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International audience; 30 ans exactement après sa création , l'espace Schengen élargi connaîtrait une crise sans précédent sinon son agonie. La « crise de l'espace Schengen » n'est qu'une crise parmi d'autres que connaît l'Europe aujourd'hui. Toutes ces crises dont on parle quotidiennement sont liées ; elles s'entremêlent et ne sont en réalité que des visages différents d'une même crise d'ordre politique, économique, social, moral, historique, religieux, démographique, idéologique, identitaire ou encore philosophique. En ce sens, iil n'y a pas eu une quelconque crise migratoire en Europe même depuis 2011, mais une crise de l'Europe face à une arrivée certes importante de migrants mais à peine plus que celle qu'elle avait pu connaître dans les années 1990 dans le contexte des conflits en ex-Yougoslavie.

Since the late 1980s, the SNP has tried to use EU membership to promote independence. In the early 1990s this was strengthened by the Maastricht Treaty which introduced the subsidiarity principle, allowing Scotland to bypass the British State thanks to the concept of multi-level governance. Nevertheless, the promise of EU membership did not always make things easier for the SNP. It aroused many concerns about the evolution of borders in the advent of an independent Scotland which would be part of the EU. Three main questions were raised: would Scotland be required to join the Schengen Area as a condition of EU membership? Would it be able to remain part of the Common Travel Area (CTA)? Would it be able to manage its borders? Scotland’s prospective EU membership gave rise to much uncertainty and increased some of the fears linked to the prospect of Scotland becoming an independent country. This paper will consequently examine how the concerns about Scotland’s independence and its prospective EU membership were intertwined and impacted upon the referendum debate as far as borders were concerned. I will focus on the problem raised by a possible requirement for Scotland to join the Schengen Area as part of EU membership. I will also examine the concerns aroused by these issues during the referendum debate, analysing the main arguments used by the nationalists and the pro-Union side. Finally, I will try to assess to what extent these concerns were justified. Depuis la fin des années 1980, le SNP a tenté d’utiliser la question européenne pour promouvoir l’indépendance. Il a été encouragé à poursuivre dans cette direction durant les années 1990 : le traité de Maastricht, qui a introduit le principe de subsidiarité, permettait effectivement à l’Écosse de contourner l’État britannique au sein d’une « gouvernance multi-niveaux ». Pourtant, l’UE n’a pas toujours facilité la tâche du SNP. En témoigne la campagne du dernier référendum sur l’indépendance écossaise de 2014, durant laquelle la question de la future adhésion de l’Écosse à l’UE a suscité diverses interrogations quant à l’évolution de ses frontières : une Écosse indépendante serait-elle contrainte d’adhérer à la zone Schengen si elle voulait rester membre de l’UE ? Pourrait-elle continuer à faire partie de la zone de circulation commune ? Pourrait-elle contrôler ses frontières ? La future adhésion de l’Écosse à l’UE a engendré diverses inquiétudes, amplifiant les craintes déjà suscitées par la perspective d’une Écosse indépendante. Dans cet article, nous expliquerons donc dans quelle mesure les inquiétudes relatives à l’indépendance de l’Écosse et à sa future adhésion à l’UE étaient liées et nous examinerons leurs effets sur le débat référendaire. Nous nous concentrerons sur la question des frontières et notamment sur le problème soulevé par une éventuelle adhésion forcée de l’Écosse à la zone Schengen. Nous étudierons aussi les craintes exprimées à cette occasion et les principaux arguments mis en avant par les camps nationaliste et unioniste. Enfin, nous tenterons de déterminer dans quelle mesure ces craintes étaient justifiées.

Las prácticas fronterizas de la Unión Europea tienen que comprenderse en el contexto general de la construcción europea aplicada desde los años cincuenta según el principio European Peace by Open Borders. El artículo aborda sucesivamente los principales aspectos de las prácticas fronterizas de la Union Europea, es decir, la eliminación de los obstáculos físicos en las fronteras interiores, la cooperación transfronteriza, la ordenación y la gobernanza fronterizas. Algunas observaciones son dedicadas a las Eurorregiones y al Espacio de Schengen. La cuestión de las fronteras exteriores de la Unión Europea pone de relieve el dilema de fronterización-refronterización. Las fronteras de la Unión Europea necesitan una re-evaluacion y una re-escritura geográcas. The EU’s border experiences have to be understood within the general context of the European construction at work since the 1950s according to the principle European Peace by Open Borders. The paper succesively scrutinizes the key aspects of the EU’s border issues, i.e. erasing the physical obstacles at the inner borders, cross-border cooperation, border planning and governance. Some analyzes are devoted to the Euroregions and the Schengen Area. The problem of the EU’s outer border highlights the debordering-rebordering dilemma. The EU’s borders need a geographical reevaluation and rewriting. Les pratiques frontalières de l’Union Européenne doivent de comprende dans le contexte général de la construcción européene à l’oeuvre depuis les années 1950 selon le príncipe European Peace by Open Bordes. L’article aborde successivament les principaux aspects des practiques frontalières de l’Union Européenne: gommage des obstacles physiques frontalières coopération transfrontalière, aménagement et gouvernance transfrontaliers. Des analyses son consacrées aux Eurorégions et à l’Espace Schengen. Le probléme des frontières extérieures de l’Union Européenne mer en relief le dilemme défrontérisation-refrontérisation. Les frontières de l’Union Européenne on besoin d’une réévaluation et d’une réécriture gégraphiques 9-19 al.sanguin@orange.fr semestral

У статті досліджено етапи формування спільної міграційної політики України та Європейського Союзу, розкрито зміст основних політичних документів, що визначають напрями та інструменти політики ЄС та України у сфері міграції, викладено норми законодавства, прийнятого на їх виконання. Проаналізовано співпрацю України з Європейським Союзом у галузі регулювання міграційних процесів та запропоновано окремі рекомендації, реалізація яких сприяла б удосконаленню міграційної політики України у відповідності до європейських стандартів.The article considers the stages of setting up a joint migration policy of Ukraine and the European Union, the content of the main political documents, which define the directions and policy instruments of the EU and Ukraine in the field of migration, describes the norms of legislation adopted to promote and facilitate their implementation. In the focus of attention is cooperation between Ukraine and the European Union in the management of migration processes and certain recommendations, implementation of which would help to improve Ukraine's migration policy in compliance with European standards. The recommendations are worked out in terms of the perspective of abolition of the visa regime for Ukrainians, deepening the relations with various countries of the EU as a result of the association, which will inevitably intensify cross-border mobility in the western direction. The article places importance on the need for implementation of the acquis communautaire in the subsequent integration of Ukraine with the EU. Thus the study of the developments and the use of EU migration policy seem to be extremely important.

Con la crisis de los refugiados, la UE parece haberse adentrado con sus competencias compartidas, de una manera posibilista, en forjar una política razonablemente efectiva de control de fronteras exteriores, enmarcada en el control migratorio, que comporte igualmente relaciones con este fin con los países del entorno, adaptadas a cada país. Naturalmente que se trata de una reacción ante la crisis, y las medidas que se toman van conformando una estrategia –antes inexistente- para solventar esta problemática; No hay que extrañarse por este planteamiento que conlleva deficiencias en la respuestas a la crisis, ya que se trata del tradicional método “comunitario” de funcionamiento, y por lo tanto son reacciones puntuales las que hacen avanzar funcionalmente la integración -como es el caso reciente del Reglamento de la Guardia de fronteras y costas-. Independientemente de las reacciones de la UE y los Estados, conviene inscribir la crisis y las medidas de la UE en un contexto más general de modificaciones esenciales de las funciones fronterizas, y del mismo concepto de frontera internacional. En efecto, parece que nos encontramos ante cambios de envergadura en la concepción y funciones de la frontera, cambios que parecen también proyectarse especialmente en la UE. Claro que la Frontera pervive, cambiando de sentido y forma a través de los siglos. Si hoy, tras larga evolución, la frontera es una línea divisoria entre entidades estatales, las funciones que históricamente cumple han ido igualmente evolucionando. En efecto, la frontera y las funciones que cumple -frontera límite, frontera-lugar de control, o como lugar de cooperación- han conocido evoluciones diferenciadas. Uno de los logros de la integración europea es precisamente haber desarrollado un modelo propio de fronteras, en el que la función de control fronterizo se ha adaptado a la realidad de la integración y del espacio Schengen, reordenando las funciones de poder público de vigilancia y control fronterizo entre los Estados miembros. De esta manera, el Modelo europeo de fronteras ya transformó la concepción tradicional de frontera, con la supresión de controles de fronteras interiores (y las correlativas medidas securitarias, e innovaciones en Derecho Internacional como la generalización de la persecución “en caliente” terrestre) . Aparentemente, ahora este modelo europeo se adentra decididamente en su adaptación a la faceta externa de la vigilancia y control de las fronteras exteriores europeas. Se trata de establecer un Modelo europeo de fronteras con un control diferenciado y adaptado a los amplios territorios fronterizos de la Unión. Pero crear un sistema o modelo de fronteras exteriores propio y diferenciado es más complejo que el modelo supresor de los controles interiores: a diferencia del modelo inicial de fronteras interiores/exteriores instaurado tras recibirse el caudal Schengen con el Tratado de Ámsterdam de 1997, hay elementos que la UE y los Estados no pueden por sí mismos crear u ordenar: necesitan a los Estados terceros mediterráneos, ya que para cambiar las funciones de la frontera exterior europea se requiere el acuerdo de los Estados terceros. Además un modelo evolucionado y propio de Frontera Exterior europea debe tener una coherente imbricación con la política exterior y los flujos migratorios africanos y orientales. En buena lógica, debería ser la resultante de un proyecto previo constitucional de ciudadanía, inmigración y extranjería europea; pero esto como decimos es un modo de proceder contrario al tradicional modo funcionalista de integración por pequeños pasos, que por definición no parte de una previa “construcción de conjunto”. Sin embargo, la envergadura y drama de la crisis requiere ampliar la perspectiva de respuesta, al menos como estrategia de conjunto, en estos momentos de creciente intensidad normativa de la Unión en estos temas. En realidad, dada la generalizada percepción de vulnerabilidad del cinturón fronterizo exterior meridional, estamos ante lo que parece una tendencia inevitable en Europa, con diversas manifestaciones de nuevas y complejas funciones de control de fronteras que albergan ahora numerosos aspectos problemáticos; con instrumentos de control que se proyectan no sólo en la línea de frontera, sino en diferentes lugares y espacios de los territorios liminares europeo y de otros Estados limítrofes. De esta tendencia se considera que existen numerosas manifestaciones, todas referidas a problemáticas extraterritoriales del ejercicio de funciones de frontera, en los márgenes o fuera del territorio de la Unión, con instrumentos europeos de control pre-fronterizo , y que han recibido diversas denominaciones . Es el caso por ejemplo de la idea recurrente de crear un centro en el norte de África para alojar a los demandantes de asilo mientras se procesan sus solicitudes en Europea, hoy por hoy sin posible cobertura legal internacional o europea . A mi juicio, la nueva Política de Fronteras Exteriores deberá afrontar esta separación de las funciones de control respecto a la frontera-línea exterior, que implica el desplazamiento extraterritorial de ciertas funciones de control fronterizo en los márgenes de Europa. Desde esta perspectiva de cambio en el concepto y funciones de la frontera exterior europea, lo que se está planteando o forjando en mi opinión es un nuevo Modelo de Frontera Exterior, donde la Frontera no sea sólo una línea donde ejercer todas las funciones de control fronterizo; sino que habría que entenderla más como un territorio que como una línea, un espacio fronterizo amplio en el que podrían llevarse a cabo determinadas funciones de control y acceso al territorio UE, comprendida la tramitación de solicitudes de asilo, la retención de llegada de refugiados , o la ejecución de acuerdos de retorno y devolución de inmigrantes y refugiados . Por tanto la frontera, a efectos de tareas labores de control, se transformaría funcionalmente en un amplio espacio territorial y marítimo, variable, de territorios limítrofes e islas bajo soberanía de un Estado UE y un Estado tercero fronterizo. Desde luego, en el concepto internacional de frontera no es una novedad la no coincidencia entre frontera-límite y frontera-lugar de control ; pero sí la pretensión de adelantar sistemáticamente los instrumentos de control fronterizo de acceso al territorio europeo, en un nuevo modelo juridico-institucional fronterizo evolucionado. Así, este modelo europeo de frontera exterior se inscribiría en una tendencia general de la sociedad internacional de la globalización, que afirma las fronteras aunque alterando su concepción, funciones y componentes de base territorial . En el caso europeo, este nuevo modelo comportaría una desagregación de ciertas funciones fronterizas, como el control de acceso, en un amplio espacio liminar terrestre o marítimo. El problema es claro cómo garantizar la aplicación del Derecho y los valores europeos en estos territorios liminares concéntricos de Europa. Este retorno a los amplios márgenes fronterizos en lugar de las fronteras lineales, donde la UE proyecta su poder en búsqueda de seguridad y de protección de intereses esenciales , es un fenómeno que debe embridarse con el Derecho y la vigilancia del cumplimiento del Derecho internacional y europeo de Derechos Humanos. La crisis de refugiados está teniendo un efecto añadido sobre las Fronteras europeas, y todo parece indicar que podemos encontrarnos ante una evolución del modelo funcional de control en el acceso al territorio de la Unión. Pero una verdadera Política de Fronteras Exteriores europea requiere concebir desde los valores europeos un nuevo Modelo de fronteras, donde, acomodado entre las políticas de inmigración y de PESC, las funciones de control se desarrollen con plenas garantías de cumplimiento del Derecho, en un contexto de Derechos Humanos y de cooperación transfronteriza con los territorios liminares europeos.

The Analysis of Counter-terrorism Policy in Great Britain via the Application of the Concept of Europeanization. The main objective of this study is the application of the concept of Europeanization to the area of the counter-terrorism policy. Europeanization is then illustrated on several institutional and legislative milestones in the evolution of the fight against terrorism. Due to the mutual interactions between the national and supranational level, the processes of change can be observed within Great Britain as well as on the EU level. The text is structured chronologically into the following parts: the initial formation of the fight against terrorism, the period after 11/9, the period after the terrorist attacks on two European cities, and finally the current form of counter-terrorism policy in the context of the Lisbon treaty.

International audience; International migrations during the two decades following the fall of Ceausescu's regime saw evolutions in their legal context, their forms, their destinations and motivations. Political changes of the year 1989, the hardening of European migratory policies in the 90's, the partial opening of the Schengen area to Romanians in 2002, the entry of Romania in the European Union in 2007 have defined the different stages of these migrations. The text highlights the main outlines of these migrations before making the assessment about their consequences for Romania and its people; Les dynamiques migratoires durant les deux décennies postérieures à la chute du régime Ceausescu ont été variées dans leur contexte réglementaire, leurs formes, leurs destinations, leurs motivations. Le changement de régime en 1989, le durcissement des politiques migratoires européennes, l'ouverture partielle de l'espace Schengen aux Roumains en 2002, l'entrée de la Roumanie dans l'Union européenne rythment les étapes de ces migrations dont nous retraçons les grandes lignes avant d'esquisser un bilan pour la Roumanie et ses habitants.

International audience; Analyses of security practices at borders have focused on the dematerialisation and de-territorialisation of control of individuals’ mobility. This paper explores the nature of the control the state still exercises over individuals’ mobility at national borders. It focuses on a border that is supposed to have been opened, between France and Italy, inside the Schengen Area. It is based on analysis of the practices, representations and organisation of French border police officers, beginning with the legal and organisational transformations due to implementation of the Schengen Convention at the France–Italy border. It then turns to the study of border police officers’ targeting practices, using Heyman's notion of a ‘plausible story’. Finally, it assesses the influence of deportation practices on the territoriality of the control of individuals’ mobility, as well as its effects on targeting practices. These borders are at the core of the interaction between the construction of a new, European political centre, and the affirmation of an older one, the national, political centre. This paper demonstrates that border police officers are in charge of dealing with the tension, a double bind of sorts, emerging from this interaction. National, internal borders are still a site in which the state manages individuals’ mobility.

The bachelor thesis aims to elaborate the role of Frontex agency and its sufficiency in coping with the migration crisis. The criteria chosen were quantitative aspects (the budget and the number of detentions of illegal border crossings over the external borders), and qualitative aspects evaluated with content analysis based on proclamations of the representatives of European bodies (European Council, European Parliament and European Commission) in the year 2015. Main designated activities were operational, on the base of the analysis of agency´s mandate. Therefore, the main role of the agency is both coordination and assistant. The rule, that member states and their border forces are responsible for external borders protection, still applies. This statement is the main problematic issue and despite Frontex has been successful in its role, all the investigated European institutions agrees that the mandate of the agency should be inevitably strengthened to improve protection of external borders.

V diplomskem delu je predstavljena zakonska ureditev carinske politike v Republiki Sloveniji, ki se prepleta z evropskim pravnim redom, kjer osnovna carinska pravila opredeljuje Carinski zakonik Skupnosti. Naloge carinske službe opravlja Carinski urad Republike Slovenije, ki pri svojem delu uporablja tako mednarodno kot nacionalno pravo. The thesis presents the regulation of customs policy in Slovenia, which intertwines with EU legislation, where basic customs rules defining the Community Customs Code . The tasks of the customs service performs Customs Office of the Republic of Slovenia, which uses the international as well as national law at work.

Przedmiotem rozważań niniejszego artykułu są zagadnienia związane z funkcjonowaniem strefy Schengen w czasie kryzysu imigracyjnego, jaki dotknął Europę w 2015 roku i w pierwszej połowie 2016 roku. W rozważaniach odniesiono się do genezy, istoty i znaczenia obszaru Schengen w procesie integrowania się kontynentu europejskiego. Przeanalizowano zjawisko niekontrolowanego wzrostu imigrantów przybywających do Europy pod względem ilościowym, uwzględniając jego skutki i znaczenie dla istnienia obszaru Schengen. Zwrócono uwagę na decyzje państw strefy Schengen, które w obawie przed narastającą falą imigrantów wprowadzały tymczasowe kontrole na granicach. Uwzględniono inicjatywy podejmowane przez państwa europejskie w celu rozwiązana kryzysu imigracyjnego, ale i wyeksponowano brak solidarności w tych działaniach. W konkluzji autorka stwierdza, iż w najbliższym czasie strefa Schengen się nie rozpadnie, ale żeby przetrwała musi się zaadoptować do nowych okoliczności za pomocą reform i wzmocnić kontrole na granicach zewnętrznych. The subject of the consideration in this article are issues related to the functioning of the Schengen area in times of the 2015/2016 immigration crisis in Europe. The Author of this article firstly referred to the origins of the crisis, the role of the Schengen area in the process of integrating the European continent, and then analyzed the phenomenon of uncontrolled growth of immigrants coming to Europe, taking into account decisions, initiatives and activities of certain Schengen area countries and the impact of these actions on running of the Schengen zone. In conclusion, the author stated that in times of serious difficulties, the Schengen area would probably survive, but it has to undertake certain steps (reforms, strengthening of the external border controls) helping to adapt to the new circumstances.

The aim of this bachelor's thesis is to provide readers with overview of Czech air transport, its importance, system of regulation and presentation of the most important players in the air transport market and their roles. Furthermore, this thesis focuses on changes that occured as a result of Czech republic's accession to the European Union and to the Schengen Area. It also deals with common legislation, projects and developmet after 2004.

Europska unija kao jedinstven postmoderni politički sustav redefinira državnost, suverenost i teritorijalnost te pri tome mijenja tradicionalni značaj teritorija i državnih granica. Europske integracije za posljedicu imaju razgradnju postojećih prostornih referentnih okvira (deteritorijalizaciju), ali istovremeno i reteritorijalizaciju, odnosno stvaranje novih prostornih odnosa i referentnih okvira. Širenjem Europske unije šire se i pogranično-carinski mehanizmi koji iznova naglašavaju ulogu kontrole teritorija i važnost prostornog razgraničenja. Dinamičnu ulogu i značaj teritorija u politici možemo zorno pratiti na slučaju Hrvatske. Ratno iskustvo stvaranja suvremene hrvatske države duboko je obilježeno ključnom ulogom teritorija i teritorijalnosti u politici. Pristupanjem Hrvatske Europskoj uniji dolazi do rušenja granica prema drugim zemljama članicama, no istovremeno dolazi do uspostave novih razgraničenja prema postjugoslavenskom susjedstvu. Tri slučaja, tj. granični prijepori Hrvatske sa Srbijom, Bosnom i Hercegovinom te Crnom Gorom pokazuju višestrukost značenja teritorija u politici te nemogućnost odvajanja političkog od teritorijalnog., The European Union, a unique postmodern political system, redefines statehood, sovereignty and territoriality and thus changes the traditional significance of territory and state borders. European integration causes the dismantling of existing spatial referential frames (deterritorialization), yet simultaneously fosters reterritorialization, i.e. the creation of new spatial relations and referential frames. European Union enlargement includes expansion of border and customs mechanisms which yet again emphasizes the role of territorial control and the importance of spatial boundary-drawing. The dynamic role and significance of territory in politics can be especially seen in the Croatian case. The war experience in recent Croatian history is linked with the imagining of territory and territoriality in politics. The accession of Croatia into EU is the first step towards de facto dismantling of borders towards other members-states within the Schengen system, yet at the same time it creates new dimensions to the boundaries towards the post-Yugoslav neighborhood. The three cases, i.e. borders disputes of Croatia with Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Montenegro illustrate the multi-facetted meaning of territory in politics and the inability to separate the political from the territorial.

The Bachelor´s thesis named "The change of the drug scene in the Czech Republic after entering the Schengen area" is a theoretical work regarding the drug criminal acitvities. The first part is dedicated to clarification of terms, structuring the criminal activities connected with drugs, national minorities in the Czech Republic which are involved in this criminal activities and transport ways for drug smuggling. Then there follow the sub-chapters about the represive authorities of the Czech Republic, European Union and in more details about the Schengen area. The last topic of the first chapter is concentrated on important organizations acting in the fight against drugs. The aim of this thesis was to bring this isme closer to readers in the most easy way, that is why the neccessary quotation from the law is done from secondary literature quite often, and that is easier for understanding. The aim of this thesis is to find out how much the drug scene have changed in the Czech Republic during the four years of membership in the Schengen Agreement. The analysis was done for 8 years, that is for four years before the enter and for four years after the enter into the Schengen area. I concentrated on finding out which kinds of drugs are now appearing at the black market of the Czech Republic, which national minorities are involved the most into the drug criminal activities in the territory of the Czech Republic and on how much the number of arrested foreigners rose in connection with drug criminal activities in comparison with the previous four years period. The analysis was done on the basis of the annual reports of the National Anti-drug Unit of the Czech Police. These annual reports contain also the results of the Customs Administration, Customs Drug Enforcement Unit, and thanks to this fact the analysed sample is relevant. Thanks to the analysis there was found an extrem growth of the number of foreign offenders - their number doubled in comparison with the period before entering the Schengen area. The biggest number of arrested foreign offenders are of Vietnamese and Slovakian nationality. The most surprising result was the growth of number of arrested offenders of Nigerian nationality. Also in the field of seized drugs there has been a change. While in the case of extasy the seized amount rapidly lowered, the cannabis and metamphetamine (pervitin in Czech) rapidly rose. The other analysed drugs are keeping the same place on the territory of the Czech Republic and the difference of individual years in the seized amount is not high. The issue of drug criminal activities commited by foreigners is more and more live and current topic. The issue of the drug kriminality commited by the foreigners is more and more achal topis and the entrance into the Schengen area has a big influence on increasing amonut of foreigners in the Czech Republic. Apart from that another important feature is in the growth of number of foreigners in the Czech Republic also the asylum politics of the state. It is possible to use this thesis as the source of information for broad lay public or for the purpose of education and training.

The aim of the thesis entitled Changes in the visa policy of the Czech Republic after accession into the Schengen Area' is the outline and summary of changes that occurred in the area of visa policy of the Czech Republic after accession to the Schengen Area. You will also learn how these changes affected the citizens from other countries, who travel to the Czech Republic for a visa or visa waiver, and to what extent the adoption of the Schengen acquis affected their stay on the Czech territory. The thesis focuses primarily on short visits. Rules for long stays remained the responsibility of particular states and thus are not harmonized within the European Union. It should be noted that the adoption of the Schengen acguis for holders of long-term visas and residence permits holders modified the travel opportunities in the Schengen Area. The introduction of the thesis presents the rules of common visa policy that the states within the Schengen Area apply. Subsequently, the thesis deals with the implementation of the Schengen standards into the visa policy of the Czech Republic and how the adoption influenced the issuing of visas. In conclusion, the impact of the accession to the Schengen Area on specific cases is presented through case studies. Ukraine is listed as a country with a visa requirement,...

The relation between the immigration policies and state sovereignty in the European Union (EU) is both a most topical and controversial issue. The dissertation is conceived as a disciplinary interpretative study based on the concept of four types of sovereignty by S. Krasner. This approach allows to interpret the seeming contradiction between a state perceived as a sole actor in the area of immigration policy and the communitarization of the immigration policy at the EU level. By using the analysis of discourse as well as of practice, this thesis acknowledges shifts of power to the EU, but stresses that these shifts represent strengthening of other factors of power and control at the same time. Thus, in certain, particularly security, aspects, European harmonization of immigration policy can reinforce state sovereignty. It applies to the external as well as internal dimensions of the EU immigration policy that a part of the policy remains to be decided at the national level. Nevertheless, also the communitarized area offers the member states a significant room for discretion. Thus, there is still considerable tension between the idea of solidarity between member states on one hand and their national interests on the other and the common European immigration policy remains to be achieved in future.

The aim of this bachelor's thesis is to analyse the process of the Czech republic's entrance to the Schengen area. In the beginning of the thesis is described the content of Schengen agreements and their inclusion in the creation of a single market. Second part is dedicated to preparations and measures, which the Czech Republic had to take and accept on the way to Schengen. The effects resulting for the Czech Republic from participation in Schengen area are evaluated in the last part.

Foreigners and their employers violate the legislation in the Czech Republic in connection with illegal stay and illegal employment. The objective of this thesis is to analyze how this violation occurs. The theoretical part of the thesis analysed, through the method of a secondary data analysis, the laws and documents relating to the issue of foreigners? stay and employment. The research part of this thesis is focused on employment checks carried out by labour offices, the Alien Police and the customs administration in 2009. Processing this thesis part involved the method of data analysis and the method of questioning when the data from the staff of these institutions was acquired through the technique of structured interviews. After evaluating the research results, the hypothesis of the thesis was confirmed; the hypothesis stated that the number of illegally employed foreigners has increased after the Czech Republic joined the Schengen area countries. This thesis may serve as a learning aid for customs officers who will be entrusted with checks of foreigners? employment. For this reason, the research part of the thesis detailed checks of foreigners? employment as carried out by customs authorities.

The aim of this work is to determine whether an entry into the Schengen area changes in the areas of immigration and crime in the country. The work describes the process of accession to the Schengen area, analyzes the impact of entry on crime and immigration workers, not least in analyzing the impact of these factors on economic development and provides solutions to the CR. The thesis compares the situation before, commenting on what caused the movement of these indicators and outlines their development. Comparing statistical work completely refutes the belief that the mere release of the border for the movement of these factors, either upwards or downwards.

Great Britain and Ireland enjoy in relation to the Schengen Area special treatment. The aim of this work is to analyze their specific position and estimate its tenability. Bachelor thesis presents different reasons which led the states to their attitude to the Schengen and which have formed the base of their averse attitude till now. Knowledge from European legistature is used to outline current legal framework of both states's exemptions and followed by the evaluation of the consequent positives and negatives. I suggest also prognoses of the further development in Schengen cooperation in relation the European Union as a unit and recommodations for its tenability.

International audience; International migrations during the two decades following the fall of Ceausescu's regime saw evolutions in their legal context, their forms, their destinations and motivations. Political changes of the year 1989, the hardening of European migratory policies in the 90's, the partial opening of the Schengen area to Romanians in 2002, the entry of Romania in the European Union in 2007 have defined the different stages of these migrations. The text highlights the main outlines of these migrations before making the assessment about their consequences for Romania and its people; Les dynamiques migratoires durant les deux décennies postérieures à la chute du régime Ceausescu ont été variées dans leur contexte réglementaire, leurs formes, leurs destinations, leurs motivations. Le changement de régime en 1989, le durcissement des politiques migratoires européennes, l'ouverture partielle de l'espace Schengen aux Roumains en 2002, l'entrée de la Roumanie dans l'Union européenne rythment les étapes de ces migrations dont nous retraçons les grandes lignes avant d'esquisser un bilan pour la Roumanie et ses habitants.

In this disertation I deal with the problem of illegal migration in our country after the year 1989 from the Police forces point of view. I try to compare streams of migration from the historical aspect {--} which is represented by beginning or fall of iron curtain and evaluace the situation after the entry to the European Union. Next I want to analyze the phenomenon of illegal migration in the frame of graduate spreading of the Schengen Area a I try to resume stats of the illegal migration from The Czech Statistical Office and Ministry of the Interior of the Czech Republic. That is way I want to refer to that illegal migrants we can allure to the final state by legal way when we use unitary and synoptical imigration laws and cooperation with the third countries.

Tyrimo problema: iki šiol Lietuvoje laikomasi nuomonės, kad migracija nacionaliniam saugumui grėsmės nekelia, nes imigracija į šalį yra nedidelė ir valstybė nėra potencialiu teroristinių išpuolių taikiniu. Viena vertus, būdama skurdesnė už Vakarų Europos valstybes, Lietuva išties vis dar nėra imigracijos traukos objektu. Tačiau nuo 2007 metų gruodžio 21 d. padėtis pradėjo keistis – dabar Lietuva yra viena iš Šengeno erdvės šalių, kuriose yra panaikinta vidaus sienų kontrolė ir saugomos tiktai išorinės sienos. Tai reiškia, kad turėdama dešimtadalį Šengeno erdvės sausumos sienos, Lietuva nelegaliems migrantams ir žmonių kontrabandininkams tampa patrauklia tranzito šalimi į Vakarų valstybes, ir todėl šalis neišvengiamai susidurs su didesnėmis migracijos keliamomis grėsmėmis saugumui. Antra vertus, klaidinga manyti, kad pagrindinės migracijos keliamos grėsmės saugumui yra susijusios su terorizmu ar socialiniais neramumais. Tai tik pora iš daugelio migracijos keliamų grėsmių saugumui. Todėl dabar yra tinkamas laikas nagrinėti, kokį poveikį migracija turi Lietuvos nacionaliniam saugumui Šengeno erdvėje. Darbo objektu yra imigracijos daromas poveikis nacionaliniam saugumui. Šio darbo tikslas yra aprašius migracijos ir saugumo sąvokų raidą, išskyrus jų tarpusavio ryšį ir įvertinus iš šio ryšio kylančias grėsmes bei išanalizavus Šengeno erdvę, kaip Europos Sąjungos priemonę tinkamai užtikrinti piliečių judėjimo laisvę ir saugumą, nustatyti, kokią įtaką buvimas išorine Šengeno erdvės... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] Problem of the study: According to public opinion, migration is not a threat to national security in Lithuania mainly because of to reasons. Firstly, Lithuania does not suffer from immigration flows. Secondly, as threat to national security, immigration is seen only in direct connection with terrorism. On one hand, being poorer than the Western European countries, Lithuania has not been one of the migration target countries. But from 2007 on 21 December situation has changed - now Lithuania is one of the Schengen Area States, where control on internal borders is completely removed and safety of the area is guaranteed by control of external borders. This means, that with a tenth of the Schengen Area external land border, Lithuania is becoming an attractive transit country to Western countries for illegal migrants. Therefore, it will inevitably face with greater immigration threats to security. On the other hand, terrorism is only one of the many immigration threats to security. Because of all this, now is the best time to examine the immigration’s impact to national security of Lithuanian in the Schengen area. The subject of this study is immigration’s impact on national security. The aim of this study is by describing development of the migration and security concepts, finding migration-security nexus and assessing threats arising from this nexus to national security, together with analysis of the Schengen area, as a tool to ensure free movement of citizens and security the... [to full text]

L’harmonisation des politiques migratoires européennes répond de façon contradictoire aux mobilités internationales. Au nom de la libre circulation à l’intérieur de l’espace Schengen, l’amplification et la sophistication du contrôle sur la mobilité de certaines catégories de personnes aboutit à entraver leurs mouvements, à légitimer leur privation temporaire de liberté et à délocaliser en amont les outils de dissuasion au départ. Cette restriction vise à sélectionner les migrants originaires de pays tiers, répondant à une vision utilitariste des migrations jouant sur la peur d’une menace plutôt que sur les retombées positives de la liberté de circulation. De ce fait, le contrôle des mobilités envahit les relations entre l’UE et les pays tiers au point de conditionner la mise en œuvre de partenariats. The harmonisation of European migration policies treats international mobility issues in a paradoxical way. Although the EU defends the freedom of movement in the Schengen area, it continues controlling the mobility of specific population categories in more and more sophisticated ways, managing to hinder their moves. It also legitimates detention procedures and the externalisation of control policies in departure or transit countries. Such a restrictive policy aims to select strictly migrants coming from third countries. The fear of migration prevails rather than the positive impacts resulting from the freedom of movement. Migration control issues become consequently pervasive in international relationships and partnership programmes with third countries.

Beginning May 1st 2004 the Czech republic became a part of the EU that brought large opportunities to the Czech republic citizens for job seeking abroad. Personally, I have a three-year job experience in Great Britain and would recommend this to anyone who is not afraid to travel outside their country and to get to know different cultures of other EU countries. The aim of this theses {\clqq}Job market in the EU countries and employment opportunities for the Czech republic citizens`` is to find out what destination countries are the most common choice and if CZ citizens are interested in searching for a job in EU at all. I put together a simple questionnaire and handed it out to 50 students and 50 employed CZ citizens. The Effort was to find out the development of employment in EU. The questionnaire inquiries find out the positions of students and employees in foreign countries.

My work is based on study of theoretic supporting dokuments and alalysis statistical datas of Czech Republic Police. There is an evaluation of finding datas about illegal migration in South Bohemia Region on section of state border between Czech Republic and Austria within last five years. Next task of my work is to describe how Czech Republic is ready for accession to the Schengen area and because of that for abolition of checks of internal border. The next substance of my work are informations about organizational structure of Department of Foreigner and Border Police and its aktivity. Then informations about state border and the Schengen Agreement.