatci su poredani po težini što omogućuje sudjelovanje u grupi osobama s različitim stupnjevima jezičnih teškoća. Ciljevi terapije su poboljšati imenovanje, kategorizaciju i sintaksu. Ujedno, uz usmjerenost na komunikaciju, važno je pružiti emocionalnu podršku osobama s afazijom, omogućiti im razmjenu iskustava, međusobnog uvažavanja i učenja kako živjeti s afazijom.

Minimalno invazivne fiksnoprotetske rekonstrukcije sve su više zastupljene zahvaljujući novim materijalima i tehnikama izrade. Pacijentica stara 42 godine dolazi radi subjektivnih poteškoća zaostajanja hrane između zuba 25 i 26. Na temelju kliničkog pregleda i analize situacije planira se izrada keramičkog inlaya, no prilikom uklanjanja kompozitnog materijala uočena je nedovoljna debljina preostale bukalne stijenke te je izrađena djelomična keramička krunica.Nadomjestak je izrađen CAD/CAM tehnologijom iz bloka IPS Emax CAD A2.

Psoriasis is generally considered as T cell mediated autoimmune disease. Recent studies in the pathogenesis of psoriasis has shown that upon triggering T lymphocytes secrete cytokines, chemokines and growth factors and consequently initiate keratinocyte proliferation. Besides traditionally immunomodulatory agents used in treatment of severe-to- moderate psoriasis such as photochemotherapy, methotrexate, cyclosporine and retinoids, new immunomodulatory therapy lately appeared. Those agents called biologic response modifiers or simply biologics act by targeting the precise elements in immunological cascade. Therefore, they can be classified into three categories: T-cell modulating agents (eg. alefacept and efalizumab), the inhibitors of tumor necrosis factor- alpha (TNF- alpha) (eg. adalimumab, etanercept, infliximab) and the inhibitors of interleukin (IL)-12 and IL-23 (eg. ustekinumab). Herein, we give a brief overwiev of action of those agents as well as present our experience in using these agents in therapy of psoriasis.

Ganoderma lucidum is a well-known medicinal mushroom species in which polysaccharides are one of the major sources of biological activity. The species was considered as a species-complex due to significant variations in morphological, biochemical, and genetic features among populations with a worldwide distribution. This fact was the basis for setting the aim of this research: to study intraspecific diversity in polysaccharide production and intracellular sugar composition among selected G. lucidum strains. The presence of intraspecific diversity among 10 G. lucidum strains, from different areas worldwide, was noted. Values of produced mycelia biomass and intracellular polysaccharides were found in wide ranges (3.1-28.2 g L-1 and 20.0-53.3 mg g(-1), respectively), while differences in extracellular polysaccharide amounts were minor (0.2-1.5 mg mL(-1)). The significant quantitative and qualitative differences in intracellular sugar composition were noted. Glucose was the predominant sugar in almost all strains except one (HAI 447), where sucrose was dominant. The potential of polysaccharide production and intracellular sugar composition could be one more taxonomic criterion for strain characterization within G. lucidum. The differences in intracellular sugar composition and proportions could be reflected in features of produced polysaccharides and also in their biological activities. Ministry for Science and Technological Development of Serbia [173032, 173040]

Uvod: Temporomandibularni poremećaj (TMP) je muskoloskeletalni poremećaj koji obuhvaća niz kliničkih stanja karakteriziranih promjenama žvačne muskulature, temporomandibularnih zglobova (TMZ) i pridruženih struktura. Najčešći prisutan simptom je bol lokalizirana u žvačnim mišićima. Etiologija mišićne boli nije u potpunosti razjašnjena. Cilj istraživanja bio je ispitati utjecaj kroničnog stresa, okluzijske interferencije te njihovog zajedničkog djelovanja na bol maseteričnog mišića. Također, cilj je bio utvrditi utjecaj ispitivanih čimbenika na sistemsku i lokalnu razinu interleukina-6 (IL-6) te utvrditi moguću povezanost razine IL-6 s mišićnom boli. Cilj je bio utvrditi doprinos kroničnog stresa, okluzijske interferencije, razine IL-6 u tkivu i plazmi na bol maseteričnog mišića te utvrditi doprinos kroničnog stresa i okluzijske interferencije na razinu IL-6 u plazmi i tkivu maseteričnog mišića. Materijali i metode: U eksperimentalnom radu korišteno je 50 muških Wistar štakora. Životinje su podijeljene u pet skupina od 10 štakora. Skupine sačinjavaju: skupina izložena kroničnom stresu; skupina izložena okluzijskoj interferenciji; skupina izložena kroničnom stresu i okluzijskoj interferenciji; kontrolna skupina slobodna od kroničnog stresa i okluzijske interferencije i apsolutna kontrola koju formiraju životinje slobodne od bilo kakve procedure ili dobivanja ikakve tvari. Životinje su bile podvrgnute eksperimentu 56 dana. Zadnjeg eksperimentalnog dana životinjama se procjenjivala mišićna bol nakon čega su žrtvovane, te su sakupljeni uzorci krvi i masetera, iz kojih su enzimskim imunotestom određivane vrijednosti IL-6. Rezultati: Životinje izložene zajedničkom učinku okluzijske interferencije i kroničnog stresa pokazuju statistički značajno veću reakciju na bolni podražaj u usporedbi s kontrolnom skupinom (p=0,023). Također, utvrđena je značajno viša razina IL-6 maseteričnog mišića u skupini izloženoj zajedničkom učinku okluzijske interferencije i kroničnog stresa u usporedbi s kontrolnom skupinom (p=0,012). Utvrđena je pozitivna korelacija između razine IL-6 maseteričnog mišića i boli (r = 0,62; p

The aim was to study the influence of Kennedy classification on alveolar bone density changes around the abutment teeth of removable partial denture (RPD) clasp and rests. A total of 50 examinees of both gender wearing RPDs were included in the study. Changes of bone density around the abutment teeth were determined by an intraoral microdensitometry method. Standard retroalveolar radiographs were obtained twice: the first one at the RPD delivery and the second one after a period of 3 month of denture wearing. The copper stepwedge consisting of 5 steps (0.1-0.1 mm) was attached to the radiograph prior to exposure in order to calibrate it. Seven regions of interest (ROI) in different position close to the root of the abutment tooth were selected on each radiograph, all 10 pixels in size. Grey levels of each ROI were measured and were converted into equivalents of the copper stepwedge thickness using the third degree polynomial in order to compare the difference of bone density between the two radiographs. The results indicated that Kennedy classification had no significant influence on the change of bone density in RPD patients during first 3 month of RPD wearing (ANOVA: p0.05).

Textile dye wastewater has always been cleaned by means of several useful techniques but, due to its complex composition, there is still no adequate universal cleaning process. The aim of the work was to clean a laboratory – prepared wastewater using MBR and to determine its effectiveness regarding wastewater treatment, and the removal of colour. The use of a membrane bioreactor (MBR), based on the biodegradation of textile wastewater by activated sludge in combination with the physical process of membrane filtration, has become particularly interesting because of its number of advantages during textile wastewater treatment, and has thus rapidly developed over the last decade.

Endokrunice su metoda izbora za zbrinjavanje endodontski liječenih zuba sa obimnom ili potpunom destrukcijom zubne krune uz smanjenu vertikalnu dimenziju okluzije i dovoljnu količinu cakline. Retencija endokrunice postiže se specifičnom preparacijom i adhezivnim cementiranjem. Endokrunice zadovoljavaju sve funkcionalne i estetske zahtjeve. Uz klasične metode izradbe, danas se najčešće koriste metoda tlačenjem i CAD/CAM metoda.

Zbrinjavanje endodontski liječenih zubi predstavlja svakodnevni problem u stomatološkoj praksi. Odabir odgovarajućeg načina zbrinjavanja ovisi o endodontskim, parodontološkim, restorativnim i okluzijskim principima. Mnogobrojne su situacije u kojima je zbrinjavanje endodontski liječenog zuba otežano i/ili nemoguće. Jedna od njih je nepovoljan interokluzijski odnos, a navedenu situaciju moguće je riješiti izradom endokrunice.

Alopecija areata (AA) česta je bolest koja se očituje neožiljnim gubitkom dlake na vlasištu i/ili tijelu. Folikul dlake u alopeciji areati nije nepovratno uništen, stoga potencijal za ponovni rast kose ostaje. Budući da je etiopatogeneza nepoznata, liječenje AA je simptomatsko i usmjereno na zaustavljanje aktivnosti bolesti. Limfociti oko dlačnog folikula, povišena razina autoprotutijela, poremećaj citokina te udruženost s drugim autoimunosnim bolestima, podupiru hipotezu da je AA organ-specifična autoimunosna bolest. Nova su istraživanja stoga usmjerena na razvoj lijekova koji bi imunomodulatornim ili imunosupresivnim djelovanjem potaknuli rast dlake. Proučavanje utjecaja novih bioloških lijekova na rast kose, kao i razvoj genske terapije u tijeku su. U radu će biti raspravljeni suvremeni principi i dostupne metode liječenja alopecije areate.

Cilj: Danas važeća teorija svrstava psorijazu u psihokutane psihofiziološke bolesti. Traumatska iskustva u djetinjstvu povezuju se s pojavom artritisa i nekih kožnih bolesti te se smatra da u kombinaciji s genetskim faktorima predstavljaju rizične faktore za pojavu psorijaze i psorijatičnog artritisa. Prikaz slučaja: Psorijaza i psorijatični artritis su imunološki posredovane bolesti, a rana traumatska iskustva uzrok su poremećene kompetencije imunološkog sustava s regulatornim problemima u sustavima koji reguliraju odgovor na psihički stres. U radu je prikazana bolesnica sa psorijazom i psorijatičnim artritisom koja je od najranijeg djetinjstva bila izložena mnogobrojnim negativnim traumama u djetinjstvu. Rasprava: Emocionalno zanemarivanje, alkoholizam oca, izostanak osjećaja sigurnosti i kompetentnosti tijekom djetinjstva doveli su do negativnih i bolnih emocija sa stvaranjem obrasca za rasterećenje koji ide putem kože, odnosno zglobova. Dinamika obiteljskih odnosa diktirala je uvelike i tijek njene bolesti i načine nošenja s teškoćama koje je bolest donosila. Uobičajene ili standardne metode liječenja nisu dale zadovoljavajuće rezultate, no interdisciplinarnim pristupom i dugotrajnim psihoterapijskim liječenjem postignuti su značajni i dugoročni terapijskih rezultati. Tijekom psihoterapijskog liječenja razmatrani su njeni disfunkcionalni obrasci ponašanja i razlozi za njih. Bolesnica je u grupi dobila emocionalnu podršku, proradila dio svojih ranijih iskustava i uspjela ojačati ego snage za nošenje sa svakodnevnim obavezama i relacijama. Njen promijenjen odnos prema sebi i okolini omogućio joj je da gratifikaciju nađe u svojoj okolini i relaciji s bliskim osobama iz svog okruženja. Zaključak: Samo kombinirana i individualno prilagođena terapija, uz psihoterapijski pristup, može dovesti do dugotrajnijeg uspjeha u liječenju ovih bolesti, Aim: According to the new classification of psycho-dermatological disorders, psoriasis is classified as a psychophysiological disease. Recent studies have associated childhood exposure to trauma to same skin and joint diseases. Traumatic experiences in childhood combined with genetic predisposition are considered to be important risk factors in the development of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis. Case report: Psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis are immunologically triggered diseases and early traumatic experiences are the reason of altered competence of the immune system with the regulatory problems in systems that control the response to psychologic stress. We showed a female patient with psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis with increased childhood negative traumatic experiences. Discussion: Emotional neglect, alcoholism of the father, the lack of sense of security and competence during childhood led to negative and painful emotions with creating a pattern of discharge that leads through the skin and joints. The dinamics of family relations formed in an important manner the ongoing of the disease and the ways of dealing with the difficulties that the desease caused.The common or standardized methods for treating of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis that have been used since the beginning of the treatment, did not show satisfactory results. However, interdisciplinary approach and longterm pshichotherapy resulted in significant and lasting positve treatment results. During a psychotherapy the disfunctional patterns of behaviour and their reasons were analysed. The patient received emotional support of the group, she worked through a part of her former experiences and succeded in improving her ego for the strength for coping with the everyday dutys and relations. The changed relationship for herself and the surrounding enabled her to find thankfulness in her milieu and the relationship with close people from her surroundings. Conclusion: Thus, only a combined and individually adjusted therapy, together with a psychoterapic approach can lead to a long lasting success in treating this deseases.

Alopecija areata (AA) česta je bolest koja se očituje neožiljnim gubitkom dlake na vlasištu i/ili tijelu. Folikul dlake u alopeciji areati nije nepovratno uništen, stoga potencijal za ponovni rast kose ostaje. Budući da je etiopatogeneza nepoznata, liječenje AA je simptomatsko i usmjereno na zaustavljanje aktivnosti bolesti. Limfociti oko dlačnog folikula, povišena razina autoprotutijela, poremećaj citokina te udruženost s drugim autoimunosnim bolestima, podupiru hipotezu da je AA organ-specifična autoimunosna bolest. Nova su istraživanja stoga usmjerena na razvoj lijekova koji bi imunomodulatornim ili imunosupresivnim djelovanjem potaknuli rast dlake. Proučavanje utjecaja novih bioloških lijekova na rast kose, kao i razvoj genske terapije u tijeku su. U radu će biti raspravljeni suvremeni principi i dostupne metode liječenja alopecije areate., Alopecia areata (AA) is a frequent disease with nonscarring hair loss on the scalp and/or body. Hair follicle in alopecia areata is not irreversibly destroyed, so potential for hair regrowth remains. Considering unknown etiopathogenesis, treatment of AA is symptomatic and directed toward halting disease activity. Lymphocytic inflammatory infiltrate around hair follicle, increased levels of autoantibodies, cytokine abnormalities and increased prevalence of autoimmune comorbidities, support the hypothesis of AA as an organ-specific autoimmune disorder. Therefore, investigations are directed toward new immunomodulatory or immunosupresive drugs with induction effect on hair growth. New biologic drugs and their influence on hair growth as well as genetic therapy for alopecia areata are currently under investigation. Contemporary principles in therapy of alopecia areata and treatments available will be discussed in this article.

CAD/CAM tehnike nude svakojake mogućnosti u različitim stomatološkim disciplinama. Široka ponuda IPS Empress CAD blokova osigurava mogućnost odabira bloka koji najbolje odgovara određenom slučaju. Radi se o homogenoj leucitnoj keramici koja uz optička svojstva, osigurava trajnost te dobar dosjed nadomjestka. Uz monokromatske blokove danas su na raspolaganju višebojni - polikromatski blokovi koji omogućavaju postizanje visoke translucencije, smanjenje svjetline, izvrsnog kameleonskog efekta i prirodne fluorescencije te time izuzetnu estetiku. PRIKAZ SLUČAJA Pacijent star 29 godina dolazi sa željom za estetskom korekcijom gornjih prednjih zuba. Kliničkim pregledom utvrđuje se nepravilni položaj i oblik gornjih zuba sa postojanjem diastema. Anamnestički se utvrđuje da je provedena ortodontska terapija koja nije dovršena i čiji nastavak pacijent odbija. Nakon uzimanja otisaka, izrade studijskih modela i analize u artikulatoru, određuje se plan terapije - očnjaci, bočni desni sjekutić, te središnji sjekutići opskrbiti će se keramičkim ljuskama, dok će se lijevi bočni sjekutić rekonstruirati krunicom. Nadomjesci se izrađuju CAD/CAM tehnologijom, te se izabiru blokovi IPS Empres CAD Multi A2. Nakon preparacije, skeniranja i strojne obrade (SIRONA inLab MC XL), nadomjesci se probaju u ustima te se u laboratoriju dodatno estetski dorađuju (IPS Empress Stain and Glaze). Slijedi definitivno pričvršćivanje ( Variolink II Ivoclar- Vivadent).

Psychosocial comorbidity as the most important feature of the perioral dermatitis: a case report

Cilj: Danas važeća teorija svrstava psorijazu u psihokutane psihofiziološke bolesti. Traumatska iskustva u djetinjstvu povezuju se s pojavom artritisa i nekih kožnih bolesti te se smatra da u kombinaciji s genetskim faktorima predstavljaju rizične faktore za pojavu psorijaze i psorijatičnog artritisa. Prikaz slučaja: Psorijaza i psorijatični artritis su imunološki posredovane bolesti, a rana traumatska iskustva uzrok su poremećene kompetencije imunološkog sustava s regulatornim problemima u sustavima koji reguliraju odgovor na psihički stres. U radu je prikazana bolesnica sa psorijazom i psorijatičnim artritisom koja je od najranijeg djetinjstva bila izložena mnogobrojnim negativnim traumama u djetinjstvu. Rasprava: Emocionalno zanemarivanje, alkoholizam oca, izostanak osjećaja sigurnosti i kompetentnosti tijekom djetinjstva doveli su do negativnih i bolnih emocija sa stvaranjem obrasca za rasterećenje koji ide putem kože, odnosno zglobova. Dinamika obiteljskih odnosa diktirala je uvelike i tijek njene bolesti i načine nošenja s teškoćama koje je bolest donosila. Uobičajene ili standardne metode liječenja nisu dale zadovoljavajuće rezultate, no interdisciplinarnim pristupom i dugotrajnim psihoterapijskim liječenjem postignuti su značajni i dugoročni terapijskih rezultati. Tijekom psihoterapijskog liječenja razmatrani su njeni disfunkcionalni obrasci ponašanja i razlozi za njih. Bolesnica je u grupi dobila emocionalnu podršku, proradila dio svojih ranijih iskustava i uspjela ojačati ego snage za nošenje sa svakodnevnim obavezama i relacijama. Njen promijenjen odnos prema sebi i okolini omogućio joj je da gratifikaciju nađe u svojoj okolini i relaciji s bliskim osobama iz svog okruženja. Zaključak: Samo kombinirana i individualno prilagođena terapija, uz psihoterapijski pristup, može dovesti do dugotrajnijeg uspjeha u liječenju ovih bolesti.

U bolesnika sa psorijazoma i psorijatičnim artritisom ispitana je uloga psihosocijalnih čimbenika u pojavi i pogoršanju bolesti.

Aims: We report a case of an unusually widespread and chronic mixed-species dermatomycosis occurring in a diabetic patient. Methods: Diagnosis of dermatomycosis was made by detailed clinical examination of skin lesions, Wood light examination, direct microscopic evaluation of KOH preparations from skin scrapings and identification of fungal species grown in culture on Sabouraud’s dextrose agar. Repeated cultures from multiple sites were performed. A 12-week treatment consisted of topical and systemic terbinafine (250 mg/kg). Results (Case report): A 58-year-old man with 12-year history of diabetes presented with extensive pruritic skin changes. The lesions involved per continuitatem the whole trunk, groin, gluteal regions and lower extremities. The involved skin was diffusely erythematous and lichenified with fine scales and numerous excoriations, sharply demarcated toward the uninvolved skin, with raised borders and no signs of central regression. The patient also had thickened and discoloured toenails and discrete erosions between toes. Wood light examination of lesional skin was negative. Direct microscopic examination of scales obtained from the borders of skin lesions, groin area, toenails and interdigital web spaces revealed numerous mycelial elements. Cultures of skin scrapings yielded Aspergillus fumigatus from the borders of skin lesions and inguinal region, Candida albicans from toenails and both Aspergillus fumigatus and Trichophyton rubrum from interdigital web spaces. A 12-week treatment with oral terbinafine resulted in complete mycological and clinical clearance. Slight residual hyperpigmentation was visible at sites of previously affected skin and strong regrowth of hair was evident at patient’s trunk. Conclusions: Fungi represent a diverse group of pathogens with opportunism being a common ground in the pathogenesis. We report this case for its unusual clinical appearance, chronicity and the presence of multiple causative pathogens, all of which might have been favoured by compromised natural defences due to diabetes mellitus.

This study aimed to investigate the individual effects of chronic stress and occlusal interference, as well as their combined influence on masseter muscle pain. Experiments were performed on 28 male Wistar rats. Animals were submitted to chronic stress procedure, exposed to occlusal interference, or exposed to both mantioned procedures. At the end of the procedure animals were submitted to orofacial formalin test, and nociceptive behavioral response was evaluated. Statisticaly significant difference of nociceptive behavioral response in chronicaly stressed rats and in the animals with occlusal interference in comparation to the control group were not obtained (p > 0.05). In contrast, nociceptive behavioral response was significantly increased in rats submitted to both of experimental procedures (p < 0.01). These findings suggest that only combination of occlusal interference and chronic stress influence masseter muscle pain.

Alopecija areata neožiljni je upalni gubitak dlake na vlasištu i/ili tijelu, nepoznate etiopatogeneze. Najčešće zahvaćeno mjesto je vlasište. Histopatologija se očituje povećanim brojem katagenih i telogenih folikula te nazočnošću upalnog limfocitnog infiltrata u peribulbarnoj regiji. U liječenju alopecije areate najčešće se primjenjuju kortikosteroidi. U radu je opisana klinička i patohistološka slika uz suvremene metode liječenja alopecije areate., Alopecia areata is a nonscarring, inflammatory hair loss on the scalp, and/or body. Etiology and pathogenesis are still unknown. The most common affected site is the scalp. Histopathology is characterized by an increased number of the catagen and telogen follicles along with the presence of inflammatory lymphocytic infiltrate in the peribulbar region. Corticosteroids are the most popular drugs for the treatment of this disease. Clinical features, histological data as well as modern treatment options will be discussed in this article.

Chronic masticatory muscles pain is a major diagnostic and therapeutic challenge for the dentists and general medicine practitioners. The causes and the exact mechanism of the pain development are not completely understood. It is well known that posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) patients suffer from chronic muscle pain but we haven't sufficient treatment yet. The aims of the study were to determinate plasma levels of substance P and dopamine in PTSD patients with muscle pain, and to analyzed their rule in pathogenesis of muscle pain. Methods: The study included 65 subjects with chronic PTSD (31 with and 34 without masticatory muscle pain) and 60 subjects without PTSD and masticatory muscle pain. The levels of the substance P and dopamine were determined by enzymatic immunotest. Results: Plasma levels of substance P and dopamine were significant higher in PTSD patients with muscle pain, than in PTSD patients without muscle pain and control subjects. A positive correlation between the substance P plasma level and the number of muscle pain locations was established (r=0.65 ; p

Alopecija areata neožiljni je upalni gubitak dlake na vlasištu i/ili tijelu, nepoznate etiopatogeneze. Najčešće zahvaćeno mjesto je vlasište. Histopatologija se očituje povećanim brojem katagenih i telogenih folikula te nazočnošću upalnog limfocitnog infiltrata u peribulbarnoj regiji. U liječenju alopecije areate najčešće se primjenjuju kortikosteroidi. U radu je opisana klinička i patohistološka slika uz suvremene metode liječenja alopecije areate., Alopecia areata is a nonscarring, inflammatory hair loss on the scalp, and/or body. Etiology and pathogenesis are still unknown. The most common affected site is the scalp. Histopathology is characterized by an increased number of the catagen and telogen follicles along with the presence of inflammatory lymphocytic infiltrate in the peribulbar region. Corticosteroids are the most popular drugs for the treatment of this disease. Clinical features, histological data as well as modern treatment options will be discussed in this article.

Cilj. Kompozitni materijali se u današnje vrijeme sve više upotrebljavaju za visoko estetske restauracije u fronti. Uz parametre poput boje i transparencije, sjaj površine kompozitnog ispuna od velike je važnosti za estetski uspjeh restauracije. Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je definirati promjene koje se dešavaju u samoj strukturi kompozita nakon izlaganja mehaničkoj degradaciji te koje neposredno utječu na površinski sjaj pojedinih kompozitnih materijala. Materijali i metode. Dvanaest uzoraka napravljeno je od svakog pojedinog kompozitnog materijala i konsekutivno polirano SiC abrazivnim papirom gradacije 120-, 220-, 500-, 1200-, 2400- i 4000- grit jedinica. Početni sjaj površine uzoraka mjeren je glosometrom (Novocurve). Uzorke se tada uronilo u zubnu pastu te izložilo simuliranom četkanju električnom zubnom četkicom. Nakon toga je uslijedila reevaluacija sjaja površine kompozitnih uzoraka. Rezultati. Površinski sjaj svih testiranih kompozitnih materijala bio je kompromitiran uslijed izlaganja mehaničkoj degradaciji, međutim obim gubitka površinskog sjaja uvelike je ovisio o testiranom materijalu. Značaj. Mnogi materijali dostupni danas na tržištu pokušavaju što bolje imitirati prirodan izgled zubne cakline. Međutim, nova otkrića u nanotehnologiji daju naslutiti da potraga za materijalima s još naprednijim estetskim svojstvima nije završena.

Ganoderma carnosum has been found in Europe only, at coniferous trees and it is difficult to distinguish it morphologically from G. lucidum. Since G. carnosum has not been studied biochemically yet, the aim of this study was to analyse its ability to produce Mn-dependent peroxidase (MnP), versatile peroxidase (VP) and laccase (Lac) under conditions of solid-state fermentation of selected plant raw materials as carbon sources, in the presence of different nitrogen concentrations in the medium. Wheat straw, corn stem, oak and grapevine sawdust were the analysed plant raw materials. Nitrogen source in synthetic medium was NH4NO3 and its concentrations were: 10mM N and 20 mM N. Enzyme activity was determined spectrophotometrically, using ABTS and phenol red, as the substrates for Lac and Mn-oxidizing peroxidases, respectively. Maximum level of MnP activity (56.82 U/l) was obtained in the medium with wheat straw and nitrogen concentration of 10 mM. Best carbon source for VP production was grapevine sawdust at nitrogen concentration of 10 mM (80.80 U/l). The obtained Lac activity was very low in the medium with wheat straw (1.80 U/l), while it was not detected in the presence of other three analyzed plant raw materials. Maximum of total protein content (0.06 mgml-1) was noted in the medium where oak sawdust was carbon source and nitrogen concentration was 20 mM. Vrste roda Ganoderma su producenti mnogih biološki aktivnih supstanci pa su objekti proučavanja mnogih medicinskih i farmaceutskih studija. U novije vreme se sve više pažnje poklanja upoznavanju njihovog ligninolitičkog enzimskog sistema, u cilju uspešne primene u različitim biotehnološkim procesima. Za razliku od G. lucidum, čiji je ligninolitički sistem intenzivno proučavan, ostale vrste ovog roda su retko bile objekti istraživanja. G. carnosum se teško morfološki razlikuje od G. lucidum. i još uvek nije biohemijski proučena, pa je cilj našeg istraživanja bio analiza produkcije Mn-oksidujućih peroksidaza i lakaza u uslovima čvrste kultivacije, na različitim biljnim ostacima (pšenična slama, stabljike kukuruza, piljevina hrasta i vinove loze) u prisustvu azota u obliku NH4NO3 i u koncentracijama od 10 mM, odnosno 20 mM. Maksimum produkcije Mn-zavisne peroksidaze dobijen je na pšeničnoj slami pri koncentraciji azota od 10 mM (56.82 U/l). Piljevina vinove loze i koncentracija azota od 10 mM bili su optimalni za sintezu verzatil peroksidaze (80.80 U/l). Dobijena aktivnost lakaza je bila izuzetno niska u medijumu sa pšeničnom slamom (1.80 U/l), dok na ostalim biljnim ostacima nije zabeležena. Maksimalni sadržaj ukupnih proteina je bio najveći u medijumu sa piljevinom hrasta kao izvorom ugljenika i koncentracijom azota od 10 mM. Projekat ministarstva br. 143041

Kroz povijest zrakoplovstva, operativne mogućnosti zrakoplova i tehnologija su napredovali dramatično brže nego što su se ljudi stigli prilagoditi. Porast globalnog dugo-linijskog, regionalnog, teretnog noćnog i domaćeg kratko-linijskog zračnog prometa zahtijeva 24-satno radno vrijeme. Podržavanje 24-satnih operacija uključuje smjenski rad, noćni rad, rad u nekoliko vremenskih zona te promjenjivi i nepredvidivi raspored rada letačkih posada. Takvo radno vrijeme i specifično letačko okruženje (kokpit zrakoplova) često utječu na poremećaje spavanja, poremećaje cirkadijskog ritma što može rezultirati umorom, akumuliranim gubitkom sna i smanjenom pažnjom tijekom kritičnih faza leta (polijetanje/slijetanje). Vrlo važnu ulogu u smanjenju rizika umora ima planiranje rasporeda letačkih operacija koje, osim ekonomskih i zakonskih normi, moraju uzeti u obzir problematiku umora.

The aim was to study the influence of Kennedy classification on alveolar bone density changes around the abutment teeth of removable partial denture (RPD) clasp and rests. A total of 50 examinees of both gender wearing RPDs were included in the study. Changes of bone density around the abutment teeth were determined by an intraoral microdensitometry method. Standard retroalveolar radiographs were obtained twice: the first one at the RPD delivery and the second one after a period of 3 month of denture wearing. The copper stepwedge consisting of 5 steps (0.1–0.1 mm) was attached to the radiograph prior to exposure in order to calibrate it. Seven regions of interest (ROI) in different position close to the root of the abutment tooth were selected on each radiograph, all 10 pixels in size. Grey levels of each ROI were measured and were converted into equivalents of the copper stepwedge thickness using the third degree polynomial in order to compare the difference of bone density between the two radiographs. The results indicated that Kennedy classification had no significant influence on the change of bone density in RPD patients during first 3 month of RPD wearing (ANOVA: p>0.05).

Cilj istraživanja bio je istražiti učinak kroničnog stresa, okluzijske interferencije te njihov zajednički učinak na bol maseteričnog mišića

Kainic acid (KA) is used as an experimental agent which produces convulsions and neurotoxic lesions. Lamotrigine (LTG) is an antiepileptic drug, a glutamate release inhibitor, with action at the neuronal voltage-gated sodium channel. The aim of the present study was to investigate the Na+-K+-ATPase activity in the hippocampus and cortex of rats with KA-induced convulsions. Further, this study was also designed to investigate the influence of the LTG pre-treatment on the mentioned hippocampal and cortex changes.The study was carried out on Hannover-Wistar rats. Na+, K+-ATPase activity from hippocampal and temporal cortex tissue was determined two hours after a single subcutaneous KA (8 mg/kg) injection as well as on the third or the fifth experimental day. LTG (30 mg/kg i.p.) was used one hour before KA application and during the next two or four consecutive days. All animals of KA and KA+LTG groups were observed during the first 2 hours after KA application and their behavior was noted. Only animals with characteristically KA-induced behavioral changes observed were used in the study. KA typical behavioral changes were confirmed with electroencephalography.After KA application, Na+, K+-ATPase activity was significantly inhibited. Na+-K+-ATPase activity inhibition in the hippocampus of the LTG pretreated rats on the fifth experimental day was statistically less pronounced than in KA treated rats. The LTG pretreatment showed also a protective effect on the Na+-K+-ATPase activity in the rats' brain cortex.KA systemic application induced Na+, K+- ATPase activity inhibition in the rat hippocampus and cortex and LTG pre-treatment showed a partially protective effect on the enzyme activity.

The treatment of hypercholesterolemia with statins (or HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors) has an important place in the prevention of atherosclerosis. The aim of this study was to detect changes in statins usage and the effects of generic statins introduction on the national reimbursement list. Drug utilization and financial expenditure data were analyzed for statins prescribed by GPs. The data were obtained from the Croatian National Health Insurance Institute for the six-year period (2001-2006). Drug utilization data are presented in defined daily doses/1000 inhabitants/day (DDD/1000), while financial expenditure data are presented in Euros. In the period 2001-2006, the usage of statins increased 4.48 times (from 10.01 to 44.86 DDD/1000) while the related expenditure increased 3.16 times. The highest growth of 109.38% was in 2003 (in comparison to 2002) i.e. from 9.82 to 20.56 DDD/1000, and the related expenditure increased 1.8 times. The share of generic drugs increased from 1.01% to 45.38%. For the entire period simvastatin and atorvastatin remained not only the most frequently prescribed statins (ranging from 86.30% in 2001 to 95.97% in 2004), but also had the highest financial share (83.96% in 2001 to 90.27% in 2006). Share of generic simvastatin and atorvastatin increased from 1.17% to 49.64%. The usage of statins in Croatia increased considerably during the investigated period, especially in 2003 as a result of a legal change (the new Insurance Act) with the introduction of supplementary health insurance. The introduction of generic statins and restrictive measures on Croatian drug market slowed down the increase of financial expenditure.

Objektivizacija boli predstavlja trajni problem u dijagnostici orofacijalne boli mišićnog podrijetla. Algometar (FDK 5, Wagner Instruments, CT, SAD) naprava je koja doziranim pritiskom mjeri prag boli te omogućuje njezinu numeričku kvantifikaciju. Istraživanje je obavljeno na Klinici za stomatologiju KBC-a Rijeka. Ukupno je bilo obrađeno 97 ispitanika. Anamnestičko testiranje boli provedeno je pomoću ljestvice VAS (0-10) te verbalno-deskriptivnom ljestvicom (0-nema boli, 1-blaga, 2-neugodna, 3-iscrpljujuća, 4-strašna, 5-mučna). Klinički pregled obavljen je u skladu s RDC/TMD-om. Algometar je uporablejn na području temporalnog mišića (prednji, srednji i stražnji) te masetera (polazište, tijelo, hvatište). Kod 39 ispitanika bila je postavljena dijagnoza orofacijalne boli. Usporedba podataka dobivenih anamnestičim pregledom i podataka kliničkog mjerenja algometrom pokazala je znatnu korelaciju. Korelacija je velika i u usporedbi rezultata dobivenih ljestvicom VAS i verbalno-deskriptivnom ljestvicom (r=0, 694 ; p

Odabir poslovnog modela s obzirom na konkurentsku poziciju na zrakoplovnom tržištu prvi je korak u provedbi logistike zračnog prijevoza. Ukoliko se radi o putničkom zračnom prijevozu nužno je odlučiti o strukturi flote i modelu održavanja flote. Istovremeno, valja definirati rutnu mrežu i opsluživanje parova gradova prigodnim redom letenja. Novi tehnološko-operativni čimbenici vrlo su značajni u definiranju logistike zračnog prijevoza, osobito široka primjena elektronskog ticketinga. Konačno sve bitniju ulogu imaju i kvalitativni pokazatelji točnosti i zadovoljstva korisnika usluga koji se moraju pomno pratiti, analizirati i uspoređivati.

To determine the influence of global cerebral ischemia on the activation of extracellular-regulated kinases (ERK) and c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK) in optic nerves of rats exposed to different reperfusion periods. Transient global cerebral ischemia (20-min duration) was induced by the four-vessel occlusion method. After different reperfusion periods (5 and 10 min ; 1 ; 6 and 12 h after ischemia), optic nerves were extracted and ERK and JNK activation signals were determined by Western immunoblot analyses. The activation signals of ERK and JNK were detected within first 10 min of reperfusion, but striking activation for both enzymes was found 1 h after ischemia. After transient decrease, the activation of ERK returned to peak level after 12 h of reperfusion in the second wave of kinase activation. In that period, slight increase of JNK activation was registered. Our results demonstrated for the first time that ERK and JNK were activated in rat optic nerves during early and later periods of reperfusion, suggesting their potential active role in the response of cerebral white matter tissue to ischemic injury.

Composite materials are increasingly being used in anterior aesthetic restorations. In this indication not only color and translucency, but also surface gloss is of paramount importance. The purpose of this study was to determine the changes in surface gloss of different composite materials after simulation of mechanical ageing mechanisms. Twelve specimens were fabricated for each material and polished with 120-, 220-, 500-, 1200-, 2400- and 4000- grit SiC abrasive paper, respectively. Gloss measurements were made with a glossometer (Novocurve) prior to testing procedures. Specimens were subjected to simulated toothbrushing with an electrical toothbrush while being immersed in toothpaste. Surface gloss measurements were made subsequently. Surface gloss of all the materials was affected by simulated toothbrushing and the decrease of gloss was material dependent. Artificial materials available nowadays try to mimic natural enamels’ appearance without reaching a complete success. New developments in nanotechnology, however, let us to imagine that in the future more tooth-like materials could be developed which will present better optical properties and allow enhanced esthetic outcomes.