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Two triterpenyl fatty acid esters were isolated from the chloroform soluble fraction of Fagonia cretica and their structures elucidated as 3β-12-ursen-3yl-docosanoate (1) and 3β-12-ursen- 3yl-nonacosanoate (2) by 1D-NMR, 2D-NMR, mass spectrometric and chemical analyses. Both new compounds were also evaluated for their lipoxygenase inhibitory potential using Baicalein as a standard. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Let H =< x, y : x² = y6 = 1 > be acting on ℚ (√-n) and denote the subset { a+√-n/3c : a, a²+n/3c, c ∈ ℤ\{0}} of ∈ √-n) by ℚ* (√-n). Also d (n) denotes the arithmetic function which is defined as the number of positive divisors of n which are multiple of 3. In this paper, we show that the total number of orbits of ℚ* (√-n) under the action of H are ... [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Dyspnea is a common symptom in patients presenting to emergency departments worldwide. The objective of the study was to determine the pattern of spirometry findings in subjects presenting with dyspnea in Bannu, KP, Pakistan. Materials & Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in Bannu Medical College, Bannu, KP, Pakistan from 1st December 2015 to 31st march 2018. Sample size was 4300 selected through convenient sampling technique. All patients with acute and chronic dyspnea were included. Any patient unable to perform spirometry, recently diagnosed smear positive pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB), recent myocardial infarction and any infectious disease patient were excluded. A self-administered proforma was used for data collection. The demographic variables were sex and age groups. The research variables were type of lung pathology, severity of obstructive lung pathology, severity of restrictive lung pathology, causes of obstructive lung pathology and causes of restrictive lung pathology. All variables being categorical were analyzed through count and percentages using SPSS version17. Results: Out of 4300 subjects, (55.72%) were males and (44.28%) were females. Two thousands four hundred and forty five (52.32%) had obstructive, (22.49%) restrictive, (12.9%) with mixed pattern and (4.3%) had normal spirometry. In obstructive patients bronchial asthma were (35.13%), COPD 741(30.3%) asthma-COPD overlap syndrome (ACOS) (9.48%), acute bronchitis (05.64%), bronchiectasis 173(7.07%) and unclear diagnosis (04.17%). In restrictive patients post pulmonary tuberculous fibrosis (PTB) were (33.77%), cardiovascular disorders (28.35%), interstitial lung diseases (17.79%), chest wall disorders (6.47%) and unclear diagnosis in 143(13.6%). Conclusion: Ninety five percent of individuals were having an abnormal spirometeric pattern. mostly old males were having bronchial asthma & COPD as obstructive and PTB & CVDs as restrictive lung disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spinosol A (1) and spinosol B (2) were isolated as new steroids from the chloroform soluble fraction of Capparis spinosa. The structures of both 1 and 2 were elucidated with the help of chemical tests and sophisticated spectroscopic techniques (1D and 2D NMR, EIMS, HREIMS). The compounds 1 and 2 showed significant inhibitory potential against the Lipoxygenase enzyme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present work two new compounds have been isolated from the whole plant of Pervoskia abrotanoides. The structures were elucidated by the extensive use of sophisticated spectroscopic techniques (¹HNMR, 13C-NMR, HMQC, HMBC, ¹H-¹H COSY, NOESY, EIMS, HREIMS, and IR). The structures were characterized as cholest-4,9(11)-diene-2α,3β-diol, 1 and 22α-hydroxy-12-oleanen-3-one, 2. Both the compounds 1 and 2 showed promising inhibitory activity against lipoxygenase enzyme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Dyslipidemia is one of the major risk factors for cardiovascular disease in diabetes mellitus. Dyslipidemia was highly prevalent in all the geopolitical zones with the consistent pattern being low HDL-Cholesterol and high LDL-Cholesterol. The prevalence of dyslipidemia ranged from 60% among apparently healthy to 89% among diabetic. To determine Frequency of dyslipidemia in newly-detected type-2 diabetics. Material & Methods: This cross sectional descriptive study was conducted at department to general Medicine, Khalifa Gul Nawaz Teaching Hospital, Bannu over 189 patients of type-2 diabetics from January 2017 to November 2017 lipid profile was carry out, once the patients were diagnosed. To find out dyslipidemia. Results: Out of 189 patients, 123 were males and 66 females with age range of 35-80 years (Means 57.61 years ±10.25 SD). Over all frequency of dyslipidemia in newly-detected type-2 diabetics (T2DM) were observed in 71.4%. Conclusion: The present study provides evidence to suggest that lipid variables are associated with each other in T2DM patient among the population in this part of the world which aggravates the atherogenic process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Each conjugacy class of actions of $$PGL\left( {2,{\mathbb {Z}}} \right) $$ on the projective line over a finite field $$F_q $$ denoted by $$PL\left( {F_q } \right) $$ , can be represented by a coset diagram $$D\left( {\theta ,q} \right) $$ , where $$\theta \in F_q $$ and q is a prime power. The coset diagrams are composed of fragments, and the fragments are further composed of two or more circuits at a certain common point. Professor Graham Higman raised a question: for what values of q and $$\theta $$ , can a fragment $$\gamma $$ be found in $$D\left( {\theta ,q} \right) ?$$ Mushtaq in 1983 found that the condition for the existence of a fragment in $$D\left( {\theta ,q} \right) $$ is a polynomial f in $${\mathbb {Z}}\left[ z \right] $$ . In this paper, we answer the question: how many polynomials are obtained from the fragments, composed by joining the circuits $$\left( {n_1 ,n_2 } \right) $$ and $$\left( {m_1 ,m_2 } \right) $$ , where $$n_2

To determine the irrigation water scarcity, inefficient irrigation supplies to farm lands, increasing temperature with high evaporation rate and poor sowing, an experiment was conducted at the research farm of the University of Agriculture, Peshawar during 2011-12. In the study three factors were studied i.e., sowing methods, mulching and deficit irrigation with four levels viz: full irrigation (DI0), 20% deficit irrigation (DI20), 40% deficit irrigation (DI40) and 60% deficit irrigation (DI60). Soil moisture was continuously monitored and full irrigation was determined on the basis of 50% Management Allowed Deficit (MAD). Results indicated that sowing methods, mulching and various levels of deficit irrigation significantly (P<0.05) affected wheat yield and nitrogen uptake. Raised beds cultivation produced higher number of tillersm (415), grain yield (5.13 t ha-1), biological yield (12.02 t ha-1) and total nitrogen uptake (141.7 kg ha-1) as compared to the traditional flat bed. Similarly, mulch plots resulted in higher tillersm (404) wheat grain yield (4.94 t ha-1), biological yield (11.94 t ha-1) and total nitrogen uptake (137.6 kg ha-1) than flat bed. In deficit irrigation, maximum tillers m-2 (412), wheat yield (5.20 t ha-1), biological yield (11.98 t ha-1) and total nitrogen uptake (144.7 kg ha-1) was recorded at full irrigation application followed by 20% deficit. None of the interactions were found significant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water scarcity, high temperature, poor sowing methods and weeds infestation are the limiting factors in crop production. To determine the effect of sowing methods and mulching on weed density in wheat crop under deficit irrigation, an experiment was conducted at New developmental Farm of The University of Agriculture Peshawar, Pakistan under clay loam soil conditions during 2011-12. The experiment was laid out in RCBD with split split plot arrangement having three replications. Three factors i.e. sowing methods, mulch and deficit irrigation with four levels i.e. full irrigation (DI0), 20% deficit (DI20), 40% deficit (DI40) and 60% deficit (DI60) were studied. Soil moisture was continuously monitored and full irrigation was determined on the basis of MAD 50%. Sowing methods were consisted of raised bed and flat bed cultivation while maize stover was used as mulch. Findings of the study indicated that sowing methods, mulching and irrigation levels had considerably influenced weed density, yield and yield components of wheat. Raised bed cultivation had more number of spikes m-2, 1000-grain weight, grain yield and harvest index with lowest weed density as compared to traditional flat bed sowing. Likewise, application of maize stover @ 4 tons ha-1 as a surface mulch enhanced wheat yield and decreased weeds germination. In case of irrigation levels, full irrigation resulted an increase in weeds density, spikes m-2, 1000-grain weight, yield and harvest index of wheat crop. It was concluded that raise bed cultivation, mulching with maize stover and 20% deficit irrigation reduced weeds density and enhanced wheat yield under the semi arid environment of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lepiota albogranulosa sp. nov. is described as new species from Lahore, Pakistan, using morphological and molecular (nrITS) characters. Its striking features are: white to off-white basidiocarps, broadly ellipsoid spores, and a pileus covering, which is a hymeniderm with chains of cylindrical to clavate cells and globose to subglobose epithelial cells; it forms with L. scaberula, and L. cystophoroides/ Cystolepiota cystophora a separate clade within sect. Cristatae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shot-hole disease is one of the most common and significant diseases affecting cherry trees in Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan, every year. It results in small reddish areas on leaves and fruits, forming characteristic holes. However, the pathogen associated with the disease, its pathogenicity, and its growth performance under different environmental conditions remains unknown. In this study, the pathogen associated with shot-hole disease was identified as W. carpophilus. Furthermore, variations in pathogenicity were observed among the five isolates of the pathogen (SRA-1, SRA-2, SRA-3, SRA-4, and SRA-5), with SRA-5 exhibiting smaller lesion sizes and SRA-1 to SRA-4 displaying larger lesion sizes. Differential responses to temperature variations were noted, with isolates SRA-1 and SRA-4 growing faster at different temperature regimes. Conidia count and biomass measurements revealed isolate-specific patterns under varying temperature regimes. Growth performance and colony characteristics varied among isolates. Environmental responses indicated sensitivity to osmotic potential and pH, as well as preferences for different culture media. This research provides crucial insights into the morphology, behavior, and adaptation of W. carpophilus. These findings will facilitate the establishment of management strategies against shot-hole disease in cherry orchards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]