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Recent work in the business ethics field has called attention to the promise inherent in the concept of authenticity for enriching the ways we think about core issues at the intersection of management ethics and practice, like moral character, ethical choices, leadership, and corporate social responsibility [Driver, 2006; Jackson, 2005; Ladkin, 2006]. In this paper, I aim to extend these contributions by focusing on authenticity in relation to a set of organizational processes related to strategy making; most specifically an organization’s strategic intent, arguing that these provide an ideal venue for particularising this exploration, as they represent the key processes through which an organization defines the self it aspires to be. In order to do this, I examine specifically what a shift from “business as usual” to the search for the creation of a more authentic corporate self might look like in practice, contending that such a shift offers the possibility for improving both the moral good and the business outcomes of an institution simultaneously. I conclude with assessment of the risks inherent in undertaking such a search for more authentic strategic intention in business organizations today. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents the results of an empirical analysis of the relationship between managerial thinking style and ethical decision-making. Data from 200 managers across multiple organizations and industries demonstrated that managers predominantly adopt a utilitarian perspective when forming ethical intent across a series of business ethics vignettes. Consistent with expectations, managers utilizing a balanced linear/nonlinear thinking style demonstrated a greater overall willingness to provide ethical decisions across ethics vignettes compared to managers with a predominantly linear thinking style. However, results comparing the ethical decision-making of balanced thinking managers and nonlinear thinking managers were generally inconsistent across the ethics vignettes. Unexpectedly, managers utilizing a balanced linear/nonlinear thinking style were least likely to adopt an act utilitarian rationale for ethical decision-making across the vignettes, suggesting that balanced thinkers may be more likely to produce ethical decisions by considering a wider range of alternatives and ruling out those that are justified solely on the basis of their outcomes. Implications are discussed for future research and practice related to management education and development, and ethical decision-making theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alice Crary claims that “the standard view of the bearing of Wittgenstein's philosophy on ethics” is dominated by “inviolability interpretations”, which often underlie conservative readings of Wittgenstein. Crary says that such interpretations are “especially marked in connection with On Certainty”, where Wittgenstein is represented as holding that “our linguistic practices are immune to rational criticism, or inviolable”. Crary's own conception of the bearing of Wittgenstein's philosophy on ethics, which I call the “intrinsically-ethical reading”, derives from the influential New Wittgenstein school of exegesis, and is also espoused by James Edwards, Cora Diamond, and Stephen Mulhall. To my eyes, intrinsically-ethical readings present a peculiar picture of ethics, which I endeavour to expose in Part I of the paper. In Part II I present a reading of On Certainty that Crary would call an “inviolability interpretation”, defend it against New Wittgensteinian critiques, and show that this kind of reading has nothing to do with ethical or political conservatism. I go on to show how Wittgenstein's observations on the manner in which we can neither question nor affirm certain states of affairs that are fundamental to our epistemic practices can be fruitfully extended to ethics. Doing so sheds light on the phenomenon that I call “basic moral certainty”, which constitutes the foundation of our ethical practices, and the scaffolding or framework of moral perception, inquiry, and judgement. The nature and significance of basic moral certainty will be illustrated through consideration of the strangeness of philosophers' attempts at explaining the wrongness of killing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article uses the National Great Blacks in Wax Museum in Baltimore, Maryland, as a context for thinking about the success and failure of British institutional attempts to commemorate the traumatic memory of Atlantic slavery in 2007. The analysis opens with a contextualising history of the development and philosophy of Elmer and Joanne Martin, the co-founders of the Great Blacks in Wax Museum. Three special exhibits - namely, '100 Greatest Black Inventions', 'The Middle Passage' and 'Lynching' - are then considered in detail. The discussion makes extensive use of interviews conducted with artists and museum staff responsible for creating and displaying the exhibits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a hybrid model for part-of-speech (POS) guessing of Chinese unknown words. Most previous studies on this task have developed a unified statistical model for all Chinese unknown words and have rejected rule-based models without testing. We argue that models that use different sources of information about unknown words, both structural and contextual, can be effective for handling different types of unknown words. We propose a rule-based model that uses information about the type, length, and internal structure of unknown words and combine it with two existing statistical models that use information about the POS context and component characters of unknown words respectively for this task. By combining the complementary strengths of the three models that use different sources of information, the hybrid model achieves an accuracy of 89%, a significant improvement over the best result reported in previous studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contemporary accounts of individual self-formation struggle to articulate a mode of subjectivity not determined by relations of power. In response to this dilemma, Foucault's late lectures on the ancient ethical practices of "fearless speech" (parrhesia) offer a model of ethical self-governance that educates individuals to ethical and political engagement. Rooted in the psychological capacities of curiosity and resolve, such self-governance equips individuals with a "disposition to steadiness" that orients individuals in the face of uncertainty. The practices of parrhesia accomplish this task without fabricating a distinction between internal soul and external body; by creating not a "body of knowledge" but a "body of practices"; and without reference to an external order such as nature, custom, tradition, or religion. The result is an "expressive subject" defined through expressive practices sustained by a simultaneous relationship to herself and to others. Individuals develop themselves not through their ability to "dare to know" but as those who "dare to act." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the intersection of Virgil's temple metaphor, self-representation and language in the proem to the third "Georgic," with the objectives, ideals, and procedures in the temple-building practices and associated activities in contemporary Rome. It essays to provide understanding of the component of studies of intertextuality and Latin poetry. It explores the contextualization of Virgil's proem within other nonliterary models and extensive cultural setting. Moreover, it concludes that the context of Virgil's proem reveals its engagement with Roman cultural preoccupations, such as the status of literature in Roman society and the praise poetry in the post-Actium Roman world.

This second part of the essay deals with the horns of the dilemma at the conceptual level and 'on the street'. The first part ended with that quandary where a deep understanding was precluded no matter which way one turned, whether an inadequate comprehension based on individual and partial notions, a perplexing pluralist path or a relinquishment of the hermeneutic enterprise altogether. The philosophical solution of existential overtones presently put forward deftly avoids the sharp ends of the predicament by means of a three-tiered phenomenological analysis of the event. First, death is considered via Heidegger's and Sartre's existential examination; next, risk and related concepts, such as fear, are scrutinised; and third, Nietzsche's and Ortega y Gasset's life-affirming views lead us to the liberating conclusion: facing danger and death are means to an enhanced and joyful experience of life. As in the first part, this one also presents several photographs that complement the text at different levels. Once several objections are disposed of, readers are left with a philosophical elucidation of a sense of joy predicated on the ability to face daring challenges willingly undertaken for the fun of it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A serious attempt to integrate ethics in management was done by Professor Juan Antonio Pérez López (1934–1996). His thought represents a break with current scholarly thinking on these subjects. The purpose of this article is to explain some of the most significant aspects of his theories, relating basically to his recourse to ethics as what defines the characteristic behavior of human beings, considered as individuals and as members of organizations. Pérez López used the anthropological conception underlying the ethics of Aristotle and Thomas Aquinas to build a solid base for that ethics, starting from the decision-making process. He then used that ethical base to point to the kind of action theory and organization theory that could most effectively assist the human development of people and organizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To teach that being ethical requires knowing foundational ethical principles – or, as Socrates claimed, airtight definitions of ethical terms – is to invite cynicism among students, for students discover that no such principles can be found. Aristotle differs from Socrates in claiming that ethics is about virtues primarily, and that one can be virtuous without having the sort of knowledge that characterizes mathematics or natural science. Aristotle is able to demonstrate that ethics and self-interest may overlap, that ethics is largely compatible with common sense, and that Aristotle’s virtuous person can make ethical decisions rationally. Case studies can help students improve their ethical perception and keep their values from being overwhelmed by corporate culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Swedberg's two-volume collection of essays covering New Developments in Economic Sociology contains some excellent material, worthy of study by both economists and sociologists. However, there are definitional and conceptual problems in the whole project of "economic sociology" exacerbated by the disappearance of any consensus concerning the boundaries between the disciplines of sociology and economics. Neither has "economic sociology" acquired an adequately clear identity through the use of distinctive concepts or theories. Its future prospects are further questioned by recent changes within economics itself, including greater attention to institutional structures, and the abandonment of strictly self-interested and context-independent rationality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper develops the concept of the ‘continuum of destructiveness’ in relation to organizational corruption. This notion captures the slippery slope of wrongdoing as actors engage in increasingly dubious practices. We identify four kinds of individuals along this continuum in corrupt organizations, who range from complete innocence to total guilt. They are innocent bystanders, innocent participants, active rationalizers and guilty perpetrators. Traditional explanations of how individuals move from bystander status to guilty perpetrators usually focus on socialization and institutional factors. In addition to these factors, we propose that the very distance between an act and its ethical consequences (ethical distance) may also play a determining role – if not always in the same way – in the transition process. Having developed this conceptual argument, we conclude with a discussion of managerial and research implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the author's argument stating that Rossian duties match the moral convictions better than the rule-consequentialist principles. The author claims that the view of rule-consequentialists on whether the wrongness of acts is determined by the ideal principles for the earlier circumstances or by the ideal ones for the new circumstances is in conflict with the moral intuitions. The author further states that rule-consequentialism fails in the reflective equilibrium test of the rule-consequentialists.

According to the approach/inhibition theory of power (Keltner, Gruenfeld,&Anderson, 2003), having power should be associated with the approach system, and lacking power with the avoidance system. However, to this point researchhas focused solely onwhetherpowerleads tomoreaction, particularly approach-related action, or not. In three experiments, we extend this research by exploring the direct, unintentional relation between power and both approach and avoidance tendencies. Priming high power led to greater relativeBASstrength than priming low power, but did not affect the BIS (Exp. 1). High-power priming also facilitated both simple and complex approach behavior, but did not affect avoidance behavior (Exp. 2-3). These effects of power occurred even in power-irrelevant situations. They also cannot be explained by priming of general positive versus negative constructs, nor by changes in positive, negative, approach-related, or avoidance-related affect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses on Aristotelianism and situationism. It offers a systematic classification of existing objections against situationism such as the methodological objection, the moral dilemma objection, the bullet-biting objection and the anti-behavioristic objection. It aims to revive a more substantial Aristotelian version of the anti-behavioristic objection as compared to the suggestions of previous critics. The implications of the revival of a more substantial Aristotelian version for the understanding and salience of character and for future studies of its nature is explored.

Personal values have long been associated with individual decision behavior. The role played by personal values in decision making within an organization is less clear. Past research has found that managers tend to respond to ethical dilemmas situationally. This study examines the relationship between personal values and the ethical dimension of decision making using Partial Least Squares (PLS) analysis. The study examines personal values as they relate to five types of ethical dilemmas. We found a significant positive contribution of altruistic values to ethical decision making and a significant negative contribution of self-enhancement values to ethical decision making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the UK, the Department of Health's Research Governance Framework for Health and Social Care (RGF) (DOH, 2001) requires that an independent ethical review is undertaken for all health and social work research. It is in the process of consulting and developing systems for appropriate social work ethical review that is comparable to those in existence within Britain's health sector. This article's purpose is to advance current debates by examining these ethical review initiatives and by so doing, facilitate a broader understanding of what is specific to social work research both within and beyond the UK. It is hoped this will strengthen and help legitimise understanding of its nature during the search for research excellence. It is suggested that situation ethics may provide a useful framework for approaching ethical review as it places an emphasis on the unique situation surrounding any given moral choice facing an individual at a particular time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article studies the influence of temporal proximity of an event to the decision task processing and the likelihood of framing effects in Asia. It is hypothesized that events occurring in the relatively near future should be more likely to induce the analytic processing style and result in attenuated framing effects. The results of the studies conducted by Todd McElroy and Dominic Mascari, professors of Appalachian State University, provide a converging support for a temporal-relevance hypothesis. People agree that preference for one option over another should remain constant regardless of the frame in which the options are presented. Contextual factors such as request for elaboration, context indicators, target of the task and presentation format may also affect decisions.

Motivation of stigmatized group members to perform on status-relevant ‘outgroup’ dimensions can be impaired after ingroup failure. Three experiments examined whether social creativity by valuing ingroup dimensions (dimensions on which an ingroup outperforms an outgroup) can increase motivation and performance on outgroup dimensions. It was hypothesized that under high social identity threat, motivation on the outgroup dimension would benefit from valuing an ingroup dimension. Experiments 1 and 2 show that when social identity threat is increased, low status group members who personally value ingroup dimensions show higher motivation to perform on the outgroup dimension. Experiment 3 shows that the induction of high contextual value of both ingroup and outgroup dimensions improves low status group members' well-being and motivated performance on the outgroup dimension. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the concept of full moral standing which is associated exclusively with humans. The author argues that the ability to emotionally care is a condition of an individual's full moral standing, and that common sense morality is a part of being a member of the human species. Theories of practical reason and morality are presented through the use of situational examples.

The article discusses existential ethics, the ethics and morality of existence and nonexistence. The author offers several situational examples to present the argument that the theory of moral actualism is false. An overview of the outcome of actions, or non actions, that are better for a particular person versus a general sense of value is presented.

Public confidence in criminal justice has emerged as an important issue in most western nations. Several jurisdictions have made promoting public confidence a policy priority, and governments in many countries have recently conducted public opinion surveys to gauge levels of confidence in criminal justice. However, little is known about levels of public confidence in criminal justice in Canada. This article reviews the empirical research on this issue and attempts to explain current trends. Although a significant plurality of the public expresses little confidence in the justice system, more people are positive than are negative. In comparison to other countries, confidence levels in criminal justice are generally higher in Canada. This said, the public has less confidence in the justice system than in other public institutions such as the health care system. Consistent with findings elsewhere, the police attract most, and the prison system the least amount of public confidence. The article places these findings in context, and discusses their implications for research and policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses meta-contextual in most literary and cultural criticism. It is said that the term meta-contextual embraces the problematic and unstable features of environmental criticism. One of the perceived general environmental crises is the ethical and socio-political questions posed by the human treatment of animals. It is mentioned that there are numerous literary readings and classical texts highlighting the elements of prejudice and misrepresent animal life. It is cited that the issue of animals poses questions on the unstable border between the contextual treating of animals as facets of human culture, and the meta-contextual, with the attempts to consider the animal in its own right.

This study examined the influence of affective personality, perfectionism, gender, arousal and dilemma content on moral reasoning. 264 participants were presented with moral dilemmas to which they had to provide a solution that reflected various degrees of justice and care. The results indicated that a) affective personality had an effect on moral reasoning, b) female participants reported higher levels of care morality than did male participants, c) gender interacted with perfectionism in the production of moral standpoints, d) dilemma content exerted a strong effect on the participants' use of moral strategy. It was concluded that although moral reasoning appears to be governed primarily by the dilemma content at hand, an individual's moral solutions are influenced by gender and affective state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study on the concept of withdrawal and contextualism. It provides several illustrations of the concepts using various sample cases. One illustration involves a couple in which the woman asserts that the bank is open on Saturday, but her husband reminds her that banks sometimes change theirs hours.

Naturalistic decision making (NDM) has become established as a methodological and theoretical perspective. It describes how practitioners actually make decisions in complex domains. However, NDM theories tend to focus on the human agents in the system. We extend the NDM perspective to include the technological agents in complex systems and introduce the dynamic model of situated cognition. We describe the general characteristics of NDM and the field of situated cognition, and provide a detailed description of our model. We then apply the model to a recent accident in which a US Navy submarine (USS Greeneville) collided with a Japanese fishing vessel (Ehime Maru). The discussion of the accident illustrates how decisions made are often a result of the interaction between a variety of technological and human agents and how errors introduced into the complex system can propagate through it in unintended ways. We argue that the dynamic model of situated cognition can be used to describe activities in virtually any complex domain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author comments on the article that considers two candidate theories of responsibility, and examines the relative adequacy of the theories by assessing them in light of people's actions to a dramatic and horrifying set of circumstances. The author argues the claim of the article that the practice of responsibility depends on one sort of pretence or another. In addition, he also offers some critical interpretation of the theories, status and role of fiction which are written in the article.

In addition to enjoying pleasurable bodily activities, people appear threatened by the physical aspects of the body; they experience anxiety and inhibitions surrounding sex, eating, bodily appearance and functions. Based on terror management theory, we posit that people are dually motivated to approach the life-affirming properties of the physical body, and to avoid the physical or animalistic aspects of the body because of their association with death. This paper summarizes a substantial body of research, consisting of over twenty empirical studies, that identify personality and situational variables that interact with mortality concerns, moderating approach and avoidance attitudes and behaviors with respect to the physical body. We suggest that this dynamic motivation can go far in explaining the often observed ambivalence toward the body. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a contextualist solution to the puzzle about free will. It argues that the context-sensitivity of statements about freedom of the will follows from the correct analysis of these statements. Because the analysis is independently plausible, the contextualism is warranted not merely in virtue of its capacity to solve the puzzle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Central to a new, or ‘resolute’, reading of Wittgenstein's Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus is the idea that Wittgenstein held there an &x2018;austere’ view of nonsense: the view, that is, that nonsense is only ever a matter of our failure to give words a meaning, and so that there are no logically distinct kinds of nonsense. Resolute readers tend not only to ascribe such a view to Wittgenstein, but also to subscribe to it themselves; and it is also a feature of some readings which in other respects are clearly not Resolute. This paper forms part of a reply to Hans-Johann Glock's work in which he argues (in part) that Wittgenstein in the Tractatus held a view of nonsense other than the austere view. Instead, Glock argues, Wittgenstein there held that there are many logically distinct kinds of nonsense. Here, I outline and defend the austere view, together with its attribution to the early Wittgenstein, against a number of Glock's criticisms, and focussing especially on Wittgenstein's reformulation in the Tractatus of Frege's context-principle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examines the approaches suggested in the report "Mission-Shaped Church" and the book "A Christian Theology of Place" on searching for contextual churches in England. Significance of community partnership to the churches according to the report; Comparison of the approaches cited in the report and in the book on the development of contextual churches within the Church of England; Definition of contextual churches.

A summary of François Recanati's book Literal Meaning (section 1), followed by his response to the critical reviews of the same book by Stefano Predelli (section 2) and Manuel García-Carpintero (section 3). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the author's view on ethical research practices in nursing. He informs that the ethical research practices in nursing are aimed at study design and data collection techniques for enhancing both methodological and ethical rigor. The author also analyzes some interview texts that correlate the readability and productivity of representational activity.

The two goals were to investigate, first, the practicability and reliability of observational assessment of team situation awareness (SA) and, second, the nature of any team differences, their consistency and training implications. Five shift teams tackled three scenarios, each with three probe events concerning SA, and three observers viewed and rated concurrently each shift. This methodology was found to be practicable and achieved satisfactory rater reliability as indicated by intraclass and inter-rater correlations. Team differences in SA emerged although there was no consistent pattern. A retrospective analysis of individual and team behaviours relating to SA was performed using the Critical Incident Technique. A total of 75 incidents and 20 behavioural dimensions relevant to SA were identified and these were subsumed under planning, problem solving, team coordination, attention, communication and knowledge. These findings are discussed with regard to the nature and measurement of SA, and the content of training to improve SA for control room teams. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lewis has offered a contextualist epistemology that he claims is non-fallibilist. The present note aims to show that, while there seems to be a simple argument for Lewis's claim, the argument is fallacious, and Lewis's epistemology is fallibilist after all. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focused on the effects of individual characteristics and exposure to ethics education on perceptions of the linkage between organizational ethical practices and business outcomes. Using a stratified sampling approach, 817 students were randomly selected from a population of approximately 1310 business students in an AACSB accredited college of business. Three hundred and twenty eight of the subjects were freshmen, 380 were seniors, and 109 were working managers and professionals enrolled in a night-time MBA program. Overall, the respondents included 438 male students and 379 female students. Exposure to ethics in the curriculum had a significant impact on student perceptions of what should be the ideal linkages between organizational ethical practices and business outcomes. Gender based differences were found with female students having a higher expectation regarding what should be the "ethics practices and business outcomes" link. Exposure to ethics in the curriculum had a positive moderating influence on the gender-based effects on perceptions of ideal ethical climate. The interaction effect showed that exposure to ethical education may have a positive impact on males and allow them to catch up with females in their ethical sensitivities concerning the ideal linkage between organizational ethical behavior and business outcomes. Further, consistent with the literature, the study found that gender differences in ethical attitudes regarding the ideal ethical climate, while significant for undergraduates, appeared to narrow considerably for the working professionals who were part-time MBA students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focuses on the notion of resistance as it relates to the performance of Dan ethnic and religious identity in turn-of-the-millennium in the Ivory Coast. Controversies in which some Dan interpret local performance events as expressions of resistance to institutional hegemonic power structures; Differences of opinion that demonstrate the centrality of performance to local identity negotiations; Implications for the crisis of national identity politics that in 2002 contributed to the civil war that divided the country.

Presents the author's comments on the essay "Snakes in Paradise: Problems in the Ideal Life," by Gavin Lawrence. Discussion on Lawrence's rational reconstruction including formal properties such as continuousness of activity, purity of accompanying pleasure and self-sufficiency that are used by philosopher Aristotle in his book "Nichomean Ethics;" Information on Aristotle's beliefs that the necessary circumstances of human life are all impediments to the absolutely best life activity;

Herbert M cCabe, OP (d. 2001), was a significant theological figure in England in the last century. A scholar of Aquinas, he was also influenced by Wittgenstein and Marx, his reading of whom helped him articulate a distinctive Thomistic account of human embodiment that serves as a critique of other dominant approaches in ethics. This article shows McCabe's contribution to moral theology by placing his work in conversation with other important approaches, namely, situation ethics, proportionalism, and the New Natural Law Theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article pays tribute to John Shawcross and features the literary works of Libby Beaman. The Pribilofs, a remote archipelago over 300 miles from mainland Alaska, is familiar ground to readers of Libby Beaman. Beaman's Alaskan 1879-1880 diaries and letters have been republished but have not yet received critical attention. Beaman's story does not suggest the change of gender roles during the Progressive Era but rather demonstrates how people are inexorably shaped by their circumstances.

Contemporary mathematics education is at a crossroads. It has become exposed to forces, both static and dynamic, that pose a challenge to its traditional place in academia. Mathematics has a long-established status as perhaps the most critical foundation for analytical knowledge. But the manner in which mathematics instructors choose to respond to this challenge may well determine the degree of relevance and importance that traditional mathematical theory eventually commands in newly emerging scientific and technological disciplines. In this paper, we will: (a) identify the forces that are acting on contemporary mathematics instruction; (b) examine some of the historical, social, and psychological underpinnings that have given rise to these forces; (c) enumerate the conditions which mathematics instruction must address if it is to remain a viable discipline; and (d) evaluate the relative success of a case study, addressing the role of mathematics instruction for technical career students, that has been designed to address these conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Understandings of disability and decline within health and social care seem to focus mainly on the bodies and function of older persons. However, the way that older people''s experiences of disability and decline are fixed into rigid functional classifications such as ‘frailty’ are problematic. Drawing on the narratives of twelve diverse older English-speaking women in Montreal, Canada, I will argue that older women''s experiences are more connected with the contexts within which they experience disability and decline, and the social locations they bring to these experiences, than the functional limitations of their bodies. Older women''s stories – particularly those related to the home and the bus – reveal the clash between dominant understandings of ‘frailty’ and older women''s contextual and social experiences of disability and decline; expose tensions within health and social care practices; and highlight the potential which exists in both context and social location. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The central contentions of this paper are two: first, that contextualism about knowledge cannot fulfil the eirenic promise which, for those who are drawn to it, constitutes, I believe, its main attraction; secondly, that the basic diagnosis of epistemological scepticism as somehow entrapping us, by diverting attention from a surreptitious shift to a special rarefied intellectual context, rests on inattention to the details of the principal sceptical paradoxes. These contentions are consistent with knowledge-contextualism, of some stripe or other, being true. What follows will not bear directly on that. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

§ I schematizes the evidence for an understanding of know and of other terms of epistemic appraisal that embodies contextualism or subject-sensitive invariantism, and distinguishes between those two approaches. §III argues that although the cases for contextuatism and sensitive invariantism rely on a principle of charity in the interpretation of epistemic claims, neither approach satisfies charity fully, since both attribute meta-linguistic errors to speakers. §III provides an equally charitable antisceptical insensitive invariantist explanation of much of the same evidence as the result of psychological bias caused by salience effects. §IV suggests that the explanation appears to have implausible consequences about practical reasoning, but also that applications of contextualism or sensitive invariantism to the problem of scepticism have such consequences. §V argues that the inevitable difference between appropriateness and knowledge cf appropriateness in practical reasoning, closely related to the difference between knowledge and knowledge of knowledge, explains the apparent implausibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

I contrast two solutions to the lottery paradox concerning knowledge: contextualism and subject-sensitive invariantism. I defend contextualism against an objection that it cannot explain how 'knows' and its cognates function inside propositional attitude reports. I then argue that subject-sensitive invariantism fails to provide a satisfactory resolution of the paradox. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose - This study aims to examine important situational factors impacting expatriate compensation and common practices utilized in compensating expatriates. Design/methodology/approach - A synthesis of literature was reviewed, leading to the identification of numerous situational or contextual factors impacting expatriate compensation. A review of extant literature also identified several customary approaches to expatriate compensation. Findings - A variety of factors can directly affect expatriate compensation, with three primary approaches an organization should consider. These factors include host-country cost of living, housing, dependent education, tax implications and health care - factors most often incorporated as a component of one of the primary approaches to compensation discussions: destination-based approach, the balance-sheet approach, and the international headquarters approach. Practical implications - This article was intended to enhance understanding of expatriate compensation by collectively examining not only the "how" (primary approaches) but also the "why" (salient contextual or situation factors) firms should consider when determining how to assemble an appropriate package. Originality/value - Presenting the factors and practices together makes an important contribution to the literature on expatriate compensation by addressing not only the "how" (customary approaches) of expatriate compensation, but also the "why" (salient contextual factors). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduces the new column "The Ethical Health Lawyer," and discusses ethical issues that challenge health care attorneys. The practice settings of in-house counsel, outside counsel and other health law practitioners who must maintain ethical discretion and their own personal values when working with a client; The challenge of giving advice that is contrary to clients' expectations; Examples of ethical dilemmas, such as interpretation of law and knowing how the government might apply the prohibitions to specific activities.

Examines the issue of a lack of cooperation of client with a lawyer in the discovery process to recognize various ethical pitfalls in trucking lawsuits. Importance of awareness of the potential ethical issues arising in certain circumstances; Disclosure to the client or to the court; Ethical obligation of the lawyer under the Federal rules of Civil Procedure and the Model Rules of Professional Conduct.

Most managers live by a personal code of conduct that includes certain principles about integrity, regard for others, and keeping commitments. They refrain from engaging in actions that might compromise their reputations, careers, or organizations; they comply with regulations and are law-abiding. Most also believe they are ethical, and that is precisely why, when confronted with situations that they believe compel them to bend company rules, they are decidedly torn. While playing by the rules is the principled thing to do, and many would say the safest too, many managers also feel a responsibility to challenge the rules, because the rules are not always infallible, and fairness to other parties may demand nothing less. To better understand the nature of these competing demands, we asked over 100 executives from The Executive's Advisory Panel to share their views with us about why managers bend the rules and what they risk in doing so. The stories they tell offer unique insights into these ethically precarious balancing acts. In presenting these observations we add two cautions. First, it may seem that we are saying that it's okay to bend rules. We are not, nor are the Advisory Panel members. Decisions to bend rules should never be taken lightly, and ethically responsible executives know that. Second, out of sensitivity to the issues involved, the executives who responded were specifically asked to share their general observations about the nature of rule bending in today's workplace. Hence, although these are their general observations, they in no way should be considered reflective of any Panel member's practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]