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Background and objective: To assess the usefulness of a risk scale based on serum procalcitonin (PCT) compared to the Laboratory Risk Indicator for Necrotising Fasciitis (LRINEC) scale in the early discrimination between necrotising fasciitis (NF) and cellulitis of the extremities. Materials and methods: Retrospective study of consecutive patients with confirmed diagnosis of NF in one limb (n = 11). This study group was compared with 23 consecutive patients with a diagnosis of severe limbs cellulitis during the same period. The clinical data and laboratory parameters were analysed, the main variable was the serum level of PCT upon admission. The capacity for NF diagnosis of the two methods, PCT level and LRINEC scale score, were evaluated by ROC curve and determined by the calculation of the area under the curve (AUC). Results: The AUC was significantly higher with PCT measurement, both as a continuous variable and when the risk was categorised. The cut-off point for the PCT level with the highest AUC under the curve was from 0.87 ng/ml (sensitivity 90.9%, specificity 82.6%), whereas it was a score of 5 on the LRINEC scale (sensitivity 72.7%, specificity 82.6%). Conclusion: PCT measurement was a more effective method than the LRINEC score for early discrimination between NF and cellulitis of the extremities. A low level of PCT, associated with the patient's clinical status and physical examination is especially useful to rule out an early diagnosis of NF. (C) 2019 Elsevier Espafia, S.L.U. All rights reserved.

Rare earth garnets (REE3Fe5O12) have magnetic-electric and optical properties that can be used in transmitters, microwave and data storage devices. These properties depend mainly on partial or total substitution of the cationic sites, as well as by the synthesis method used. Therefore, in this work was studied the influence of the substituting cation on the structural and morphological properties of new garnets with formula Sm3−xREExFe5O12 with x = 0.0 - 1.0; obtained by the solid-state reaction method. Characterization of samples was carried out by XRD, Rieltveld refinement, SEM and Raman spectroscopy. The results showed that the substitution favors system stability and formation of garnets single phase with cubic structure and space group of Ia3d (230) at temperatures lower than reported by other authors. The substitution generated a decrease of the lattice parameters, the crystal size and favored particle formation of the order of micrometers (from 1.3 to 3.6 µm).

Objective To evaluate the clinical results and survival of primary hip prosthesis with ceramic delta bearings (C-C) with a minimum follow-up of 5 years. Material and method A total of 205 primary hip arthroplasties performed between 2008 and 2012 were studied. The clinical results, pre-surgical and at 5 years of follow-up were evaluated using the Harris Hip Score (HHS), the Short Form-36 (SF-36), the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC), and the visual analogue scale (VAS). The position of the prosthetic components, periprosthetic osteolysis, loosening of the prosthetic components and ruptures of the ceramic components were studied radiologically. The adverse events related to bearings were recorded according to their diameter, paying special attention to prosthetic dislocations and the presence of noise. Survival with an endpoint of prosthetic revision for any cause was estimated using the Kaplan–Meier method. Results Significant improvements were obtained in the HHS (88.7% of good/excellent results), SF36, WOMAC and EVA, p Conclusions Primary hip prostheses with fourth-generation ceramic bearings showed good survival in the medium term, and good clinical results.

Knowledge about the development of the preterm infant gut microbiota is emerging and is critical to their health. Very-low-birth-weight (VLBW; birth weight,1500 g) infants usually have special dietary needs while showing increased oxidative stress related to intensive care. This prospective cohort study assessed the effect of feeding practice on gut microbiome development and oxidative stress in preterm infants. Fecal samples were collected from each infant in the early (1-2 weeks of enteral feeding) and late (2-4 weeks of enteral feeding) feeding stages. We performed high-throughput sequencing of V3-V4 regions of the 16S rRNA gene to analyze the fecal microbiome composition of 20 VLBW preterm infants and to determine the association of gut bacterial composition with feeding practice using an oxidative stress marker (urinary F2-isoprostane). Our results showed that feeding practices in the late stage significantly influenced the gut microbiome composition and oxidative stress in preterm infants. Preterm infants fed human milk + human milk fortifier and only formula diets showed a significant increase in F2-isoprostane levels (P 0.05) compared with those fed human milk + formula diet. The gut microbiome of the infants fed the human milk + Human milk fortifier diet showed the lower relative abundance of Veillonella (P 0.05) compared with that of the infants fed the human milk + formula diet. The gut microbiome of the infants fed the only formula diet showed the lowest microbial diversity and the highest relative abundance of Terrisporobacter (P 0.05) compared with the gut microbiome of the infants fed the other diets. Correlation network analysis showed that urinary F2-isoprostane level was positively correlated with Terrisporobacter and Enterobacteriaceae abundance (P 0.05) in the preterm infants. In conclusion, these data suggest that feeding practice affects the bacterial diversity and composition in the gut microbiome and is associated with oxidative stress in VLBW preterm infants.

Malaria in pregnancy still constitutes a particular medical challenge in tropical and subtropical regions. Of the five Plasmodium species that are pathogenic to humans, infection with Plasmodium falciparum leads to fulminant progression of the disease with massive impact on pregnancy. Severe anemia of the mother, miscarriage, stillbirth, preterm delivery and intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) with reduced birth weight are frequent complications that lead to more than 10,000 maternal and 200,000 perinatal deaths annually in sub-Saharan Africa alone. P. falciparum can adhere to the placenta via the expression of the surface antigen VAR2CSA, which leads to sequestration of infected erythrocytes in the intervillous space. This process induces a placental inflammation with involvement of immune cells and humoral factors. Especially, monocytes get activated and change the release of soluble mediators, including a variety of cytokines. This proinflammatory environment contributes to disorders of angiogenesis, blood flow, autophagy, and nutrient transport in the placenta and erythropoiesis. Collectively, they impair placental functions and, consequently, fetal growth. The discovery that women in endemic regions develop a certain immunity against VAR2CSA-expressing parasites with increasing number of pregnancies has redefined the understanding of malaria in pregnancy and offers strategies for the development of vaccines. The following review gives an overview of molecular processes in P. falciparum infection in pregnancy which may be involved in the development of IUGR.

Polyurethanes are materials with a strong structure-property relationship. The goal of this research was to study the effect of a polyol blend composition of polyurethanes on its properties using a mixture design and setting mathematic models for each property. Water absorption, hydrolytic degradation, contact angle, tensile strength hardness and modulus were studied. Additionally, thermal stability was studied by thermogravimetric analysis. Area under the curve was used to evaluate the effect of polyol blend composition on thermal stability and kinetics of water absorption and hydrolytic degradation. Least squares were used to calculate the regression coefficients. Models for the properties were significant, and lack of fit was not (p &lt, 0.05). Fit statistics suggest both good fitting and prediction. Water absorption, hydrolytic degradation and contact angle were mediated by the hydrophilic nature of the polyols. Tensile strength, modulus and hardness could be regulated by the PE content and the characteristics of polyols. Regression of DTG curves from thermal analysis showed improvement of thermal stability with the increase of PCL and PE. An ANOVA test of the model terms demonstrated that three component influences on bulk properties like water absorption, hydrolytic degradation, hardness, tensile strength and modulus. The PEG*PCL interaction influences on the contact angle, which is a surface property. Mixture design application allowed for an understanding of the structure-property relationship through mathematic models.

Duplex ultrasonography (DUS), although consolidated as the primary tool for the estimation of carotid stenosis, may be impaired by calcified plaques that promote acoustic shadow (AcS). AcS seems to hamper the quantification of the main parameter used in the determination of percentage stenosis, that is, the maximal peak systolic velocity (PSV) at the lesion site. The aim of our study was to compare the degrees of carotid artery stenosis in DUS/PSV and computed tomography angiography (CTA) in the presence of AcS.During 36 months, 1,178 carotid DUS tests were performed. A total of 164 carotids in 139 patients showed AcS resulting from calcified plaques. Carotids with AcS were referred for a second imaging examination; thus, 62 carotids were analyzed by both DUS/PSV and CTA. CTA measured the area reduction at the lesion site to calculate the percent stenosis. PSV was measured immediately after the end of the AcS. According to velocities-based DUS criteria, stenoses were classified as mild (PSV 125 cm/s), moderate (125 ≤ PSV ≤ 230 cm/s), and severe (PSV 230). CTA and DUS/PSV measurements were compared to determine the accuracy of PSV in characterizing the severity of carotid stenosis with AcS.Of the 62 lesions, PSV characterized 10 as severe, 21 as moderate, and 31 as mild. According to the CTA study, there were 36 severe, 8 moderate, and 18 mild lesions. PSV underestimated in 27.79% the incidence of cases of severe carotid artery stenosis detected by the CTA. In addition, PSV overestimated the incidence of the cases of moderate and mild stenosis in 61.91% and 37.78%, respectively. The agreement ratio between the imaging examinations used in this study was 50%. DUS/PSV discretely correlated with CTA (r = 0.668, P 0.0001, 95% confidence interval = 0.502-0.786). Using PSVs125 and 230 as predictors of carotid lesions higher than 50% and 70%, respectively, the sensitivities were 63.3% and 27.8%, the specificities were 100%, the positive predictive values were 100%, and the negative predictive values were 71.9% and 50%.PSV alone is inadequate to quantify carotid stenosis in the presence of calcified plaques and AcS. Another image tool, such as CTA, could be recommendable for clinical decision-making.

“Credit: Barrado, D. et al., A&A, 612 (2018): A79, reproduced with permission, c ESO”, Aims. The early evolutionary stage of brown dwarfs (BDs) is not very well characterized, especially during the embedded phase. Our goal is to gain insight into the dominant formation mechanism of very low-mass objects and BDs. Methods. We have conducted deep observations at 870 μm obtained with the LABOCA bolometer at the APEX telescope in order to identify young submillimeter (submm) sources in the Barnard 30 dark cloud. We have complemented these data with multi-wavelength observations from the optical to the far-IR and compiled complete spectral energy distributions in order to identify the counterparts, characterize the sources and to assess their membership to the association and stellar or substellar status based on the available photometric information. Results. We have identified 34 submm sources and a substantial number of possible and probable Barnard 30 members within each individual APEX/LABOCA beam. They can be classified into three distinct groups. First, 15 of these 34 have a clear optical or IR counterpart to the submm peak and nine of them are potential proto-BD candidates. Moreover, a substantial number of them could be multiple systems. A second group of 13 sources comprises candidate members with significant infrared excesses located away from the central submm emission. All of them include BD candidates, some displaying IR excess, but their association with submm emission is unclear. In addition, we have found six starless cores and, based on the total dust mass estimate, three might be pre-substellar (or pre-BDs) cores. Finally, the complete characterization of our APEX/LABOCA sources, focusing on those detected at 24 and/or 70 μm, indicates that in our sample of 34 submm sources there are, at least: two WTTs, four CTTs, five young stellar objects, eight proto-BD candidates (with another three dubious cases), and one very low luminosity objects. Conclusions. Our findings provide additional evidence concerning the BD formation mechanism, which seems to be a downsized version of the stellar formation., This research has been funded by the Spanish grants AYA 2014-55840-P, and AYA2014- 57369-C3-3-P, ESP2015-65712-C5-1-R, and ESP2017-87676-C5-1-R. AP and MTR acknowledge financial support from UNAM-DGAPA-PAPIIT IA102815 grant, México, and from CATA (PB06) CONICYT, Chile, respectively. AB was financed by proyecto Fondecyt Iniciación 11140572 and the Millennium Science Initiative (Chilean Ministry of Economy), through grant Nucleus P10-022-F. It makes use of VOSA, developed under the Spanish Virtual Observatory project supported from the Spanish MICINN through grant AyA2008-02156, and of the SIMBAD database, operated at CDS, Strasbourg, France. This publication makes use of data products from the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, which is a joint project of the University of California, Los Angeles, and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory/California Institute of Technology, funded by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. The paper was finished during a stay at ALMA and ESO headquarters in Santiago de Chile by DB and NH, which were supported by ALMA & ESO and by the BBVA foundation, respectively, and another at Universidad de Valparaiso by DB, supported by proyect Proyecto Fondecyt de Iniciación 11140572 (Chile).

The goal of this work was to evaluate the rice husk ash (RHA) effect on soil phosphorus (P) adsorption and to analyze the probable consequences of these in the parameters that affect P availability to the plants and the risk of soil P loss by superficial run-off. For this, a factorial experiment was conducted in laboratory with samples of two soils (factor A: Hapludult and Hapludox) that were submitted to five doses of RHA (factor B: 0; 25; 50; 75 and 100 g RHA kg-1 of soil). The experimental units were plastic pots with 200 g of air-dry fine earth from horizon A of each soil. The experimental design was completely random with three replications. After 30 days of soils incubation where moisture was maintained in field capacity, the phosphorus adsorption isotherms were made in subsamples of each experimental unit. The RHA decreases sharply the phosphorus adsorption power but decreases very little the maximum soil phosphate adsorption. The RHA increases the soluble silicium and phosphorus contents, but these are not responsible for the decrease in phosphorus adsorption later applied in the soil. The major cause of the negative effect of RHA in the soil phosphate adsorption is the increase in soil pH. As a consequence of these effects, the RHA decreases the buffering ability and increases the phosphorus effective diffusion coefficient in the soil. Moreover, as a consequence of the adsorption power decrease, the RHA increases the risk of environmental contamination by phosphorus by superficial runoff, especially in soils with originally low phosphorus adsorption ability.

Three Streptomyces strains isolated from Guaviare sediments (Colombia, South America) with cytotoxic activity against prostate cancer (PC3), breast cancer (MDA-MB-231), and lung cancer (A549) line cells were studied. The present investigation reveals the enhancement of the cytotoxic activity evaluating different values of pH, carbon sources (sucrose, glucose, xylose, maltose, and starch), and nitrogen sources (malt extract, yeast extract, meat extract, peptone, and potassium nitrate). Based on the response surface methodology, the isolates Streptomyces aburaviensis (73) had the maximum activity for lung cancer (IC50= 25.00 ± 1.86 ppm) with 4% of yeast extract, 3% of starch, and a pH value of 7. Streptomyces gramineus (386) had the maximum activity against prostate cancer (IC50= 6.14 ± 2.07 ppm) with 5% of malt extract, 3% of glucose, and a pH value of 6. Finally, Streptomyces psammoticus (519) had the maximum activity against breast cancer (IC50= 35.53 ± 2.71 ppm) with 1% of yeast extract, 4% of starch, and a pH 8. The results suggest that the ethyl acetate extracts from isolates Streptomyces aburaviensis (73), Streptomyces gramineus (386), and Streptomyces psammoticus (519) have a potential for use in pharmaceuticals as cytotoxic agents.

Lung cancer continues being a serious cause of death in developed countries with an increase in its incidence in recent years. According to the above, it is not uncommon to think that new techniques are being investigated to facilitate diagnosis, as well as its staging.

Este estudo tem por objetivo expor o relato de atividades desenvolvidas pelo projeto “Experiência de leitura/escrita: a formação de leitores/escritores”, focando-se no sub-projeto “(Di)versificando: diferença na escola”, especificamente no módulo I “Um grito de negritude”. Este trabalho vem sendo realizado junto ao Programa Mais Educação da Escola Municipal de Ensino Fundamental Marechal Castelo Branco, com o objetivo de oferecer aos alunos uma relação prazerosa com a leitura e produção de diversos textos, focando assim na formação do leitor/escritor de textos literários. Dessa forma, serão apresentadas as referências teóricas e metodológicas utilizadas para ancorar o referido módulo, bem como uma breve descrição das atividades realizadas seguidas de reflexões sobre o trabalho docente.

O trabalho, aqui apresentado, é resultado das práticas de letramento, em especial, de letramento literário levadas a cabo no período de estágio de discentes do Curso de Letras, via projeto de extensão Experiências de leitura/escrita: a formação de leitores/escritores. O objetivo deste texto é o de relatar duas propostas de ensino com o texto literário, trazendo uma metodologia específica que visa apresentar, aos futuros profissionais das Letras, uma possibilidade fértil de trabalhar com a língua e a literatura na escola. Também, traz uma breve abordagem teórica sobre letramento, para situar o leitor sobre o significado de tal termo. Como resultado das práticas desenvolvidas ao longo do estágio, foi possível perceber a diversidade e riqueza de ações que podem perpassar a sala de aula de língua e literatura, transformando esse espaço em espaço de prazer, de aprendizagens significativas que mobilizam a criatividade, a criticidade e o desenvolvimento do prazer pela leitura e escrita. Palavras-chave: letramento; ensino de língua e literatura; estágio de docência.

The job, here presented, is a literacy practices result, in special, developed during the letters students trainee, through a extension project called Experiences of reading/writing: the readers/writers formation. This text has as objective relate two teaching proposals, bringing a specific methodology which tries to show, to the future letters professionals, a fertile possibility of working with language and literature at school. Also, bring a brief theoretical approaching about literacy, to situate the lector about the meaning of this term. Through practices developed during the trainee results, was possible to realize the diversity and richness of actions which has the potential of overarching the language and literature classroom, transforming this space in a pleasure space, of significant learning which mobilize the creativity, the criticality and the development of the reading and writing pleasure. O trabalho, aqui apresentado, é resultado das práticas de letramento, em especial, de letramento literário levadas a cabo no período de estágio de discentes do Curso de Letras, via projeto de extensão Experiências de leitura/escrita: a formação de leitores/escritores. O objetivo deste texto é o de relatar duas propostas de ensino com o texto literário, trazendo uma metodologia específica que visa apresentar, aos futuros profissionais das Letras, uma possibilidade fértil de trabalhar com a língua e a literatura na escola. Também, traz uma breve abordagem teórica sobre letramento, para situar o leitor sobre o significado de tal termo. Como resultado das práticas desenvolvidas ao longo do estágio, foi possível perceber a diversidade e riqueza de ações que podem perpassar a sala de aula de língua e literatura, transformando esse espaço em espaço de prazer, de aprendizagens significativas que mobilizam a criatividade, a criticidade e o desenvolvimento do prazer pela leitura e escrita. Palavras-chave: letramento; ensino de língua e literatura; estágio de docência.

Flares from the Sun and other stars are most prominently observed in the soft X-ray band. Most of the radiated energy, however, is released at optical/UV wavelengths. In spite of decades of investigation, the physics of flares is not fully understood. Even less is known about the powerful flares routinely observed from pre-main sequence stars, which might significantly influence the evolution of circumstellar disks. Observations of the NGC2264 star forming region were obtained in Dec. 2011, simultaneously with three telescopes, Chandra (X-rays), CoRoT (optical), and Spitzer (mIR), as part of the "Coordinated Synoptic Investigation of NGC2264" (CSI-NGC2264). Shorter Chandra and CoRoT observations were also obtained in March 2008. We analyzed the lightcurves to detect X-ray flares with an optical and/or mIR counterpart. Basic flare properties from the three datasets, such as emitted energies and peak luminosities, were then compared to constrain the spectral energy distribution of the flaring emission and the physical conditions of the emitting regions. Flares from stars with and without circumstellar disks were also compared to establish any difference that might be attributed to the presence of disks. Seventy-eight X-ray flares with an optical and/or mIR counterpart were detected. Their optical emission is found to correlate well with, and to be significantly larger than, the X-ray emission. The slopes of the correlations suggest that the difference becomes smaller for the most powerful flares. The mIR flare emission seems to be strongly affected by the presence of a circumstellar disk: flares from stars with disks have a stronger mIR emission with respect to stars without disks. This might be attributed to the reprocessing of the optical (and X-ray) flare emission by the inner circumstellar disk, providing evidence for flare-induced disk heating., Comment: 16 pages (36 including appendixes), 8 figures (main text), accepted for publication by Astronomy & Astrophysics (section 8)

Introduction Preservation of femoral condyles in patients with knee disarticulation amputation (KDA) facilitates distal support inside the socket, compared to trans-femoral amputation (TFA), and allows the direct transfer of weight-bearing loads toward residual limbs. Hypothesis The hypothesis was that the gait distance and speed of TFA patients after a surgical femoral implant that allowed the distal support of the residuum would improve. Material and methods Twenty-three TFA patients received a titanium implant that allowed the distal weight bearing of the residuum inside the socket. The post-intervention follow-up period lasted 14 months. Gait distance and speed were assessed with the 2-minute walk test (2MWT). Results The amputation etiology was trauma in 11 patients (48%), peripheral vascular disease in nine (39%) and oncologic disease in three (13%). The mean 2MWT distance was 103.6 ± 34.7 m prior to femoral implant and 128 ± 38.9 m at 14 months, which implies an improvement of 24% (p Discussion After implant placement, distance covered increased by 24%. This value is higher than those described by other groups, such as Rau (12.6%) and Darter (19.2%), who assessed improvement in distance covered with the 2MWT in a younger population and after completing different physiotherapy programs. Our results showed improved distance walked and gait speed as well as in the physical functioning score in TFA patients 14 months after receiving a femoral implant that permitted distal residuum loading. Type of study An experimental prospective study. Level of proof III, case-control study.

Artisanal and small-scale gold mining (ASGM) is a primary contributor to global mercury and its rapid expansion raises concern for human exposure. Non-occupational exposure risks are presumed to be strongly tied to environmental contamination; however, the relationship between environmental and human mercury exposure, how exposure has changed over time, and risk factors beyond fish consumption are not well understood in ASGM settings. In Peruvian riverine communities (n = 12), where ASGM has increased 4–6 fold over the past decade, we provide a large-scale assessment of the connection between environmental and human mercury exposure by comparing total mercury contents in human hair (2-cm segment, n = 231) to locally caught fish tissue, analyzing temporal exposure in women of child bearing age (WCBA, 15–49 years, n = 46) over one year, and evaluating general mercury exposure risks including fish and non-fish dietary items through household surveys and linear mixed models. Calculations of an individual’s oral reference dose using the total mercury content in locally-sourced fish underestimated the observed mercury exposure for individuals in many communities. This discrepancy was particularly evident in communities upstream of ASGM, where mercury levels in river fish, water, and sediment measurements from a previous study were low, yet hair mercury was chronically elevated. Hair from 86% of individuals and 77% of children exceeded a USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency) provisional level (1.2 µg/g) that could result in child developmental impairment. Chronically elevated mercury exposure was observed in the temporal analysis in WCBA. If the most recent exposure exceeded the USEPA level, there was a 97% probability that the individual exceeded that level 8–10 months of the previous year. Frequent household consumption of some fruits (tomato, banana) and grains (quinoa) was significantly associated with 29–75% reductions in hair mercury. Collectively, these data demonstrate that communities located hundreds of kilometers from ASGM are vulnerable to chronically elevated mercury exposure. Furthermore, unexpected associations with fish mercury contents and non-fish dietary intake highlight the need for more in-depth analyses of exposure regimes to identify the most vulnerable populations and to establish potential interventions.

Background: It has been reported that the uncoupling proteins (UCPs) can contribute to energy metabolism, and are thus involved in the pathogenesis of obesity. The objective of the study was to analyze the association between UCP polymorphisms, clinical parameters and leptin and adiponectin plasma levels in an adolescent population with overweight and obesity. Methods: We analyzed the UCP1 -3826 C/T, UCP2-866 G/A, Ala55Val and UCP3 -55 C/T polymorphisms and the levels of adipokines in adolescents with normal weight and with overweight or obesity. The study included 270 students aged between 12 and 18 years categorized according to the percentiles from Mexico City. Adipokines levels were measured by immunoassay methods and the UCP polymorphisms were determined using Taqman real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Results: No significant differences were found in the UCP polymorphisms in seven inheritance models studied. Most of the significant differences in the clinical parameters were found under a recessive model, the UCP2 -866 polymorphism was associated with diastolic blood pressure (p=0.008), triglycerides (p=0.045), low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) (p=0.003), high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) (p=0.050) and plasma levels of leptin (p Conclusions: This study demonstrated a direct relationship between the clinical characteristics and UCP2-866 in a recessive model, associated with high levels of leptin and decreased levels of adiponectin in an obese or overweight Mexican adolescent population.

La problemática que da origen a la sentencia de la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos se contextualiza durante el periodo denominado “guerra sucia” caracterizado por un régimen autoritario que criminalizó la participación democrática en las decisiones que le afectaban, un gobierno centralizado en la figura presidencial sin límites a dicho poder. A cualquier sistema político autoritario le interesa que sus profesionistas sean profesionistas preparados, pero en lo social sean autistas. Como una respuesta a los cambios que vive nuestro país, el estudio de este proyecto, constituye una respuesta al deber ético y social que hoy en día demanda, una profunda sensibilidad ante actos de injusticia, abuso e intolerancia. La Corte IDH ha dictado hasta el año 2016, un total de 10 sentencias en contra del Estado Mexicano. De las ocho sentencias de fondo, los Casos Radilla Pacheco, Fernández Ortega, Cabrera García y Montiel Flores, Rosendo Cantú y otra, se refieren a actos que se llevaron a efecto en el estado de Guerrero y en tres de ellos involucran a miembros del ejército mexicano. 469

Se estima que 15% de las parejas tendrán problemas para lograr el embarazo después de un año de relaciones sexuales sin protección. Erróneamente, en primera instancia se piensa en la mujer cuando se habla de un problema de infertilidad; sin embargo, la realidad nos muestra una situación muy distinta, pues en una tercera parte de los casos el responsable es el varón, en otra tercera parte la mujer y en el último tercio ambos tendrán alguna implicación en el problema.

Resumen La infeccion profunda de la herida despues del reemplazo de la articulacion de la cadera es una de las complicaciones mas devastadoras que enfrentan tanto el medico como el paciente, El cemento oseo mezclado con antibiotico esta bien aceptado para el tratamiento de una infeccion establecida. Sin embargo, su papel en la profilaxis de la infeccion sigue siendo controvertido debido a cuestiones relacionadas con el aumento de la resistencia bacteriana, la eficacia y el coste. Hemos revisado la bibliografia sobre el uso extendido del cemento oseo mezclado con antibioticos. Concluimos que se debe valorar el riesgo-beneficio individual en el momento de indicar el uso del cemento mezclado con antibioticos en la profilaxis de protesis de cadera.

Mexico is within the top three Latin American countries with the highest proportion of adolescent pregnancies while being in the lowest ten Latin American countries in terms of height. It is still unclear how much growth in adolescence is affected by pregnancy; therefore, this study was designed to study the association between prenatal serum concentrations of leptin, IGF-I, and estradiol and the increase in the height of a group of pregnant adolescents between the 28th week of gestation to one year postpartum. We conducted a cohort study from 2009 to 2017 in pregnant adolescents in their third trimester of pregnancy receiving prenatal care at Mexico’s National Institute of Perinatology. Data on hormones, other covariates, and confounding variables were analyzed through bivariate analysis and then a linear univariate analysis. Our patients were an average of 15.5±1 years and gained an average of 9.5 mm during the study period. A Pearson’s correlation showed a positive and significant height increase between height and leptin and IGF-I, and negative between height and estradiol. The general linear model (adjusted by age, bone age, gynecological age, parent’s stature, breastfeeding, body fat, energy intake, and BMI) found that leptin and estradiol serum concentrations explained 39.6% of height increase; IGF-I did not have any predictive effect. Leptin and estradiol concentrations in the third trimester of pregnancy are associated with increased height in our group of teenage mothers. No effect association was observed between height and IGF-I concentrations.

BACKGROUND CONTEXT Total sacrectomy is usually performed when a sacral tumor involves high-level sacral vertebra. Following total sacrectomy, the continuity between the spine and pelvis is necessary for ambulation, and to enable patients to resume daily living activities sooner during rehabilitation. PURPOSE The aim of this study is to assess the biomechanical properties of a novel spinopelvic reconstruction system following total sacrectomy: a sacral solid porous titanium replacement part manufactured through a rapid prototyping technique (EBM, electron beam melting). STUDY DESIGN/SETTING Biomechanic study. METHODS Three studies were carried out: with finite element methods (FEM), fatigue with a polyamide model, and in cadaver. The following models were compared in the FEM study: (1) two connected rods in L, L3-L5 pedicle screws, and two bilateral iliac screws; (2) Model 1 with no L3 fixation; (3) two connected rods in L, two screws to the L5 body and L3-L5 pedicle screws; (4) Model 3 with no L3 fixation; (5) sacral replacement part connected to the L5 body with two screws and two bilateral iliac screws, pedicle screws in L4-L5, and two vertical rods that connect them to the part; (6) Model 5 with a trans-iliac fixation rod. The L5 (mm) vertical drop, the Von Mises stress (Nm), and stress distribution were assessed. In the other studies, Model 5 was evaluated, checking the existence of errors in the instrumentation. RESULTS The areas of maximum stress were located in the connection between L5 and the pelvis in all the models. No errors were detected in the fatigue with a polyamide model studies nor in cadaver. CONCLUSIONS Significant reductions of tension and vertical displacements were achieved with the sacral replacement part as well as the lowest values published to date; this indicates that the assembly is rigid and stable, preventing the collapse of the spine on the pelvis. With the tensions obtained with the replacement part–112 MPa there is no risk of breaking when exposed to static loads nor fatigue behavior of the implants, as opposed to the other assessed and published models. Once implanted, the replacement part could show good behavior by reconstructing the anterior spine, preventing overloads in the spine or pelvis, increasing fusion rates, potentially reducing the number of check-up surgeries due to instrumental breaking down, and allowing early mobilization of the patient. FDA DEVICE/DRUG STATUS This abstract does not discuss or include any applicable devices or drugs.

Anais do 35º Seminário de Extensão Universitária da Região Sul - Área temática: Educação Interessadas em pesquisar a pertinência e eficácia do trabalho com os gêneros textuais mediante a metodologia das Sequências Didáticas (SD) apresentada por DOLZ; SCHNEUWLY, 2007), foi proposto, para os anos de 2016 e 2017, o projeto de extensão (Re)significando o ensino da língua portuguesa na escola: os gêneros e a dinâmica das sequências didáticas. Esse projeto tem por objetivo central desenvolver práticas de intervenção pedagógica em escolas da educação básica, valendo-se do trabalho com os gêneros textuais e o uso da metodologia das SD com vistas a contribuir com o ensino/aprendizagem da língua portuguesa. As ações do projeto são desenvolvidas através de subprojetos, os quais elencam temas e gêneros específicos para serem trabalhados ao longo de um bimestre escolar. O presente trabalho visa a apresentar a proposta realizada em uma escola pública municipal da cidade de Jaguarão/RS com o subprojeto O gênero notícia em sala de aula desenvolvido por uma estudante e bolsista PDA do curso de Letras, sob orientação da coordenadora do projeto. Além de apresentar a proposta enunciativa levada a cabo, os módulos realizados, as metodologias de intervenção para a análise e refacção de aspectos discursivos e linguísticos e a produção final como resultado de todo o processo; trazemos alguns resultados que serão a base de futura pesquisa. Esses resultados indicam que o trabalho com os gêneros, aliados a uma metodologia bem planejada, juntamente a intervenções do professor durante o processo contribuem sobremaneira para desenvolver a proficiência na produção escrita e a capacidade do aluno em refletir sobre os usos da língua e intervir sobre ela de modo a qualificar a sua competência linguístico-discursiva

Particulate matter (PM) as an environmental pollutant is suspected to be associated with autism spectrum disorders. The aim of the present study was to review the epidemiological literature currently available on the relation between PM exposure and diagnosis of ASD. The PubMed database was searched from November 2015 up to January 2016 by one of the authors. We included observational studies (cohort and case control studies) published in English carried out in children within the last 10 years, measuring PM exposure and health outcomes related to ASD. 13 studies met the inclusion criteria. Four of the studies found no association between PM exposure and ASD. The other 8 studies show positive associations restricted to specific exposure windows which however do not reach statistical significance at times. To conclude, the evidence from the studies allows us to conclude that there is an association between PM exposure and ASD whose strength varies according to the particle size studied with the association with PM2.5 and diesel PM being stronger. Given the potential importance for public health, cohort studies with proper adjustment for confounding variables and identification of critical windows of exposure are urgently needed to further improve knowledge about potential causal links between PM exposure and the development of ASD.

A catalytic process for the upgrading of woody biomass into mono-aromatics, hemi-cellulose sugars and a solid cellulose-rich carbohydrate residue is presented. Lignin fragments are extracted from the lignocellulosic matrix by cleavage of ester and ether linkages between lignin and carbohydrates by the catalytic action of homogeneous Lewis acid metal triflates in methanol. The released lignin fragments are converted into lignin monomers by the combined catalytic action of Pd/C and metal triflates in hydrogen. The mechanism of ether bond cleavage is investigated by lignin dimer models (benzyl phenyl ether, guaiacylglycerol-β-guaiacyl ether, 2-phenylethyl phenyl ether and 2-phenoxy-1-phenylethanol). Metal triflates are involved in cleaving not only ester and ether linkages between lignin and the carbohydrates but also β-O-4 ether linkages within the aromatic lignin structure. Metal triflates are more active for β-O-4 ether bond cleavage than Pd/C. On the other hand, Pd/C is required for cleaving α-O-4, 4-O-5 and β-β linkages. Insight into the synergy between Pd/C and metal triflates allowed optimizing the reductive fractionation process. Under optimized conditions, 55 wt% mono-aromatics - mainly alkylmethoxyphenols - can be obtained from the lignin fraction (23.8 wt%) of birch wood in a reaction system comprising birch wood, methanol and small amounts of Pd/C and Al(III)-triflate as catalysts. The promise of scale-up of this process is demonstrated.

In this work we present ALMA continuum observations at 880 $\mu$m of 30 sub-mm cores previously identified with APEX/LABOCA at 870$\mu$m in the Barnard 30 cloud. The main goal is to characterize the youngest and lowest mass population in the cloud. As a result, we report the detection of five (out of 30) spatially unresolved sources with ALMA, with estimated masses between 0.9 and 67 M$_{\rm Jup}$. From these five sources, only two show gas emission. The analysis of multi-wavelength photometry from these two objects, namely B30-LB14 and B30-LB19, is consistent with one Class II- and one Class I low-mass stellar object, respectively. The gas emission is consistent with a rotating disk in the case of B30-LB14, and with an oblate rotating envelope with infall signatures in the case of LB19. The remaining three ALMA detections do not have infrared counterparts and can be classified as either deeply embedded objects or as starless cores if B30 members. In the former case, two of them (LB08 and LB31) show internal luminosity upper limits consistent with Very Low Luminosity objects, while we do not have enough information for LB10. In the starless core scenario, and taking into account the estimated masses from ALMA and the APEX/LABOCA cores, we estimate final masses for the central objects in the substellar domain, so they could be classified as pre-BD core candidates., Comment: Published in A&A

The selection of vertebrate hosts by Culex mosquitoes relative to West Nile virus (WNV) transmission in neotropical countries such as Guatemala is not described. This study determined the feeding patterns of Cx. quinquefasciatus and Cx. nigripalpus and estimated the relative contribution of two common and frequently infected wild bird species, Turdus grayi and Quiscalus mexicanus, to WNV transmission. Engorged mosquitoes were collected from rural and urban habitats after the dry and wet seasons in the Department of Izabal in 2007. Host selection by Cx. nigripalpus varied significantly between urban and rural habitats. Both Cx. quinquefasciatus and Cx. nigripalpus fed predominantly on chickens and other domestic animals. Blood meals from wild birds were rare, accounting for 1.1% of blood meals identified from Cx. quinquefasciatus and 6.5% of blood meals from Cx. nigripalpus. Transmission of WNV by these two mosquito species may be dampened by extensive feeding on reservoir-incompetent hosts.

We present radiation transfer models of rotating young stellar objects (YSOs) with hotspots in their atmospheres, inner disk warps and other 3-D effects in the nearby circumstellar environment. Our models are based on the geometry expected from the magneto-accretion theory, where material moving inward in the disk flows along magnetic field lines to the star and creates stellar hotspots upon impact. Due to rotation of the star and magnetosphere, the disk is variably illuminated. We compare our model light curves to data from the Spitzer YSOVAR project (Morales-Calderon et al. 2014, Cody et al. 2014) to determine if these processes can explain the variability observed at optical and mid-infrared wavelengths in young stars. We focus on those variables exhibiting "dipper" behavior that may be periodic, quasi-periodic, or aperiodic. We find that the stellar hotspot size and temperature affects the optical and near-infrared light curves, while the shape and vertical extent of the inner disk warp affects the mid-IR light curve variations. Clumpy disk distributions with non-uniform fractal density structure produce more stochastic light curves. We conclude that the magneto-accretion theory is consistent with certain aspects of the multi-wavelength photometric variability exhibited by low-mass YSOs. More detailed modeling of individual sources can be used to better determine the stellar hotspot and inner disk geometries of particular sources., Accepted to ApJ

We present the Coordinated Synoptic Investigation of NGC 2264, a continuous 30-day multi-wavelength photometric monitoring campaign on more than 1000 young cluster members using 16 telescopes. The unprecedented combination of multi-wavelength, high-precision, high-cadence, and long-duration data opens a new window into the time domain behavior of young stellar objects. Here we provide an overview of the observations, focusing on results from Spitzer and CoRoT. The highlight of this work is detailed analysis of 162 classical T Tauri stars for which we can probe optical and mid-infrared flux variations to 1% amplitudes and sub-hour timescales. We present a morphological variability census and then use metrics of periodicity, stochasticity, and symmetry to statistically separate the light curves into seven distinct classes, which we suggest represent different physical processes and geometric effects. We provide distributions of the characteristic timescales and amplitudes, and assess the fractional representation within each class. The largest category (>20%) are optical "dippers" having discrete fading events lasting ~1-5 days. The degree of correlation between the optical and infrared light curves is positive but weak; notably, the independently assigned optical and infrared morphology classes tend to be different for the same object. Assessment of flux variation behavior with respect to (circum)stellar properties reveals correlations of variability parameters with H$\alpha$ emission and with effective temperature. Overall, our results point to multiple origins of young star variability, including circumstellar obscuration events, hot spots on the star and/or disk, accretion bursts, and rapid structural changes in the inner disk., Comment: Published in AJ. 59 pages; 4 tables; 49 figures, most of which are highly degraded to fit size limits. Author name typo corrected. For a better resolution version, please visit http://web.ipac.caltech.edu/staff/amc/codyetal2014.pdf

Theoretical models and spectroscopic observations of newborn stars suggest that protoplantary disks have an inner "wall" at a distance set by the disk interaction with the star. Around T Tauri stars, the size of this disk hole is expected to be on a 0.1-AU scale that is unresolved by current adaptive optics imaging, though some model-dependent constraints have been obtained by near-infrared interferometry. Here we report the first measurement of the inner disk wall around a solar-mass young stellar object, YLW 16B in the {\rho} Ophiuchi star-forming region, by detecting the light travel time of the variable radiation from the stellar surface to the disk. Consistent time lags were detected on two nights, when the time series in H (1.6 {\mu}m) and K (2.2 {\mu}m) bands were synchronized while the 4.5 {\mu}m emission lagged by 74.5 +/- 3.2 seconds. Considering the nearly edge-on geometry of the disk, the inner rim should be 0.084 AU from the protostar on average, with an error of order 0.01 AU. This size is likely larger than the range of magnetospheric truncations, and consistent with an optically and geometrically thick disk front at the dust sublimation radius at ~1500 K. The widths of the cross-correlation functions between the data in different wavebands place possible new constraints on the geometry of the disk., Comment: 23 pages, 9 figures, 2 tables, Accepted for publication in the Astrophysical Journal

Vessel thrombosis is a severe complication after renal transplantation. Antibodies anti-β-2 glycoprotein-I of IgA isotype (IgA-aB2GP1) have been linked to thrombotic events and mortality in hemodialysis patients.All kidney transplanted patients from 2000 to 2011 (n = 1375) in our hospital were followed up for 2 years, evaluating 3 time periods.At transplantation, 401 patients were positive for IgA-aB2GPI (29.2%, group 1), and the remaining patients were negative (group 2). Graft loss at 6 months posttransplantation was higher in group 1 (18% vs 7.2%; P0.001). The most frequent cause of early graft loss was vessel thrombosis, especially in group 1 (12.2% vs 2.6% of patients; P0.001). In fact, vessel thrombosis was the most important cause of graft loss in the 3 time periods, irrespective of demographic changes and introduction of transplantation with asystolic donors.Notably, IgA-aB2GP1 was an independent risk factor for graft thrombosis (odds ratio, 5.047; P0.001). Furthermore, the presence of IgA-aB2GP1 was associated with early graft loss and delayed graft function. Mortality at 24 months was also higher in group 1.In conclusion, pretransplant IgA-aB2GP1 was the main risk factor for graft thrombosis and early graft loss. Further research should be made on whether anticoagulation in antibody-positive patients could ameliorate this catastrophic complication.

The successful orientation of new employees facilitates their transition to the complex and demanding world of perioperative nursing. Whether a nurse is a recent graduate or an experienced nurse who has recently joined the facility or department, a new nurse benefits from a transition period during which new skills, processes, and concepts can be learned. Training should offer new employees the opportunity to develop competency, experience, collegial relationships, clinical judgment, and, overall, specialized knowledge for application in the clinical setting. Concerns surrounding orientation and training include the initial costs for training and the possibility of new employees leaving after the completion of training. The associated costs can be staggering, but adopting perioperative nurse residency programs may be a way to provide quality, high-level training and improve retention rates while minimizing long-term costs.

Background In February 2009, a group of Guatemalan school children developed acute gastroenteritis (AGE) after participating in a school excursion. Objectives We conducted a retrospective cohort investigation to characterize the outbreak and guide control measures. Study design A case was defined as an illness with onset of diarrhea or vomiting during February 25–March 5, 2009. Participants were interviewed using a standardized questionnaire, and stool specimens were collected. We inspected the excursion site and tested water samples for total coliforms and Escherichia coli . Results We identified 119 excursion participants, of which 92 (77%) had been ill. Fifty-six (62%) patients sought care for their illness, and three (3%) were hospitalized. Eighteen (90%) of the 20 specimens from ill children tested positive for norovirus. Among these, 16 (89%) were of the genogroup I (GI.7) and two (11%) were genogroup II (GII.12 and GII.17). One (8%) of the 12 food handlers had norovirus (GI.7). Drinking water samples had 146 most probable numbers (MPN)/100 ml of total coliforms and five MPN/100 ml of E. coli . Conclusion We describe the first laboratory-confirmed norovirus outbreak in Guatemala. The high illness attack rate, detection of multiple norovirus strains in sick persons, and presence of fecal contamination of drinking water indicate likely waterborne transmission.

In an attempt to study whether the formation of brown dwarfs (BDs) takes place as a scaled-down version of low-mass stars, we conducted IRAM30m/MAMBO-II observations at 1.2 mm in a sample of 12 proto-BD candidates selected from Spitzer/IRAC data in the B213-L1495 clouds in Taurus. Subsequent observations with the CSO at 350 micron, VLA at 3.6 and 6 cm, and IRAM30m/EMIR in the 12CO(1-0), 13CO(1-0), and N2H+(1-0) transitions were carried out toward the two most promising Spitzer/IRAC source(s), J042118 and J041757. J042118 is associated with a compact (

Akodonema luzsarmientae n.g., n.sp. (Nemata: Metastrongyloidea) is described from the pulmonary arteries and heart from several individuals of “soft grass mouse,” Akodon mollis (Rodentia: Cricetidae), collected in the region of Ancash, Peru. The new genus and species is distinguished by a reduction of the dorsal ray to 2 small widely separated papillae.

Objective. To analyze the pattern of bone mineral density (BMD), serum concentrations of estradiol and calcium lev- els, dietary calcium, body mass index (BMI), and lactation in adolescents and adult women at 15, 90, and 365 postpartum days (ppd). Material and Methods. A prospective cohort study was conducted of 33 adolescents and 39 adult women. Anthropometric and dietetic evaluations were performed, as well as evaluations of bone mineral density in L2-L4 and femur neck. Estradiol concentrations and calcium serum levels were determined. Results. L2-L4 BMD increased by 16% in adolescents, and 3% in adult women from day 15 to 365 ppd. While age was associated with this change (β=13.779, EE=3.5, p=0.001), lactation was not (β=-0.705, EE=0.647, p=0.283). The adult women had a higher L2-L4 BMD at 15, 90, and 635 ppd (1.151 vs 0.978g/cm 2 , 1.195 vs 1.070g/cm 2 , 1.195 vs 1.123g/cm 2 , respectively) (p

Introduction Preservation of femoral condyles in patients with knee disarticulation amputation (KDA) facilitates distal support inside the socket, compared to transfemoral amputation (TFA), and allows the direct transfer of weight-bearing loads toward residual limbs. Hypothesis The hypothesis was that the gait distance and speed of TFA patients after a surgical femoral implant that allowed the distal support of the residuum would improve. Material and methods In total, 23 TFA patients received a titanium implant that allowed the distal weight bearing of the residuum inside the socket. The post-intervention follow-up period lasted 14 months. Gait distance and speed were assessed with the 2-minute walk test (2MWT). Results The amputation etiology was trauma in 11 patients (48%), peripheral vascular disease in nine (39%) and oncologic disease in three (13%). The mean 2MWT distance was 103.6 ± 34.7 m prior to femoral implant and 128 ± 38.9 m at 14 months, which implies an improvement of 24% (p Discussion After implant placement, distance covered increased by 24%. This value is higher than those described by other groups, such as Rau (12.6%) and Darter (19.2%), who assessed improvement in distance covered with the 2MWT in a younger population and after completing different physiotherapy programs. Our results showed improved distance walked and gait speed as well as in the physical functioning score in TFA patients 14 months after receiving a femoral implant that permitted distal residuum loading. Type of study An experimental prospective study. Level of proof III, case-control study.

Objective: To validate the Spanish version of the Children's Eating Attitudes Test (ChEAT). Method: The factor structure and other psychometric characteristics of the questionnaire were examined using the answers of 38,554 schoolchildren. Diagnostic efficiency was based on a standardized clinical interview of 968 schoolchildren who had previously completed the questionnaire. Results: Five factors (“preoccupation with thinness,” “dieting,” “social pressure to eat,” “purging,” and “preoccupation with food and oral control”) explained 46% of the variance. Cronbach's α was .858 for the total scale. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was .851. Sensitivity (SE) was 27% and specificity (SP) 96% for a cut-off of 20. A more appropriate cut-off was 15, where SE and SP were 62% and 90% respectively, and the positive and negative predictive values 27 and 98%. Discussion: The ChEAT psychometric characteristics are adequate. The questionnaire is valid. A cut-off point of 15 is recommended for adolescents. © 2010 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2011)

Investigators have used a variety of techniques to sample resting, engorged mosquitoes for the purposes of studying mosquito blood-feeding behavior. However, evidence exists that mosquito blood-feeding patterns may vary according to collection method. Engorged mosquitoes were collected from rural and urban habitats after the 2007 dry (July) and wet (December) seasons in the Department of Izabal, Guatemala, with the use of Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) light traps, gravid traps, and aspiration from plastic pots and vegetation. We evaluated the utility of plastic pots as sampling tools for engorged Culex mosquitoes and compared Cx. quinquefasciatus blood host identities among collection methods. The array of vertebrate hosts supplying blood to Cx. quinquefasciatus did not differ significantly by method of collection. The density of engorged Cx. quinquefasciatus per trap-night was not significantly different between CDC light traps, gravid traps, and plastic pots; however, there was a significantly higher proportion of total mosquitoes that were engorged collected from pots than from either CDC light traps or gravid traps.