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151. Erratum to: An egalitarian society? Widening inequalities in premature mortality from non-communicable diseases in Australia, 2006-16

Author: Adair, Tim, primary and Lopez, Alan D, additional
Published: 2021
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152. Can verbal autopsy improve the diagnostic accuracy of Physicians in Shanghai? Application of SmartVA

Author: Chen, Lei, primary, Xia, Tian, additional, Rampatige, Rasika, additional, Li, Hang, additional, Adair, Tim, additional, Joshi, Rohina, additional, Gu, Zhen, additional, Yu, Huiting, additional, Fang, Bo, additional, McLaughlin, Deirdre, additional, Lopez, Alan D., additional, Wang, Chunfang, additional, and Yuan, Zheng'an, additional
Published: 2021
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153. Divergent mortality trends by ethnicity in Fiji

Author: Taylor, Richard, Carter, Karen, Naidu, Shivnay, Linhart, Christine, Azim, Syed, Rao, Chalapati, and Lopez, Alan D.
Published: 2013
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154. Should data from demographic surveillance systems be made more widely available to researchers?

Author: Chandramohan, Daniel, Shibuya, Kenji, Setel, Philip, Cairncross, Sandy, Lopez, Alan D., Murray, Christopher J.L., Zaba, Basia, Snow, Robert W., and Binka, Fred
Subjects: Biological sciences
Abstract: Background to the debate: Demographic surveillance--the process of monitoring births, deaths, causes of deaths, and migration in a population over time--is one of the cornerstones of public health research, particularly in investigating and tackling health disparities. An international network of demographic surveillance systems (DSS) now operates, mostly in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia. Thirty-eight DSS sites are coordinated by the International Network for the Continuous Demographic Evaluation of Populations and Their Health (INDEPTH). In this debate, Daniel Chandramohan and colleagues argue that DSS data in the INDEPTH database should be made available to all researchers worldwide, not just to those within the INDEPTH Network. Basia Zaba and colleagues argue that the major obstacles to DSS sites sharing data are technical, managerial, and financial rather than proprietorial concerns about analysis and publication. This debate is further discussed in this month's Editorial., Daniel Chandramohan, Kenji Shibuya, Philip Setel, Sandy Cairncross, Alan D. Lopez, and Christopher J. L. Murray's Viewpoint: Demographic Surveillance Data Should Be Considered a Global Public Health Good Vital statistics [...]
Published: 2008

155. Measuring progress from 1990 to 2017 and projecting attainment to 2030 of the health-related Sustainable Development Goals for 195 countries and territories: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Author: Lozano, Rafael, Fullman, Nancy, Abate, Degu, Abay, Solomon M, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbasi, Nooshin, Abbastabar, Hedayat, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdela, Jemal, Abdelalim, Ahmed, Abdel-Rahman, Omar, Abdi, Alireza, Abdollahpour, Ibrahim, Abdulkader, Rizwan Suliankatchi, Abebe, Nebiyu Dereje, Abebe, Zegeye, Abejie, Ayenew Negesse, Abera, Semaw F, Abil, Olifan Zewdie, Aboyans, Victor, Abraha, Haftom Niguse, Abrham, Aklilu Roba, Abu-Raddad, Laith Jamal, Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen Me, Abyu, Gebre Y, Accrombessi, Manfred Mario Kokou, Acharya, Dilaram, Acharya, Pawan, Adamu, Abdu A, Adebayo, Oladimeji M, Adedeji, Isaac Akinkunmi, Adedoyin, Rufus Adesoji, Adekanmbi, Victor, Adetokunboh, Olatunji O, Adhena, Beyene Meressa, Adhikari, Tara Ballav, Adib, Mina G, Adou, Arsène Kouablan, Adsuar, Jose C, Afarideh, Mohsen, Afshari, Mahdi, Afshin, Ashkan, Agarwal, Gina, Aghayan, Sargis Aghasi, Agius, Dominic, Agrawal, Anurag, Agrawal, Sutapa, Ahmadi, Alireza, Ahmadi, Mehdi, Ahmadieh, Hamid, Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, Ahmed, Sayem, Akalu, Temesgen Yihunie, Akanda, Ali S, Akbari, Mohammad Esmaeil, Akibu, Mohammed, Akinyemi, Rufus Olusola, Akinyemiju, Tomi, Akseer, Nadia, Alahdab, Fares, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Tahiya, Albujeer, Ammar, Alebel, Animut, Alene, Kefyalew Addis, Al-Eyadhy, Ayman, Alhabib, Samia, Ali, Raghib, Alijanzadeh, Mehran, Alizadeh-Navaei, Reza, Aljunid, Syed Mohamed, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Alla, François, Allebeck, Peter, Allen, Christine A, Almasi, Ali, Al-Maskari, Fatma, Al-Mekhlafi, Hesham M, Alonso, Jordi, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa M, Alsharif, Ubai, Altirkawi, Khalid, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T, Amenu, Kebede, Amini, Erfan, Ammar, Walid, Anber, Nahla Hamed, Anderson, Jason A, Andrei, Catalina Liliana, Androudi, Sofia, Animut, Megbaru Debalkie, Anjomshoa, Mina, Ansari, Hossein, Ansariadi, Ansariadi, Ansha, Mustafa Geleto, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Anwari, Palwasha, Appiah, Lambert Tetteh, Aremu, Olatunde, Areri, Habtamu Abera, Ärnlöv, Johan, Arora, Monika, Aryal, Krishna K, Asayesh, Hamid, Asfaw, Ephrem Tsegay, Asgedom, Solomon Weldegebreal, Asghar, Rana Jawad, Assadi, Reza, Ataro, Zerihun, Atique, Suleman, Atre, Sachin R, Atteraya, Madhu Sudhan, Ausloos, Marcel, Avila-Burgos, Leticia, Avokpaho, Euripide F G A, Awasthi, Ashish, Ayala Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina, Ayele, Henok Tadesse, Ayele, Yohanes, Ayer, Rakesh, Azarpazhooh, Mahmoud Reza, Azzopardi, Peter S, Azzopardi-Muscat, Natasha, Babalola, Tesleem Kayode, Babazadeh, Arefeh, Badali, Hamid, Badawi, Alaa, Balakrishnan, Kalpana, Bali, Ayele Geleto, Banach, Maciej, Banerjee, Amitava, Banoub, Joseph Adel Mattar, Banstola, Amrit, Barac, Aleksandra, Barboza, Miguel A, Barker-Collo, Suzanne Lyn, Bärnighausen, Till Winfried, Barrero, Lope H, Barthelemy, Celine M, Bassat, Quique, Basu, Arindam, Basu, Sanjay, Battista, Robert J, Baune, Bernhard T, Baynes, Habtamu Wondifraw, Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad, Bedi, Neeraj, Beghi, Ettore, Behzadifar, Masoud, Behzadifar, Meysam, Béjot, Yannick, Bekele, Bayu Begashaw, Belachew, Abate Bekele, Belay, Aregawi Gebreyesus, Belay, Saba Abraham, Belay, Yihalem Abebe, Bell, Michelle L, Bello, Aminu K, Bennett, Derrick A, Bensenor, Isabela M, Benzian, Habib, Berhane, Adugnaw, Berhe, Abadi Kidanemariam, Berman, Adam E, Bernabe, Eduardo, Bernstein, Robert S, Bertolacci, Gregory J, Beuran, Mircea, Beyranvand, Tina, Bhala, Neeraj, Bhalla, Ashish, Bhansali, Anil, Bhattarai, Suraj, Bhaumik, Soumyadeep, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A, Biadgo, Belete, Biehl, Molly H, Bijani, Ali, Bikbov, Boris, Bililign, Nigus, Bin Sayeed, Muhammad Shahdaat, Birlik, Sait Mentes, Birungi, Charles, Bisanzio, Donal, Biswas, Tuhin, Bitew, Helen, Bizuneh, Hailemichael, Bjertness, Espen, Bobasa, Eshetu Mulisa, Boufous, Soufiane, Bourne, Rupert, Bozorgmehr, Kayvan, Bragazzi, Nicola Luigi, Brainin, Michael, Brant, Luisa C, Brauer, Michael, Brazinova, Alexandra, Breitborde, Nicholas J K, Briant, Paul Svitil, Britton, Gabrielle, Brugha, Traolach, Bukhman, Gene, Busse, Reinhard, Butt, Zahid A, Cahuana-Hurtado, Lucero, Callender, Charlton SKH, Campos-Nonato, Ismael R, Campuzano Rincon, Julio Cesar, Cano, Jorge, Car, Josip, Car, Mate, Cárdenas, Rosario, Carrero, Juan J, Carter, Austin, Carvalho, Félix, Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos A, Castillo Rivas, Jacqueline, Castro, Franz, Causey, Kate, Çavlin, Alanur, Cercy, Kelly M, Cerin, Ester, Chaiah, Yazan, Chalek, Julian, Chang, Hsing-Yi, Chang, Jung-Chen, Chattopadhyay, Aparajita, Chattu, Vijay Kumar, Chaturvedi, Pankaj, Chiang, Peggy Pei-Chia, Chin, Ken Lee, Chisumpa, Vesper Hichilombwe, Chitheer, Abdulaal, Choi, Jee-Young J, Chowdhury, Rajiv, Christensen, Hanne, Christopher, Devasahayam J, Chung, Sheng-Chia, Cicuttini, Flavia M, Ciobanu, Liliana G, Cirillo, Massimo, Claro, Rafael M, Claßen, Thomas Khaled Dwayne, Cohen, Aaron J, Collado-Mateo, Daniel, Cooper, Cyrus, Cooper, Leslie Trumbull, Cornaby, Leslie, Cortinovis, Monica, Costa, Megan, Cousin, Ewerton, Cromwell, Elizabeth A, Crowe, Christopher Stephen, Cunningham, Matthew, Daba, Alemneh Kabeta, Dadi, Abel Fekadu, Dandona, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, Dang, Anh Kim, Dargan, Paul I, Daryani, Ahmad, Das, Siddharth K, Das Gupta, Rajat, das Neves, José, Dasa, Tamirat Tesfaye, Dash, Aditya Prasad, Davis, Adrian C, Davitoiu, Dragos Virgil, Davletov, Kairat, Dayama, Anand, de Courten, Barbora, De Leo, Diego, De Neve, Jan-Walter, De Steur, Hans, Degefa, Meaza Girma, Degenhardt, Louisa, Degfie, Tizta Tilahun, Deiparine, Selina, Dellavalle, Robert P, Demoz, Gebre Teklemariam, Demtsu, Balem, Denova-Gutiérrez, Edgar, Deribe, Kebede, Dervenis, Nikolaos, Dessie, Getenet Ayalew, Dey, Subhojit, Dharmaratne, Samath D, Dhimal, Meghnath, Dicker, Daniel, Dinberu, Mesfin Tadese, Ding, Eric L, Djalalinia, Shirin, Do, Huyen Phuc, Dokova, Klara, Doku, David Teye, Douwes-Schultz, Dirk, Driscoll, Tim Robert, Duan, Leilei, Dubey, Manisha, Dubljanin, Eleonora, Duken, Eyasu Ejeta, Duncan, Bruce B, Duraes, Andre R, Ebrahimpour, Soheil, Edvardsson, David, El Bcheraoui, Charbel, Eldrenkamp, Erika, El-Khatib, Ziad, Elyazar, Iqbal RF, Enayati, Ahmadali, Endries, Aman Yesuf, Eshrati, Babak, Eskandarieh, Sharareh, Esteghamati, Alireza, Esteghamati, Sadaf, Estep, Kara, Fakhar, Mahdi, Fakhim, Hamed, Fanzo, Jessica, Faramarzi, Mahbobeh, Fareed, Mohammad, Farhadi, Farzaneh, Farid, Talha A, Farinha, Carla Sofia e Sá, Farioli, Andrea, Faro, Andre, Farvid, Maryam S, Farzadfar, Farshad, Farzaei, Mohammad Hosein, Farzam, Hossein, Fazaeli, Ali Akbar, Fazeli, Mir Sohail, Feigin, Valery L, Feigl, Andrea B, Fekadu, Wubalem, Feldman, Rachel, Fentahun, Netsanet, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Fernandes, Eduarda, Fernandes, Joao C, Feyissa, Garumma Tolu, Fijabi, Daniel Obadare, Filip, Irina, Finegold, Samuel, Finger, Jonas David, Fischer, Florian, Fitzmaurice, Christina, Flor, Luisa Sorio, Foigt, Nataliya A, Foreman, Kyle J, Frank, Tahvi D, Franklin, Richard Charles, Fukumoto, Takeshi, Fukutaki, Kai, Fuller, John E, Fürst, Thomas, Furtado, João M, Gakidou, Emmanuela, Gallus, Silvano, Gankpe, Fortune Gbetoho, Gansevoort, Ron T, Garcia, Ana Cristina, Garcia-Basteiro, Alberto L, Garcia-Gordillo, Miguel A, Gardner, William M, Gebre, Abadi Kahsu, Gebre, Teshome, Gebregergs, Gebremedhin Berhe, Gebrehiwot, Tsegaye Tewelde, Gebremedhin, Amanuel Tesfay, Gebremichael, Bereket, Gebremichael, Teklu Gebrehiwo, Gelano, Tilayie Feto, Geleijnse, Johanna M, Geramo, Yilma Chisha Dea, Getachew, Sefonias, Gething, Peter W, Gezae, Kebede Embaye, Ghadami, Mohammad Rasoul, Ghadimi, Reza, Ghadiri, Keyghobad, Ghasemi-Kasman, Maryam, Ghiasvand, Hesam, Ghimire, Mamata, Ghoshal, Aloke Gopal, Giampaoli, Simona, Gill, Paramjit Singh, Gill, Tiffany K, Giussani, Giorgia, Gnedovskaya, Elena V, Goldberg, Ellen M, Goli, Srinivas, Gona, Philimon N, Goodridge, Amador, Gopalani, Sameer Vali, Gorman, Taren M, Goto, Atsushi, Goulart, Alessandra C, Goulart, Bárbara Niegia Garcia, Grada, Ayman, Griswold, Max G, Grosso, Giuseppe, Gugnani, Harish Chander C, Guillemin, Francis, Guimaraes, Andre Luiz Sena, Guo, Yuming, Gupta, Prakash C, Gupta, Rahul, Gupta, Rajeev, Gupta, Tanush, Ha, Giang Hai, Haagsma, Juanita A, Hachinski, Vladimir, Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Haghparast Bidgoli, Hassan, Hagos, Tekleberhan B, Haile, Michael Tamene, Hailegiyorgis, Tewodros Tesfa, Hailu, Gessessew Bugssa, Haj-Mirzaian, Arvin, Haj-Mirzaian, Arya, Hamadeh, Randah R, Hamidi, Samer, Hankey, Graeme J, Harb, Hilda L, Harikrishnan, Sivadasanpillai, Haririan, Hamidreza, Haro, Josep Maria, Hasan, Mehedi, Hassankhani, Hadi, Hassen, Hamid Yimam, Havmoeller, Rasmus, Hawley, Caitlin N, Hay, Simon I, He, Yihua, Hedayatizadeh-Omran, Akbar, Hegazy, Mohamed I, Heibati, Behzad, Heidari, Behnam, Heidari, Mohsen, Hendrie, Delia, Henok, Andualem, Heredia-Pi, Ileana, Herteliu, Claudiu, Heydarpour, Behzad, Heydarpour, Fatemeh, Heydarpour, Sousan, Hibstu, Desalegn T, Híjar, Martha, Hoek, Hans W, Hoffman, Daniel J, Hole, Michael K, Homaie Rad, Enayatollah, Hoogar, Praveen, Horita, Nobuyuki, Hosgood, H Dean, Hosseini, Seyed Mostafa, Hosseinzadeh, Mehdi, Hostiuc, Mihaela, Hostiuc, Sorin, Hotez, Peter J, Hoy, Damian G, Hsairi, Mohamed, Hsiao, Thomas, Hu, Guoqing, Huang, John J, Hughes, Caitlyn, Huynh, Chantal K, Igumbor, Ehimario U, Ikeda, Chad Thomas, Ilesanmi, Olayinka Stephen, Iqbal, Usman, Irvani, Seyed Sina Naghibi, Irvine, Caleb Mackay Salpeter, Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful, Islami, Farhad, Ivers, Rebecca Q, Izadi, Neda, Jacobsen, Kathryn H, Jahangiry, Leila, Jahanmehr, Nader, Jain, Sudhir Kumar, Jakovljevic, Mihajlo, Jalu, Moti Tolera, Jamal, Amr A, James, Spencer L, Jassal, Simerjot K, Javanbakht, Mehdi, Jayatilleke, Achala Upendra, Jeemon, Panniyammakal, Jha, Ravi Prakash, Jha, Vivekanand, Ji, John S, Johnson, Catherine O, Johnson, Sarah C, Jonas, Jost B, Jonnagaddala, Jitendra, Jorjoran Shushtari, Zahra, Joshi, Ankur, Jozwiak, Jacek Jerzy, Jungari, Suresh Banayya, Jürisson, Mikk, K, Madhanraj, Kabir, Zubair, Kadel, Rajendra, Kahsay, Amaha, Kahssay, Molla, Kalani, Rizwan, Kapil, Umesh, Karami, Manoochehr, Karami Matin, Behzad, Karanikolos, Marina, Karimi, Narges, Karimi, Seyed M, Karimi-Sari, Hamidreza, Kasaeian, Amir, Kassa, Dessalegn H, Kassa, Getachew Mullu, Kassa, Tesfaye Dessale, Kassa, Zemenu Yohannes, Kassebaum, Nicholas J, Katikireddi, Srinivasa Vittal, Kaul, Anil, Kawakami, Norito, Kazemi, Zhila, Karyani, Ali Kazemi, Kazi, Dhruv Satish, KC, Prakash, Kebede, Seifu, Keiyoro, Peter Njenga, Kemmer, Laura, Kemp, Grant Rodgers, Kengne, Andre Pascal, Keren, Andre, Kesavachandran, Chandrasekharan Nair, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khafaei, Behzad, Khafaie, Morteza Abdullatif, Khajavi, Alireza, Khalid, Nauman, Khalil, Ibrahim A, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khan, Muhammad Shahzeb, Khan, Muhammad Ali, Khang, Young-Ho, Khanna, Tripti, Khater, Mona M, Khatony, Alireza, Khazaeipour, Zahra, Khazaie, Habibolah, Khoja, Abdullah T, Khosravi, Ardeshir, Khosravi, Mohammad Hossein, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kiadaliri, Aliasghar A, Kiarie, Helen W, Kibret, Getiye D, Kiirithio, Daniel N, Kim, Daniel, Kim, Jun Y, Kim, Young-Eun, Kim, Yun Jin, Kimokoti, Ruth W, Kinfu, Yohannes, Kinra, Sanjay, Kisa, Adnan, Kissimova-Skarbek, Katarzyna, Kissoon, Niranjan, Kivimäki, Mika, Kocarnik, Jonathan M, Kochhar, Sonali, Kokubo, Yoshihiro, Kolola, Tufa, Kopec, Jacek A, Kosek, Margaret N, Kosen, Soewarta, Koul, Parvaiz A, Koyanagi, Ai, Kravchenko, Michael A, Krishan, Kewal, Krohn, Kristopher J, Kuate Defo, Barthelemy, Kucuk Bicer, Burcu, Kudom, Andreas A, Kulikoff, Xie Rachel, Kumar, G Anil, Kumar, Manasi, Kumar, Pushpendra, Kutz, Michael J, Kyu, Hmwe Hmwe, Lachat, Carl, Lad, Deepesh P, Lad, Sheetal D, Lafranconi, Alessandra, Lagat, Abraham K, Lal, Dharmesh Kumar, Lalloo, Ratilal, Lam, Hilton, Lami, Faris Hasan, Lamichhane, Prabhat, Lan, Qing, Lang, Justin J, Lansingh, Van C, Lansky, Sonia, Larson, Heidi J, Larsson, Anders O, Laryea, Dennis Odai, Lassi, Zohra S, Latifi, Arman, Lau, Kathryn Mei-Ming, Laxmaiah, Avula, Lazarus, Jeffrey V, Leasher, Janet L, Lebedev, Georgy, Ledesma, Jorge R, Lee, James B, Lee, Paul H, Leever, Andrew T, Leigh, James, Leinsalu, Mall, Leshargie, Cheru Tesema, Leung, Janni, Lewycka, Sonia, Li, Shanshan, Li, Xiaohong, Li, Yichong, Liang, Juan, Liang, Xiaofeng, Liben, Misgan Legesse, Lim, Lee-Ling, Limenih, Miteku Andualem, Linn, Shai, Liu, Shiwei, Liu, Yang, Lodha, Rakesh, Logroscino, Giancarlo, Lopez, Alan D, Lorkowski, Stefan, Lotufo, Paulo A, Lucchesi, Lydia R, Lyons, Ronan A, Macarayan, Erlyn Rachelle King, Mackay, Mark T, Maddison, Emilie R, Madotto, Fabiana, Maghavani, Dhaval P, Magis-Rodriguez, Carlos, Mahotra, Narayan Bahadur, Majdan, Marek, Majdzadeh, Reza, Majeed, Azeem, Malekzadeh, Reza, Malta, Deborah Carvalho, Mamun, Abdullah A, Manda, Ana-Laura, Mandarano-Filho, Luiz Garcia, Mangalam, Srikanth, Manguerra, Helena, Mansournia, Mohammad Ali, Mapoma, Chabila Christopher, Maravilla, Joemer C, Marcenes, Wagner, Marks, Ashley, Martin, Randall V, Martins, Sheila C O, Martins-Melo, Francisco Rogerlândio, Martopullo, Ira, Mashamba-Thompson, Tivani Phosa, Massenburg, Benjamin Ballard, Mathur, Manu Raj, Maulik, Pallab K, Mazidi, Mohsen, McAlinden, Colm, McGrath, John J, McKee, Martin, McMahon, Brian J, Mehata, Suresh, Mehndiratta, Man Mohan, Mehrotra, Ravi, Mehta, Kala M, Mehta, Varshil, Mejia-Rodriguez, Fabiola, Mekonen, Tesfa, Mekonnen, Tefera C Chane, Meles, Hagazi Gebre, Melese, Addisu, Melku, Mulugeta, Memiah, Peter T N, Memish, Ziad A, Mendoza, Walter, Mengistu, Desalegn Tadese, Mengistu, Getnet, Mensah, George A, Mensink, Gert B M, Mereta, Seid Tiku, Meretoja, Atte, Meretoja, Tuomo J, Mestrovic, Tomislav, Mezgebe, Haftay Berhane, Miazgowski, Bartosz, Miazgowski, Tomasz, Millear, Anoushka I, Miller, Ted R, Miller-Petrie, Molly Katherine, Milne, George J, Mini, G K, Minnig, Shawn P, Mirabi, Parvaneh, Mirarefin, Mojde, Mirrakhimov, Erkin M, Misganaw, Awoke Temesgen, Mitchell, Philip B, Moazen, Babak, Moghadamnia, Ali Akbar, Mohajer, Bahram, Mohammad, Karzan Abdulmuhsin, Mohammadi, Moslem, Mohammadifard, Noushin, Mohammadnia-Afrouzi, Mousa, Mohammed, Mohammed A, Mohammed, Shafiu, Mohan, Murali B V, Mohan, Viswanathan, Mohebi, Farnam, Moitra, Modhurima, Mokdad, Ali H, Molokhia, Mariam, Monasta, Lorenzo, Montañez, Julio Cesar, Moosazadeh, Mahmood, Moradi, Ghobad, Moradi, Mahmoudreza, Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Moradinazar, Mehdi, Moraga, Paula, Morawska, Lidia, Morgado-da-Costa, Joana, Morisaki, Naho, Morrison, Shane Douglas, Mosapour, Abbas, Moschos, Marilita M, Mountjoy-Venning, W Cliff, Mouodi, Simin, Mousavi, Seyyed Meysam, Muche, Achenef Asmamaw, Muchie, Kindie Fentahun, Mueller, Ulrich Otto, Muhammed, Oumer Sada S, Mukhopadhyay, Satinath, Mullany, Erin C, Muller, Kate, Mumford, John Everett, Murhekar, Manoj, Murthy, G V S, Murthy, Srinivas, Musa, Jonah, Musa, Kamarul Imran, Mustafa, Ghulam, Muthupandian, Saravanan, Nabhan, Ashraf F, Nachega, Jean B, Nagarajan, Ahamarshan Jayaraman, Nagel, Gabriele, Naghavi, Mohsen, Naheed, Aliya, Nahvijou, Azin, Naidoo, Kovin, Naik, Gurudatta, Naik, Nitish, Najafi, Farid, Naldi, Luigi, Nam, Hae Sung, Nangia, Vinay, Nansseu, Jobert Richie, Nascimento, Bruno Ramos, Nawaz, Haseeb, Neamati, Nahid, Negoi, Ionut, Negoi, Ruxandra Irina, Neupane, Subas, Newton, Charles Richard James, Ngalesoni, Frida N, Ngunjiri, Josephine W, Nguyen, Anh, Nguyen, Grant, Nguyen, Ha, Nguyen, Huong Lan Thi, Nguyen, Huong Thanh, Nguyen, Minh, Nichols, Emma, Nigatu, Solomon Gedlu, Ningrum, Dina Nur Anggraini, Nirayo, Yirga Legesse, Nisar, Muhammad Imran, Nixon, Molly R, Nolutshungu, Nomonde, Nomura, Marika, Norheim, Ole F, Noroozi, Mehdi, Norrving, Bo, Noubiap, Jean Jacques, Nouri, Hamid Reza, Nourollahpour Shiadeh, Malihe, Nowroozi, Mohammad Reza, Nyasulu, Peter S, Obermeyer, Carla Makhlouf, Ofori-Asenso, Richard, Ogah, Okechukwu Samuel, Ogbo, Felix Akpojene, Oh, In-Hwan, Okoro, Anselm, Oladimeji, Kelechi E, Oladimeji, Olanrewaju, Olagunju, Andrew T, Olagunju, Tinuke O, Olivares, Pedro R, Olsen, Helen Elizabeth, Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola, Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun, Ong, Kanyin L, Ong, Sok King, Oommen, Anu Mary, Opio, John Nelson, Oren, Eyal, Oros, Andrei, Ortega-Altamirano, Doris D V, Ortiz, Alberto, Ortiz, Justin R, Ortiz-Panozo, Eduardo, Ota, Erika, Otstavnov, Stanislav S, Owolabi, Mayowa Ojo, P A, Mahesh, Pakhale, Smita, Pakhare, Abhijit P, Pan, Wen-Harn, Pana, Adrian, Panda, Basant Kumar, Panda-Jonas, Songhomitra, Pandian, Jeyaraj Durai, Papantoniou, Nikolaos, Park, Eun-Kee, Parry, Charles D H, Parsian, Hadi, Patel, Shanti, Pati, Sanghamitra, Patle, Ajay, Patton, George C, Paturi, Vishnupriya Rao, Paudel, Deepak, Paulson, Katherine R, Pearce, Neil, Peprah, Emmanuel K, Pereira, David M, Perico, Norberto, Pervaiz, Aslam, Pesudovs, Konrad, Petri, William A, Petzold, Max, Phillips, Michael R, Pigott, David M, Pillay, Julian David, Pirsaheb, Meghdad, Pletcher, Martin, Pond, Constance Dimity, Postma, Maarten J, Pourshams, Akram, Poustchi, Hossein, Prabhakaran, Dorairaj, Prakash, Swayam, Prasad, Narayan, Purcell, Caroline A, Pyakurel, Manita, Qorbani, Mostafa, Quansah, Reginald, Radfar, Amir, Rafay, Anwar, Rafiei, Alireza, Rahim, Fakher, Rahimi, Kazem, Rahimi-Movaghar, Afarin, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rahman, Mahfuzar, Rahman, Md Shafiur, Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur, Rahman, Muhammad Aziz, Rahman, Sajjad ur, Rai, Rajesh Kumar, Rajati, Fatemeh, Rajsic, Sasa, Ram, Usha, Rana, Saleem M, Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal, Ranjan, Prabhat, Rasella, Davide, Rawaf, David Laith, Rawaf, Salman, Razo-García, Christian, Reddy, K Srinath, Reiner, Robert C, Reis, Cesar, Reitsma, Marissa B, Remuzzi, Giuseppe, Renzaho, Andre M N, Resnikoff, Serge, Reynales-Shigematsu, Luz Myriam, Rezaei, Satar, Rezaeian, Shahab, Rezai, Mohammad Sadegh, Riahi, Seyed Mohammad, Ribeiro, Antonio Luiz P, Rios-Blancas, Maria Jesus, Roba, Kedir Teji, Roberts, Nicholas L S, Roever, Leonardo, Ronfani, Luca, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Rostami, Ali, Roth, Gregory A, Roy, Ambuj, Rubagotti, Enrico, Ruhago, George Mugambage, Sabde, Yogesh Damodar, Sachdev, Perminder S, Saddik, Basema, Sadeghi, Ehsan, Safari, 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Subjects: GENDER-DIFFERENCES, SUICIDE, Medicine (all), Burden of Disease Study 2017, SDG, CONSUMPTION, 11 Medical And Health Sciences, GBD, Sustainable Development Goals, PREVENTION, ALCOHOL-USE, CARDIOVASCULAR-DISEASE, SMOKING PREVALENCE, General & Internal Medicine, factors risk, Medicine and Health Sciences, Human medicine, CESSATION, PERSPECTIVE, TRANSITION
Abstract: Background Efforts to establish the 2015 baseline and monitor early implementation of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) highlight both great potential for and threats to improving health by 2030. To fully deliver on the SDG aim of "leaving no one behind", it is increasingly important to examine the health-related SDGs beyond national-level estimates. As part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2017 (GBD 2017), we measured progress on 41 of 52 health -related SDG indicators and estimated the health-related SDG index for 195 countries and territories for the period 1990-2017, projected indicators to 2030, and analysed global attainment. Methods We measured progress on 41 health-related S DG indicators from 1990 to 2017, an increase of four indicators since GBD 2016 (new indicators were health worker density, sexual violence by non-intimate partners, population census status, and prevalence of physical and sexual violence [reported separately]). We also improved the measurement of several previously reported indicators. We constructed national-level estimates and, for a subset of health-related SDGs, examined indicator-level differences by sex and Socio-demographic Index (SDI) quintile. We also did subnational assessments of performance for selected countries. To construct the health related SDG index, we transformed the value for each indicator on a scale of 0-100, with 0 as the 2.5th percentile and 100 as the 97.5th percentile of 1000 draws calculated from 1990 to 2030, and took the geometric mean of the scaled indicators by target. To generate projections through 2030, we used a forecasting framework that drew estimates from the broader GBD study and used weighted averages of indicator-specific and country-specific annualised rates of change from 1990 to 2017 to inform future estimates. We assessed attainment of indicators with defined targets in two ways: first, using mean values projected for 2030, and then using the probability of attainment in 2030 calculated from 1000 draws. We also did a global attainment analysis of the feasibility of attaining SDG targets on the basis of past trends. Using 2015 global averages of indicators with defined SDG targets, we calculated the global annualised rates of change required from 2015 to 2030 to meet these targets, and then identified in what percentiles the required global annualised rates of change fell in the distribution of country-level rates of change from 1990 to 2015. We took the mean of these global percentile values across indicators and applied the past rate of change at this mean global percentile to all health-related SDG indicators, irrespective of target definition, to estimate the equivalent 2030 global average value and percentage change from 2015 to 2030 for each indicator. Findings The global median health-related SDG index in 2017 was 59.4 (IQR 35.4-67.3), ranging from a low of 11.6 (95% uncertainty interval 9.6-14.0) to a high of 84.9 (83.1-86.7). SDG index values in countries assessed at the subnational level varied substantially particularly in China and India, although scores in Japan and the UK were more homogeneous. Indicators also varied by SDI quintile and sex, with males having worse outcomes than females for non-communicable disease (NCD) mortality, alcohol use, and smoking, among others. Most countries were projected to have a higher health-related SDG index in 2030 than in 2017, while country-level probabilities of attainment by 2030 varied widely by indicator. Under-5 mortality, neonatal mortality, maternal mortality ratio, and malaria indicators had the most countries with at least 95% probability of target attainment. Other indicators, including NCD mortality and suicide mortality, had no countries projected to meet corresponding SDG targets on the basis of projected mean values for 2030 but showed some probability of attaimnent by 2030. For some indicators, including child malnutrition, several infectious diseases, and most violence measures, the annualised rates of change required to meet SDG targets far exceeded the pace of progress achieved by any country in the recent past. We found that applying the mean global annualised rate of change to indicators without defined targets would equate to about 19% and 22% reductions in global smoking and alcohol consumption, respectively; a 47% decline in adolescent birth rates; and a more than 85% increase in health worker density per 1000 population by 2030. Interpretation The GBD study offers a unique, robust platform for monitoring the health -related SDGs across demographic and geographic dimensions. Our findings underscore the importance of increased collection and analysis of disaggregated data and highlight where more deliberate design or targeting of interventions could accelerate progress in attaining the SDGs. Current projections show that many health -related SDG indicators, NCDs, NCD-related risks, and violence -related indicators will require a concerted shift away from what might have driven past gains curative interventions in the case of NCDs towards multisectoral, prevention -oriented policy action and investments to achieve SDG aims. Notably, several targets, if they are to be met by 2030, demand a pace of progress that no country has achieved in the recent past. The future is fundamentally uncertain, and no model can fully predict what breakthroughs or events might alter the course of the S DGs. What is clear is that our actions or inaction today will ultimately dictate how close the world, collectively, can get to leaving no one behind by 2030. Copyright (C) 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license.
Published: 2018

156. Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality for 282 causes of death in 195 countries and territories, 1980–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Author: Roth, Gregory A., Collaborotors, G. B. 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K., Brenner, Hermann, Briant, Paul Svitil, Britton, Gabrielle, Brugha, Traolach, Busse, Reinhard, Butt, Zahid A., Callender, Charlton S. K. H., Campos-Nonato, Ismael R., Rincon, Julio Cesar Canapuzano, Cano, Jorge, Car, Mate, Cardenas, Rosario, Carreras, Giulia, Carrero, Juan J., Carter, Austin, Carvalho, Felix, Castaneda-Orjuela, Carlos A., Rivas, Jacqueline Castillo, Castle, Chris D., Castro, Clara, Castro, Franz, Catala-Lopez, Ferran, Cerin, Ester, Chaiah, Yazan, Chang, Jung -Chen, Chanson, Fiona J., Chaturvedi, Pankaj, Chiang, Peggy Pei-Chia, Chimed-Ochir, Odgerel, Chisumpa, Vesper Hichilombwe, Chitheet, Abdulaal, Chowdhury, Rajiv, Christensen, Hanne, Christopher, Devasahayam J., Chiang, Sheng-Chia, Cicuttini, Flavia M., Ciobanu, Liliana G., Cirillo, Massimo, Cohen, Aaron J., Cooper, Leslie Trumbull, Cortesi, Paolo Angelo, Cortinovis, Monica, Cousin, Ewerton, Cowie, Benjamin C., Criqui, Michael H., Cromwell, Elizabeth A., Crowe, Christopher Stephen, Crump, John A., Cunningham, Matthew, Daba, Alemneh Kabeta, Dadi, Abel Fekadu, Dandona, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, Dang, Anh Kim, Dargan, Paul I., Daryani, Ahmad, Das, Siddharth K., Das Gupta, Rajat, Das Neves, Jose, Dasa, Tamirat Tesfaye, Dash, Aditya Prasad, Davis, Adrian C., Weaver, Nicole Davis, Davitoiu, Dragos Virgil, Davletov, Kairat, De La Hoz, Fernando Pio, De Neve, Jan-Walter, Degefa, Meaza Girma, Degenhardt, Louisa, Degfie, Tizta T., Deiparine, Selina, Demoz, Gebre Teklemariam, Demtsu, Baleen Betsu, Denova-Gutierrez, Edgar, Deribe, Kebede, Dervenis, Nikolaos, Jarlais, Don C. 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Anil, Kumar, Manasi, Kumar, Pushpendra, Kutz, Michael J., Kuzin, Igor, Kyu, Hmwe Hmwe, Lad, Deepesh P., Lad, Sheetal D., Lafranconi, Alessandra, Lal, Dharmesh Kumar, Lalloo, Ratilal, Lallukka, Tea, Lam, Jennifer O., Lami, Faris Hasan, Van Lansingh, C., Lansky, Sonia, Larson, Heidi J., Latifi, Amman, Lau, Kathryn Mei-Ming, Lazarus, Jeffrey V., Lebedev, Georgy, Lee, Paul H., Leigh, James, Leili, Mostafa, Leshargie, Cheru Tesema, Li, Shanshan, Li, Yichong, Liang, Juan, Lim, Lee-Ling, Lim, Stephen S., Limenih, Miteku Andualem, Linn, Shai, Liu, Shiwei, Liu, Yang, Lodha, Rakesh, Lansdale, Chris, Lopez, Alan D., Lorkowski, Stefan, Lotufo, Paulo A., Lozano, Rafael, Lunevicius, Raimundas, Ma, Stefan, Macarayan, Erlyn Rachelle King, Mackay, Mark T., MacLachlan, Jennifer H., Maddison, Emilie R., Nadotto, Fabiana, Abd El Razek, Hassan Magdy, Abd El Razek, Muhammed Magdy, Maghavani, Dhaval P., Majdan, Marek, Majdzadeh, Reza, Majeed, Azeem, Malekzadeh, Reza, Malta, Deborah Carvalho, Manda, Ana-Laura, Mandarano-Filho, Luiz Garcia, Manguerra, Helena, Mansournia, Mohammad Ali, Mapoma, Chabila Christopher, Marami, Dadi, Maravilla, Joemer C., Marcenes, Wagner, Marczak, Laurie, Marks, Ashley, Marks, Guy B., Martinez, Gabriel, Martins-Melo, Francisco Rogerlandio, Martopullo, Ira, Marz, Winfried, Marron, Melvin B., Masci, Joseph R., Lylassenburg, Benjamin Ballard, Mathur, Manu Raj, Mathur, Prashant, Matzopoulos, Richard, Maulik, Pallab K., Mazidi, Mohsen, McAlinden, Cohn, McGrath, John J., McKee, Martin, McMahon, Brian J., Mehata, Suiiesh, Mehndiratta, Man Mohan, Mehrotra, Ravi, Mehta, Kala M., Mehta, Varshil, Mekonnen, Tefera C., Melese, Addisu, Melku, Mulugeta, Memiah, Peter T. N., Memish, Ziad A., Mendoza, Walter, Mengistu, Desalegn Tadese, Mengistu, Getnet, Mensah, George A., Mereta, Seid Tiku, Meretoja, Atte, Meretoja, Tuomo J., Meshovic, Tbmislav, Mezgebe, Haftay Berhane, Miazgowski, Bartosz, Miazgowski, Tomasz, Millear, Anoushka I., Miller, Ted R., Katherine, Molly, Petrie, Miller, Mini, G. K., Mirabi, Parvaneh, Mirarefin, Mojde, Mirica, Andreea, Mirrakhimov, Erkin M., Misganaw, Awoke Temesgen, Mitiku, Habtamu, Moazen, Babak, Mohammad, Karzan Abdulmuhsin, Mohammad, Moslem, Mohammadifard, Noushin, Mohammed, A. 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J., Ngalesoni, Frida N., Ngunjiri, Josephine W., Anh Quynh Nguyen, Nguyen, Grant, Ha Thu Nguyen, Luong Thanh Nguyen, Long Hoang Nguyen, Nguyen, Minh, Trang Huyen Nguyen, Nichols, Emma, Ningnun, Dina Nur Anggraini, Nirayo, Yirga Legesse, Nixon, Molly R., Nolutshungu, Nomonde, Nomura, Shhhei, Norhelin, Ole F., Noroozi, Mehdi, Norrving, Bo, Noubiap, Jean Jacques, Nouri, Hamid Reza, Shiadeh, Malihe Nourollahpour, Nowroozi, Mohammad Reza, Nyasulu, Peter S., Odell, Christopher M., Ofori-Asenso, Richard, Ogbo, Felix Akpojene, Oh, In-Hwan, Oladimeji, Olanrewaju, Olagunju, Andrew T., Olivares, Pedro R., Olsen, Helen Elizabeth, Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola, Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun, Ong, Kanyin L., Ong, Sok King Sk, Oren, Eyal, Orpana, Heather M., Ortiz, Alberto, Ortiz, Justin R., Otstavnov, Stanislav S., Overland, Simon, Owolabi, Mayowa Ojo, Ozdemir, Raziye, Mahesh, P. A., Pacella, Rosana, Pakhale, Smita, Pakhare, Abhijit P., Pakpour, Amir H., Pana, Adrian, Panda-Jonas, Songhomitra, Pandian, Jeyaraj Durai, Parisi, Andrea, Park, Eun-Kee, Parry, Charles D. H., Parsian, Hadi, Patel, Shanti, Pati, Sanghamitra, Patton, George C., Paturi, Vishnupriya Rao, Paulson, Katherine R., Pereira, Alexandre, Pereira, David M., Perico, Norberto, Pesudovs, Konrad, Petzold, Max, Phillips, Michael R., Piel, Frederic B., Pigott, David M., Pillay, Julian David, Pirsaheb, Meghdad, Pishgar, Farhad, Polinder, Suzanne, Postma, Maarten J., Pourshams, Akram, Poustchi, Hossein, Pujar, Ashwini, Prakash, Swayam, Prasad, Narayan, Purcell, Caroline A., Qorbani, Mostafa, Quintana, Hedley, Quistberg, D. 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Jc, Ferrari, Aj, Feyissa, Gt, Foigt, Na, Foreman, Kj, Frank, Td, Fuller, Je, Fürst, T, Furtado, Jm, Futran, Nd, Garcia-Basteiro, Al, Garcia-Gordillo, Ma, Gardner, Wm, Gebre, Ak, Gebrehiwot, Tt, Gebremedhin, At, Gebremichael, Tg, Gelano, Tf, Geleijnse, Jm, Geramo, Ycd, Gething, Pw, Gezae, Ke, Ghadami, Mr, Gibney, Kb, Gill, Tk, Gillum, Rf, Ginawi, Ia, Goldberg, Em, Gómez-Dantés, H, Gona, Pn, Gopalani, Sv, Gorman, Tm, Goulart, Ac, Gnedovskaya, Ev, Gugnani, Hc, Guimaraes, Al, Gupta, Pc, Gutiérrez, Ra, Haagsma, Ja, Hagos, Tb, Hailegiyorgis, Tt, Hailu, Gb, Hamadeh, Rr, Handal, Aj, Hankey, Gj, Harb, Hl, Haro, Jm, Hassen, Hy, Hay, Rj, Hay, Si, Hegazy, Mi, Henry, Nj, Hibstu, Dt, Hoek, Hw, Hole, Mk, Hosgood, Hd, Hosseini, Sm, Hotez, Pj, Hoy, Dg, Huang, Jj, Hussen, Mm, Irvani, Ssn, Irvine, Cm, Islam, Sm, Jacobsen, Kh, Jain, Sk, Jalu, Mt, James, Sl, Jayatilleke, Au, Jenkins, Kj, Jha, Rp, Johnson, Co, Johnson, Sc, Jonas, Jb, Jozwiak, Jj, Jungari, Sb, Jürisson, M, Kassa, Dh, Kassa, Gm, Kassa, Td, Kassebaum, Nj, Katikireddi, Sv, Karyani, Ak, Kefale, At, Keiyoro, Pn, Kemp, Gr, Kengne, Ap, Kesavachandran, Cn, Khafaie, Ma, Khalil, Ia, Khan, Ea, Khan, Ma, Khang, Yh, Khater, Mm, Khoja, At, Khosravi, Mh, Kiadaliri, Aa, Kibret, Gd, Kidanemariam, Zt, Kiirithio, Dn, Kim, Ye, Kim, Yj, Kimokoti, Rw, Kivimäki, M, Knudsen, Ak, Kocarnik, Jm, Kopec, Ja, Koul, Pa, Kravchenko, Ma, Kumar, Ga, Kutz, Mj, Kyu, Hh, Lad, Dp, Lad, Sd, Lal, Dk, Lam, Jo, Lami, Fh, Lansingh, Vc, Larson, Hj, Lau, Km, Lazarus, Jv, Lee, Ph, Leshargie, Ct, Lim, Ll, Limenih, Ma, Lopez, Ad, Lotufo, Pa, Macarayan, Erk, Mackay, Mt, Maclachlan, Jh, Maddison, Er, Maghavani, Dp, Malta, Dc, Manda, Al, Mandarano-Filho, Lg, Mansournia, Ma, Mapoma, Cc, Maravilla, Jc, Marks, Gb, Martins-Melo, Fr, März, W, Marzan, Mb, Masci, Jr, Massenburg, Bb, Mathur, Mr, Maulik, Pk, Mcgrath, Jj, Mcmahon, Bj, Mehndiratta, Mm, Mehta, Km, Mekonnen, Tc, Memiah, Ptn, Memish, Za, Mengistu, Dt, Mensah, Ga, Mereta, St, Meretoja, Tj, Mezgebe, Hb, Millear, Ai, Miller, Tr, Miller-Petrie, Mk, Mini, Gk, Mirrakhimov, Em, Misganaw, At, Mohammad, Ka, Mohammed, Ma, Mokdad, Ah, Moreno Velásquez, I, Morrison, Sd, Moschos, Mm, Mousavi, Sm, Muchie, Kf, Mueller, Uo, Mumford, Je, Musa, Ki, Nachega, Jb, Nansseu, Jr, Nascimento, Br, Negoi, Ri, Newton, Crj, Ngalesoni, Fn, Ngunjiri, Jw, Nguyen, Aq, Nguyen, Ht, Nguyen, Lh, Nguyen, Th, Ningrum, Dna, Nirayo, Yl, Nixon, Mr, Norheim, Of, Noubiap, Jj, Nouri, Hr, Nourollahpour Shiadeh, M, Nowroozi, Mr, Odell, Cm, Ogbo, Fa, Oh, Ih, Olagunju, At, Olivares, Pr, Olsen, He, Olusanya, Bo, Olusanya, Jo, Ong, Kl, Ong, Sk, Orpana, Hm, Ortiz, Jr, Øverland, S, Owolabi, Mo, Özdemir, R, P A, M, Pakhare, Ap, Pakpour, Ah, Pandian, Jd, Park, Ek, Parry, Cdh, Patton, Gc, Paturi, Vr, Paulson, Kr, Pereira, Dm, Phillips, Mr, Piel, Fb, Pigott, Dm, Pillay, Jd, Postma, Mj, Purcell, Ca, Quistberg, Da, Rade, Kw, Radfar, A, Rafay, A, Rafiei, A, Rahim, F, Rahman, Mhu, Rahman, Ma, Rai, Rk, Ranabhat, Cl, Rao, Pc, Rawaf, Dl, Razo-García, C, Reiner, Rc, Reitsma, Mb, Renzaho, Amn, Riahi, Sm, Ribeiro, Alp, Rios-Blancas, Mj, Roba, Kt, Roberts, Nl, Robinson, Sr, Sahraian, Ma, Saldanha, Rf, Sambala, Ez, Samy, Am, Sanchez-Niño, Md, Santomauro, Df, Santos, Jv, Milicevic, Mm, Sao Jose, Bp, Sarker, Ar, Sarmiento-Suárez, R, Sawant, Ar, Schmidt, Mi, Schneider, Ijc, Schöttker, B, Schutte, Ae, Schwebel, Dc, Scott, Jg, Sepanlou, Sg, Serván-Mori, E, Shackelford, Ka, Shaheen, Aa, Shaikh, Ma, Shrime, Mg, Siddiqi, Tj, Sigfusdottir, Id, Silberberg, Dh, Silva, Da, Silva, Jp, Silva, Ntd, Silveira, Dga, Singh, Ja, Singh, Np, Singh, Pk, Sinha, Dn, Sobaih, Bh, Sorensen, Rjd, Soriano, Jb, Soyiri, In, Sposato, La, Sreeramareddy, Ct, Stanaway, Jd, Starodubov, Vi, Stein, Dj, Stewart, Lg, Stokes, Ma, Subart, Ml, Sufiyan, Mb, Sur, Pj, Sykes, Bl, Sylaja, Pn, Sylte, Do, Szoeke, Cei, Tabarés-Seisdedos, R, Tadakamadla, Sk, Tassew, Sg, Tekalign, Tg, Tekle, Mg, Temsah, Mh, Teshale, My, Tessema, Ga, Thankappan, Kr, Thrift, Ag, Thurston, Gd, To, Qg, Torre, Ae, Tortajada-Girbés, M, Tovani-Palone, Mr, Tran, Bx, Tran, Kb, Troeger, Ce, Truelsen, Tc, Truong, Nt, Tsadik, Ag, Tuzcu, Em, Ukwaja, Kn, Undurraga, Ea, Updike, Rl, Uthman, Oa, Uzun, Sb, Valdez, Pr, Vasankari, Tj, Vladimirov, Sk, Vollset, Se, Wagner, Gr, Wallin, Mt, Walson, Jl, Wang, Yp, Wassie, Mm, Weintraub, Rg, Weldegwergs, Kg, Werkneh, Aa, West, Te, Whiteford, Ha, Wilner, Lb, Wolfe, Cda, Wu, Yc, Wyper, Gma, Yahyazadeh Jabbari, Sh, Yan, Ll, Yasin, Yj, Yentür, Gk, Yimer, Em, Yirsaw, Bd, Yoon, Sj, Younis, Mz, Zaman, Sb, Zeleke, Aj, Zenebe, Zm, Zhang, Al, Zuhlke, Lj, and Murray, Cjl.
Subjects: Adult, Male, Adolescent, national age-sex-specific mortality, UNITED-STATES, Global Health, Socioeconomic Factor, Global Burden of Disease, GBD, causes of death, Young Adult, Age Distribution, Life Expectancy, General & Internal Medicine, Cause of Death, PUBLIC-HEALTH PROBLEM, mortality, 282 causes global burden of disease, Sex Distribution, Child, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, BARRIERS, DEMENTIA, Medicine (all), Infant, Newborn, Infant, 11 Medical And Health Sciences, Middle Aged, TRENDS, PREVENTION, PREVALENCE, ALZHEIMERS-DISEASE, INDIVIDUALS, 3121 General medicine, internal medicine and other clinical medicine, Child, Preschool, REGISTRATION, Female, Human medicine, Human
Abstract: Background Global development goals increasingly rely on country-specific estimates for benchmarking a nation's progress. To meet this need, the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2016 estimated global, regional, national, and, for selected locations, subnational cause-specific mortality beginning in the year 1980. Here we report an update to that study, making use of newly available data and improved methods. GBD 2017 provides a comprehensive assessment of cause-specific mortality for 282 causes in 195 countries and territories from 1980 to 2017. Methods The causes of death database is composed of vital registration (VR), verbal autopsy (VA), registry, survey, police, and surveillance data. GBD 2017 added ten VA studies, 127 country-years of VR data, 502 cancer-registry country-years, and an additional surveillance country-year. Expansions of the GBD cause of death hierarchy resulted in 18 additional causes estimated for GBD 2017. Newly available data led to subnational estimates for five additional countries Ethiopia, Iran, New Zealand, Norway, and Russia. Deaths assigned International Classification of Diseases (ICD) codes for non-specific, implausible, or intermediate causes of death were reassigned to underlying causes by redistribution algorithms that were incorporated into uncertainty estimation. We used statistical modelling tools developed for GBD, including the Cause of Death Ensemble model (CODErn), to generate cause fractions and cause specific death rates for each location, year, age, and sex. Instead of using UN estimates as in previous versions, GBD 2017 independently estimated population size and fertility rate for all locations. Years of life lost (YLLs) were then calculated as the sum of each death multiplied by the standard life expectancy at each age. All rates reported here are age-standardised. Findings At the broadest grouping of causes of death (Level 1), non-communicable diseases (NC Ds) comprised the greatest fraction of deaths, contributing to 73.4% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 72.5-74.1) of total deaths in 2017, while communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional (CMNN) causes accounted for 186% (17.9-19.6), and injuries 8.0% (7.7-8.2). Total numbers of deaths from NCD causes increased from 2007 to 2017 by 22.7% (21.5-23.9), representing an additional 7.61 million (7. 20-8.01) deaths estimated in 2017 versus 2007. The death rate from NCDs decreased globally by 7.9% (7.08.8). The number of deaths for CMNN causes decreased by 222% (20.0-24.0) and the death rate by 31.8% (30.1-33.3). Total deaths from injuries increased by 2.3% (0-5-4-0) between 2007 and 2017, and the death rate from injuries decreased by 13.7% (12.2-15.1) to 57.9 deaths (55.9-59.2) per 100 000 in 2017. Deaths from substance use disorders also increased, rising from 284 000 deaths (268 000-289 000) globally in 2007 to 352 000 (334 000-363 000) in 2017. Between 2007 and 2017, total deaths from conflict and terrorism increased by 118.0% (88.8-148.6). A greater reduction in total deaths and death rates was observed for some CMNN causes among children younger than 5 years than for older adults, such as a 36.4% (32.2-40.6) reduction in deaths from lower respiratory infections for children younger than 5 years compared with a 33.6% (31.2-36.1) increase in adults older than 70 years. Globally, the number of deaths was greater for men than for women at most ages in 2017, except at ages older than 85 years. Trends in global YLLs reflect an epidemiological transition, with decreases in total YLLs from enteric infections, respirator}, infections and tuberculosis, and maternal and neonatal disorders between 1990 and 2017; these were generally greater in magnitude at the lowest levels of the Socio-demographic Index (SDI). At the same time, there were large increases in YLLs from neoplasms and cardiovascular diseases. YLL rates decreased across the five leading Level 2 causes in all SDI quintiles. The leading causes of YLLs in 1990 neonatal disorders, lower respiratory infections, and diarrhoeal diseases were ranked second, fourth, and fifth, in 2017. Meanwhile, estimated YLLs increased for ischaemic heart disease (ranked first in 2017) and stroke (ranked third), even though YLL rates decreased. Population growth contributed to increased total deaths across the 20 leading Level 2 causes of mortality between 2007 and 2017. Decreases in the cause-specific mortality rate reduced the effect of population growth for all but three causes: substance use disorders, neurological disorders, and skin and subcutaneous diseases. Interpretation Improvements in global health have been unevenly distributed among populations. Deaths due to injuries, substance use disorders, armed conflict and terrorism, neoplasms, and cardiovascular disease are expanding threats to global health. For causes of death such as lower respiratory and enteric infections, more rapid progress occurred for children than for the oldest adults, and there is continuing disparity in mortality rates by sex across age groups. Reductions in the death rate of some common diseases are themselves slowing or have ceased, primarily for NCDs, and the death rate for selected causes has increased in the past decade. Copyright (C) 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Published: 2018

157. Additional file 7 of The role of overweight and obesity in adverse cardiovascular disease mortality trends: an analysis of multiple cause of death data from Australia and the USA

Author: Adair, Tim and Lopez, Alan D.
Abstract: Additional file 7: Table S5. Age-specific DKOLH-CVD and non-DKOLH-CVD CVD MCOD death rates (per 100,000), 35–74 years, by sex, Australia (2016) and USA (2017).
Published: 2020
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158. Additional file 2 of The role of overweight and obesity in adverse cardiovascular disease mortality trends: an analysis of multiple cause of death data from Australia and the USA

Author: Adair, Tim and Lopez, Alan D.
Abstract: Additional file 2: Table S2. Annualized % change in age-standardized death rates, DKOLH-CVD and non-DKOLH-CVD, 35–74 years, Australia 2006–11 and 2011–16, and USA 2005–11 and 2011–17.)
Published: 2020
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159. Additional file 4 of The role of overweight and obesity in adverse cardiovascular disease mortality trends: an analysis of multiple cause of death data from Australia and the USA

Author: Adair, Tim and Lopez, Alan D.
Abstract: Additional file 4: Table S4. Results from principal components analysis, Australia and USA, 35–74 years, CVD MCOD, 2005–17.
Published: 2020
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160. Additional file 8 of The role of overweight and obesity in adverse cardiovascular disease mortality trends: an analysis of multiple cause of death data from Australia and the USA

Author: Adair, Tim and Lopez, Alan D.
Abstract: Additional file 8: Figure S3. Percentage of DKOLH-CVD deaths with each specific cause reported, Australia 2006–16 and USA 2005–17, 35–74 years.
Published: 2020
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161. Additional file 3 of The role of overweight and obesity in adverse cardiovascular disease mortality trends: an analysis of multiple cause of death data from Australia and the USA

Author: Adair, Tim and Lopez, Alan D.
Abstract: Additional file 3: Table S3. Annualized % change in age-standardized death rates, DKOLH-CVD and non-DKOLH-CVD, 35–74 years, Australia 2006–11 and 2011–16, and USA 2005–11 and 2011–17, record axis data.
Published: 2020
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162. Additional file 1 of Effectiveness of training interventions to improve quality of medical certification of cause of death: systematic review and meta-analysis

Author: U. S. H. Gamage, Pasyodun Koralage Buddhika Mahesh, Schnall, Jesse, Mikkelsen, Lene, Hart, John D., Chowdhury, Hafiz, Li, Hang, McLaughlin, Deirdre, and Lopez, Alan D.
Abstract: Additional file 1: Figure S1. Search strategy used in the review of literature.
Published: 2020
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163. Additional file 1 of The role of overweight and obesity in adverse cardiovascular disease mortality trends: an analysis of multiple cause of death data from Australia and the USA

Author: Adair, Tim and Lopez, Alan D.
Abstract: Additional file 1: Table S1. ICD-10 codes of causes of death and % of CVD MCOD deaths where individual cause was reported on the death certificate, by sex, Australia (2006–16) and USA (2005–17), 35–74 years.
Published: 2020
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164. Additional file 3 of Effectiveness of training interventions to improve quality of medical certification of cause of death: systematic review and meta-analysis

Author: U. S. H. Gamage, Pasyodun Koralage Buddhika Mahesh, Schnall, Jesse, Mikkelsen, Lene, Hart, John D., Chowdhury, Hafiz, Li, Hang, McLaughlin, Deirdre, and Lopez, Alan D.
Abstract: Additional file 3: Tables S1-S5. Data used for meta-analysis.
Published: 2020
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165. Additional file 2 of Effectiveness of training interventions to improve quality of medical certification of cause of death: systematic review and meta-analysis

Author: U. S. H. Gamage, Pasyodun Koralage Buddhika Mahesh, Schnall, Jesse, Mikkelsen, Lene, Hart, John D., Chowdhury, Hafiz, Li, Hang, McLaughlin, Deirdre, and Lopez, Alan D.
Abstract: Additional file 2: Figure S2. Selection criteria used in study selection.
Published: 2020
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166. Additional file 1 of Measuring the completeness of death registration in 2844 Chinese counties in 2018

Author: Xinying Zeng, Adair, Tim, Lijun Wang, Yin, Peng, Jinlei Qi, Yunning Liu, Jiangmei Liu, Lopez, Alan D., and Maigeng Zhou
Abstract: Additional file 1. Online material providing details of empirical completeness method, estimation of the county-level under-5 mortality rate for 2018, model for estimating association between county-level death registration completeness and socio-economic determinants, inter-provincial variation in completeness of death registration and supplemental tables (Table S1-S6).
Published: 2020
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167. Additional file 6 of The role of overweight and obesity in adverse cardiovascular disease mortality trends: an analysis of multiple cause of death data from Australia and the USA

Author: Adair, Tim and Lopez, Alan D.
Abstract: Additional file 6: Figure S2. Age-standardized DKOLH-CVD and non-DKOLH-CVD CVD MCOD death rates (per 100,000), 35–74 years, by sex, Australia (2006–16) and USA (2000–17).
Published: 2020
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168. Additional file 1 of Addressing critical knowledge and capacity gaps to sustain CRVS system development

Author: Adair, Tim, Richards, Nicola, Avita Streatfield, Rajasekhar, Megha, McLaughlin, Deirdre, and Lopez, Alan D.
Abstract: Additional file 1. CRVS Fellows, Data for Health Initiative.
Published: 2020
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169. Additional file 5 of The role of overweight and obesity in adverse cardiovascular disease mortality trends: an analysis of multiple cause of death data from Australia and the USA

Author: Adair, Tim and Lopez, Alan D.
Abstract: Additional file 5: Figure S1. Age-standardized CVD UCOD and MCOD death rates (per 100,000), all ages and 35–74 years, by sex, Australia (2006–16) and USA (2000–17).
Published: 2020
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170. Validation of the symptom pattern method for analyzing verbal autopsy data

Author: Murray, Christopher J.L., Lopez, Alan D., Feehan, Dennis M., Peter, Shanon T., and Yang, Gonghuan
Abstract: Background Cause of death data are a critical input to formulating good public health policy. In the absence of reliable vital registration data, information collected after death from household members, called verbal autopsy (VA), is commonly used to study causes of death. VA data are usually analyzed by physician-coded verbal autopsy (PCVA). PCVA is expensive and its comparability across regions is questionable. Nearly all validation studies of PCVA have allowed physicians access to information collected from the household members' recall of medical records or contact with health services, thus exaggerating accuracy of PCVA in communities where few deaths had any interaction with the health system. In this study we develop and validate a statistical strategy for analyzing VA data that overcomes the limitations of PCVA. Methods and Findings We propose and validate a method that combines the advantages of methods proposed by King and Lu, and Byass, which we term the symptom pattern (SP) method. The SP method uses two sources of VA data. First, it requires a dataset for which we know the true cause of death, but which need not be representative of the population of interest; this dataset might come from deaths that occur in a hospital. The SP method can then be applied to a second VA sample that is representative of the population of interest. From the hospital data we compute the properties of each symptom; that is, the probability of responding yes to each symptom, given the true cause of death. These symptom properties allow us first to estimate the population-level cause-specific mortality fractions (CSMFs), and to then use the CSMFs as an input in assigning a cause of death to each individual VA response. Finally, we use our individual cause-of-death assignments to refine our population-level CSMF estimates. The results from applying our method to data collected in China are promising. At the population level, SP estimates the CSMFs with 16% average relative error and 0.7% average absolute error, while PCVA results in 27% average relative error and 1.1% average absolute error. At the individual level, SP assigns the correct cause of death in 83% of the cases, while PCVA does so for 69% of the cases. We also compare the results of SP and PCVA when both methods have restricted access to the information from the medical record recall section of the VA instrument. At the population level, without medical record recall, the SP method estimates the CSMFs with 14% average relative error and 0.6% average absolute error, while PCVA results in 70% average relative error and 3.2% average absolute error. For individual estimates without medical record recall, SP assigns the correct cause of death in 78% of cases, while PCVA does so for 38% of cases. Conclusions Our results from the data collected in China suggest that the SP method outperforms PCVA, both at the population and especially at the individual level. Further study is needed on additional VA datasets in order to continue validation of the method, and to understand how the symptom properties vary as a function of culture, language, and other factors. Our results also suggest that PCVA relies heavily on household recall of medical records and related information, limiting its applicability in low-resource settings. SP does not require that additional information to adequately estimate causes of death., Introduction Cause of death data are a critical input into debates on public health, assessment of epidemiological patterns and trends, and guidance on allocation of scarce resources for pubic health [...]
Published: 2007

171. Estimating population cause-specific mortality fractions from in-hospital mortality: validation of a new method

Author: Murray, Christopher J.L., Lopez, Alan D., Barofsky, Jeremy T., Bryson-Cahn, Chloe, and Lozano, Rafael
Abstract: Background Cause-of-death data for many developing countries are not available. Information on deaths in hospital by cause is available in many low- and middle-income countries but is not a representative sample of deaths in the population. We propose a method to estimate population cause-specific mortality fractions (CSMFs) using data already collected in many middle-income and some low-income developing nations, yet rarely used: in-hospital death records. Methods and Findings For a given cause of death, a community's hospital deaths are equal to total community deaths multiplied by the proportion of deaths occurring in hospital. If we can estimate the proportion dying in hospital, we can estimate the proportion dying in the population using deaths in hospital. We propose to estimate the proportion of deaths for an age, sex, and cause group that die in hospital from the subset of the population where vital registration systems function or from another population. We evaluated our method using nearly complete vital registration (VR) data from Mexico 1998-2005, which records whether a death occurred in a hospital. In this validation test, we used 45 disease categories. We validated our method in two ways: nationally and between communities. First, we investigated how the method's accuracy changes as we decrease the amount of Mexican VR used to estimate the proportion of each age, sex, and cause group dying in hospital. Decreasing VR data used for this first step from 100% to 9% produces only a 12% maximum relative error between estimated and true CSMFs. Even if Mexico collected full VR information only in its capital city with 9% of its population, our estimation method would produce an average relative error in CSMFs across the 45 causes of just over 10%. Second, we used VR data for the capital zone (Distrito Federal and Estado de Mexico) and estimated CSMFs for the three lowest-development states. Our estimation method gave an average relative error of 20%, 23%, and 31% for Guerrero, Chiapas, and Oaxaca, respectively. Conclusions Where accurate International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-coded cause-of-death data are available for deaths in hospital and for VR covering a subset of the population, we demonstrated that population CSMFs can be estimated with low average error. In addition, we showed in the case of Mexico that this method can substantially reduce error from biased hospital data, even when applied to areas with widely different levels of development. For countries with ICD-coded deaths in hospital, this method potentially allows the use of existing data to inform health policy., Introduction Reliable information on the leading causes of death in populations and how this death structure changes is a key element of the evidence base to guide health policies and [...]
Published: 2007

172. Mortality in the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1964-2004/Mortalite en Republique Islamique d'Iran, 1964-2004/La mortalidad en la Republica Islamica del Iran durante el periodo 1964-2004

Author: Khosravi, Ardeshir, Taylor, Richard, Naghavi, Mohsen, and Lopez, Alan D.
Subjects: Mortality -- Iran, Mortality -- Risk factors, Health planning -- Methods, Public health administration -- Services, Risk factors (Health) -- Research
Abstract: Objective Reliable information on the pattern, level and trend of mortality is essential for evidence-based policy to improve health. Various sources of mortality data in the Islamic Republic of Iran have not been critically assessed. This paper aims to document and evaluate the completeness of the different data sources on mortality and to estimate the level and trends of mortality over the past 40 years according to various mortality indices such as child mortality, adult mortality and life expectancy. Methods We undertook a systematic review of all available studies on infant mortality from 1964 to 2004 and estimated the most probable trend in child mortality. Death registration data from between 1992 and 2004 were assessed for completeness to estimate the level of adult mortality. Life tables for 2004 were constructed for the Islamic Republic of Iran based on these data, corrected for underregistration of death. Findings Infant mortality decreased from an estimated 154 deaths per 1000 live births in 1964 to 26 in 2004. The risk of adult mortality in 2004 was estimated to be 0.124 and 0.175 for females and males respectively. According to adjusted death registration data, life expectancy at birth in 2004 was 71.2 for females and 68.7 for males. The average completeness of death registration for ages 5 years and older across all systems was 76% for the period 2001-2004. Conclusion There has been a general decline in child mortality in the Islamic Republic of Iran over the past three decades. Adult mortality levels also have declined, bur less substantially. Mortality information systems have improved, yet serious concerns remain regarding the completeness and quality of data. Objectif Des informations fiables sur les caracteristiques, le niveau et les tendances de la mortalite sont essentielles a une politique d'amelioration de la sante reposant sur des bases factuelles. On n'a pas evalue d'une maniere critique les diverses sources de donnees sur la mortalite en Republique Islamique d'Iran. Nous souhaitons dans cet article documenter et evaluer l'exhaustivite des differentes sources de donnees sur la mortalite et estimer le niveau et les tendances de cette derniere au cours des 40 dernieres annees, grace a plusieurs indices tels que la mortalite de l'enfant, la mortalite de l'adulte et l'esperance de vie. Methodes Nous avons procede a une revue systematique des etudes disponibles sur la mortalite infantile de 1964 a 2004 et estime la tendance la plus probable de la mortalite de l'enfant. Nous avons evalue le degre d'exhaustivite des donnees provenant de l'enregistrement des deces entre 1992 et 2004 pour estimer le niveau de la mortalite adulte. Nous avons etabli les tables de survie pour la Republique islamique d'Iran pour 2004 sur la base de ces donnees, en les corrigeant pour tenir compte du sous-enregistrement des deces. Resultats La mortalite infantile a diminue, passant de 154 deces pour 1000 naissances vivantes en 1964 a 26 en 2004 Selon les estimations. Le risque de mortalite adulte en 2004 a ete estime a 0,124 pour les femmes et 0,175 pour les hommes. Selon les donnees ajustees provenant de l'enregistrement des deces, l'esperance de vie a la naissance en 2004 etait de 71,2 ans pour les femmes et de 68,7 ans pour les hommes. Le degre d'exhaustivite de I'enregistrement des deces pour les personnes agees de 5 ans et plus a ete de 76% pour la periode 2001-2004 pour l'ensemble des systemes d'enregistrement. Conclusion Il y a eu au cours des trois dernieres decennies une baisse generale de la mortalite de l'enfant en Republique islamique d'Iran. La mortalite adulte a elle aussi diminue, mais moins fortement. Les systemes d'information sur la mortalite se sont ameliores, mais il subsiste de serieux problemes quant a l'exhaustivite et a la qualite des donnees. Objetivo La disponibilidad de informacion fidedigna sobre las pautas, niveles y tendencias de la mortalidad es fundamental para poder formular politicas de mejora de la salud basadas en la evidencia. Algunas de las fuentes de datos sobre la mortalidad en la Republica Islamica del Iran no han sido objeto de una evaluacion critica. Este articulo tiene por objeto documentar y evaluar la completud de las diferentes fuentes de datos sobre la mortalidad y estimar el nivel y las tendencias de la mortalidad durante los ultimos 40 anos a partir de diversos indices, como la mortalidad en la ninez, la mortalidad de adultos y la esperanza de vida. Metodos Emprendimos una revision sistematica de todos los estudios disponibles sobre la mortalidad infantil entre 1964 y 2004 y estimamos la tendencia mas probable de la mortalidad en la ninez. Los datos de los registros de defuncion correspondientes al periodo 1992-2004 fueron evaluados para determinar su completud a fin de estimar la mortalidad de adultos. A partir de esos datos se confeccionaron las tablas de vida de 2004 para la Republica Islamica del Iran, corrigiendo los valores en funcion del subregistro de las defunciones. Resultados La mortalidad infantil disminuyo de las 154 defunciones por 1000 nacidos vivos estimadas en 1964 a 26 en 2004. El riesgo de mortalidad de adultos en 2004 fue de 0,124 para las mujeres y 0,175 para los hombres. Segun los datos ajustados de los registros de defuncion, la esperanza de vida al nacer en 2004 fue de 71,2 anos para las mujeres y 68,7 para los hombres. El grado medio de completud de los registros de defuncion para las personas de 5 y mas anos en todos los sistemas fue del 76% durante el periodo 2001-2004. Conclusion Durante los tres ultimos decenios se ha registrado una disminucion general de la mortalidad en la ninez en la Republica Islamica del Iran. La mortalidad de adultos tambien ha descendido, pero de forma menos marcada. Los sistemas de informacion sobre la mortalidad han mejorado, pero el tema de la completud y calidad de los datos sigue suscitando gran preocupacion., Introduction Reliable information on a population's levels and patterns of causes of death is essential for health planning and priority-setting for interventions to control diseases and injuries, and for population-based [...]
Published: 2007

173. Global comparative assessments of life expectancy: the impact of migration with reference to Australia/ Evaluations comparatives internationales de l'esperance de vie : influence de l'immigration dans le cas de l'Australie/ Evaluaciones comparativas mundiales de la esperanza de vida: impacto de la migracion en el caso de Australia

Author: Page, Andrew, Begg, Stephen, Taylor, Richard, and Lopez, Alan D.
Subjects: Life expectancy -- Analysis, Emigration and immigration -- Influence, Mortality -- Australia, Mortality -- Research
Abstract: Objective To investigate the effect of immigration on life expectancy in Australia for the period from 1981 to 2003, and to compare life expectancy of the Australian-born population with that of other countries in the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). Methods Standard life-table methods using age-specific all-cause mortality and population data from 1981 to 2003 were used to calculate life expectancy at birth ([e.sup.0]) for the total Australian population (including migrants) and for people born in Australia (excluding migrants). Mean differences in life expectancy for each sex were compared using paired t-tests. Rankings of life expectancy among OECD countries were reassessed, and tank changes measured using the Wilcoxon signed rank test. Findings Life expectancy of males and females was significantly lower in the Australian-born group than in the total Australian population. During 1981 to 2003, there was a mean difference in life expectancy of 0.41 years (95% confidence interval, CI: 0.37-0.44; [t.sub.7] = 27.0; P< 0.0001)in males and 0.29 years (95% CI: 0.26-0.31; [t.sub.17] = 27.6; P< 0.0001) in females between the Australian-born and the total population. After excluding migrant groups, Australia no longer ranked among the top rive OECD countries with the highest life expectancy in the two most recent years examined. Conclusion While Australia has one of the highest life expectancies in the industrialized world, this is partly attributable to immigration of populations with low rates of mortality. This effect needs to be considered in international comparative assessments of mortality levels. Resume Objectif Etudier l'effet de l'immigration sur l'esperance de vie en Australie sur la periode 1981-2003 et comparer l'esperance de vie pour les habitants de ce pays nes Australiens avec celle des habitants des autres pays de l'Organisation pour la cooperation et le developpement economiques (OCDE). Methodes On a applique des methodes classiques d'etude des courbes de survie a des donnees de mortalite par age toutes causes confondues et a des donnees demographiques pour la periode 1981-2003 afin de calculer l'esperance de vie a la naissance ([E.sup.n]) de la population australienne totale (y compris les immigres) et de la population nee Australienne (sans les immigres). On a compare les esperances de vie moyennes pour chaque sexe au moyen de tests t apparies. On a reevalue le classement par esperance de vie des pays de l'OCDE et on a mesure les changements de classement par le test de rangs de Wilcoxon. Resultats Les esperances de vie des hommes et des femmes appartenant a la fraction de la population nee en Australie etaient significativement inferieures a celles des membres masculins et feminins de la population totale. Pour la periode allant de 1981 a 2003, on a releve une difference moyenne entre le groupe de population ne en Australie et la population totale de 0,41 an [intervalle de confiance a 95 % (IC) : 0,37-0,44 ; [t.sub.17] = 27,0, p < 0,0001] pour les hommes et de 0,29 an [intervalle de confiance a 95 % (IC) : 0,26-0,31 ; [t.sub.17] = 27,6 ; p < 0,0001] pour les femmes. Apres exclusion des groupes de population immigree, l'Australie ne fait plus partie des cinq premiers pays de l'OCDE les mieux places pour l'esperance de vie pour les deux annees etudiees les plus recentes. Conclusion Si l'esperance de vie calculee pour l'Australie est parmi les plus elevees du monde industrialise, cette situation est en partie imputable a la presence de populations immigrees a faible taux de mortalite. Cet effet doit etre pris en compte dans les evaluations comparatives a l'echelle internationale des taux de mortalite. Resumen Objetivo Investigar el efecto de la inmigracion en la esperanza de vida en Australia durante el periodo de 1981 a 2003, y comparar la esperanza de vida de la poblacion nacida en Australia con la de otros paises de la Organizacion de Cooperacion y Desarrollo Economicos (OCDE). Metodos Se emplearon metodos estandar de las tablas de vida en los que se usaron la mortalidad por todas las causas por edades y datos demograficos de 1981 a 2003 para calcular la esperanza de vida al nacer ([e.sup.0]) en la poblacion australiana global (migrantes incluidos) y en la poblacion nacida en Australia (migrantes excluidos). Las diferencias medias en la esperanza de vida para cada sexo se compararon mediante pruebas / pareadas. Se reevaluo la esperanza de vida en los paises de la OCDE, reordenandolos por ese criterio, y se aplico la prueba de ordenamiento con signo de Wilcoxon para mediros cambios de rango. Resultados La esperanza de vida de hombres y mujeres fue significativamente inferior en el grupo nacido en Australia que en la poblacion australiana global. Entre 1981 y 2003, se detecto una diferencia media de la esperanza de vida de 0,41 anos (intervalo de confianza (IC) del 95%: 0,37-0,44; [t.sub.17] = 27,0; P < 0,0001) en los hombres y de 0,29 anos (IC95%: 0,26-0,31; [t.sub.17] = 27,6; P < 0,0001) en las mujeres entre los nacidos en Australia y la poblacion total. Tras excluir a los grupos migrantes, Australia dejo de figurar entre los cinco paises de la OCDE con mayor esperanza de vida en los dos anos mas recientes examinados. Conclusion Aunque Australia presenta una de las esperanzas de vida mas altas del mundo industrializado, ello se debe en parte a la inmigracion de poblaciones con tasas bajas de mortalidad. Este efecto deberia tenerse en cuenta en las evaluaciones comparativas internacionales de la mortalidad. [TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII.], Introduction In recent international league tables of life expectancy in countries that are members of the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), Australia is ranked among the top rive, [...]
Published: 2007

174. Reductions in child mortality levels and inequalities in Thailand: analysis of two censuses

Author: Vapattanawong, Patama, Hogan, Margaret C., Hanvoravongchai, Piya, Gakidou, Emmanuela, Vos, Theo, Lopez, Alan D., and Lim, Stephen S.
Subjects: Social classes -- Influence, Social classes -- Health aspects, Infants -- Patient outcomes, Infants -- Demographic aspects, Infants -- Forecasts and trends, Market trend/market analysis
Published: 2007

175. The global, regional, and national burden of cirrhosis by cause in 195 countries and territories, 1990-2017 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Author: Sepanlou, Sadaf G., Safiri, Saeid, Bisignano, Catherine, Ikuta, Kevin S., Merat, Shahin, Saberifiroozi, Mehdi, Poustchi, Hossein, Tsoi, Derrick, Colombara, Danny V., Abdoli, Amir, Adedoyin, Rufus Adesoji, Afarideh, Mohsen, Agrawal, Sutapa, Ahmad, Sohail, Ahmadian, Elham, Ahmadpour, Ehsan, Akinyemiju, Tomi, Akunna, Chisom Joyqueenet, Alipour, Vahid, Almasi-Hashiani, Amir, Almulhim, Abdulaziz M., Al-Raddadi, Rajaa M., Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Anber, Nahla Hamed, Angus, Colin, Anoushiravani, Amir, Arabloo, Jalal, Araya, Ephrem Mebrahtu, Asmelash, Daniel, Ataeinia, Bahar, Ataro, Zerihun, Atout, Maha Moh'd Wahbi, Ausloos, Floriane, Awasthi, Ashish, Badawi, Alaa, Banach, Maciej, Bejarano Ramirez, Diana Fernanda, Bhagavathula, Akshaya Srikanth, Bhala, Neeraj, Bhattacharyya, Krittika, Biondi, Antonio, Bolla, Srinivasa Rao, Boloor, Archith, Borzi, Antonio M., Butt, Zahid A., Alberto Camera, Luis L. A., Campos-Nonato, Ismael R., Carvalho, Felix, Dinh-Toi, Chu, Chung, Sheng-Chia, Cortesi, Paolo Angelo, Costa, Vera M., Cowie, Benjamin C., Daryani, Ahmad, de Courten, Barbora, Demoz, Gebre Teklemariam, Desai, Rupak, Dharmaratne, Samath Dhamminda, Djalalinia, Shirin, Hoa, Thi, Dorostkar, Fariba, Drake, Thomas M., Dubey, Manisha, Duncan, Bruce B., Effiong, Andem, Eftekhari, Aziz, Elsharkawy, Aisha, Etemadi, Arash, Farahmand, Mohammad, Farzadfar, Farshad, Fernandes, Eduarda, Filip, Irina, Fischer, Florian, Gebremedhin, Ketema Bizuwork Bizuwork, Geta, Birhanu, Gilani, Syed Amir, Gill, Paramjit Singh, Alma Gutierrez, Reyna, Haile, Michael Tamene, Haj-Mirzaian, Arvin, Hamid, Saeed S., Hasankhani, Milad, Hasanzadeh, Amir, Hashemian, Maryam, Hassen, Hamid Yimam, Hay, Simon I., Hayat, Khezar, Heidari, Behnam, Henok, Andualem, Chi, Linh, Hostiuc, Mihaela, Hostiuc, Sorin, Hsieh, Vivian Chia-rong, Igumbor, Ehimario U., Ilesanmi, Olayinka Stephen, Irvani, Seyed Sina Naghibi, Balalami, Nader Jafari, James, Spencer L., Jeemon, Panniyammakal, Jha, Ravi Prakash, Jonas, Jost B., Jozwiak, Jacek Jerzy, Kabir, Ali, Kasaeian, Amir, Kassaye, Hagazi Gebremedhin, Kefale, Adane Teshome, Khan, Rovshan Khalilov Muhammad Ali, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khater, Amir, Kim, Yun Jin, Koyanagi, Ai, La Vecchia, Carlo, Lim, Lee-Ling, Lopez, Alan D., Lorkowski, Stefan, Lotufo, Paulo A., Lozano, Rafael, Abd El Razek, Muhammed Magdy, Hue, Thi, Manafi, Navid, Manafi, Amir, Mansournia, Mohammad Ali, Mantovani, Lorenzo Giovanni, Mazzaglia, Giampiero, Mehta, Dhruv, Mendoza, Walter, Menezes, Ritesh G., Mengesha, Melkamu Merid, Meretoja, Tuomo J., Mestrovic, Tomislav, Miazgowski, Bartosz, Miller, Ted R., Mirrakhimov, Erkin M., Mithra, Prasanna, Moazen, Babak, Moghadaszadeh, Masoud, Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Abdollah, Mohammed, Shafiu, Mokdad, Ali H., Montero-Zamora, Pablo A., Moradi, Ghobad, Naimzada, Mukhammad David, Nayak, Vinod, Negoi, Ionut, Trang, Huyen, Ofori-Asenso, Richard, Oh, In-Hwan, Olagunju, Tinuke O., Padubidri, Jagadish Rao, Pakshir, Keyvan, Pana, Adrian, Pathak, Mona, Pourshams, Akram, Rabiee, Navid, Radfar, Amir, Rafiei, Alireza, Ramezanzadeh, Kiana, Rana, Saleem Muhammad M., Rawaf, Salman, Rawaf, David Laith, Reiner, Robert C., Roever, Leonardo, Room, Robin, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Safari, Saeed, Samy, Abdallah M., Sanabria, Juan, Sartorius, Benn, Schmidt, Maria Ines, Senthilkumaran, Subramanian, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Sharif, Mehdi, Sharifi, Amrollah, Shigematsu, Mika, Singh, Jasvinder A., Soheili, Amin, Suleria, Hafiz Ansar Rasul, Teklehaimanot, Berhane Fseha, Tesfay, Berhe Etsay, Vacante, Marco, Vahedian-Azimi, Amir, Valdez, Pascual R., Vasankari, Tommi Juhani, Giang, Thu, Waheed, Yasir, Weldegwergs, Kidu Gidey, Werdecker, Andrea, Westerman, Ronny, Wondafrash, Dawit Zewdu, Wondmieneh, Adam Belay, Yeshitila, Yordanos Gizachew, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yu, Chuanhua, Zaidi, Zoubida, Zarghi, Afshin, Zelber-Sagi, Shira, Zewdie, Kaleab Alemayehu, Zhang, Zhi-Jiang, Zhao, Xiu-Ju, Naghavi, Mohsen, Malekzadeh, Reza, Sepanlou, Sadaf G., Safiri, Saeid, Bisignano, Catherine, Ikuta, Kevin S., Merat, Shahin, Saberifiroozi, Mehdi, Poustchi, Hossein, Tsoi, Derrick, Colombara, Danny V., Abdoli, Amir, Adedoyin, Rufus Adesoji, Afarideh, Mohsen, Agrawal, Sutapa, Ahmad, Sohail, Ahmadian, Elham, Ahmadpour, Ehsan, Akinyemiju, Tomi, Akunna, Chisom Joyqueenet, Alipour, Vahid, Almasi-Hashiani, Amir, Almulhim, Abdulaziz M., Al-Raddadi, Rajaa M., Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Anber, Nahla Hamed, Angus, Colin, Anoushiravani, Amir, Arabloo, Jalal, Araya, Ephrem Mebrahtu, Asmelash, Daniel, Ataeinia, Bahar, Ataro, Zerihun, Atout, Maha Moh'd Wahbi, Ausloos, Floriane, Awasthi, Ashish, Badawi, Alaa, Banach, Maciej, Bejarano Ramirez, Diana Fernanda, Bhagavathula, Akshaya Srikanth, Bhala, Neeraj, Bhattacharyya, Krittika, Biondi, Antonio, Bolla, Srinivasa Rao, Boloor, Archith, Borzi, Antonio M., Butt, Zahid A., Alberto Camera, Luis L. A., Campos-Nonato, Ismael R., Carvalho, Felix, Dinh-Toi, Chu, Chung, Sheng-Chia, Cortesi, Paolo Angelo, Costa, Vera M., Cowie, Benjamin C., Daryani, Ahmad, de Courten, Barbora, Demoz, Gebre Teklemariam, Desai, Rupak, Dharmaratne, Samath Dhamminda, Djalalinia, Shirin, Hoa, Thi, Dorostkar, Fariba, Drake, Thomas M., Dubey, Manisha, Duncan, Bruce B., Effiong, Andem, Eftekhari, Aziz, Elsharkawy, Aisha, Etemadi, Arash, Farahmand, Mohammad, Farzadfar, Farshad, Fernandes, Eduarda, Filip, Irina, Fischer, Florian, Gebremedhin, Ketema Bizuwork Bizuwork, Geta, Birhanu, Gilani, Syed Amir, Gill, Paramjit Singh, Alma Gutierrez, Reyna, Haile, Michael Tamene, Haj-Mirzaian, Arvin, Hamid, Saeed S., Hasankhani, Milad, Hasanzadeh, Amir, Hashemian, Maryam, Hassen, Hamid Yimam, Hay, Simon I., Hayat, Khezar, Heidari, Behnam, Henok, Andualem, Chi, Linh, Hostiuc, Mihaela, Hostiuc, Sorin, Hsieh, Vivian Chia-rong, Igumbor, Ehimario U., Ilesanmi, Olayinka Stephen, Irvani, Seyed Sina Naghibi, Balalami, Nader Jafari, James, Spencer L., Jeemon, Panniyammakal, Jha, Ravi Prakash, Jonas, Jost B., Jozwiak, Jacek Jerzy, Kabir, Ali, Kasaeian, Amir, Kassaye, Hagazi Gebremedhin, Kefale, Adane Teshome, Khan, Rovshan Khalilov Muhammad Ali, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khater, Amir, Kim, Yun Jin, Koyanagi, Ai, La Vecchia, Carlo, Lim, Lee-Ling, Lopez, Alan D., Lorkowski, Stefan, Lotufo, Paulo A., Lozano, Rafael, Abd El Razek, Muhammed Magdy, Hue, Thi, Manafi, Navid, Manafi, Amir, Mansournia, Mohammad Ali, Mantovani, Lorenzo Giovanni, Mazzaglia, Giampiero, Mehta, Dhruv, Mendoza, Walter, Menezes, Ritesh G., Mengesha, Melkamu Merid, Meretoja, Tuomo J., Mestrovic, Tomislav, Miazgowski, Bartosz, Miller, Ted R., Mirrakhimov, Erkin M., Mithra, Prasanna, Moazen, Babak, Moghadaszadeh, Masoud, Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Abdollah, Mohammed, Shafiu, Mokdad, Ali H., Montero-Zamora, Pablo A., Moradi, Ghobad, Naimzada, Mukhammad David, Nayak, Vinod, Negoi, Ionut, Trang, Huyen, Ofori-Asenso, Richard, Oh, In-Hwan, Olagunju, Tinuke O., Padubidri, Jagadish Rao, Pakshir, Keyvan, Pana, Adrian, Pathak, Mona, Pourshams, Akram, Rabiee, Navid, Radfar, Amir, Rafiei, Alireza, Ramezanzadeh, Kiana, Rana, Saleem Muhammad M., Rawaf, Salman, Rawaf, David Laith, Reiner, Robert C., Roever, Leonardo, Room, Robin, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Safari, Saeed, Samy, Abdallah M., Sanabria, Juan, Sartorius, Benn, Schmidt, Maria Ines, Senthilkumaran, Subramanian, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Sharif, Mehdi, Sharifi, Amrollah, Shigematsu, Mika, Singh, Jasvinder A., Soheili, Amin, Suleria, Hafiz Ansar Rasul, Teklehaimanot, Berhane Fseha, Tesfay, Berhe Etsay, Vacante, Marco, Vahedian-Azimi, Amir, Valdez, Pascual R., Vasankari, Tommi Juhani, Giang, Thu, Waheed, Yasir, Weldegwergs, Kidu Gidey, Werdecker, Andrea, Westerman, Ronny, Wondafrash, Dawit Zewdu, Wondmieneh, Adam Belay, Yeshitila, Yordanos Gizachew, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yu, Chuanhua, Zaidi, Zoubida, Zarghi, Afshin, Zelber-Sagi, Shira, Zewdie, Kaleab Alemayehu, Zhang, Zhi-Jiang, Zhao, Xiu-Ju, Naghavi, Mohsen, and Malekzadeh, Reza
Abstract: Background Cirrhosis and other chronic liver diseases (collectively referred to as cirrhosis in this paper) are a major cause of morbidity and mortality globally, although the burden and underlying causes differ across locations and demographic groups. We report on results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017 on the burden of cirrhosis and its trends since 1990, by cause, sex, and age, for 195 countries and territories. Methods We used data from vital registrations, vital registration samples, and verbal autopsies to estimate mortality. We modelled prevalence of total, compensated, and decompensated cirrhosis on the basis of hospital and claims data. Disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) were calculated as the sum of years of life lost due to premature death and years lived with disability. Estimates are presented as numbers and age-standardised or age-specific rates per 100 000 population, with 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs). All estimates are presented for five causes of cirrhosis: hepatitis B, hepatitis C, alcohol-related liver disease, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), and other causes. We compared mortality, prevalence, and DALY estimates with those expected according to the Socio-demographic Index (SDI) as a proxy for the development status of regions and countries. Findings In 2017, cirrhosis caused more than 1.32 million (95% UI 1.27-1.45) deaths (440000 [416 000-518 000; 33.3%] in females and 883 000 [838 000-967 000; 66.7%] in males) globally, compared with less than 899 000 (829 000-948 000) deaths in 1990. Deaths due to cirrhosis constituted 2.4% (2.3-2.6) of total deaths globally in 2017 compared with 1.9% (1.8-2.0) in 1990. Despite an increase in the number of deaths, the age-standardised death rate decreased from 21.0 (19.2-22.3) per 100 000 population in 1990 to 16.5 (15.8-18-1) per 100 000 population in 2017. Sub-Saharan Africa had the highest age-standardised death rate among GBD super-regions for al
Published: 2020
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176. Global burden of 87 risk factors in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Author: Sub Foundations&PhilosophyofNaturSc begr, IRAS OH Epidemiology Chemical Agents, dIRAS RA-2, Murray, Christopher J.L., Aravkin, Aleksandr Y., Zheng, Peng, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbas, Kaja M., Abbasi-Kangevari, Mohsen, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdelalim, Ahmed, Abdollahi, Mohammad, Abdollahpour, Ibrahim, Abegaz, Kedir Hussein, Abolhassani, Hassan, Aboyans, Victor, Abreu, Lucas Guimarães, Abrigo, Michael R.M., Abualhasan, Ahmed, Abu-Raddad, Laith Jamal, Abushouk, Abdelrahman I., Adabi, Maryam, Adekanmbi, Victor, Adeoye, Abiodun Moshood, Adetokunboh, Olatunji O., Adham, Davoud, Advani, Shailesh M., Agarwal, Gina, Aghamir, Seyed Mohammad Kazem, Agrawal, Anurag, Ahmad, Tauseef, Ahmadi, Keivan, Ahmadi, Mehdi, Ahmadieh, Hamid, Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, Akalu, Temesgen Yihunie, Akinyemi, Rufus Olusola, Akinyemiju, Tomi, Akombi, Blessing, Akunna, Chisom Joyqueenet, Alahdab, Fares, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Samiah, Alam, Tahiya, Alanezi, Fahad Mashhour, Alanzi, Turki M., Alemu, Biresaw wassihun, Alhabib, Khalid F., Ali, Muhammad, Ali, Saqib, Alicandro, Gianfranco, Alinia, Cyrus, Alipour, Vahid, Alizade, Hesam, Aljunid, Syed Mohamed, Alla, François, Allebeck, Peter, Almasi-Hashiani, Amir, Al-Mekhlafi, Hesham M., Alonso, Jordi, Altirkawi, Khalid A., Amini-Rarani, Mostafa, Amiri, Fatemeh, Amugsi, Dickson A., Ancuceanu, Robert, Anderlini, Deanna, Anderson, Jason A., Andrei, Catalina Liliana, Andrei, Tudorel, Angus, Colin, Anjomshoa, Mina, Ansari, Fereshteh, Ansari-Moghaddam, Alireza, Antonazzo, Ippazio Cosimo, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T., Antony, Catherine M., Antriyandarti, Ernoiz, Anvari, Davood, Anwer, Razique, Appiah, Seth Christopher Yaw, Arabloo, Jalal, Arab-Zozani, Morteza, Ariani, Filippo, Armoon, Bahram, Ärnlöv, Johan, Arzani, Afsaneh, Asadi-Aliabadi, Mehran, Asadi-Pooya, Ali A., Ashbaugh, Charlie, Assmus, Michael, Atafar, Zahra, Atnafu, Desta Debalkie, Atout, Maha Moh d.Wahbi, Ausloos, Floriane, Ausloos, Marcel, Ayala Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina, Ayano, Getinet, Ayanore, Martin Amogre, Azari, Samad, Azarian, Ghasem, Azene, Zelalem Nigussie, Badawi, Alaa, Badiye, Ashish D., Bahrami, Mohammad Amin, Bakhshaei, Mohammad Hossein, Bakhtiari, Ahad, Bakkannavar, Shankar M., Baldasseroni, Alberto, Ball, Kylie, Ballew, Shoshana H., Balzi, Daniela, Banach, Maciej, Banerjee, Srikanta K., Bante, Agegnehu Bante, Baraki, Adhanom Gebreegziabher, Barker-Collo, Suzanne Lyn, Bärnighausen, Till Winfried, Barrero, Lope H., Barthelemy, Celine M., Barua, Lingkan, Basu, Sanjay, Baune, Bernhard T., Bayati, Mohsen, Becker, Jacob S., Bedi, Neeraj, Beghi, Ettore, Béjot, Yannick, Bell, Michellr L., Bennitt, Fiona B., Bensenor, Isabela M., Berhe, Kidanemaryam, Berman, Adam E., Bhagavathula, Akshaya Srikanth, Bhageerathy, Reshmi, Bhala, Neeraj, Bhandari, Dinesh, Bhattacharyya, Krittika, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A., Bijani, Ali, Bikbov, Boris, Bin Sayeed, Muhammad Shahdaat, Biondi, Antonio, Birihane, Binyam Minuye, Bisignano, Catherine, Biswas, Raaj Kishore, Bitew, Helen, 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Murray, Christopher J.L., Aravkin, Aleksandr Y., Zheng, Peng, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbas, Kaja M., Abbasi-Kangevari, Mohsen, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdelalim, Ahmed, Abdollahi, Mohammad, Abdollahpour, Ibrahim, Abegaz, Kedir Hussein, Abolhassani, Hassan, Aboyans, Victor, Abreu, Lucas Guimarães, Abrigo, Michael R.M., Abualhasan, Ahmed, Abu-Raddad, Laith Jamal, Abushouk, Abdelrahman I., Adabi, Maryam, Adekanmbi, Victor, Adeoye, Abiodun Moshood, Adetokunboh, Olatunji O., Adham, Davoud, Advani, Shailesh M., Agarwal, Gina, Aghamir, Seyed Mohammad Kazem, Agrawal, Anurag, Ahmad, Tauseef, Ahmadi, Keivan, Ahmadi, Mehdi, Ahmadieh, Hamid, Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, Akalu, Temesgen Yihunie, Akinyemi, Rufus Olusola, Akinyemiju, Tomi, Akombi, Blessing, Akunna, Chisom Joyqueenet, Alahdab, Fares, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Samiah, Alam, Tahiya, Alanezi, Fahad Mashhour, Alanzi, Turki M., Alemu, Biresaw wassihun, Alhabib, Khalid F., Ali, Muhammad, Ali, Saqib, Alicandro, Gianfranco, Alinia, Cyrus, Alipour, Vahid, Alizade, Hesam, Aljunid, Syed Mohamed, Alla, François, Allebeck, Peter, Almasi-Hashiani, Amir, Al-Mekhlafi, Hesham M., Alonso, Jordi, Altirkawi, Khalid A., Amini-Rarani, Mostafa, Amiri, Fatemeh, Amugsi, Dickson A., Ancuceanu, Robert, Anderlini, Deanna, Anderson, Jason A., Andrei, Catalina Liliana, Andrei, Tudorel, Angus, Colin, Anjomshoa, Mina, Ansari, Fereshteh, Ansari-Moghaddam, Alireza, Antonazzo, Ippazio Cosimo, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T., Antony, Catherine M., Antriyandarti, Ernoiz, Anvari, Davood, Anwer, Razique, Appiah, Seth Christopher Yaw, Arabloo, Jalal, Arab-Zozani, Morteza, Ariani, Filippo, Armoon, Bahram, Ärnlöv, Johan, Arzani, Afsaneh, Asadi-Aliabadi, Mehran, Asadi-Pooya, Ali A., Ashbaugh, Charlie, Assmus, Michael, Atafar, Zahra, Atnafu, Desta Debalkie, Atout, Maha Moh d.Wahbi, Ausloos, Floriane, Ausloos, Marcel, Ayala Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina, Ayano, Getinet, Ayanore, Martin Amogre, Azari, Samad, Azarian, Ghasem, Azene, Zelalem Nigussie, Badawi, Alaa, Badiye, Ashish D., Bahrami, Mohammad Amin, Bakhshaei, Mohammad Hossein, Bakhtiari, Ahad, Bakkannavar, Shankar M., Baldasseroni, Alberto, Ball, Kylie, Ballew, Shoshana H., Balzi, Daniela, Banach, Maciej, Banerjee, Srikanta K., Bante, Agegnehu Bante, Baraki, Adhanom Gebreegziabher, Barker-Collo, Suzanne Lyn, Bärnighausen, Till Winfried, Barrero, Lope H., Barthelemy, Celine M., Barua, Lingkan, Basu, Sanjay, Baune, Bernhard T., Bayati, Mohsen, Becker, Jacob S., Bedi, Neeraj, Beghi, Ettore, Béjot, Yannick, Bell, Michellr L., Bennitt, Fiona B., Bensenor, Isabela M., Berhe, Kidanemaryam, Berman, Adam E., Bhagavathula, Akshaya Srikanth, Bhageerathy, Reshmi, Bhala, Neeraj, Bhandari, Dinesh, Bhattacharyya, Krittika, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A., Bijani, Ali, Bikbov, Boris, Bin Sayeed, Muhammad Shahdaat, Biondi, Antonio, Birihane, Binyam Minuye, Bisignano, Catherine, Biswas, Raaj Kishore, Bitew, Helen, Bohlouli, Somayeh, Bohluli, Mehdi, Boon-Dooley, Alexandra S., Borges, Guilherme, Borzì, Antonio Maria, Borzouei, Shiva, Bosetti, Cristina, Boufous, Soufiane, Braithwaite, Dejana, Breitborde, Nicholas J.K., Breitner, Susanne, Brenner, Hermann, Briant, Paul Svitil, Briko, Andrey Nikolaevich, Briko, Nikolay Ivanovich, Britton, Gabrielle B., Bryazka, Dana, Bumgarner, Blair R., Burkart, Katrin, Burnett, Richard Thomas, Burugina Nagaraja, Sharath, Butt, Zahid A., Caetano dos Santos, Florentino Luciano, Cahill, Leah E., Cámera, Luis LA Alberto, Campos-Nonato, Ismael R., Cárdenas, Rosario, Carreras, Giulia, Carrero, Juan J., Carvalho, Felix, Castaldelli-Maia, Joao Mauricio, Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos A., Castelpietra, Giulio, Castro, Franz, Causey, Kate, Cederroth, Christopher R., Cercy, Kelly M., Cerin, Ester, Chandan, Joht Singh, Chang, Kai Lan, Charlson, Fiona J., Chattu, Vijay Kumar, Chaturvedi, Sarika, Cherbuin, Nicolas, Chimed-Ochir, Odgerel, Cho, Daniel Youngwhan, Choi, Jee Young Jasmine, Christensen, Hanne, Chu, Dinh Toi, Chung, Michael T., Chung, Sheng Chia, Cicuttini, Flavia M., Ciobanu, Liliana G., Cirillo, Massimo, Classen, Thomas Khaled Dwayne, Cohen, Aaron J., Compton, Kelly, Cooper, Owen R., Costa, Vera Marisa, Cousin, Ewerton, Cowden, Richard G., Cross, Di H., Cruz, Jessica A., Dahlawi, Saad M.A., Damasceno, Albertino Antonio Moura, Damiani, Giovanni, Dandona, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, Dangel, William James, Danielsson, Anna Karin, Dargan, Paul I., Darwesh, Aso Mohammad, Daryani, Ahmad, Das, Jai K., Das Gupta, Rajat, das Neves, José, Dávila-Cervantes, Claudio Alberto, Davitoiu, Dragos Virgil, De Leo, Diego, Degenhardt, Louisa, DeLang, Marissa, Dellavalle, Robert Paul, Demeke, Feleke Mekonnen, Demoz, Gebre Teklemariam, Demsie, Desalegn Getnet, Denova-Gutiérrez, Edgar, Dervenis, Nikolaos, Dhungana, Govinda Prasad, Dianatinasab, Mostafa, Dias da Silva, Diana, Diaz, Daniel, Dibaji Forooshani, Zahra Sadat, Djalalinia, Shirin, Do, Hoa Thi, Dokova, Klara, Dorostkar, Fariba, Doshmangir, Leila, Driscoll, Tim Robert, Duncan, Bruce B., Duraes, Andre Rodrigues, Eagan, Arielle Wilder, Edvardsson, David, El Nahas, Nevine, El Sayed, Iman, El Tantawi, Maha, Elbarazi, Iffat, Elgendy, Islam Y., El-Jaafary, Shaimaa I., Elyazar, Iqbal RF, Emmons-Bell, Sophia, Erskine, Holly E., Eskandarieh, Sharareh, Esmaeilnejad, Saman, Esteghamati, Alireza, Estep, Kara, Etemadi, Arash, Etisso, Atkilt Esaiyas, Fanzo, Jessica, Farahmand, Mohammad, Fareed, Mohammad, Faridnia, Roghiyeh, Farioli, Andrea, Faro, Andre, Faruque, Mithila, Farzadfar, Farshad, Fattahi, Nazir, Fazlzadeh, Mehdi, Feigin, Valery L., Feldman, Rachel, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed Mohammad, Fernandes, Eduarda, Ferrara, Giannina, Ferrari, Alize J., Ferreira, Manuela L., Filip, Irina, Fischer, Florian, Fisher, James L., Flor, Luisa Sorio, Foigt, Nataliya A., Folayan, Morenike Oluwatoyin, Fomenkov, Artem Alekseevich, Force, Lisa M., Foroutan, Masoud, Franklin, Richard Charles, Freitas, Marisa, Fu, Weijia, Fukumoto, Takeshi, Furtado, João M., Gad, Mohamed M., Gakidou, Emmanuela, Gallus, Silvano, Garcia-Basteiro, Alberto L., Gardner, William M., Geberemariyam, Biniyam Sahiledengle, Gebreslassie, Assefa Ayalew Ayalew Ayalew, Geremew, Abraham, Gershberg Hayoon, Anna, Gething, Peter W., Ghadimi, Maryam, Ghadiri, Keyghobad, Ghaffarifar, Fatemeh, Ghafourifard, Mansour, Ghamari, Farhad, Ghashghaee, Ahmad, Ghiasvand, Hesam, Ghith, Nermin, Gholamian, Asadollah, Ghosh, Rakesh, Gill, Paramjit Singh, Ginindza, Themba G.G., Giussani, Giorgia, Gnedovskaya, Elena V., Goharinezhad, Salime, Gopalani, Sameer Vali, Gorini, Giuseppe, Goudarzi, Houman, Goulart, Alessandra C., Greaves, Felix, Grivna, Michal, Grosso, Giuseppe, Gubari, Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen, Gugnani, Harish Chander, Guimarães, Rafael Alves, Guled, Rashid Abdi, Guo, Gaorui, Guo, Yuming, Gupta, Rajeev, Gupta, Tarun, Haddock, Beatrix, Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Hafiz, Abdul, Haj-Mirzaian, Arvin, Haj-Mirzaian, Arya, Hall, Brian J., Halvaei, Iman, Hamadeh, Randah R., Hamidi, Samer, Hammer, Melanie S., Hankey, Graeme J., Haririan, Hamidreza, Haro, Josep Maria, Hasaballah, Ahmed I., Hasan, Md Mehedi, Hasanpoor, Edris, Hashi, Abdiwahab, Hassanipour, Soheil, Hassankhani, Hadi, Havmoeller, Rasmus J., Hay, Simon I., Hayat, Khezar, Heidari, Golnaz, Heidari-Soureshjani, Reza, Henrikson, Hannah J., Herbert, Molly E., Herteliu, Claudiu, Heydarpour, Fatemeh, Hird, Thomas R., Hoek, Hans W., Holla, Ramesh, Hoogar, Praveen, Hosgood, H. Dean, Hossain, Naznin, Hosseini, Mostafa, Hosseinzadeh, Mehdi, Hostiuc, Mihaela, Hostiuc, Sorin, Househ, Mowafa, Hsairi, Mohamed, Hsieh, Vivian Chia rong, Hu, Guoqing, Hu, Kejia, Huda, Tanvir M., Humayun, Ayesha, Huynh, Chantal K., Hwang, Bing Fang, Iannucci, Vincent C., Ibitoye, Segun Emmanuel, Ikeda, Nayu, Ikuta, Kevin S., Ilesanmi, Olayinka Stephen, Ilic, Irena M., Ilic, Milena D., Inbaraj, Leeberk Raja, Ippolito, Helen, Iqbal, Usman, Irvani, Seyed Sina Naghibi, Irvine, Caleb Mackay Salpeter, Islam, M. Mofizul, Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful, Iso, Hiroyasu, Ivers, Rebecca Q., Iwu, Chidozie C.D., Iwu, Chinwe Juliana, Iyamu, Ihoghosa Osamuyi, Jaafari, Jalil, Jacobsen, Kathryn H., Jafari, Hussain, Jafarinia, Morteza, Jahani, Mohammad Ali, Jakovljevic, Mihajlo, Jalilian, Farzad, James, Spencer L., Janjani, Hosna, Javaheri, Tahereh, Javidnia, Javad, Jeemon, Panniyammakal, Jenabi, Ensiyeh, Jha, Ravi Prakash, Jha, Vivekanand, Ji, John S., Johansson, Lars, John, Oommen, John-Akinola, Yetunde O., Johnson, Catherine Owens, Jonas, Jost B., Joukar, Farahnaz, Jozwiak, Jacek Jerzy, Jürisson, Mikk, Kabir, Ali, Kabir, Zubair, Kalani, Hamed, Kalani, Rizwan, Kalankesh, Leila R., Kalhor, Rohollah, Kanchan, Tanuj, Kapoor, Neeti, Karami Matin, Behzad, Karch, André, Karim, Mohd Anisul, Kassa, Getachew Mullu, Katikireddi, Srinivasa Vittal, Kayode, Gbenga A., Kazemi Karyani, Ali, Keiyoro, Peter Njenga, Keller, Cathleen, Kemmer, Laura, Kendrick, Parkes J., Khalid, Nauman, Khammarnia, Mohammad, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khan, Maseer, Khatab, Khaled, Khater, Mona M., Khatib, Mahalaqua Nazli, Khayamzadeh, Maryam, Khazaei, Salman, Kieling, Christian, Kim, Yun Jin, Kimokoti, Ruth W., Kisa, Adnan, Kisa, Sezer, Kivimäki, Mika, Knibbs, Luke D., Knudsen, Ann Kristin Skrindo, Kocarnik, Jonathan M., Kochhar, Sonali, Kopec, Jacek A., Korshunov, Vladimir Andreevich, Koul, Parvaiz A., Koyanagi, Ai, Kraemer, Moritz U.G., Krishan, Kewal, Krohn, Kris J., Kromhout, Hans, Kuate Defo, Barthelemy, Kumar, G. Anil, Kumar, Vivek, Kurmi, Om P., Kusuma, Dian, La Vecchia, Carlo, Lacey, Ben, Lal, Dharmesh Kumar, Lalloo, Ratilal, Lallukka, Tea, Lami, Faris Hasan, Landires, Iván, Lang, Justin J., Langan, Sinéad M., Larsson, Anders O., Lasrado, Savita, Lauriola, Paolo, Lazarus, Jeffrey V., Lee, Paul H., Lee, Shaun Wen Huey, LeGrand, Kate E., Leigh, James, Leonardi, Matilde, Lescinsky, Haley, Leung, Janni, Levi, Miriam, Li, Shanshan, Lim, Lee Ling, Linn, Shai, Liu, Shiwei, Liu, Simin, Liu, Yang, Lo, Justin, Lopez, Alan D., Lopez, Jaifred Christian F., Lopukhov, Platon D., Lorkowski, Stefan, Lotufo, Paulo A., Lu, Alton, Lugo, Alessandra, Maddison, Emilie R., Mahasha, Phetole Walter, Mahdavi, Mokhtar Mahdavi, Mahmoudi, Morteza, Majeed, Azeem, Maleki, Afshin, Maleki, Shokofeh, Malekzadeh, Reza, Malta, Deborah Carvalho, Mamun, Abdullah A., Manda, Ana Laura, Manguerra, Helena, Mansour-Ghanaei, Fariborz, Mansouri, Borhan, Mansournia, Mohammad Ali, Mantilla Herrera, Ana M., Maravilla, Joemer C., Marks, Ashley, Martin, Randall V., Martini, Santi, Martins-Melo, Francisco Rogerlândio, Masaka, Anthony, Masoumi, Seyedeh Zahra, Mathur, Manu Raj, Matsushita, Kunihiro, Maulik, Pallab K., McAlinden, Colm, McGrath, John J., McKee, Martin, Mehndiratta, Man Mohan, Mehri, Fereshteh, Mehta, Kala M., Memish, Ziad A., Mendoza, Walter, Menezes, Ritesh G., Mengesha, Endalkachew Worku, Mereke, Alibek, Mereta, Seid Tiku, Meretoja, Atte, Meretoja, Tuomo J., Mestrovic, Tomislav, Miazgowski, Bartosz, Miazgowski, Tomasz, Michalek, Irmina Maria, Miller, Ted R., Mills, Edward J., Mini, G. K., Miri, Mohammad, Mirica, Andreea, Mirrakhimov, Erkin M., Mirzaei, Hamed, Mirzaei, Maryam, Mirzaei, Roya, Mirzaei-Alavijeh, Mehdi, Misganaw, Awoke Temesgen, Mithra, Prasanna, Moazen, Babak, Mohammad, Dara K., Mohammad, Yousef, Mohammad Gholi Mezerji, Naser, Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Abdollah, Mohammadifard, Noushin, Mohammadpourhodki, Reza, Mohammed, Ammas Siraj, Mohammed, Hussen, Mohammed, Jemal Abdu, Mohammed, Shafiu, Mokdad, Ali H., Molokhia, Mariam, Monasta, Lorenzo, Mooney, Meghan D., Moradi, Ghobad, Moradi, Masoud, Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Moradzadeh, Rahmatollah, Moraga, Paula, Morawska, Lidia, Morgado-da-Costa, Joana, Morrison, Shane Douglas, Mosapour, Abbas, Mosser, Jonathan F., Mouodi, Simin, Mousavi, Seyyed Meysam, Mousavi Khaneghah, Amin, Mueller, Ulrich Otto, Mukhopadhyay, Satinath, Mullany, Erin C., Musa, Kamarul Imran, Muthupandian, Saravanan, Nabhan, Ashraf F., Naderi, Mehdi, Nagarajan, Ahamarshan Jayaraman, Nagel, Gabriele, Naghavi, Mohsen, Naghshtabrizi, Behshad, Naimzada, Mukhammad David, Najafi, Farid, Nangia, Vinay, Nansseu, Jobert Richie, Naserbakht, Morteza, Nayak, Vinod C., Negoi, Ionut, Ngunjiri, Josephine W., Nguyen, Cuong Tat, Nguyen, Huong Lan Thi, Nguyen, Minh, Nigatu, Yeshambel T., Nikbakhsh, Rajan, Nixon, Molly R., Nnaji, Chukwudi A., Nomura, Shuhei, Norrving, Bo, Noubiap, Jean Jacques, Nowak, Christoph, Nunez-Samudio, Virginia, Oţoiu, Adrian, Oancea, Bogdan, Odell, Christopher M., Ogbo, Felix Akpojene, Oh, In Hwan, Okunga, Emmanuel Wandera, Oladnabi, Morteza, Olagunju, Andrew T., Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola, Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun, Omer, Muktar Omer, Ong, Kanyin L., Onwujekwe, Obinna E., Orpana, Heather M., Ortiz, Alberto, Osarenotor, Osayomwanbo, Osei, Frank B., Ostroff, Samuel M., Otstavnov, Nikita, Otstavnov, Stanislav S., Øverland, Simon, Owolabi, Mayowa O., P A, Mahesh, Padubidri, Jagadish Rao, Palladino, Raffaele, Panda-Jonas, Songhomitra, Pandey, Anamika, Parry, Charles D.H., Pasovic, Maja, Pasupula, Deepak Kumar, Patel, Sangram Kishor, Pathak, Mona, Patten, Scott B., Patton, George C., Pazoki Toroudi, Hamidreza, Peden, Amy E., Pennini, Alyssa, Pepito, Veincent Christian Filipino, Peprah, Emmanuel K., Pereira, David M., Pesudovs, Konrad, Pham, Hai Quang, Phillips, Michael R., Piccinelli, Cristiano, Pilz, Tessa M., Piradov, Michael A., Pirsaheb, Meghdad, Plass, Dietrich, Polinder, Suzanne, Polkinghorne, Kevan R., Pond, Constance Dimity, Postma, Maarten J., Pourjafar, Hadi, Pourmalek, Farshad, Poznańska, Anna, Prada, Sergio I., Prakash, V., Pribadi, Dimas Ria Angga, Pupillo, Elisabetta, Quazi Syed, Zahiruddin, Rabiee, Mohammad, Rabiee, Navid, Radfar, Amir, Rafiee, Ata, Raggi, Alberto, Rahman, Muhammad Aziz, Rajabpour-Sanati, Ali, Rajati, Fatemeh, Rakovac, Ivo, Ram, Pradhum, Ramezanzadeh, Kiana, Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal, Rao, Puja C., Rao, Sowmya J., Rashedi, Vahid, Rathi, Priya, Rawaf, David Laith, Rawaf, Salman, Rawal, Lal, Rawassizadeh, Reza, Rawat, Ramu, Razo, Christian, Redford, Sofia Boston, Reiner, Robert C., Reitsma, Marissa Bettay, Remuzzi, Giuseppe, Renjith, Vishnu, Renzaho, Andre M.N., Resnikoff, Serge, Rezaei, Negar, Rezaei, Nima, Rezapour, Aziz, Rhinehart, Phoebe Anne, Riahi, Seyed Mohammad, Ribeiro, Daniel Cury, Ribeiro, Daniela, Rickard, Jennifer, Rivera, Juan A., Roberts, Nicholas L.S., Rodríguez-Ramírez, Sonia, Roever, Leonardo, Ronfani, Luca, Room, Robin, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Roth, Gregory A., Rothenbacher, Dietrich, Rubagotti, Enrico, Rwegerera, Godfrey M., Sabour, Siamak, Sachdev, Perminder S., Saddik, Basema, Sadeghi, Ehsan, Sadeghi, Masoumeh, Saeedi, Reza, Saeedi Moghaddam, Sahar, Safari, Yahya, Safi, Sare, Safiri, Saeid, Sagar, Rajesh, Sahebkar, Amirhossein, Sajadi, S. Mohammad, Salam, Nasir, Salamati, Payman, Salem, Hosni, Salem, Marwa R.Rashad, Salimzadeh, Hamideh, Salman, Omar Mukhtar, Salomon, Joshua A., Samad, Zainab, Samadi Kafil, Hossein, Sambala, Evanson Zondani, Samy, Abdallah M., Sanabria, Juan, Sánchez-Pimienta, Tania G., Santomauro, Damian Francesco, Santos, Itamar S., Santos, João Vasco, Santric-Milicevic, Milena M., Saraswathy, Sivan Yegnanarayana Iyer, Sarmiento-Suárez, Rodrigo, Sarrafzadegan, Nizal, Sartorius, Benn, Sarveazad, Arash, Sathian, Brijesh, Sathish, Thirunavukkarasu, Sattin, Davide, Saxena, Sonia, Schaeffer, Lauren E., Schiavolin, Silvia, Schlaich, Markus P., Schmidt, Maria Inês, Schutte, Aletta Elisabeth, Schwebel, David C., Schwendicke, Falk, Senbeta, Anbissa Muleta, Senthilkumaran, Subramanian, Sepanlou, Sadaf G., Serdar, Berrin, Serre, Marc L., Shadid, Jamileh, Shafaat, Omid, Shahabi, Saeed, Shaheen, Amira A., Shaikh, Masood Ali, Shalash, Ali S., Shams-Beyranvand, Mehran, Shamsizadeh, Morteza, Sharafi, Kiomars, Sheikh, Aziz, Sheikhtaheri, Abbas, Shibuya, Kenji, Shield, Kevin David, Shigematsu, Mika, Shin, Jae Il, Shin, Min Jeong, Shiri, Rahman, Shirkoohi, Reza, Shuval, Kerem, Siabani, Soraya, Sierpinski, Radoslaw, Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora, Sigurvinsdottir, Rannveig, Silva, João Pedro, Simpson, Kyle E., Singh, Jasvinder A., Singh, Pushpendra, Skiadaresi, Eirini, Skou, Søren T.Skou, Skryabin, Valentin Yurievich, Smith, Emma U.R., Soheili, Amin, Soltani, Shahin, Soofi, Moslem, Sorensen, Reed J.D., Soriano, Joan B., Sorrie, Muluken Bekele, Soshnikov, Sergey, Soyiri, Ireneous N., Spencer, Cory N., Spotin, Adel, Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T., Srinivasan, Vinay, Stanaway, Jeffrey D., Stein, Caroline, Stein, Dan J., Steiner, Caitlyn, Stockfelt, Leo, Stokes, Mark A., Straif, Kurt, Stubbs, Jacob L., Sufiyan, Mu'awiyyah Babale, Suleria, Hafiz Ansar Rasul, Suliankatchi Abdulkader, Rizwan, Sulo, Gerhard, Sultan, Iyad, Szumowski, Łukasz, Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael, Tabb, Karen M., Tabuchi, Takahiro, Taherkhani, Amir, Tajdini, Masih, Takahashi, Ken, Takala, Jukka S., Tamiru, Animut Tagele, Taveira, Nuno, Tehrani-Banihashemi, Arash, Temsah, Mohamad Hani, Tesema, Getayeneh Antehunegn, Tessema, Zemenu Tadesse, Thurston, George D., Titova, Mariya Vladimirovna, Tohidinik, Hamid Reza, Tonelli, Marcello, Topor-Madry, Roman, Topouzis, Fotis, Torre, Anna E., Touvier, Mathilde, Tovani-Palone, Marcos Roberto Roberto, Tran, Bach Xuan, Travillian, Ravensara, Tsatsakis, Aristidis, Tudor Car, Lorainne, Tyrovolas, Stefanos, Uddin, Riaz, Umeokonkwo, Chukwuma David, Unnikrishnan, Bhaskaran, Upadhyay, Era, Vacante, Marco, Valdez, Pascual R., van Donkelaar, Aaron, Vasankari, Tommi Juhani, Vasseghian, Yasser, Veisani, Yousef, Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy, Violante, Francesco S., Vlassov, Vasily, Vollset, Stein Emil, Vos, Theo, Vukovic, Rade, Waheed, Yasir, Wallin, Mitchell Taylor, Wang, Yafeng, Wang, Yuan Pang, Watson, Alexandrea, Wei, Jingkai, Wei, Melissa Y.Wei, Weintraub, Robert G., Weiss, Jordan, Werdecker, Andrea, West, J. Jason, Westerman, Ronny, Whisnant, Joanna L., Whiteford, Harvey A., Wiens, Kirsten E., Wolfe, Charles D.A., Wozniak, Sarah S., Wu, Ai Min, Wu, Junjie, Wulf Hanson, Sarah, Xu, Gelin, Xu, Rixing, Yadgir, Simon, Yahyazadeh Jabbari, Seyed Hossein, Yamagishi, Kazumasa, Yaminfirooz, Mousa, Yano, Yuichiro, Yaya, Sanni, Yazdi-Feyzabadi, Vahid, Yeheyis, Tomas Y., Yilgwan, Christopher Sabo, Yilma, Mekdes Tigistu, Yip, Paul, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Younis, Mustafa Z., Younker, Theodore Patrick, Yousefi, Bahman, Yousefi, Zabihollah, Yousefinezhadi, Taraneh, Yousuf, Abdilahi Yousuf, Yu, Chuanhua, Yusefzadeh, Hasan, Zahirian Moghadam, Telma, Zamani, Mohammad, Zamanian, Maryam, Zandian, Hamed, Zastrozhin, Mikhail Sergeevich, Zhang, Yunquan, Zhang, Zhi Jiang, Zhao, Jeff T., Zhao, Xiu Ju George, Zhao, Yingxi, Zhou, Maigeng, Ziapour, Arash, Zimsen, Stephanie R.M., Brauer, Michael, Afshin, Ashkan, and Lim, Stephen S.
Published: 2020

177. Prevalence and attributable health burden of chronic respiratory diseases, 1990–2017: A systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2017

Author: Soriano, Joan B., Kendrick, Parkes J., Paulson, Katherine R., Gupta, Vinay, Abrams, Elissa M., Adedoyin, Rufus Adesoji, Adhikari, Tara Ballav, Advani, Shailesh M., Agrawal, Anurag, Ahmadian, Elham, Alahdab, Fares, Aljunid, Syed Mohamed, Altirkawi, Khalid A., Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Anber, Nahla Hamed, Andrei, Catalina Liliana, Anjomshoa, Mina, Ansari, Fereshteh, Antó, Josep M., Arabloo, Jalal, Athari, Seyyede Masoume, Athari, Seyyed Shamsadin, Awoke, Nefsu, Badawi, Alaa, Banoub, Joseph Adel Mattar, Bennett, Derrick A., Bensenor, Isabela M., Berfield, Kathleen S.Sachiko, Bernstein, Robert S., Bhattacharyya, Krittika, Bijani, Ali, Brauer, Michael, Bukhman, Gene, Butt, Zahid A., Cámera, Luis Alberto, Car, Josip, Carrero, Juan J., Carvalho, Felix, Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos A., Choi, Jee-Young Jasmine, Christopher, Devasahayam J., Cohen, Aaron J., Dandona, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, Dang, Anh Kim, Daryani, Ahmad, de Courten, Barbora, Demeke, Feleke Mekonnen, Demoz, Gebre Teklemariam, De Neve, Jan-Walter, Desai, Rupak, Dharmaratne, Samath Dhamminda, Diaz, Daniel, Douiri, Abdel, Driscoll, Tim Robert, Duken, Eyasu Ejeta, Eftekhari, Aziz, Elkout, Hajer, Endries, Aman Yesuf, Fadhil, Ibtihal, Faro, Andre, Farzadfar, Farshad, Fernandes, Eduarda, Filip, Irina, Fischer, Florian, Foroutan, Masoud, Garcia-Gordillo, M. A., Gebre, Abadi Kahsu, Gebremedhin, Ketema Bizuwork, Gebremeskel, Gebreamlak Gebremedhn, Gezae, Kebede Embaye, Ghoshal, Aloke Gopal, Gill, Paramjit Singh, Gillum, Richard F., Goudarzi, Houman, Guo, Yuming, Gupta, Rajeev, Hailu, Gessessew Bugssa, Hasanzadeh, Amir, Hassen, Hamid Yimam, Hay, Simon I., Hoang, Chi Linh, Hole, Michael K., Horita, Nobuyuki, Hosgood, H. Dean, Hostiuc, Mihaela, Househ, Mowafa, Ilesanmi, Olayinka Stephen, Ilic, Milena D., Irvani, Seyed Sina Naghibi, lIslam, Sheikh Mohammed Sharifu, Jakovljevic, Mihajlo, Jamal, Amr A., Jha, Ravi Prakash, Jonas, Jost B., Kabir, Zubair, Kasaeian, Amir, Kasahun, Gebremicheal Gebreslassie, Kassa, Getachew Mullu, Kefale, Adane Teshome, Kengne, Andre Pascal, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khafaie, Morteza Abdullatif, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khan, Junaid, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kim, Young-Eun, Kim, Yun Jin, Kisa, Sezer, Kisa, Adnan, Knibbs, Luke D., Komaki, Hamidreza, Koul, Parvaiz A., Koyanagi, Ai, Kumar, G. Anil, Lan, Qing, Lasrado, Savita, Lauriola, Paolo, La Vecchia, Carlo, Le, Tham Thi, Leigh, James, Levi, Miriam, Li, Shanshan, Lopez, Alan D., Lotufo, Paulo A., Madotto, Fabiana, Mahotra, Narayan B., Majdan, Marek, Majeed, Azeem, Malekzadeh, Reza, Mamun, Abdullah A., Manafi, Navid, Manafi, Farzad, Mantovani, Lorenzo Giovanni, Meharie, Birhanu Geta, Meles, Hagazi Gebre, Meles, Gebrekiros Gebremichael, Menezes, Ritesh G., Mestrovic, Tomislav, Miller, Ted R., Mini, G. K., Mirrakhimov, Erkin M., Moazen, Babak, Mohammad, Karzan Abdulmuhsin, Mohammed, Shafiu, Mohebi, Farnam, Mokdad, Ali H., Molokhia, Mariam, Monasta, Lorenzo, Moradi, Masoud, Moradi, Ghobad, Morawska, Lidia, Mousavi, Seyyed Meysam, Musa, Kamarul Imran, Mustafa, Ghulam, Naderi, Mehdi, Naghavi, Mohsen, Naik, Gurudatta, Nair, Sanjeev, Nangia, Vinay, Nansseu, Jobert Richie, Nazari, Javad, Ndwandwe, Duduzile Edith, Negoi, Ruxandra Irina, Nguyen, Trang Huyen, Nguyen, Cuong Tat, Nguyen, Huong Lan Thi, Nixon, Molly R., Ofori-Asenso, Richard, Ogbo, Felix Akpojene, Olagunju, Andrew T., Olagunju, Tinuke O., Oren, Eyal, Ortiz, Justin R., Owolabi, Mayowa O., P. A., Mahesh, Pakhale, Smita, Pana, Adrian, Panda-Jonas, Songhomitra, Park, Eun-Kee, Pham, Hai Quang, Postma, Maarten J., Pourjafar, Hadi, Poustchi, Hossein, Radfar, Amir, Rafiei, Alireza, Rahim, Fakher, Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur, Rahman, Muhammad Aziz, Rawaf, Salman, Rawaf, David Laith, Rawal, Lal, Reiner Jr., Robert C., Reitsma, Marissa Bettay, Roever, Leonardo, Ronfani, Luca, Roro, Elias Merdassa, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Rudd, Kristina E., Sabde, Yogesh Damodar, Sabour, Siamak, Saddik, Basema, Safari, Saeed, Saleem, Komal, Samy, Abdallah M., Santric-Milicevic, Milena M., Sao Jose, Bruno Piassi, Sartorius, Benn, Satpathy, Maheswar, Savic, Miloje, Sawhney, Monika, Sepanlou, Sadaf G., Shaikh, Masood Ali, Sheikh, Aziz, Shigematsu, Mika, Shirkoohi, Reza, Si, Si, Siabani, Soraya, Singh, Virendra, Singh, Jasvinder A., Soljak, Michael, Somayaji, Ranjani, Soofi, Moslem, Soyiri, Ireneous N., Tefera, Yonatal Mesfin, Temsah, Mohamad-Hani, Tesfay, Berhe Etsay, Thakur, Jarnail Singh, Toma Toma, Alemayehu, Tortajada-Girbés, Miguel, Tran, Khanh Bao, Tran, Bach Xuan, Tudor Car, Lorainne, Ullah, Irfan, Vacante, Marco, Valdez, Pascual R., van Boven, Job F. M., Vasankari, Tommi Juhani, Veisani, Yousef, Violante, Francesco S., Wagner, Gregory R., Westerman, Ronny, Wolfe, Charles D. A., Wondafrash, Dawit Zewdu, Wondmieneh, Adam Belay, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yoon, Seok-Jun, Zaidi, Zoubida, Zamani, Mohammad, Zar, Heather J., Zhang, Yunquan, Vos, Theo, GBD Chronic Respiratory Disease Collaborators, Soriano, Joan B., Kendrick, Parkes J., Paulson, Katherine R., Gupta, Vinay, Abrams, Elissa M., Adedoyin, Rufus Adesoji, Adhikari, Tara Ballav, Advani, Shailesh M., Agrawal, Anurag, Ahmadian, Elham, Alahdab, Fares, Aljunid, Syed Mohamed, Altirkawi, Khalid A., Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Anber, Nahla Hamed, Andrei, Catalina Liliana, Anjomshoa, Mina, Ansari, Fereshteh, Antó, Josep M., Arabloo, Jalal, Athari, Seyyede Masoume, Athari, Seyyed Shamsadin, Awoke, Nefsu, Badawi, Alaa, Banoub, Joseph Adel Mattar, Bennett, Derrick A., Bensenor, Isabela M., Berfield, Kathleen S.Sachiko, Bernstein, Robert S., Bhattacharyya, Krittika, Bijani, Ali, Brauer, Michael, Bukhman, Gene, Butt, Zahid A., Cámera, Luis Alberto, Car, Josip, Carrero, Juan J., Carvalho, Felix, Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos A., Choi, Jee-Young Jasmine, Christopher, Devasahayam J., Cohen, Aaron J., Dandona, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, Dang, Anh Kim, Daryani, Ahmad, de Courten, Barbora, Demeke, Feleke Mekonnen, Demoz, Gebre Teklemariam, De Neve, Jan-Walter, Desai, Rupak, Dharmaratne, Samath Dhamminda, Diaz, Daniel, Douiri, Abdel, Driscoll, Tim Robert, Duken, Eyasu Ejeta, Eftekhari, Aziz, Elkout, Hajer, Endries, Aman Yesuf, Fadhil, Ibtihal, Faro, Andre, Farzadfar, Farshad, Fernandes, Eduarda, Filip, Irina, Fischer, Florian, Foroutan, Masoud, Garcia-Gordillo, M. A., Gebre, Abadi Kahsu, Gebremedhin, Ketema Bizuwork, Gebremeskel, Gebreamlak Gebremedhn, Gezae, Kebede Embaye, Ghoshal, Aloke Gopal, Gill, Paramjit Singh, Gillum, Richard F., Goudarzi, Houman, Guo, Yuming, Gupta, Rajeev, Hailu, Gessessew Bugssa, Hasanzadeh, Amir, Hassen, Hamid Yimam, Hay, Simon I., Hoang, Chi Linh, Hole, Michael K., Horita, Nobuyuki, Hosgood, H. Dean, Hostiuc, Mihaela, Househ, Mowafa, Ilesanmi, Olayinka Stephen, Ilic, Milena D., Irvani, Seyed Sina Naghibi, lIslam, Sheikh Mohammed Sharifu, Jakovljevic, Mihajlo, Jamal, Amr A., Jha, Ravi Prakash, Jonas, Jost B., Kabir, Zubair, Kasaeian, Amir, Kasahun, Gebremicheal Gebreslassie, Kassa, Getachew Mullu, Kefale, Adane Teshome, Kengne, Andre Pascal, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khafaie, Morteza Abdullatif, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khan, Junaid, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kim, Young-Eun, Kim, Yun Jin, Kisa, Sezer, Kisa, Adnan, Knibbs, Luke D., Komaki, Hamidreza, Koul, Parvaiz A., Koyanagi, Ai, Kumar, G. Anil, Lan, Qing, Lasrado, Savita, Lauriola, Paolo, La Vecchia, Carlo, Le, Tham Thi, Leigh, James, Levi, Miriam, Li, Shanshan, Lopez, Alan D., Lotufo, Paulo A., Madotto, Fabiana, Mahotra, Narayan B., Majdan, Marek, Majeed, Azeem, Malekzadeh, Reza, Mamun, Abdullah A., Manafi, Navid, Manafi, Farzad, Mantovani, Lorenzo Giovanni, Meharie, Birhanu Geta, Meles, Hagazi Gebre, Meles, Gebrekiros Gebremichael, Menezes, Ritesh G., Mestrovic, Tomislav, Miller, Ted R., Mini, G. K., Mirrakhimov, Erkin M., Moazen, Babak, Mohammad, Karzan Abdulmuhsin, Mohammed, Shafiu, Mohebi, Farnam, Mokdad, Ali H., Molokhia, Mariam, Monasta, Lorenzo, Moradi, Masoud, Moradi, Ghobad, Morawska, Lidia, Mousavi, Seyyed Meysam, Musa, Kamarul Imran, Mustafa, Ghulam, Naderi, Mehdi, Naghavi, Mohsen, Naik, Gurudatta, Nair, Sanjeev, Nangia, Vinay, Nansseu, Jobert Richie, Nazari, Javad, Ndwandwe, Duduzile Edith, Negoi, Ruxandra Irina, Nguyen, Trang Huyen, Nguyen, Cuong Tat, Nguyen, Huong Lan Thi, Nixon, Molly R., Ofori-Asenso, Richard, Ogbo, Felix Akpojene, Olagunju, Andrew T., Olagunju, Tinuke O., Oren, Eyal, Ortiz, Justin R., Owolabi, Mayowa O., P. A., Mahesh, Pakhale, Smita, Pana, Adrian, Panda-Jonas, Songhomitra, Park, Eun-Kee, Pham, Hai Quang, Postma, Maarten J., Pourjafar, Hadi, Poustchi, Hossein, Radfar, Amir, Rafiei, Alireza, Rahim, Fakher, Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur, Rahman, Muhammad Aziz, Rawaf, Salman, Rawaf, David Laith, Rawal, Lal, Reiner Jr., Robert C., Reitsma, Marissa Bettay, Roever, Leonardo, Ronfani, Luca, Roro, Elias Merdassa, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Rudd, Kristina E., Sabde, Yogesh Damodar, Sabour, Siamak, Saddik, Basema, Safari, Saeed, Saleem, Komal, Samy, Abdallah M., Santric-Milicevic, Milena M., Sao Jose, Bruno Piassi, Sartorius, Benn, Satpathy, Maheswar, Savic, Miloje, Sawhney, Monika, Sepanlou, Sadaf G., Shaikh, Masood Ali, Sheikh, Aziz, Shigematsu, Mika, Shirkoohi, Reza, Si, Si, Siabani, Soraya, Singh, Virendra, Singh, Jasvinder A., Soljak, Michael, Somayaji, Ranjani, Soofi, Moslem, Soyiri, Ireneous N., Tefera, Yonatal Mesfin, Temsah, Mohamad-Hani, Tesfay, Berhe Etsay, Thakur, Jarnail Singh, Toma Toma, Alemayehu, Tortajada-Girbés, Miguel, Tran, Khanh Bao, Tran, Bach Xuan, Tudor Car, Lorainne, Ullah, Irfan, Vacante, Marco, Valdez, Pascual R., van Boven, Job F. M., Vasankari, Tommi Juhani, Veisani, Yousef, Violante, Francesco S., Wagner, Gregory R., Westerman, Ronny, Wolfe, Charles D. A., Wondafrash, Dawit Zewdu, Wondmieneh, Adam Belay, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yoon, Seok-Jun, Zaidi, Zoubida, Zamani, Mohammad, Zar, Heather J., Zhang, Yunquan, Vos, Theo, and GBD Chronic Respiratory Disease Collaborators
Abstract: © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license Background: Previous attempts to characterise the burden of chronic respiratory diseases have focused only on specific disease conditions, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or asthma. In this study, we aimed to characterise the burden of chronic respiratory diseases globally, providing a comprehensive and up-to-date analysis on geographical and time trends from 1990 to 2017. Methods: Using data from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017, we estimated the prevalence, morbidity, and mortality attributable to chronic respiratory diseases through an analysis of deaths, disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and years of life lost (YLL) by GBD super-region, from 1990 to 2017, stratified by age and sex. Specific diseases analysed included asthma, COPD, interstitial lung disease and pulmonary sarcoidosis, pneumoconiosis, and other chronic respiratory diseases. We also assessed the contribution of risk factors (smoking, second-hand smoke, ambient particulate matter and ozone pollution, household air pollution from solid fuels, and occupational risks) to chronic respiratory disease-attributable DALYs. Findings: In 2017, 544·9 million people (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 506·9–584·8) worldwide had a chronic respiratory disease, representing an increase of 39·8% compared with 1990. Chronic respiratory disease prevalence showed wide variability across GBD super-regions, with the highest prevalence among both males and females in high-income regions, and the lowest prevalence in sub-Saharan Africa and south Asia. The age-sex-specific prevalence of each chronic respiratory disease in 2017 was also highly variable geographically. Chronic respiratory diseases were the third leading cause of death in 2017 (7·0% [95% UI 6·8–7·2] of all deaths), behind cardiovascular diseases and neoplasms. Deaths due to chronic respirato
Published: 2020

178. Global injury morbidity and mortality from 1990 to 2017 : Results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Author: James, Spencer L, Castle, Chris D, Dingels, Zachary V, Fox, Jack T, Hamilton, Erin B, Liu, Zichen, S Roberts, Nicholas L, Sylte, Dillon O, Henry, Nathaniel J, Legrand, Kate E, Abdelalim, Ahmed, Abdoli, Amir, Abdollahpour, Ibrahim, Abdulkader, Rizwan Suliankatchi, Abedi, Aidin, Abosetugn, Akine Eshete, Abushouk, Abdelrahman I, Adebayo, Oladimeji M, Agudelo-botero, Marcela, Ahmad, Tauseef, Ahmed, Rushdia, Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, Eddine Aichour, Miloud Taki, Alahdab, Fares, Alamene, Genet Melak, Alanezi, Fahad Mashhour, Alebel, Animut, Alema, Niguse Meles, Alghnam, Suliman A, Al-hajj, Samar, Ali, Beriwan Abdulqadir, Ali, Saqib, Alikhani, Mahtab, Alinia, Cyrus, Alipour, Vahid, Aljunid, Syed Mohamed, Almasi-hashiani, Amir, Almasri, Nihad A, Altirkawi, Khalid, Abdeldayem Amer, Yasser Sami, Amini, Saeed, Loreche Amit, Arianna Maever, Andrei, Catalina Liliana, Ansari-moghaddam, Alireza, T Antonio, Carl Abelardo, Yaw Appiah, Seth Christopher, Arabloo, Jalal, Arab-zozani, Morteza, Arefi, Zohreh, Aremu, Olatunde, Ariani, Filippo, Arora, Amit, Asaad, Malke, Asghari, Babak, Awoke, Nefsu, Ayala Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina, Ayano, Getinet, Ayanore, Martin Amogre, Azari, Samad, Azarian, Ghasem, Badawi, Alaa, Badiye, Ashish D, Bagli, Eleni, Baig, Atif Amin, Bairwa, Mohan, Bakhtiari, Ahad, Balachandran, Arun, Banach, Maciej, Banerjee, Srikanta K, Banik, Palash Chandra, Banstola, Amrit, Barker-collo, Suzanne Lyn, Bärnighausen, Till Winfried, Barrero, Lope H, Barzegar, Akbar, Bayati, Mohsen, Baye, Bayisa Abdissa, Bedi, Neeraj, Behzadifar, Masoud, Bekuma, Tariku Tesfaye, Belete, Habte, Benjet, Corina, Bennett, Derrick A, Bensenor, Isabela M, Berhe, Kidanemaryam, Bhardwaj, Pankaj, Bhat, Anusha Ganapati, Bhattacharyya, Krittika, Bibi, Sadia, Bijani, Ali, Bin Sayeed, Muhammad Shahdaat, Borges, Guilherme, Borzì, Antonio Maria, Boufous, Soufiane, Brazinova, Alexandra, Briko, Nikolay Ivanovich, Budhathoki, Shyam S, Car, Josip, Cárdenas, Rosario, Carvalho, Félix, Castaldelli-maia, João Mauricio, Castañeda-orjuela, Carlos A, Castelpietra, Giulio, Catalá-lópez, Ferrán, Cerin, Ester, Chandan, Joht S, Chanie, Wagaye Fentahun, Chattu, Soosanna Kumary, Chattu, Vijay Kumar, Chatziralli, Irini, Chaudhary, Neha, Cho, Daniel Youngwhan, Kabir Chowdhury, Mohiuddin Ahsanul, Chu, Dinh-toi, Colquhoun, Samantha M, Constantin, Maria-magdalena, Costa, Vera M, Damiani, Giovanni, Daryani, Ahmad, Dávila-cervantes, Claudio Alberto, Demeke, Feleke Mekonnen, Demis, Asmamaw Bizuneh, Demoz, Gebre Teklemariam, Demsie, Desalegn Getnet, Derakhshani, Afshin, Deribe, Kebede, Desai, Rupak, Nasab, Mostafa Dianati, Da Silva, Diana Dias, Dibaji Forooshani, Zahra Sadat, Doyle, Kerrie E, Driscoll, Tim Robert, Dubljanin, Eleonora, Adema, Bereket Duko, Eagan, Arielle Wilder, Eftekhari, Aziz, Ehsani-chimeh, Elham, Sayed Zaki, Maysaa El, Elemineh, Demelash Abewa, El-jaafary, Shaimaa I, El-khatib, Ziad, Ellingsen, Christian Lycke, Emamian, Mohammad Hassan, Endalew, Daniel Adane, Eskandarieh, Sharareh, Faris, Pawan Sirwan, Faro, Andre, Farzadfar, Farshad, Fatahi, Yousef, Fekadu, Wubalem, Ferede, Tomas Y, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-mohammad, Fernandes, Eduarda, Ferrara, Pietro, Feyissa, Garumma Tolu, Filip, Irina, Fischer, Florian, Folayan, Morenike Oluwatoyin, Foroutan, Masoud, Francis, Joel Msafiri, Franklin, Richard Charles, Fukumoto, Takeshi, Geberemariyam, Biniyam Sahiledengle, Gebre, Abadi Kahsu, Gebremedhin, Ketema Bizuwork, Gebremeskel, Gebreamlak Gebremedhn, Gebremichael, Berhe, Gedefaw, Getnet Azeze, Geta, Birhanu, Ghafourifard, Mansour, Ghamari, Farhad, Ghashghaee, Ahmad, Gholamian, Asadollah, Gill, Tiffany K, Goulart, Alessandra C, Grada, Ayman, Grivna, Michal, Mohialdeen Gubari, Mohammed Ibrahim, Guimarães, Rafael Alves, Guo, Yuming, Gupta, Gaurav, Haagsma, Juanita A, Hafezi-nejad, Nima, Bidgoli, Hassan Haghparast, Hall, Brian James, Hamadeh, Randah R, Hamidi, Samer, Haro, Josep Maria, Hasan, Md Mehedi, Hasanzadeh, Amir, Hassanipour, Soheil, Hassankhani, Hadi, Hassen, Hamid Yimam, Havmoeller, Rasmus, Hayat, Khezar, Hendrie, Delia, Heydarpour, Fatemeh, Híjar, Martha, Ho, Hung Chak, Hoang, Chi Linh, Hole, Michael K, Holla, Ramesh, Hossain, Naznin, Hosseinzadeh, Mehdi, Hostiuc, Sorin, Hu, Guoqing, Ibitoye, Segun Emmanuel, Ilesanmi, Olayinka Stephen, Ilic, Irena, Ilic, Milena D, Inbaraj, Leeberk Raja, Indriasih, Endang, Naghibi Irvani, Seyed Sina, Shariful Islam, Sheikh Mohammed, Islam, M Mofizul, Ivers, Rebecca Q, Jacobsen, Kathryn H, Jahani, Mohammad Ali, Jahanmehr, Nader, Jakovljevic, Mihajlo, Jalilian, Farzad, Jayaraman, Sudha, Jayatilleke, Achala Upendra, Jha, Ravi Prakash, John-akinola, Yetunde O, Jonas, Jost B, Joseph, Nitin, Joukar, Farahnaz, Jozwiak, Jacek Jerzy, Jungari, Suresh Banayya, Jürisson, Mikk, Kabir, Ali, Kadel, Rajendra, Kahsay, Amaha, Kalankesh, Leila R, Kalhor, Rohollah, Kamil, Teshome Abegaz, Kanchan, Tanuj, Kapoor, Neeti, Karami, Manoochehr, Kasaeian, Amir, Kassaye, Hagazi Gebremedhin, Kavetskyy, Taras, Kebede, Hafte Kahsay, Keiyoro, Peter Njenga, Kelbore, Abraham Getachew, Kelkay, Bayew, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khafaie, Morteza Abdullatif, Khalid, Nauman, Khalil, Ibrahim A, Khalilov, Rovshan, Khammarnia, Mohammad, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khan, Maseer, Khanna, Tripti, Khazaie, Habibolah, Shadmani, Fatemeh Khosravi, Khundkar, Roba, Kiirithio, Daniel N, Kim, Young-eun, Kim, Daniel, Kim, Yun Jin, Kisa, Adnan, Kisa, Sezer, Komaki, Hamidreza, M Kondlahalli, Shivakumar K, Korshunov, Vladimir Andreevich, Koyanagi, Ai, G Kraemer, Moritz U, Krishan, Kewal, Bicer, Burcu Kucuk, Kugbey, Nuworza, Kumar, Vivek, Kumar, Nithin, Kumar, G Anil, Kumar, Manasi, Kumaresh, Girikumar, Kurmi, Om P, Kuti, Oluwatosin, Vecchia, Carlo La, Lami, Faris Hasan, Lamichhane, Prabhat, Lang, Justin J, Lansingh, Van C, Laryea, Dennis Odai, Lasrado, Savita, Latifi, Arman, Lauriola, Paolo, Leasher, Janet L, Huey Lee, Shaun Wen, Lenjebo, Tsegaye Lolaso, Levi, Miriam, Li, Shanshan, Linn, Shai, Liu, Xuefeng, Lopez, Alan D, Lotufo, Paulo A, Lunevicius, Raimundas, Lyons, Ronan A, Madadin, Mohammed, El Razek, Muhammed Magdy Abd, Mahotra, Narayan Bahadur, Majdan, Marek, Majeed, Azeem, Malagon-rojas, Jeadran N, Maled, Venkatesh, Malekzadeh, Reza, Malta, Deborah Carvalho, Manafi, Navid, Manafi, Amir, Manda, Ana-laura, Manjunatha, Narayana, Mansour-ghanaei, Fariborz, Mansouri, Borhan, Mansournia, Mohammad Ali, Maravilla, Joemer C, March, Lyn M, Mason-jones, Amanda J, Masoumi, Seyedeh Zahra, Massenburg, Benjamin Ballard, Maulik, Pallab K, Meles, Gebrekiros Gebremichael, Melese, Addisu, Melketsedik, Zeleke Aschalew, N Memiah, Peter T, Mendoza, Walter, Menezes, Ritesh G, Mengesha, Meresa Berwo, Mengesha, Melkamu Merid, Meretoja, Tuomo J, Meretoja, Atte, Merie, Hayimro Edemealem, Mestrovic, Tomislav, Miazgowski, Bartosz, Miazgowski, Tomasz, Miller, Ted R, Mini, Gk, Mirica, Andreea, Mirrakhimov, Erkin M, Mirzaei-alavijeh, Mehdi, Mithra, Prasanna, Moazen, Babak, Moghadaszadeh, Masoud, Mohamadi, Efat, Mohammad, Yousef, Mohammad, Karzan Abdulmuhsin, Darwesh, Aso Mohammad, Gholi Mezerji, Naser Mohammad, Mohammadian-hafshejani, Abdollah, Mohammadoo-khorasani, Milad, Mohammadpourhodki, Reza, Mohammed, Shafiu, Mohammed, Jemal Abdu, Mohebi, Farnam, Molokhia, Mariam, Monasta, Lorenzo, Moodley, Yoshan, Moosazadeh, Mahmood, Moradi, Masoud, Moradi, Ghobad, Moradi-lakeh, Maziar, Moradpour, Farhad, Morawska, Lidia, Velásquez, Ilais Moreno, Morisaki, Naho, Morrison, Shane Douglas, Mossie, Tilahun Belete, Muluneh, Atalay Goshu, Murthy, Srinivas, Musa, Kamarul Imran, Mustafa, Ghulam, Nabhan, Ashraf F, Nagarajan, Ahamarshan Jayaraman, Naik, Gurudatta, Naimzada, Mukhammad David, Najafi, Farid, Nangia, Vinay, Nascimento, Bruno Ramos, Naserbakht, Morteza, Nayak, Vinod, Ndwandwe, Duduzile Edith, Negoi, Ionut, Ngunjiri, Josephine W, Nguyen, Cuong Tat, Thi Nguyen, Huong Lan, Nikbakhsh, Rajan, Anggraini Ningrum, Dina Nur, Nnaji, Chukwudi A, Nyasulu, Peter S, Ogbo, Felix Akpojene, Oghenetega, Onome Bright, Oh, In-hwan, Okunga, 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Abstract: Background Past research in population health trends has shown that injuries form a substantial burden of population health loss. Regular updates to injury burden assessments are critical. We report Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2017 Study estimates on morbidity and mortality for all injuries. Methods We reviewed results for injuries from the GBD 2017 study. GBD 2017 measured injury-specific mortality and years of life lost (YLLs) using the Cause of Death Ensemble model. To measure non-fatal injuries, GBD 2017 modelled injury-specific incidence and converted this to prevalence and years lived with disability (YLDs). YLLs and YLDs were summed to calculate disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). Findings In 1990, there were 4 260 493 (4 085 700 to 4 396 138) injury deaths, which increased to 4 484 722 (4 332 010 to 4 585 554) deaths in 2017, while age-standardised mortality decreased from 1079 (1073 to 1086) to 738 (730 to 745) per 100 000. In 1990, there were 354 064 302 (95% uncertainty interval: 338 174 876 to 371 610 802) new cases of injury globally, which increased to 520 710 288 (493 430 247 to 547 988 635) new cases in 2017. During this time, age-standardised incidence decreased non-significantly from 6824 (6534 to 7147) to 6763 (6412 to 7118) per 100 000. Between 1990 and 2017, age-standardised DALYs decreased from 4947 (4655 to 5233) per 100 000 to 3267 (3058 to 3505). Interpretation Injuries are an important cause of health loss globally, though mortality has declined between 1990 and 2017. Future research in injury burden should focus on prevention in high-burden populations, improving data collection and ensuring access to medical care.
Published: 2020

179. Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990-2019 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Author: Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbas, Kaja M., Abbasi, Mohammad, Abbasifard, Mitra, Abbasi-Kangevari, Mohsen, Abbastabar, Hedayat, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdelalim, Ahmed, Abdollahi, Mohammad, Abdollahpour, Ibrahim, Abedi, Aidin, Abedi, Parisa, Abegaz, Kedir Hussein, Abolhassani, Hassan, Abosetugn, Akine Eshete, Aboyans, Victor, Abrams, Elissa M., Abreu, Lucas Guimaraes, Abrigo, Michael R. M., Abu Haimed, Abdulaziz Khalid, Abualhasan, Ahmed, Abu-Gharbieh, Eman, Abu-Raddad, Laith Jamal, Abushouk, Abdelrahman I., Acebedo, Alyssa, Ackerman, Ilana N., Adabi, Maryam, Adair, Tim, Adamu, Abdu A., Adebayo, Oladimeji M., Adedeji, Isaac Akinkunmi, Adekanmbi, Victor, Adelson, Jaimie D., Adeoye, Abiodun Moshood, Adetokunboh, Olatunji O., Adham, Davoud, Advani, Shailesh M., Afarideh, Mohsen, Afshari, Mahdi, Afshin, Ashkan, Agardh, Emilie E., Agarwal, Gina, Agasthi, Pradyumna, Agesa, Kareha M., Aghaali, Mohammad, Aghamir, Seyed Mohammad Kazem, Agrawal, Anurag, Ahmad, Tauseef, Ahmadi, Alireza, Ahmadi, Keivan, Ahmadi, Mehdi, Ahmadieh, Hamid, Ahmadpour, Ehsan, Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, Aji, Budi, Akalu, Temesgen Yihunie, Akinyemi, Rufus Olusola, Akinyemiju, Tomi, Akombi, Blessing, Akunna, Chisom Joyqueenet, Alahdab, Fares, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Noore, Alam, Samiah, Alam, Tahiya, Alanezi, Fahad Mashhour, Alanzi, Turki M., Albertson, Samuel B., Alcalde-Rabanal, Jacqueline Elizabeth, Alema, Niguse Meles, Alemu, Biresaw Wassihun, Alemu, Yihun Mulugeta, Alhabib, Khalid F., Alhassan, Robert Kaba, Ali, Muhammad, Ali, Saqib, Alicandro, Gianfranco, Alijanzadeh, Mehran, Alinia, Cyrus, Alipour, Vahid, Alizade, Hesam, Aljunid, Syed Mohamed, Alla, Francois, Allebeck, Peter, Almadi, Majid Abdulrahman Hamad, Almasi, Ali, Almasi-Hashiani, Amir, Almasri, Nihad A., Al-Mekhlafi, Hesham M., Almulhim, Abdulaziz M., Alonso, Jordi, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa M., Altirkawi, Khalid A., Alumran, Arwa Khalid, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Alvis-Zakzuk, Nelson J., Amare, Azmeraw T., Amare, Bekalu, Amini, Saeed, Amini-Rarani, Mostafa, Aminorroaya, Arya, Amiri, Fatemeh, Amit, Arianna Maever L., Amugsi, Dickson A., Amul, Gianna Gayle Herrera, Anbesu, Etsay Woldu, Ancuceanu, Robert, Anderlini, Deanna, Anderson, Jason A., Andrei, Catalina Liliana, Andrei, Tudorel, Androudi, Sofia, Angus, Colin, Anjomshoa, Mina, Ansari, Fereshteh, Ansari, Iman, Ansari-Moghaddam, Alireza, Antonazzo, Ippazio Cosimo, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T., Antony, Catherine M., Antriyandarti, Ernoiz, Anvari, Davood, Anwer, Razique, Appiah, Seth Christopher Yaw, Arabloo, Jalal, Arab-Zozani, Morteza, Aravkin, Aleksandr Y., Arba, Aseb Arba Kinfe, Aremu, Olatunde, Ariani, Filippo, Aripov, Timur, Armoon, Bahram, Arnlov, Johan, Arowosegbe, Oluwaseyi Olalekan, Aryal, Krishna K., Arzani, Afsaneh, Asaad, Malke, Asadi-Aliabadi, Mehran, Asadi-Pooya, Ali A., Asgari, Samaneh, Asghari, Babak, Jafarabadi, Mohammad Asghari, Ashbaugh, Charlie, Assmus, Michael, Atafar, Zahra, Athari, Seyyed Shamsadin, Atnafu, Desta Debalkie, Atout, Maha Moh'd Wahbi, Atre, Sachin R., Atteraya, Madhu Sudhan, Ausloos, Floriane, Ausloos, Marcel, Avila-Burgos, Leticia, Avokpaho, Euripide Frinel Gbenato Arthur, Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina Ayala, Ayano, Getinet, Ayanore, Martin Amogre, Aynalem, Getie Lake, Aynalem, Yared Asmare, Ayza, Muluken Altaye, Azari, Samad, Azarian, Ghasem, Azene, Zelalem Nigussie, Azhar, Gulrez, Azzopardi, Peter S., Darshan, B. B., Babaee, Ebrahim, Badawi, Alaa, Badiye, Ashish D., Bagherzadeh, Mojtaba, Bagli, Eleni, Bahrami, Mohammad Amin, Baig, Atif Amin, Bairwa, Mohan, Bakhshaei, Mohammad Hossein, Bakhtiari, Ahad, Bakkannavar, Shankar M., Balachandran, Arun, Balakrishnan, Senthilkumar, Balalla, Shivanthi, Balassyano, Shelly, Baldasseroni, Alberto, Ball, Kylie, Ballew, Shoshana H., Balzi, Daniela, Banach, Maciej, Banerjee, Srikanta K., Banik, Palash Chandra, Bannick, Marlena S., Bante, Agegnehu Bante, Bante, Simachew Animen, Baraki, Adhanom Gebreegziabher, Barboza, Miguel A., Barker-Collo, Suzanne Lyn, Barnighausen, Till Winfried, Barrero, Lope H., Barthelemy, Celine M., Barua, Lingkan, Barzegar, Akbar, Basaleem, Huda, Bassat, Quique, Basu, Sanjay, Baune, Bernhard T., Bayati, Mohsen, Baye, Bayisa Abdissa, Bazmandegan, Gholamreza, Becker, Jacob S., Bedi, Neeraj, Beghi, Ettore, Behzadifar, Masoud, Bejot, Yannick, Bekuma, Tariku Tesfaye Tesfaye, Bell, Michelle L., Bello, Aminu K., Bender, Rose G., Bennett, Derrick A., Bennitt, Fiona B., Bensenor, Isabela M., Benziger, Catherine P., Berhe, Kidanemaryam, Berman, Adam E., Bernabe, Eduardo, Bernstein, Robert S., Bertolacci, Gregory J., Bhagavathula, Akshaya Srikanth, Bhageerathy, Reshmi, Bhala, Neeraj, Bhandari, Dinesh, Bhardwaj, Pankaj, Bhat, Anusha Ganapati, Bhattacharyya, Krittika, Bhattarai, Suraj, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A., Bibi, Sadia, Biehl, Molly H., Bijani, Ali, Bikbov, Boris, Bilano, Ver, Bin Sayeed, Muhammad Shahdaat, Biondi, Antonio, Birihane, Binyam Minuye, Bisanzio, Donal, Bisignano, Catherine, Biswas, Raaj Kishore, Bitew, Helen, Bjorge, Tone, Bockarie, Moses John, Bohlouli, Somayeh, Bohluli, Mehdi, Bojia, Hunduma Amensisa, Bolla, Srinivasa Rao, Boloor, Archith, Boon-Dooley, Alexandra S., Borges, Guilherme, Borzi, Antonio Maria, Borzouei, Shiva, Bose, Dipan, Bosetti, Cristina, Boufous, Soufiane, Bourne, Rupert, Brady, Oliver J., Braithwaite, Dejana, Brauer, Michael, Brayne, Carol, Breitborde, Nicholas J. 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H., Camera, Luis Alberto, Campos-Nonato, Ismael R., Rincon, Julio Cesar Campuzano, Cao, Jackie, Car, Josip, Cardenas, Rosario, Carreras, Giulia, Carrero, Juan J., Carvalho, Felix, Castaldelli-Maia, Joao Mauricio, Castaneda-Orjuela, Carlos A., Castelpietra, Giulio, Castle, Chris D., Castro, Emma, Castro, Franz, Catala-Lopez, Ferran, Causey, Kate, Cederroth, Christopher R., Cercy, Kelly M., Cerin, Ester, Chalek, Julian, Chandan, Joht Singh, Chang, Alex R., Chang, Angela Y., Chang, Jung-Chen, Chang, Kai-Lan, Charan, Jaykaran, Charlson, Fiona J., Chattu, Vijay Kumar, Chaturvedi, Sarika, Cherbuin, Nicolas, Chimed-Ochir, Odgerel, Chin, Ken Lee, Chirinos-Caceres, Jesus Lorenzo, Cho, Daniel Youngwhan, Choi, Jee-Young Jasmine, Christensen, Hanne, Chu, Dinh-Toi, Chung, Michael T., Chung, Sheng-Chia, Cicuttini, Flavia M., Ciobanu, Liliana G., Cirillo, Massimo, Cislaghi, Beniamino, Classen, Thomas Khaled Dwayne, Cohen, Aaron J., Collins, Emma L., Comfort, Haley, Compton, Kelly, Conti, Sara, Cooper, Owen R., Corso, Barbara, Cortesi, Paolo Angelo, Costa, Vera Marisa, Cousin, Ewerton, Cowden, Richard G., Cowie, Benjamin C., Cromwell, Elizabeth A., Croneberger, Andrew J., Cross, Di H., Cross, Marita, Crowe, Christopher Stephen, Cruz, Jessica A., Cummins, Steven, Cunningham, Matthew, Dahlawi, Saad M. A., Dai, Haijiang, Dai, Hancheng, Damasceno, Albertino Antonio Moura, Damiani, Giovanni, D'Amico, Emanuele, Dandona, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, Daneshpajouhnejad, Parnaz, Dangel, William James, Danielsson, Anna-Karin, Gela, Jiregna Darega, Dargan, Paul I., Darwesh, Aso Mohammad, Daryani, Ahmad, Das, Jai K., Das Gupta, Rajat, Das Neves, Jose, Dash, Aditya Prasad, Davey, Gail, Davila-Cervantes, Claudio Alberto, Davis, Adrian C., Davitoiu, Dragos Virgil, Davletov, Kairat, De Leo, Diego, De Neve, Jan-Walter, Dean, Frances E., DeCleene, Nicole K., Deen, Amanda, Degenhardt, Louisa, DeLang, Marissa, Dellavalle, Robert Paul, Demeke, Feleke Mekonnen, Demoz, Gebre Teklemariam, Demsie, Desalegn Getnet, Denova-Gutierrez, Edgar, Dereje, Nebiyu Dereje, Deribe, Kebede, Dervenis, Nikolaos, Desai, Rupak, Desalew, Assefa, Dessie, Getenet Ayalew, Deuba, Keshab, Dharmaratne, Samath Dhamminda, Dhungana, Govinda Prasad, Dianatinasab, Mostafa, da Silva, Diana Dias, Diaz, Daniel, Forooshani, Zahra Sadat Dibaji, Dichgans, Martin, Didarloo, Alireza, Dingels, Zachary V., Dippenaar, Ilse N., Dirac, M. Ashworth, Djalalinia, Shirin, Do, Hoa Thi, Dokova, Klara, Doku, David Teye, Dolecek, Christiane, Dolgert, Andrew J., Dorostkar, Fariba, Doshi, Chirag P., Doshi, Pratik P., Doshmangir, Leila, Douiri, Abdel, Doxey, Matthew C., Doyle, Kerrie E., Driscoll, Tim Robert, Dubljanin, Eleonora, Dunachie, Susanna J., Duncan, Bruce B., Duraes, Andre Rodrigues, Eagan, Arielle Wilder, Ebrahimi, Hedyeh, Kalan, Mohammad Ebrahimi, Edvardsson, David, Effiong, Andem, Ehrlich, Joshua R., El Nahas, Nevine, El Sayed, Iman, Zaki, Maysaa El Sayed, El Tantawi, Maha, Elbarazi, Iffat, Elgendy, Islam Y., Elhabashy, Hala Rashad, El-Jaafary, Shaimaa I., Elsharkawy, Aisha, Elyazar, Iqbal R. 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Dean, Hossain, Naznin, Hosseini, Mostafa, Hosseinzadeh, Mehdi, Hostiuc, Mihaela, Hostiuc, Sorin, Househ, Mowafa, Hoy, Damian G., Hsairi, Mohamed, Hsiao, Thomas, Hsieh, Vivian Chia-Rong, Hu, Guoqing, Hu, Kejia, Huda, Tanvir M., Hugo, Fernando N., Humayun, Ayesha, Hussain, Rabia, Huynh, Chantal K., Hwang, Bing-Fang, Iannucci, Vincent C., Iavicoli, Ivo, Ibeneme, Charles Ugochukwu, Ibitoye, Segun Emmanuel, Ikeda, Nayu, Ikuta, Kevin S., Ilesanmi, Olayinka Stephen, Ilic, Irena M., Ilic, Milena D., Imani-Nasab, Mohammad Hasan, Inbaraj, Leeberk Raja, Ippolito, Helen, Iqbal, Usman, Irvani, Seyed Sina Naghibi, Irvine, Caleb Mackay Salpeter, Islam, M. Mofizul, Islam, MdMohaimenul, Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful, Islami, Farhad, Iso, Hiroyasu, Ivers, Rebecca Q., Iwu, Chidozie C. D., Iwu, Chinwe Juliana, Iyamu, Ihoghosa Osamuyi, Jaafari, Jalil, Jacobsen, Kathryn H., Jadidi-Niaragh, Farhad, Jafari, Hussain, Jafarinia, Morteza, Jahagirdar, Deepa, Jahani, Mohammad Ali, Jahanmehr, Nader, Jakovljevic, Mihajlo, Jalali, Amir, Jalilian, Farzad, James, Spencer L., Janjani, Hosna, Janodia, Manthan Dilipkumar, Javaheri, Tahereh, Javidnia, Javad, Jayatilleke, Achala Upendra, Jeemon, Panniyammakal, Jenabi, Ensiyeh, Jha, Ravi Prakash, Jha, Vivekanand, Ji, John S., Jia, Peng, Johansson, Lars, John, Oommen, John-Akinola, Yetunde O., Johnson, Catherine Owens, Johnson, Sarah Charlotte, Jonas, Jost B., Joo, Tamas, Joshi, Ankur, Joukar, Farahnaz, Jozwiak, Jacek Jerzy, Jurisson, Mikk, Kabir, Ali, Kabir, Zubair, Kalani, Hamed, Kalani, Rizwan, Kalankesh, Leila R., Kalhor, Rohollah, Kamath, Aruna M., Kamiab, Zahra, Kanchan, Tanuj, Kapoor, Neeti, Matin, Behzad Karami, Karanikolos, Marina, Karch, Andre, Karim, Mohd Anisul, Karimi, Salah Eddin, Karimi, Seyed Asaad, Karimi, Seyed M., Kasa, Ayele Semachew, Kassa, Getachew Mullu, Kassebaum, Nicholas J., Katikireddi, Srinivasa Vittal, Kawakami, Norito, Kayode, Gbenga A., Karyani, Ali Kazemi, Keddie, Suzanne H., Keiyoro, Peter Njenga, Keller, Cathleen, Kemmer, Laura, Kendrick, Parkes J., Kereselidze, Maia, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khafaie, Morteza Abdullatif, Khalid, Nauman, Khammarnia, Mohammad, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khan, Gulfaraz, Khan, Maseer, Khang, Young-Ho, Khatab, Khaled, Khater, Amir M., Khater, Mona M., Khatib, Mahalaqua Nazli, Khayamzadeh, Maryam, Khazaei, Salman, Khazaie, Habibolah, Khodayari, Mohammad Taghi, Khoja, Abdullah T., Khubchandani, Jagdish, Khundkar, Roba, Kianipour, Neda, Kieling, Christian, Kim, Cho-Il, Kim, Daniel, Kim, Young-Eun, Kim, Yun Jin, Kimokoti, Ruth W., Kinfu, Yohannes, Kisa, Adnan, Kisa, Sezer, Kissimova-Skarbek, Katarzyna, Kissoon, Niranjan, Kivimaki, Mika, Kneib, Cameron J., Knibbs, Luke D., Knight, Megan, Knudsen, Ann Kristin Skrindo, Kocarnik, Jonathan M., Kochhar, Sonali, Koh, David S. Q., Kohler, Stefan, Kolola, Tufa, Komaki, Hamidreza, Kopec, Jacek A., Korotkova, Anna V., Korshunov, Vladimir Andreevich, Kosen, Soewarta, Kotlo, Anirudh, Koul, Parvaiz A., Koyanagi, Ai, Kraemer, Moritz U. G., Kravchenko, Michael A., Krishan, Kewal, Krohn, Kris J., Kromhout, Hans, Shaji, K. S., Defo, Barthelemy Kuate, Bicer, Burcu Kucuk, Kugbey, Nuworza, Kulkarni, Vaman, Kumar, G. Anil, Kumar, Manasi, Kumar, Nithin, Kumar, Pushpendra, Kumar, Vivek, Kumaresh, Girikumar, Kurmi, Om P., Kusuma, Dian, Kyu, Hmwe Hmwe, La Vecchia, Carlo, Lacey, Ben, Lal, Dharmesh Kumar, Lalloo, Ratilal, Lallukka, Tea, Lam, Jennifer O., Lami, Faris Hasan, Lan, Qing, Landires, Ivan, Lang, Justin J., Langan, Sinead M., Lansingh, Van Charles, Lansky, Sonia, Larson, Heidi Jane, Larson, Samantha Leigh, Larsson, Anders, Lasrado, Savita, Lassi, Zohra S., Lau, Kathryn Mei-Ming, Lauriola, Paolo, Lavados, Pablo M., Lazarus, Jeffrey V., Leal, Lisiane F., Leasher, Janet L., Ledesma, Jorge R., Lee, Paul H., Lee, Shaun Wen Huey, Leever, Andrew T., LeGrand, Kate E., Leigh, James, Leonardi, Matilde, Lescinsky, Haley, Leung, Janni, Levi, Miriam, Lewington, Sarah, Li, Bingyu, Li, Shanshan, Lim, Lee-Ling, Lin, Christine, Lin, Ro-Ting, Linehan, Christine, Linn, Shai, Listl, Stefan, Liu, Hung-Chun, Liu, Shiwei, Liu, Simin, Liu, Xuefeng, Liu, Yang, Liu, Zichen, Lo, Justin, Lodha, Rakesh, Logroscino, Giancarlo, Looker, Katharine J., Lopez, Alan D., Lopez, Jaifred Christian F., Lopukhov, Platon D., Lorkowski, Stefan, Lotufo, Paulo A., Lozano, Rafael, Lu, Alton, Lucas, Tim C. D., Lugo, Alessandra, Lunevicius, Raimundas, Lyons, Ronan A., Ma, Jianing, Machado, Daiane Borges, MacLachlan, Jennifer H., Madadin, Mohammed, Maddison, Emilie R., Maddison, Ralph, Madotto, Fabiana, Abd El Razek, Hassan Magdy, Abd El Razek, Muhammed Magdy, Mahasha, Phetole Walter, Mahdavi, Mokhtar Mahdavi, Mahmoudi, Morteza, Mai, Hue Thi, Majeed, Azeem, Malagon-Rojas, Jeadran N., Maled, Venkatesh, Maleki, Afshin, Maleki, Shokofeh, Malekzadeh, Reza, Malta, Deborah Carvalho, Mamun, Abdullah A., Manafi, Amir, Manafi, Navid, Manda, Ana Laura, Manguerra, Helena, Mansour-Ghanaei, Fariborz, Mansouri, Borhan, Mansournia, Mohammad Ali, Herrera, Ana M. 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H., Pasovic, Maja, Pasupula, Deepak Kumar, Patel, Jenil R., Patel, Sangram Kishor, Paternina-Caicedo, Angel J., Pathak, Ashish, Pathak, Mona, Patten, Scott B., Patton, George C., Paudel, Deepak, Paudel, Sagun, Paulson, Katherine R., Toroudi, Hamidreza Pazoki, Pease, Spencer A., Peden, Amy E., Pennini, Alyssa, Pepito, Veincent Christian Filipino, Peprah, Emmanuel K., Pereira, Alexandre, Pereira, David M., Pereira, Jeevan, Perico, Norberto, Pescarini, Julia Moreira, Pesudovs, Konrad, Pham, Hai Quang, Phillips, Michael R., Piccinelli, Cristiano, Pierce, Maxwell, Pigott, David M., Pilgrim, Thomas, Pilz, Tessa M., Pinheiro, Marina, Piradov, Michael A., Pirsaheb, Meghdad, Pishgar, Farhad, Plana-Ripoll, Oleguer, Plass, Dietrich, Pletcher, Martin, Pokhrel, Khem Narayan, Polibin, Roman V., Polinder, Suzanne, Polkinghorne, Kevan R., Pond, Constance Dimity, Postma, Maarten J., Pottoo, Faheem Hyder, Pourjafar, Hadi, Pourmalek, Farshad, Kalhori, Reza Pourmirza, Pourshams, Akram, Poznanska, Anna, Prada, Sergio I., Prakash, Sanjay, Prakash, V., Prasad, Narayan, Preotescu, Liliana, Pribadi, Dimas Ria Angga, Pupillo, Elisabetta, Quazi Syed, Zahiruddin, Rabiee, Mohammad, Rabiee, Navid, Radfar, Amir, Rafiee, Ata, Rafiei, Alireza, Raggi, Alberto, Rahim, Fakher, Rahimi-Movaghar, Afarin, Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur, Rahman, Muhammad Aziz, Rajabpour-Sanati, Ali, Rajati, Fatemeh, Rakovac, Ivo, Ram, Pradhum, Ramezanzadeh, Kiana, Rana, Saleem Muhammad, Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal, Ranta, Annemarei, Rao, Puja C., Rao, Sowmya J., Rasella, Davide, Rashedi, Vahid, Rastogi, Prateek, Rath, Goura Kishor, Rathi, Priya, Rawaf, David Laith, Rawaf, Salman, Rawal, Lal, Rawassizadeh, Reza, Rawat, Ramu, Razo, Christian, Boston, Sofia, Regassa, Lemma Demissie, Reiner, Robert C., Jr., Reinig, Nickolas, Reitsma, Marissa Bettay, Remuzzi, Giuseppe, Renjith, Vishnu, Renzaho, Andre M. N., Resnikoff, Serge, Rezaei, Negar, Rezaei, Nima, Rezai, Mohammad Sadegh, Rezapour, Aziz, Rhinehart, Phoebe-Anne, Riahi, Seyed Mohammad, Ribeiro, Antonio Luiz P., Ribeiro, Daniel Cury, Ribeiro, Daniela, Rickard, Jennifer, Rivera, Juan A., Robalik, Toshana, Roberts, Nicholas L. S., Roberts, Shaun, Robinson, Stephen R., Rodriguez-Ramirez, Sonia, Roever, Leonardo, Rolfe, Sam, Romoli, Michele, Ronfani, Luca, Room, Robin, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Rostamian, Morteza, Roth, Gregory A., Rothenbacher, Dietrich, Rubagotti, Enrico, Rumisha, Susan Fred, Rwegerera, Godfrey M., Saadatagah, Seyedmohammad, Sabour, Siamak, Sachdev, Perminder S., Saddik, Basema, Sadeghi, Ehsan, Sadeghi, Masoumeh, Saeedi, Reza, Moghaddam, Sahar Saeedi, Saeidi, Shahram, Safari, Yahya, Safi, Sare, Safiri, Saeid, Sagar, Rajesh, Sahebkar, Amirhossein, Sahraian, Mohammad Ali, Sajadi, S. Mohammad, Salahshoor, Mohammad Reza, Salam, Nasir, Salama, Joseph S., Salamati, Payman, Zahabi, Saleh Salehi, Salem, Hosni, Salem, Marwa R., Salimi, Yahya, Salimzadeh, Hamideh, Salman, Omar Mukhtar, Salomon, Joshua A., Salz, Inbal, Samad, Zainab, Kafil, Hossein Samadi, Sambala, Evanson Zondani, Samy, Abdallah M., Sanabria, Juan, Sanchez-Pimienta, Tania G., Santomauro, Damian Francesco, Santos, Itamar S., Santos, Joao Vasco, Santric-Milicevic, Milena M., Saraswathy, Sivan Yegnanarayana Iyer, Sarmiento-Suarez, Rodrigo, Sarrafzadegan, Nizal, Sartorius, Benn, Sarveazad, Arash, Sathian, Brijesh, Sathish, Thirunavukkarasu, Sattin, Davide, Savic, Miloje, Sawyer, Susan M., Saxena, Deepak, Saxena, Sonia, Saylan, Mete, Sbarra, Alyssa N., Schaeffer, Lauren E., Schiavolin, Silvia, Schlaich, Markus P., Schmidt, Maria Ines, Schutte, Aletta Elisabeth, Schwebel, David C., Schwendicke, Falk, Seedat, Soraya, Sekerija, Mario, Senbeta, Anbissa Muleta, Senthilkumaran, Subramanian, Sepanlou, Sadaf G., Serdar, Berrin, Serre, Marc L., Servan-Mori, Edson, Sha, Feng, Shabani, Mahsima, Shackelford, Katya Anne, Shadid, Jamileh, Shafaat, Omid, Shahabi, Saeed, Shahbaz, Mohammad, Shaheen, Amira A., Shaikh, Masood Ali, Shalash, Ali S., Shams-Beyranvand, Mehran, Shamsi, MohammadBagher, Shamsizadeh, Morteza, Shannawaz, Mohammed, Sharafi, Kiomars, Sharafi, Zeinab, Sharara, Fablina, Sharifi, Hamid, Sharma, Rajesh, Shaw, David H., Sheena, Brittney S., Sheikh, Aziz, Sheikhtaheri, Abbas, Shetty, B. 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M., Zlavog, Bianca S., Zodpey, Sanjay, Lim, Stephen S., and Murray, Christopher J. L.
Abstract: In an era of shifting global agendas and expanded emphasis on non-communicable diseases and injuries along with communicable diseases, sound evidence on trends by cause at the national level is essential. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) provides a systematic scientific assessment of published, publicly available, and contributed data on incidence, prevalence, and mortality for a mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive list of diseases and injuries. Methods GBD estimates incidence, prevalence, mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) due to 369 diseases and injuries, for two sexes, and for 204 countries and territories. Input data were extracted from censuses, household surveys, civil registration and vital statistics, disease registries, health service use, air pollution monitors, satellite imaging, disease notifications, and other sources. Cause-specific death rates and cause fractions were calculated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model and spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression. Cause-specific deaths were adjusted to match the total all-cause deaths calculated as part of the GBD population, fertility, and mortality estimates. Deaths were multiplied by standard life expectancy at each age to calculate YLLs. A Bayesian meta-regression modelling tool, DisMod-MR 2.1, was used to ensure consistency between incidence, prevalence, remission, excess mortality, and cause-specific mortality for most causes. Prevalence estimates were multiplied by disability weights for mutually exclusive sequelae of diseases and injuries to calculate YLDs. We considered results in the context of the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a composite indicator of income per capita, years of schooling, and fertility rate in females younger than 25 years. Uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated for every metric using the 25th and 975th ordered 1000 draw values of the post
Published: 2020
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180. Measuring universal health coverage based on an index of effective coverage of health services in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019:a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Author: Lozano, Rafael, Fullman, Nancy, Mumford, John Everett, Knight, Megan, Barthelemy, Celine M., Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbastabar, Hedayat, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdollahi, Mohammad, Abedi, Aidin, Abolhassani, Hassan, Abosetugn, Akine Eshete, Abreu, Lucas Guimarães, Abrigo, Michael R.M., Abu Haimed, Abdulaziz Khalid, Abushouk, Abdelrahman I., Adabi, Maryam, Adebayo, Oladimeji M., Adekanmbi, Victor, Adelson, Jaimie, Adetokunboh, Olatunji O., Adham, Davoud, Advani, Shailesh M., Afshin, Ashkan, Agarwal, Gina, Agasthi, Pradyumna, Aghamir, Seyed Mohammad Kazem, Agrawal, Anurag, Ahmad, Tauseef, Akinyemi, Rufus Olusola, Alahdab, Fares, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Albertson, Samuel B., Alemu, Yihun Mulugeta, Alhassan, Robert Kaba, Ali, Muhammad, Ali, Saqib, Alipour, Vahid, Aljunid, Syed Mohamed, Alla, François, Almadi, Majid Abdulrahman Hamad, Almasi, Ali, Almasi-Hashiani, Amir, Almasri, Nihad A., Al-Mekhlafi, Hesham M., Almulhim, Abdulaziz M., Alonso, Jordi, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa M., Altirkawi, Khalid A., Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Alvis-Zakzuk, Nelson J., Amini, Saeed, Amini-Rarani, Mostafa, Amiri, Fatemeh, Amit, Arianna Maever L., Amugsi, Dickson A., Ancuceanu, Robert, Anderlini, Deanna, Andrei, Catalina Liliana, Androudi, Sofia, Ansari, Fereshteh, Ansari-Moghaddam, Alireza, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T., Antony, Catherine M., Antriyandarti, Ernoiz, Anvari, Davood, Anwer, Razique, Arabloo, Jalal, Arab-Zozani, Morteza, Aravkin, Aleksandr Y., Aremu, Olatunde, Ärnlöv, Johan, Asaad, Malke, Asadi-Aliabadi, Mehran, Asadi-Pooya, Ali A., Ashbaugh, Charlie, Athari, Seyyed Shamsadin, Atout, Maha Moh d.Wahbi, Ausloos, Marcel, Avila-Burgos, Leticia, Ayala Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina, Ayano, Getinet, Ayanore, Martin Amogre, Aynalem, Yared Asmare, Aynalem, Getie Lake, Ayza, Muluken Altaye, Azari, Samad, Azzopardi, Peter S., B, Darshan B., Babaee, Ebrahim, Badiye, Ashish D., Bahrami, Mohammad Amin, Baig, Atif Amin, Bakhshaei, Mohammad Hossein, Bakhtiari, Ahad, Bakkannavar, Shankar M., Balachandran, Arun, Balassyano, Shelly, Banach, Maciej, Banerjee, Srikanta K., Banik, Palash Chandra, Bante, Agegnehu Bante, Bante, Simachew Animen, Barker-Collo, Suzanne Lyn, Bärnighausen, Till Winfried, Barrero, Lope H., Bassat, Quique, Basu, Sanjay, Baune, Bernhard T., Bayati, Mohsen, Baye, Bayisa Abdissa, Bedi, Neeraj, Beghi, Ettore, Behzadifar, Masoud, Bekuma, Tariku Tesfaye Tesfaye, Bell, Michelle L., Bensenor, Isabela M., Berman, Adam E., Bernabe, Eduardo, Bernstein, Robert S., Bhagavathula, Akshaya Srikanth, Bhandari, Dinesh, Bhardwaj, Pankaj, Bhat, Anusha Ganapati, Bhattacharyya, Krittika, Bhattarai, Suraj, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A., Bijani, Ali, Bikbov, Boris, Bilano, Ver, Biondi, Antonio, Birihane, Binyam Minuye, Bockarie, Moses John, Bohlouli, Somayeh, Bojia, Hunduma Amensisa, Bolla, Srinivasa Rao Rao, Boloor, Archith, Brady, Oliver J., Braithwaite, Dejana, Briant, Paul Svitil, Briggs, Andrew M., Briko, Nikolay Ivanovich, Burugina Nagaraja, Sharath, Busse, Reinhard, Butt, Zahid A., Caetano dos Santos, Florentino Luciano, Cahuana-Hurtado, Lucero, Cámera, Luis Alberto, Cárdenas, Rosario, Carreras, Giulia, Carrero, Juan J., Carvalho, Felix, Castaldelli-Maia, Joao Mauricio, Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos A., Castelpietra, Giulio, Castro, Franz, Catalá-López, Ferrán, Causey, Kate, Cederroth, Christopher R., Cercy, Kelly M., Cerin, Ester, Chandan, Joht Singh, Chang, Angela Y., Charan, Jaykaran, Chattu, Vijay Kumar, Chaturvedi, Sarika, Chin, Ken Lee, Cho, Daniel Youngwhan, Choi, Jee Young Jasmine, Christensen, Hanne, Chu, Dinh Toi, Chung, Michael T., Ciobanu, Liliana G., Cirillo, Massimo, Comfort, Haley, Compton, Kelly, Cortesi, Paolo Angelo, Costa, Vera Marisa, Cousin, Ewerton, Dahlawi, Saad M.A., Damiani, Giovanni, Dandona, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, Darega Gela, Jiregna, Darwesh, Aso Mohammad, Daryani, Ahmad, Dash, Aditya Prasad, Davey, Gail, Dávila-Cervantes, Claudio Alberto, Davletov, Kairat, De Neve, Jan Walter, Denova-Gutiérrez, Edgar, Deribe, Kebede, Dervenis, Nikolaos, Desai, Rupak, Dharmaratne, Samath Dhamminda, Dhungana, Govinda Prasad, Dianatinasab, Mostafa, Dias da Silva, Diana, Diaz, Daniel, Dippenaar, Ilse N., Do, Hoa Thi, Dorostkar, Fariba, Doshmangir, Leila, Duncan, Bruce B., Duraes, Andre Rodrigues, Eagan, Arielle Wilder, Edvardsson, David, El Sayed, Iman, El Tantawi, Maha, Elgendy, Islam Y., Elyazar, Iqbal RF, Eskandari, Khalil, Eskandarieh, Sharareh, Esmaeilnejad, Saman, Esteghamati, Alireza, Ezekannagha, Oluchi, Farag, Tamer, Farahmand, Mohammad, Faraon, Emerito Jose A., Farinha, Carla Sofia e.Sá, Farioli, Andrea, Faris, Pawan Sirwan, Faro, Andre, Fazlzadeh, Mehdi, Feigin, Valery L., Fernandes, Eduarda, Ferrara, Pietro, Feyissa, Garumma Tolu, Filip, Irina, Fischer, Florian, Fisher, James L., Flor, Luisa Sorio, Foigt, Nataliya A., Folayan, Morenike Oluwatoyin, Fomenkov, Artem Alekseevich, Foroutan, Masoud, Francis, Joel Msafiri, Fu, Weijia, Fukumoto, Takeshi, Furtado, João M., Gad, Mohamed M., Gaidhane, Abhay Motiramji, Gakidou, Emmanuela, Galles, Natalie C., Gallus, Silvano, Gardner, William M., Geberemariyam, Biniyam Sahiledengle, Gebrehiwot, Abiyu Mekonnen, Gebremeskel, Leake G., Gebremeskel, Gebreamlak Gebremedhn, Gesesew, Hailay Abrha, Ghadiri, Keyghobad, Ghafourifard, Mansour, Ghashghaee, Ahmad, Ghith, Nermin, Gholamian, Asadollah, Gilani, Syed Amir, Gill, Paramjit Singh, Gill, Tiffany K., Ginindza, Themba G., Gitimoghaddam, Mojgan, Giussani, Giorgia, Glagn, Mustefa, Gnedovskaya, Elena V., Godinho, Myron Anthony, Goharinezhad, Salime, Gopalani, Sameer Vali, Goudarzian, Amir Hossein, Goulart, Bárbara Niegia Garcia, Gubari, Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen, Guimarães, Rafael Alves, Guled, Rashid Abdi, Gultie, Teklemariam, Guo, Yuming, Gupta, Rajeev, Gupta, Rahul, Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Hafiz, Abdul, Haile, Teklehaimanot Gereziher, Hamadeh, Randah R., Hameed, Sajid, Hamidi, Samer, Han, Chieh, Han, Hannah, Handiso, Demelash Woldeyohannes, Hanif, Asif, Hankey, Graeme J., Haro, Josep Maria, Hasaballah, Ahmed I., Hasan, Md Mehedi, Hashi, Abdiwahab, Hassan, Shoaib, Hassan, Amr, Hassanipour, Soheil, Hassankhani, Hadi, Havmoeller, Rasmus J., Hay, Simon I., Hayat, Khezar, Heidari, Golnaz, Heidari-Soureshjani, Reza, Hendrie, Delia, Herteliu, Claudiu, Hird, Thomas R., Ho, Hung Chak, Hole, Michael K., Holla, Ramesh, Hollingsworth, Bruce, Hoogar, Praveen, Hopf, Kathleen Pillsbury, Horita, Nobuyuki, Hossain, Naznin, Hosseini, Mostafa, Hosseinzadeh, Mehdi, Hostiuc, Mihaela, Hostiuc, Sorin, Househ, Mowafa, Hsieh, Vivian Chia rong, Hu, Guoqing, Huda, Tanvir M., Humayun, Ayesha, Hwang, Bing Fang, Iavicoli, Ivo, Ibitoye, Segun Emmanuel, Ikeda, Nayu, Ilesanmi, Olayinka Stephen, Ilic, Irena M., Ilic, Milena D., Inbaraj, Leeberk Raja, Iqbal, Usman, Irvani, Seyed Sina Naghibi, Irvine, Caleb Mackay Salpeter, Islam, M. Mofizul, Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful, Islami, Farhad, Iso, Hiroyasu, Iwu, Chinwe Juliana, Iwu, Chidozie C.D., Jaafari, Jalil, Jadidi-Niaragh, Farhad, Jafarinia, Morteza, Jahagirdar, Deepa, Jahani, Mohammad Ali, Jahanmehr, Nader, Jakovljevic, Mihajlo, Janjani, Hosna, Javaheri, Tahereh, Jayatilleke, Achala Upendra, Jenabi, Ensiyeh, Jha, Ravi Prakash, Jha, Vivekanand, Ji, John S., Jia, Peng, John-Akinola, Yetunde O., Jonas, Jost B., Joukar, Farahnaz, Jozwiak, Jacek Jerzy, Jürisson, Mikk, Kabir, Zubair, Kalankesh, Leila R., Kalhor, Rohollah, Kamath, Aruna M., Kanchan, Tanuj, Kapoor, Neeti, Karami Matin, Behzad, Karanikolos, Marina, Karimi, Seyed M., Kassebaum, Nicholas J., Katikireddi, Srinivasa Vittal, Kayode, Gbenga A., Keiyoro, Peter Njenga, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khammarnia, Mohammad, Khan, Maseer, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khang, Young Ho, Khatab, Khaled, Khater, Amir M., Khater, Mona M., Khatib, Mahalaqua Nazli, Khayamzadeh, Maryam, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kianipour, Neda, Kim, Young Eun, Kim, Yun Jin, Kimokoti, Ruth W., Kinfu, Yohannes, Kisa, Adnan, Kissimova-Skarbek, Katarzyna, Kivimäki, Mika, Kneib, Cameron J., Kocarnik, Jonathan M., Kochhar, Sonali, Kohler, Stefan, Kopec, Jacek A., Korotkova, Anna V., Korshunov, Vladimir Andreevich, Kosen, Soewarta, Kotlo, Anirudh, Koul, Parvaiz A., Koyanagi, Ai, Krishan, Kewal, Krohn, Kris J., Kugbey, Nuworza, Kulkarni, Vaman, Kumar, G. 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Anthony, Goharinezhad, Salime, Gopalani, Sameer Vali, Goudarzian, Amir Hossein, Goulart, Bárbara Niegia Garcia, Gubari, Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen, Guimarães, Rafael Alves, Guled, Rashid Abdi, Gultie, Teklemariam, Guo, Yuming, Gupta, Rajeev, Gupta, Rahul, Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Hafiz, Abdul, Haile, Teklehaimanot Gereziher, Hamadeh, Randah R., Hameed, Sajid, Hamidi, Samer, Han, Chieh, Han, Hannah, Handiso, Demelash Woldeyohannes, Hanif, Asif, Hankey, Graeme J., Haro, Josep Maria, Hasaballah, Ahmed I., Hasan, Md Mehedi, Hashi, Abdiwahab, Hassan, Shoaib, Hassan, Amr, Hassanipour, Soheil, Hassankhani, Hadi, Havmoeller, Rasmus J., Hay, Simon I., Hayat, Khezar, Heidari, Golnaz, Heidari-Soureshjani, Reza, Hendrie, Delia, Herteliu, Claudiu, Hird, Thomas R., Ho, Hung Chak, Hole, Michael K., Holla, Ramesh, Hollingsworth, Bruce, Hoogar, Praveen, Hopf, Kathleen Pillsbury, Horita, Nobuyuki, Hossain, Naznin, Hosseini, Mostafa, Hosseinzadeh, Mehdi, Hostiuc, Mihaela, Hostiuc, Sorin, Househ, Mowafa, Hsieh, Vivian Chia rong, Hu, Guoqing, Huda, Tanvir M., Humayun, Ayesha, Hwang, Bing Fang, Iavicoli, Ivo, Ibitoye, Segun Emmanuel, Ikeda, Nayu, Ilesanmi, Olayinka Stephen, Ilic, Irena M., Ilic, Milena D., Inbaraj, Leeberk Raja, Iqbal, Usman, Irvani, Seyed Sina Naghibi, Irvine, Caleb Mackay Salpeter, Islam, M. Mofizul, Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful, Islami, Farhad, Iso, Hiroyasu, Iwu, Chinwe Juliana, Iwu, Chidozie C.D., Jaafari, Jalil, Jadidi-Niaragh, Farhad, Jafarinia, Morteza, Jahagirdar, Deepa, Jahani, Mohammad Ali, Jahanmehr, Nader, Jakovljevic, Mihajlo, Janjani, Hosna, Javaheri, Tahereh, Jayatilleke, Achala Upendra, Jenabi, Ensiyeh, Jha, Ravi Prakash, Jha, Vivekanand, Ji, John S., Jia, Peng, John-Akinola, Yetunde O., Jonas, Jost B., Joukar, Farahnaz, Jozwiak, Jacek Jerzy, Jürisson, Mikk, Kabir, Zubair, Kalankesh, Leila R., Kalhor, Rohollah, Kamath, Aruna M., Kanchan, Tanuj, Kapoor, Neeti, Karami Matin, Behzad, Karanikolos, Marina, Karimi, Seyed M., Kassebaum, Nicholas J., Katikireddi, Srinivasa Vittal, Kayode, Gbenga A., Keiyoro, Peter Njenga, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khammarnia, Mohammad, Khan, Maseer, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khang, Young Ho, Khatab, Khaled, Khater, Amir M., Khater, Mona M., Khatib, Mahalaqua Nazli, Khayamzadeh, Maryam, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kianipour, Neda, Kim, Young Eun, Kim, Yun Jin, Kimokoti, Ruth W., Kinfu, Yohannes, Kisa, Adnan, Kissimova-Skarbek, Katarzyna, Kivimäki, Mika, Kneib, Cameron J., Kocarnik, Jonathan M., Kochhar, Sonali, Kohler, Stefan, Kopec, Jacek A., Korotkova, Anna V., Korshunov, Vladimir Andreevich, Kosen, Soewarta, Kotlo, Anirudh, Koul, Parvaiz A., Koyanagi, Ai, Krishan, Kewal, Krohn, Kris J., Kugbey, Nuworza, Kulkarni, Vaman, Kumar, G. Anil, Kumar, Nithin, Kumar, Manasi, Kurmi, Om P., Kusuma, Dian, Kyu, Hmwe Hmwe, La Vecchia, Carlo, Lacey, Ben, Lal, Dharmesh Kumar, Lalloo, Ratilal, Landires, Iván, Lansingh, Van Charles, Larsson, Anders O., Lasrado, Savita, Lau, Kathryn Mei Ming, Lauriola, Paolo, Lazarus, Jeffrey V., Ledesma, Jorge R., Lee, Paul H., Lee, Shaun Wen Huey, Leever, Andrew T., LeGrand, Kate E., Leigh, James, Leonardi, Matilde, Li, Shanshan, Lim, Stephen S., Lim, Lee Ling, Liu, Xuefeng, Logroscino, Giancarlo, Lopez, Alan D., Lopukhov, Platon D., Lotufo, Paulo A., Lu, Alton, Ma, Jianing, Madadin, Mohammed, Mahasha, Phetole Walter, Mahmoudi, Morteza, Majeed, Azeem, Malagón-Rojas, Jeadran N., Maleki, Shokofeh, Malta, Deborah Carvalho, Mansouri, Borhan, Mansournia, Mohammad Ali, Martini, Santi, Martins-Melo, Francisco Rogerlândio, Martopullo, Ira, Massenburg, Benjamin Ballard, Mastrogiacomo, Claudia I., Mathur, Manu Raj, McAlinden, Colm, McKee, Martin, Medina-Solís, Carlo Eduardo, Meharie, Birhanu Geta, Mehndiratta, Man Mohan, Mehrabi Nasab, Entezar, Mehri, Fereshteh, Mehrotra, Ravi, Mekonnen, Teferi, Melese, Addisu, Memiah, Peter T.N., Mendoza, Walter, Menezes, Ritesh G., Mensah, George A., Meretoja, Tuomo J., Meretoja, Atte, Mestrovic, Tomislav, Miazgowski, Bartosz, Michalek, Irmina Maria, Mirrakhimov, Erkin M., Mirzaei, Maryam, Mirzaei-Alavijeh, Mehdi, Mitchell, Philip B., Moazen, Babak, Moghadaszadeh, Masoud, Mohamadi, Efat, Mohammad, Yousef, Mohammad, Dara K., Mohammad Gholi Mezerji, Naser, Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Abdollah, Mohammed, Shafiu, Mohammed, Jemal Abdu, Mokdad, Ali H., Monasta, Lorenzo, Mondello, Stefania, Moradi, Masoud, Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Moradzadeh, Rahmatollah, Moraga, Paula, Morgado-da-Costa, Joana, Morrison, Shane Douglas, Mosapour, Abbas, Mosser, Jonathan F., Mousavi Khaneghah, Amin, Muriithi, Moses K., Mustafa, Ghulam, Nabhan, Ashraf F., Naderi, Mehdi, Nagarajan, Ahamarshan Jayaraman, Naghavi, Mohsen, Naghshtabrizi, Behshad, Naimzada, Mukhammad David, Nangia, Vinay, Nansseu, Jobert Richie, Nayak, Vinod C., Nazari, Javad, Ndejjo, Rawlance, Negoi, Ionut, Negoi, Ruxandra Irina, Neupane, Subas, Ngari, Kiirithio N., Nguefack-Tsague, Georges, Ngunjiri, Josephine W., Nguyen, Cuong Tat, Nguyen, Diep Ngoc, Nguyen, Huong Lan Thi, Nnaji, Chukwudi A., Nomura, Shuhei, Norheim, Ole F., Noubiap, Jean Jacques, Nowak, Christoph, Nunez-Samudio, Virginia, Otoiu, Adrian, Ogbo, Felix Akpojene, Oghenetega, Onome Bright, Oh, In Hwan, Okunga, Emmanuel Wandera, Oladnabi, Morteza, Olagunju, Andrew T., Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun, Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola, Oluwasanu, Mojisola Morenike, Omar Bali, Ahmed, Omer, Muktar Omer, Ong, Kanyin L., Onwujekwe, Obinna E., Ortega-Altamirano, Doris V.V., Ortiz, Alberto, Ostojic, Sergej M., Otstavnov, Nikita, Otstavnov, Stanislav S., Øverland, Simon, Owolabi, Mayowa O., Padubidri, Jagadish Rao, Pakhale, Smita, Palladino, Raffaele, Pana, Adrian, Panda-Jonas, Songhomitra, Pangaribuan, Helena Ullyartha, Pathak, Mona, Patton, George C., Paudel, Sagun, Pazoki Toroudi, Hamidreza, Pease, Spencer A., Peden, Amy E., Pennini, Alyssa, Peprah, Emmanuel K., Pereira, Jeevan, Pigott, David M., Pilgrim, Thomas, Pilz, Tessa M., Pinheiro, Marina, Piradov, Michael A., Pirsaheb, Meghdad, Pokhrel, Khem Narayan, Postma, Maarten J., Pourjafar, Hadi, Pourmalek, Farshad, Pourmirza Kalhori, Reza, Pourshams, Akram, Prada, Sergio I., Pribadi, Dimas Ria Angga, Pupillo, Elisabetta, Quazi Syed, Zahiruddin, Radfar, Amir, Rafiee, Ata, Rafiei, Alireza, Raggi, Alberto, Rahim, Fakher, Rahman, Muhammad Aziz, Rajabpour-Sanati, Ali, Rana, Saleem Muhammad, Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal, Rao, Sowmya J., Rasella, Davide, Rashedi, Vahid, Rath, Goura Kishor, Rathi, Priya, Rawaf, Salman, Rawaf, David Laith, Rawal, Lal, Rawassizadeh, Reza, Razo, Christian, Renjith, Vishnu, Renzaho, Andre M.N., Reshmi, Bhageerathy, Rezaei, Nima, Riahi, Seyed Mohammad, Ribeiro, Daniel Cury, Rickard, Jennifer, Roberts, Nicholas L.S., Roever, Leonardo, Romoli, Michele, Ronfani, Luca, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Rubagotti, Enrico, Rwegerera, Godfrey M., Sabour, Siamak, Sachdev, Perminder S., Saddik, Basema, Sadeghi, Masoumeh, Sadeghi, Ehsan, Safari, Yahya, Sagar, Rajesh, Sahebkar, Amirhossein, Sahraian, Mohammad Ali, Sajadi, S. Mohammad, Salahshoor, Mohammad Reza, Salem, Marwa R.Rashad, Salem, Hosni, Salomon, Joshua, Samadi Kafil, Hossein, Samy, Abdallah M., Sanabria, Juan, Santric-Milicevic, Milena M., Saraswathy, Sivan Yegnanarayana Iyer, Sarmiento-Suárez, Rodrigo, Sartorius, Benn, Sarveazad, Arash, Sathian, Brijesh, Sathish, Thirunavukkarasu, Sattin, Davide, Savic, Miloje, Sawyer, Susan M., Saxena, Deepak, Sbarra, Alyssa N., Schaeffer, Lauren E., Schiavolin, Silvia, Schmidt, Maria Inês, Schutte, Aletta Elisabeth, Schwebel, David C., Schwendicke, Falk, Seedat, Soraya, Sha, Feng, Shahabi, Saeed, Shaheen, Amira A., Shaikh, Masood Ali, Shamsizadeh, Morteza, Shannawaz, Mohammed, Sharafi, Kiomars, Sharara, Fablina, Sharifi, Hamid, Shaw, David H., Sheikh, Aziz, Sheikhtaheri, Abbas, Shetty, B. Suresh Kumar, Shibuya, Kenji, Shiferaw, Wondimeneh Shibabaw, Shigematsu, Mika, Shin, Jae Il, Shiri, Rahman, Shirkoohi, Reza, Shivakumar, K. M., Shrime, Mark G., Shuval, Kerem, Siabani, Soraya, Sierpinski, Radoslaw, Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora, Sigurvinsdottir, Rannveig, Silva, Diego Augusto Santos, Silva, João Pedro, Simonetti, Biagio, Simpson, Kyle E., Singh, Jasvinder A., Singh, Pushpendra, Sinha, Dhirendra Narain, Skryabin, Valentin Yurievich, Smith, Emma U.R., Soheili, Amin, Soltani, Shahin, Soofi, Moslem, Sorensen, Reed J.D., Soriano, Joan B., Sorrie, Muluken Bekele, Soyiri, Ireneous N., Spurlock, Emma Elizabeth, Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T., Stanaway, Jeffrey D., Steel, Nicholas, Stein, Caroline, Stokes, Mark A., Sufiyan, Mu'awiyyah Babale, Suleria, Hafiz Ansar Rasul, Sultan, Iyad, Szumowski, Łukasz, Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael, Tabuchi, Takahiro, Tadakamadla, Santosh Kumar, Taddele, Biruk Wogayehu, Tadesse, Degena Bahrey, Taherkhani, Amir, Tamiru, Animut Tagele, Tanser, Frank C., Tareque, Md Ismail, Tarigan, Ingan Ukur, Teagle, Whitney L., Tediosi, Fabrizio, Tefera, Yonas Getaye Getaye, Tela, Freweini Gebrearegay, Tessema, Zemenu Tadesse, Thakur, Bhaskar, Titova, Mariya Vladimirovna, Tonelli, Marcello, Topor-Madry, Roman, Topouzis, Fotis, Tovani-Palone, Marcos Roberto Roberto, Tran, Bach Xuan, Travillian, Ravensara, Troeger, Christopher E., Tudor Car, Lorainne, Uddin, Riaz, Ullah, Irfan, Umeokonkwo, Chukwuma David, Unnikrishnan, Bhaskaran, Upadhyay, Era, Uthman, Olalekan A., Vacante, Marco, Valdez, Pascual R., Varughese, Santosh, Vasankari, Tommi Juhani, Vasseghian, Yasser, Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy, Violante, Francesco S., Vlassov, Vasily, Vollset, Stein Emil, Vongpradith, Avina, Vos, Theo, Waheed, Yasir, Walters, Magdalene K., Wamai, Richard G., Wang, Haidong, Wang, Yuan Pang, Weintraub, Robert G., Weiss, Jordan, Werdecker, Andrea, Westerman, Ronny, Wilner, Lauren B., Woldu, Gebremariam, Wolfe, Charles D.A., Wu, Ai Min, Wulf Hanson, Sarah, Xie, Yang, Xu, Rixing, Yahyazadeh Jabbari, Seyed Hossein, Yamagishi, Kazumasa, Yano, Yuichiro, Yaya, Sanni, Yazdi-Feyzabadi, Vahid, Yearwood, Jamal A., Yeshitila, Yordanos Gizachew, Yip, Paul, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Younis, Mustafa Z., Yousefi, Zabihollah, Yousefinezhadi, Taraneh, Yusefzadeh, Hasan, Zadey, Siddhesh, Zahirian Moghadam, Telma, Zaidi, Syed Saoud, Zaki, Leila, Zaman, Sojib Bin, Zamani, Mohammad, Zamanian, Maryam, Zandian, Hamed, Zastrozhin, Mikhail Sergeevich, Zewdie, Kaleab Alemayehu, Zhang, Yunquan, Zhao, Xiu Ju George, Zhao, Yingxi, Zheng, Peng, Zhu, Cong, Ziapour, Arash, Zlavog, Bianca S., Zodpey, Sanjay, and Murray, Christopher J.L.
Abstract: Background: Achieving universal health coverage (UHC) involves all people receiving the health services they need, of high quality, without experiencing financial hardship. Making progress towards UHC is a policy priority for both countries and global institutions, as highlighted by the agenda of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and WHO's Thirteenth General Programme of Work (GPW13). Measuring effective coverage at the health-system level is important for understanding whether health services are aligned with countries' health profiles and are of sufficient quality to produce health gains for populations of all ages. Methods: Based on the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019, we assessed UHC effective coverage for 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019. Drawing from a measurement framework developed through WHO's GPW13 consultation, we mapped 23 effective coverage indicators to a matrix representing health service types (eg, promotion, prevention, and treatment) and five population-age groups spanning from reproductive and newborn to older adults (≥65 years). Effective coverage indicators were based on intervention coverage or outcome-based measures such as mortality-to-incidence ratios to approximate access to quality care; outcome-based measures were transformed to values on a scale of 0–100 based on the 2·5th and 97·5th percentile of location-year values. We constructed the UHC effective coverage index by weighting each effective coverage indicator relative to its associated potential health gains, as measured by disability-adjusted life-years for each location-year and population-age group. For three tests of validity (content, known-groups, and convergent), UHC effective coverage index performance was generally better than that of other UHC service coverage indices from WHO (ie, the current metric for SDG indicator 3.8.1 on UHC service coverage), the World Bank, and GBD 2017. We quantified frontiers of UH
Published: 2020

181. Global, regional, and national burden of chronic kidney disease, 1990–2017:a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Author: Bikbov, Boris, Purcell, Caroline A., Levey, Andrew S., Smith, Mari, Abdoli, Amir, Abebe, Molla, Adebayo, Oladimeji M., Afarideh, Mohsen, Agarwal, Sanjay Kumar, Agudelo-Botero, Marcela, Ahmadian, Elham, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alipour, Vahid, Almasi-Hashiani, Amir, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa M., Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amini, Saeed, Andrei, Tudorel, Andrei, Catalina Liliana, Andualem, Zewudu, Anjomshoa, Mina, Arabloo, Jalal, Ashagre, Alebachew Fasil, Asmelash, Daniel, Ataro, Zerihun, Atout, Maha Moh d.Wahbi, Ayanore, Martin Amogre, Badawi, Alaa, Bakhtiari, Ahad, Ballew, Shoshana H., Balouchi, Abbas, Banach, Maciej, Barquera, Simon, Basu, Sanjay, Bayih, Mulat Tirfie, Bedi, Neeraj, Bello, Aminu K., Bensenor, Isabela M., Bijani, Ali, Boloor, Archith, Borzì, Antonio M., Cámera, Luis Alberto, Carrero, Juan J., Carvalho, Félix, Castro, Franz, Catalá-López, Ferrán, Chang, Alex R., Chin, Ken Lee, Chung, Sheng Chia, Cirillo, Massimo, Cousin, Ewerton, Dandona, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, Daryani, Ahmad, Das Gupta, Rajat, Demeke, Feleke Mekonnen, Demoz, Gebre Teklemariam, Desta, Desilu Mahari, Do, Huyen Phuc, Duncan, Bruce B., Eftekhari, Aziz, Esteghamati, Alireza, Fatima, Syeda Sadia, Fernandes, João C., Fernandes, Eduarda, Fischer, Florian, Freitas, Marisa, Gad, Mohamed M., Gebremeskel, Gebreamlak Gebremedhn, Gebresillassie, Begashaw Melaku, Geta, Birhanu, Ghafourifard, Mansour, Ghajar, Alireza, Ghith, Nermin, Gill, Paramjit Singh, Ginawi, Ibrahim Abdelmageed, Gupta, Rajeev, Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Haj-Mirzaian, Arvin, Haj-Mirzaian, Arya, Hariyani, Ninuk, Hasan, Mehedi, Hasankhani, Milad, Hasanzadeh, Amir, Hassen, Hamid Yimam, Hay, Simon I., Heidari, Behnam, Herteliu, Claudiu, Hoang, Chi Linh, Hosseini, Mostafa, Hostiuc, Mihaela, Irvani, Seyed Sina Naghibi, Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful, Jafari Balalami, Nader, James, Spencer L., Jassal, Simerjot K., Jha, Vivekanand, Jonas, Jost B., Joukar, Farahnaz, Jozwiak, Jacek Jerzy, Kabir, Ali, Kahsay, Amaha, Kasaeian, Amir, Kassa, Tesfaye Dessale, Kassaye, Hagazi Gebremedhin, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khalilov, Rovshan, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khan, Mohammad Saud, Khang, Young Ho, Kisa, Adnan, Kovesdy, Csaba P., Kuate Defo, Barthelemy, Kumar, G. Anil, Larsson, Anders O., Lim, Lee Ling, Lopez, Alan D., Lotufo, Paulo A., Majeed, Azeem, Malekzadeh, Reza, März, Winfried, Masaka, Anthony, Meheretu, Hailemariam Abiy Alemu, Miazgowski, Tomasz, Mirica, Andreea, Mirrakhimov, Erkin M., Mithra, Prasanna, Moazen, Babak, Mohammad, Dara K., Mohammadpourhodki, Reza, Mohammed, Shafiu, Mokdad, Ali H., Morales, Linda, Moreno Velasquez, Ilais, Mousavi, Seyyed Meysam, Mukhopadhyay, Satinath, Nachega, Jean B., Nadkarni, Girish N., Nansseu, Jobert Richie, Natarajan, Gopalakrishnan, Nazari, Javad, Neal, Bruce, Negoi, Ruxandra Irina, Nguyen, Cuong Tat, Nikbakhsh, Rajan, Noubiap, Jean Jacques, Nowak, Christoph, Olagunju, Andrew T., Ortiz, Alberto, Owolabi, Mayowa Ojo, Palladino, Raffaele, Pathak, Mona, Poustchi, Hossein, Prakash, Swayam, Prasad, Narayan, Rafiei, Alireza, Raju, Sree Bhushan, Ramezanzadeh, Kiana, Rawaf, Salman, Rawaf, David Laith, Rawal, Lal, Reiner, Robert C., Rezapour, Aziz, Ribeiro, Daniel Cury, Roever, Leonardo, Rothenbacher, Dietrich, Rwegerera, Godfrey M., Saadatagah, Seyedmohammad, Safari, Saeed, Sahle, Berhe Weldearegawi, Salem, Hosni, Sanabria, Juan, Santos, Itamar S., Sarveazad, Arash, Sawhney, Monika, Schaeffner, Elke, Schmidt, Maria Inês, Schutte, Aletta Elisabeth, Sepanlou, Sadaf G., Shaikh, Masood Ali, Sharafi, Zeinab, Sharif, Mehdi, Sharifi, Amrollah, Silva, Diego Augusto Santos, Singh, Jasvinder A., Singh, Narinder Pal, Sisay, Malede Mequanent M., Soheili, Amin, Sutradhar, Ipsita, Teklehaimanot, Berhane Fseha, Tesfay, Berhe etsay, Teshome, Getnet Fetene, Thakur, Jarnail Singh, Tonelli, Marcello, Tran, Khanh Bao, Tran, Bach Xuan, Tran Ngoc, Candide, Ullah, Irfan, Valdez, Pascual R., Varughese, Santosh, Vos, Theo, Vu, Linh Gia, Waheed, Yasir, Werdecker, Andrea, Wolde, Haileab Fekadu, Wondmieneh, Adam Belay, Wulf Hanson, Sarah, Yamada, Tomohide, Yeshaw, Yigizie, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yusefzadeh, Hasan, Zaidi, Zoubida, Zaki, Leila, Zaman, Sojib Bin, Zamora, Nelson, Zarghi, Afshin, Zewdie, Kaleab Alemayehu, Ärnlöv, Johan, Coresh, Josef, Perico, Norberto, Remuzzi, Giuseppe, Murray, Chris J.L., Bikbov, Boris, Purcell, Caroline A., Levey, Andrew S., Smith, Mari, Abdoli, Amir, Abebe, Molla, Adebayo, Oladimeji M., Afarideh, Mohsen, Agarwal, Sanjay Kumar, Agudelo-Botero, Marcela, Ahmadian, Elham, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alipour, Vahid, Almasi-Hashiani, Amir, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa M., Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amini, Saeed, Andrei, Tudorel, Andrei, Catalina Liliana, Andualem, Zewudu, Anjomshoa, Mina, Arabloo, Jalal, Ashagre, Alebachew Fasil, Asmelash, Daniel, Ataro, Zerihun, Atout, Maha Moh d.Wahbi, Ayanore, Martin Amogre, Badawi, Alaa, Bakhtiari, Ahad, Ballew, Shoshana H., Balouchi, Abbas, Banach, Maciej, Barquera, Simon, Basu, Sanjay, Bayih, Mulat Tirfie, Bedi, Neeraj, Bello, Aminu K., Bensenor, Isabela M., Bijani, Ali, Boloor, Archith, Borzì, Antonio M., Cámera, Luis Alberto, Carrero, Juan J., Carvalho, Félix, Castro, Franz, Catalá-López, Ferrán, Chang, Alex R., Chin, Ken Lee, Chung, Sheng Chia, Cirillo, Massimo, Cousin, Ewerton, Dandona, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, Daryani, Ahmad, Das Gupta, Rajat, Demeke, Feleke Mekonnen, Demoz, Gebre Teklemariam, Desta, Desilu Mahari, Do, Huyen Phuc, Duncan, Bruce B., Eftekhari, Aziz, Esteghamati, Alireza, Fatima, Syeda Sadia, Fernandes, João C., Fernandes, Eduarda, Fischer, Florian, Freitas, Marisa, Gad, Mohamed M., Gebremeskel, Gebreamlak Gebremedhn, Gebresillassie, Begashaw Melaku, Geta, Birhanu, Ghafourifard, Mansour, Ghajar, Alireza, Ghith, Nermin, Gill, Paramjit Singh, Ginawi, Ibrahim Abdelmageed, Gupta, Rajeev, Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Haj-Mirzaian, Arvin, Haj-Mirzaian, Arya, Hariyani, Ninuk, Hasan, Mehedi, Hasankhani, Milad, Hasanzadeh, Amir, Hassen, Hamid Yimam, Hay, Simon I., Heidari, Behnam, Herteliu, Claudiu, Hoang, Chi Linh, Hosseini, Mostafa, Hostiuc, Mihaela, Irvani, Seyed Sina Naghibi, Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful, Jafari Balalami, Nader, James, Spencer L., Jassal, Simerjot K., Jha, Vivekanand, Jonas, Jost B., Joukar, Farahnaz, Jozwiak, Jacek Jerzy, Kabir, Ali, Kahsay, Amaha, Kasaeian, Amir, Kassa, Tesfaye Dessale, Kassaye, Hagazi Gebremedhin, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khalilov, Rovshan, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khan, Mohammad Saud, Khang, Young Ho, Kisa, Adnan, Kovesdy, Csaba P., Kuate Defo, Barthelemy, Kumar, G. Anil, Larsson, Anders O., Lim, Lee Ling, Lopez, Alan D., Lotufo, Paulo A., Majeed, Azeem, Malekzadeh, Reza, März, Winfried, Masaka, Anthony, Meheretu, Hailemariam Abiy Alemu, Miazgowski, Tomasz, Mirica, Andreea, Mirrakhimov, Erkin M., Mithra, Prasanna, Moazen, Babak, Mohammad, Dara K., Mohammadpourhodki, Reza, Mohammed, Shafiu, Mokdad, Ali H., Morales, Linda, Moreno Velasquez, Ilais, Mousavi, Seyyed Meysam, Mukhopadhyay, Satinath, Nachega, Jean B., Nadkarni, Girish N., Nansseu, Jobert Richie, Natarajan, Gopalakrishnan, Nazari, Javad, Neal, Bruce, Negoi, Ruxandra Irina, Nguyen, Cuong Tat, Nikbakhsh, Rajan, Noubiap, Jean Jacques, Nowak, Christoph, Olagunju, Andrew T., Ortiz, Alberto, Owolabi, Mayowa Ojo, Palladino, Raffaele, Pathak, Mona, Poustchi, Hossein, Prakash, Swayam, Prasad, Narayan, Rafiei, Alireza, Raju, Sree Bhushan, Ramezanzadeh, Kiana, Rawaf, Salman, Rawaf, David Laith, Rawal, Lal, Reiner, Robert C., Rezapour, Aziz, Ribeiro, Daniel Cury, Roever, Leonardo, Rothenbacher, Dietrich, Rwegerera, Godfrey M., Saadatagah, Seyedmohammad, Safari, Saeed, Sahle, Berhe Weldearegawi, Salem, Hosni, Sanabria, Juan, Santos, Itamar S., Sarveazad, Arash, Sawhney, Monika, Schaeffner, Elke, Schmidt, Maria Inês, Schutte, Aletta Elisabeth, Sepanlou, Sadaf G., Shaikh, Masood Ali, Sharafi, Zeinab, Sharif, Mehdi, Sharifi, Amrollah, Silva, Diego Augusto Santos, Singh, Jasvinder A., Singh, Narinder Pal, Sisay, Malede Mequanent M., Soheili, Amin, Sutradhar, Ipsita, Teklehaimanot, Berhane Fseha, Tesfay, Berhe etsay, Teshome, Getnet Fetene, Thakur, Jarnail Singh, Tonelli, Marcello, Tran, Khanh Bao, Tran, Bach Xuan, Tran Ngoc, Candide, Ullah, Irfan, Valdez, Pascual R., Varughese, Santosh, Vos, Theo, Vu, Linh Gia, Waheed, Yasir, Werdecker, Andrea, Wolde, Haileab Fekadu, Wondmieneh, Adam Belay, Wulf Hanson, Sarah, Yamada, Tomohide, Yeshaw, Yigizie, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yusefzadeh, Hasan, Zaidi, Zoubida, Zaki, Leila, Zaman, Sojib Bin, Zamora, Nelson, Zarghi, Afshin, Zewdie, Kaleab Alemayehu, Ärnlöv, Johan, Coresh, Josef, Perico, Norberto, Remuzzi, Giuseppe, and Murray, Chris J.L.
Abstract: Background: Health system planning requires careful assessment of chronic kidney disease (CKD) epidemiology, but data for morbidity and mortality of this disease are scarce or non-existent in many countries. We estimated the global, regional, and national burden of CKD, as well as the burden of cardiovascular disease and gout attributable to impaired kidney function, for the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2017. We use the term CKD to refer to the morbidity and mortality that can be directly attributed to all stages of CKD, and we use the term impaired kidney function to refer to the additional risk of CKD from cardiovascular disease and gout. Methods: The main data sources we used were published literature, vital registration systems, end-stage kidney disease registries, and household surveys. Estimates of CKD burden were produced using a Cause of Death Ensemble model and a Bayesian meta-regression analytical tool, and included incidence, prevalence, years lived with disability, mortality, years of life lost, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs). A comparative risk assessment approach was used to estimate the proportion of cardiovascular diseases and gout burden attributable to impaired kidney function. Findings: Globally, in 2017, 1·2 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 1·2 to 1·3) people died from CKD. The global all-age mortality rate from CKD increased 41·5% (95% UI 35·2 to 46·5) between 1990 and 2017, although there was no significant change in the age-standardised mortality rate (2·8%, −1·5 to 6·3). In 2017, 697·5 million (95% UI 649·2 to 752·0) cases of all-stage CKD were recorded, for a global prevalence of 9·1% (8·5 to 9·8). The global all-age prevalence of CKD increased 29·3% (95% UI 26·4 to 32·6) since 1990, whereas the age-standardised prevalence remained stable (1·2%, −1·1 to 3·5). CKD resulted in 35·8 million (95% UI 33·7 to 38·0) DALYs in 2017, with diabetic nephropathy accounting for almost a third of DALYs. M
Published: 2020

182. Prevalence and attributable health burden of chronic respiratory diseases, 1990–2017:a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Author: Soriano, Joan B., Kendrick, Parkes J., Paulson, Katherine R., Gupta, Vinay, Abrams, Elissa M., Adedoyin, Rufus Adesoji, Adhikari, Tara Ballav, Advani, Shailesh M., Agrawal, Anurag, Ahmadian, Elham, Alahdab, Fares, Aljunid, Syed Mohamed, Altirkawi, Khalid A., Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Anber, Nahla Hamed, Andrei, Catalina Liliana, Anjomshoa, Mina, Ansari, Fereshteh, Antó, Josep M., Arabloo, Jalal, Athari, Seyyede Masoume, Athari, Seyyed Shamsadin, Awoke, Nefsu, Badawi, Alaa, Banoub, Joseph Adel Mattar, Bennett, Derrick A., Bensenor, Isabela M., Berfield, Kathleen S.Sachiko, Bernstein, Robert S., Bhattacharyya, Krittika, Bijani, Ali, Brauer, Michael, Bukhman, Gene, Butt, Zahid A., Cámera, Luis Alberto, Car, Josip, Carrero, Juan J., Carvalho, Felix, Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos A., Choi, Jee Young Jasmine, Christopher, Devasahayam J., Cohen, Aaron J., Dandona, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, Dang, Anh Kim, Daryani, Ahmad, de Courten, Barbora, Demeke, Feleke Mekonnen, Demoz, Gebre Teklemariam, De Neve, Jan Walter, Desai, Rupak, Dharmaratne, Samath Dhamminda, Diaz, Daniel, Douiri, Abdel, Driscoll, Tim Robert, Duken, Eyasu Ejeta, Eftekhari, Aziz, Elkout, Hajer, Endries, Aman Yesuf, Fadhil, Ibtihal, Faro, Andre, Farzadfar, Farshad, Fernandes, Eduarda, Filip, Irina, Fischer, Florian, Foroutan, Masoud, Garcia-Gordillo, M. A., Gebre, Abadi Kahsu, Gebremedhin, Ketema Bizuwork, Gebremeskel, Gebreamlak Gebremedhn, Gezae, Kebede Embaye, Ghoshal, Aloke Gopal, Gill, Paramjit Singh, Gillum, Richard F., Goudarzi, Houman, Guo, Yuming, Gupta, Rajeev, Hailu, Gessessew Bugssa, Hasanzadeh, Amir, Hassen, Hamid Yimam, Hay, Simon I., Hoang, Chi Linh, Hole, Michael K., Horita, Nobuyuki, Hosgood, H. Dean, Hostiuc, Mihaela, Househ, Mowafa, Ilesanmi, Olayinka Stephen, Ilic, Milena D., Irvani, Seyed Sina Naghibi, Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful, Jakovljevic, Mihajlo, Jamal, Amr A., Jha, Ravi Prakash, Jonas, Jost B., Kabir, Zubair, Kasaeian, Amir, Kasahun, Gebremicheal Gebreslassie, Kassa, Getachew Mullu, Kefale, Adane Teshome, Kengne, Andre Pascal, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khafaie, Morteza Abdullatif, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khan, Junaid, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kim, Young Eun, Kim, Yun Jin, Kisa, Sezer, Kisa, Adnan, Knibbs, Luke D., Komaki, Hamidreza, Koul, Parvaiz A., Koyanagi, Ai, Kumar, G. Anil, Lan, Qing, Lasrado, Savita, Lauriola, Paolo, La Vecchia, Carlo, Le, Tham Thi, Leigh, James, Levi, Miriam, Li, Shanshan, Lopez, Alan D., Lotufo, Paulo A., Madotto, Fabiana, Mahotra, Narayan B., Majdan, Marek, Majeed, Azeem, Malekzadeh, Reza, Mamun, Abdullah A., Manafi, Navid, Manafi, Farzad, Mantovani, Lorenzo Giovanni, Meharie, Birhanu Geta, Meles, Hagazi Gebre, Meles, Gebrekiros Gebremichael, Menezes, Ritesh G., Mestrovic, Tomislav, Miller, Ted R., Mini, G. K., Mirrakhimov, Erkin M., Moazen, Babak, Mohammad, Karzan Abdulmuhsin, Mohammed, Shafiu, Mohebi, Farnam, Mokdad, Ali H., Molokhia, Mariam, Monasta, Lorenzo, Moradi, Masoud, Moradi, Ghobad, Morawska, Lidia, Mousavi, Seyyed Meysam, Musa, Kamarul Imran, Mustafa, Ghulam, Naderi, Mehdi, Naghavi, Mohsen, Naik, Gurudatta, Nair, Sanjeev, Nangia, Vinay, Nansseu, Jobert Richie, Nazari, Javad, Ndwandwe, Duduzile Edith, Negoi, Ruxandra Irina, Nguyen, Trang Huyen, Nguyen, Cuong Tat, Nguyen, Huong Lan Thi, Nixon, Molly R., Ofori-Asenso, Richard, Ogbo, Felix Akpojene, Olagunju, Andrew T., Olagunju, Tinuke O., Oren, Eyal, Ortiz, Justin R., Owolabi, Mayowa O., Mahesh, M., Pakhale, Smita, Pana, Adrian, Panda-Jonas, Songhomitra, Park, Eun Kee, Pham, Hai Quang, Postma, Maarten J., Pourjafar, Hadi, Poustchi, Hossein, Radfar, Amir, Rafiei, Alireza, Rahim, Fakher, Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur, Rahman, Muhammad Aziz, Rawaf, Salman, Rawaf, David Laith, Rawal, Lal, Reiner, Robert C., Reitsma, Marissa Bettay, Roever, Leonardo, Ronfani, Luca, Roro, Elias Merdassa, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Rudd, Kristina E., Sabde, Yogesh Damodar, Sabour, Siamak, Saddik, Basema, Safari, Saeed, Saleem, Komal, Samy, Abdallah M., Santric-Milicevic, Milena M., Sao Jose, Bruno Piassi, Sartorius, Benn, Satpathy, Maheswar, Savic, Miloje, Sawhney, Monika, Sepanlou, Sadaf G., Shaikh, Masood Ali, Sheikh, Aziz, Shigematsu, Mika, Shirkoohi, Reza, Si, Si, Siabani, Soraya, Singh, Virendra, Singh, Jasvinder A., Soljak, Michael, Somayaji, Ranjani, Soofi, Moslem, Soyiri, Ireneous N., Tefera, Yonatal Mesfin, Temsah, Mohamad Hani, Tesfay, Berhe Etsay, Thakur, Jarnail Singh, Toma, Alemayehu Toma, Tortajada-Girbés, Miguel, Tran, Khanh Bao, Tran, Bach Xuan, Tudor Car, Lorainne, Ullah, Irfan, Vacante, Marco, Valdez, Pascual R., van Boven, Job F.M., Vasankari, Tommi Juhani, Veisani, Yousef, Violante, Francesco S., Wagner, Gregory R., Westerman, Ronny, Wolfe, Charles D.A., Wondafrash, Dawit Zewdu, Wondmieneh, Adam Belay, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yoon, Seok Jun, Zaidi, Zoubida, Zamani, Mohammad, Zar, Heather J., Zhang, Yunquan, Vos, Theo, Soriano, Joan B., Kendrick, Parkes J., Paulson, Katherine R., Gupta, Vinay, Abrams, Elissa M., Adedoyin, Rufus Adesoji, Adhikari, Tara Ballav, Advani, Shailesh M., Agrawal, Anurag, Ahmadian, Elham, Alahdab, Fares, Aljunid, Syed Mohamed, Altirkawi, Khalid A., Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Anber, Nahla Hamed, Andrei, Catalina Liliana, Anjomshoa, Mina, Ansari, Fereshteh, Antó, Josep M., Arabloo, Jalal, Athari, Seyyede Masoume, Athari, Seyyed Shamsadin, Awoke, Nefsu, Badawi, Alaa, Banoub, Joseph Adel Mattar, Bennett, Derrick A., Bensenor, Isabela M., Berfield, Kathleen S.Sachiko, Bernstein, Robert S., Bhattacharyya, Krittika, Bijani, Ali, Brauer, Michael, Bukhman, Gene, Butt, Zahid A., Cámera, Luis Alberto, Car, Josip, Carrero, Juan J., Carvalho, Felix, Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos A., Choi, Jee Young Jasmine, Christopher, Devasahayam J., Cohen, Aaron J., Dandona, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, Dang, Anh Kim, Daryani, Ahmad, de Courten, Barbora, Demeke, Feleke Mekonnen, Demoz, Gebre Teklemariam, De Neve, Jan Walter, Desai, Rupak, Dharmaratne, Samath Dhamminda, Diaz, Daniel, Douiri, Abdel, Driscoll, Tim Robert, Duken, Eyasu Ejeta, Eftekhari, Aziz, Elkout, Hajer, Endries, Aman Yesuf, Fadhil, Ibtihal, Faro, Andre, Farzadfar, Farshad, Fernandes, Eduarda, Filip, Irina, Fischer, Florian, Foroutan, Masoud, Garcia-Gordillo, M. A., Gebre, Abadi Kahsu, Gebremedhin, Ketema Bizuwork, Gebremeskel, Gebreamlak Gebremedhn, Gezae, Kebede Embaye, Ghoshal, Aloke Gopal, Gill, Paramjit Singh, Gillum, Richard F., Goudarzi, Houman, Guo, Yuming, Gupta, Rajeev, Hailu, Gessessew Bugssa, Hasanzadeh, Amir, Hassen, Hamid Yimam, Hay, Simon I., Hoang, Chi Linh, Hole, Michael K., Horita, Nobuyuki, Hosgood, H. Dean, Hostiuc, Mihaela, Househ, Mowafa, Ilesanmi, Olayinka Stephen, Ilic, Milena D., Irvani, Seyed Sina Naghibi, Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful, Jakovljevic, Mihajlo, Jamal, Amr A., Jha, Ravi Prakash, Jonas, Jost B., Kabir, Zubair, Kasaeian, Amir, Kasahun, Gebremicheal Gebreslassie, Kassa, Getachew Mullu, Kefale, Adane Teshome, Kengne, Andre Pascal, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khafaie, Morteza Abdullatif, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khan, Junaid, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kim, Young Eun, Kim, Yun Jin, Kisa, Sezer, Kisa, Adnan, Knibbs, Luke D., Komaki, Hamidreza, Koul, Parvaiz A., Koyanagi, Ai, Kumar, G. Anil, Lan, Qing, Lasrado, Savita, Lauriola, Paolo, La Vecchia, Carlo, Le, Tham Thi, Leigh, James, Levi, Miriam, Li, Shanshan, Lopez, Alan D., Lotufo, Paulo A., Madotto, Fabiana, Mahotra, Narayan B., Majdan, Marek, Majeed, Azeem, Malekzadeh, Reza, Mamun, Abdullah A., Manafi, Navid, Manafi, Farzad, Mantovani, Lorenzo Giovanni, Meharie, Birhanu Geta, Meles, Hagazi Gebre, Meles, Gebrekiros Gebremichael, Menezes, Ritesh G., Mestrovic, Tomislav, Miller, Ted R., Mini, G. K., Mirrakhimov, Erkin M., Moazen, Babak, Mohammad, Karzan Abdulmuhsin, Mohammed, Shafiu, Mohebi, Farnam, Mokdad, Ali H., Molokhia, Mariam, Monasta, Lorenzo, Moradi, Masoud, Moradi, Ghobad, Morawska, Lidia, Mousavi, Seyyed Meysam, Musa, Kamarul Imran, Mustafa, Ghulam, Naderi, Mehdi, Naghavi, Mohsen, Naik, Gurudatta, Nair, Sanjeev, Nangia, Vinay, Nansseu, Jobert Richie, Nazari, Javad, Ndwandwe, Duduzile Edith, Negoi, Ruxandra Irina, Nguyen, Trang Huyen, Nguyen, Cuong Tat, Nguyen, Huong Lan Thi, Nixon, Molly R., Ofori-Asenso, Richard, Ogbo, Felix Akpojene, Olagunju, Andrew T., Olagunju, Tinuke O., Oren, Eyal, Ortiz, Justin R., Owolabi, Mayowa O., Mahesh, M., Pakhale, Smita, Pana, Adrian, Panda-Jonas, Songhomitra, Park, Eun Kee, Pham, Hai Quang, Postma, Maarten J., Pourjafar, Hadi, Poustchi, Hossein, Radfar, Amir, Rafiei, Alireza, Rahim, Fakher, Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur, Rahman, Muhammad Aziz, Rawaf, Salman, Rawaf, David Laith, Rawal, Lal, Reiner, Robert C., Reitsma, Marissa Bettay, Roever, Leonardo, Ronfani, Luca, Roro, Elias Merdassa, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Rudd, Kristina E., Sabde, Yogesh Damodar, Sabour, Siamak, Saddik, Basema, Safari, Saeed, Saleem, Komal, Samy, Abdallah M., Santric-Milicevic, Milena M., Sao Jose, Bruno Piassi, Sartorius, Benn, Satpathy, Maheswar, Savic, Miloje, Sawhney, Monika, Sepanlou, Sadaf G., Shaikh, Masood Ali, Sheikh, Aziz, Shigematsu, Mika, Shirkoohi, Reza, Si, Si, Siabani, Soraya, Singh, Virendra, Singh, Jasvinder A., Soljak, Michael, Somayaji, Ranjani, Soofi, Moslem, Soyiri, Ireneous N., Tefera, Yonatal Mesfin, Temsah, Mohamad Hani, Tesfay, Berhe Etsay, Thakur, Jarnail Singh, Toma, Alemayehu Toma, Tortajada-Girbés, Miguel, Tran, Khanh Bao, Tran, Bach Xuan, Tudor Car, Lorainne, Ullah, Irfan, Vacante, Marco, Valdez, Pascual R., van Boven, Job F.M., Vasankari, Tommi Juhani, Veisani, Yousef, Violante, Francesco S., Wagner, Gregory R., Westerman, Ronny, Wolfe, Charles D.A., Wondafrash, Dawit Zewdu, Wondmieneh, Adam Belay, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yoon, Seok Jun, Zaidi, Zoubida, Zamani, Mohammad, Zar, Heather J., Zhang, Yunquan, and Vos, Theo
Abstract: Background: Previous attempts to characterise the burden of chronic respiratory diseases have focused only on specific disease conditions, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or asthma. In this study, we aimed to characterise the burden of chronic respiratory diseases globally, providing a comprehensive and up-to-date analysis on geographical and time trends from 1990 to 2017. Methods: Using data from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017, we estimated the prevalence, morbidity, and mortality attributable to chronic respiratory diseases through an analysis of deaths, disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and years of life lost (YLL) by GBD super-region, from 1990 to 2017, stratified by age and sex. Specific diseases analysed included asthma, COPD, interstitial lung disease and pulmonary sarcoidosis, pneumoconiosis, and other chronic respiratory diseases. We also assessed the contribution of risk factors (smoking, second-hand smoke, ambient particulate matter and ozone pollution, household air pollution from solid fuels, and occupational risks) to chronic respiratory disease-attributable DALYs. Findings: In 2017, 544·9 million people (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 506·9–584·8) worldwide had a chronic respiratory disease, representing an increase of 39·8% compared with 1990. Chronic respiratory disease prevalence showed wide variability across GBD super-regions, with the highest prevalence among both males and females in high-income regions, and the lowest prevalence in sub-Saharan Africa and south Asia. The age-sex-specific prevalence of each chronic respiratory disease in 2017 was also highly variable geographically. Chronic respiratory diseases were the third leading cause of death in 2017 (7·0% [95% UI 6·8–7·2] of all deaths), behind cardiovascular diseases and neoplasms. Deaths due to chronic respiratory diseases numbered 3 914 196 (95% UI 3 790 578–4 044 819) in 2017, an increase of 18·0% since 1990, whi
Published: 2020

183. Measuring universal health coverage based on an index of effective coverage of health services in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Author: Lozano, R, Fullman, N, Mumford, J, Knight, M, Barthelemy, C, Abbafati, C, Abbastabar, H, Abd-Allah, F, Abdollahi, M, Abedi, A, Abolhassani, H, Abosetugn, A, Abreu, L, Abrigo, M, Abu Haimed, A, Abushouk, A, Adabi, M, Adebayo, O, Adekanmbi, V, Adelson, J, Adetokunboh, O, Adham, D, Advani, S, Afshin, A, Agarwal, G, Agasthi, P, Aghamir, S, Agrawal, A, Ahmad, T, Akinyemi, R, Alahdab, F, Al-Aly, Z, Alam, K, Albertson, S, Alemu, Y, Alhassan, R, Ali, M, Ali, S, Alipour, V, Aljunid, S, Alla, F, Almadi, M, Almasi, A, Almasi-Hashiani, A, Almasri, N, Al-Mekhlafi, H, Almulhim, A, Alonso, J, Al-Raddadi, R, Altirkawi, K, Alvis-Guzman, N, Alvis-Zakzuk, N, Amini, S, Amini-Rarani, M, Amiri, F, Amit, A, Amugsi, D, Ancuceanu, R, Anderlini, D, Andrei, C, Androudi, S, Ansari, F, Ansari-Moghaddam, A, Antonio, C, Antony, C, Antriyandarti, E, Anvari, D, Anwer, R, Arabloo, J, Arab-Zozani, M, Aravkin, A, Aremu, O, Ärnlöv, J, Asaad, M, Asadi-Aliabadi, M, Asadi-Pooya, A, Ashbaugh, C, Athari, S, Atout, M, Ausloos, M, Avila-Burgos, L, Ayala Quintanilla, B, Ayano, G, Ayanore, M, Aynalem, Y, Aynalem, G, Ayza, M, Azari, S, Azzopardi, P, B, D, Babaee, E, Badiye, A, Bahrami, M, Baig, A, Bakhshaei, M, Bakhtiari, A, Bakkannavar, S, Balachandran, A, Balassyano, S, Banach, M, Banerjee, S, Banik, P, Bante, A, Bante, S, Barker-Collo, S, Bärnighausen, T, Barrero, L, Bassat, Q, Basu, S, Baune, B, Bayati, M, Baye, B, Bedi, N, Beghi, E, Behzadifar, M, Bekuma, T, Bell, M, Bensenor, I, Berman, A, Bernabe, E, Bernstein, R, Bhagavathula, A, Bhandari, D, Bhardwaj, P, Bhat, A, Bhattacharyya, K, Bhattarai, S, Bhutta, Z, Bijani, A, Bikbov, B, Bilano, V, Biondi, A, Birihane, B, Bockarie, M, Bohlouli, S, Bojia, H, Bolla, S, Boloor, A, Brady, O, Braithwaite, D, Briant, P, Briggs, A, Briko, N, Burugina Nagaraja, S, Busse, R, Butt, Z, Caetano dos Santos, F, Cahuana-Hurtado, L, Cámera, L, Cárdenas, R, Carreras, G, Carrero, J, Carvalho, F, Castaldelli-Maia, J, Castañeda-Orjuela, C, Castelpietra, G, Castro, F, Catalá-López, F, Causey, K, Cederroth, C, Cercy, K, Cerin, E, Chandan, J, Chang, A, Charan, J, Chattu, V, Chaturvedi, S, Chin, K, Cho, D, Choi, J, Christensen, H, Chu, D, Chung, M, Ciobanu, L, Cirillo, M, Comfort, H, Compton, K, Cortesi, P, Costa, V, Cousin, E, Dahlawi, S, Damiani, G, Dandona, L, Dandona, R, Darega Gela, J, Darwesh, A, Daryani, A, Dash, A, Davey, G, Dávila-Cervantes, C, Davletov, K, De Neve, J, Denova-Gutiérrez, E, Deribe, K, Dervenis, N, Desai, R, Dharmaratne, S, Dhungana, G, Dianatinasab, M, Dias da Silva, D, Diaz, D, Dippenaar, I, Do, H, Dorostkar, F, Doshmangir, L, Duncan, B, Duraes, A, Eagan, A, Edvardsson, D, El Sayed, I, El Tantawi, M, Elgendy, I, Elyazar, I, Eskandari, K, Eskandarieh, S, Esmaeilnejad, S, Esteghamati, A, Ezekannagha, O, Farag, T, Farahmand, M, Faraon, E, Farinha, C, Farioli, A, Faris, P, Faro, A, Fazlzadeh, M, Feigin, V, Fernandes, E, Ferrara, P, Feyissa, G, Filip, I, Fischer, F, Fisher, J, Flor, L, Foigt, N, Folayan, M, Fomenkov, A, Foroutan, M, Francis, J, Fu, W, Fukumoto, T, Furtado, J, Gad, M, Gaidhane, A, Gakidou, E, Galles, N, Gallus, S, Gardner, W, Geberemariyam, B, Gebrehiwot, A, Gebremeskel, L, Gebremeskel, G, Gesesew, H, Ghadiri, K, Ghafourifard, M, Ghashghaee, A, Ghith, N, Gholamian, A, Gilani, S, Gill, P, Gill, T, Ginindza, T, Gitimoghaddam, M, Giussani, G, Glagn, M, Gnedovskaya, E, Godinho, M, Goharinezhad, S, Gopalani, S, Goudarzian, A, Goulart, B, Gubari, M, Guimarães, R, Guled, R, Gultie, T, Guo, Y, Gupta, R, Hafezi-Nejad, N, Hafiz, A, Haile, T, Hamadeh, R, Hameed, S, Hamidi, S, Han, C, Han, H, Handiso, D, Hanif, A, Hankey, G, Haro, J, Hasaballah, A, Hasan, M, Hashi, A, Hassan, S, Hassan, A, Hassanipour, S, Hassankhani, H, Havmoeller, R, Hay, S, Hayat, K, Heidari, G, Heidari-Soureshjani, R, Hendrie, D, Herteliu, C, Hird, T, Ho, H, Hole, M, Holla, R, Hollingsworth, B, Hoogar, P, Hopf, K, Horita, N, Hossain, N, Hosseini, M, Hosseinzadeh, M, Hostiuc, M, Hostiuc, S, Househ, M, Hsieh, V, Hu, G, Huda, T, Humayun, A, Hwang, B, Iavicoli, I, Ibitoye, S, Ikeda, N, Ilesanmi, O, Ilic, I, Ilic, M, Inbaraj, L, Iqbal, U, Irvani, S, Irvine, C, Islam, M, Islam, S, Islami, F, Iso, H, Iwu, C, Jaafari, J, Jadidi-Niaragh, F, Jafarinia, M, Jahagirdar, D, Jahani, M, Jahanmehr, N, Jakovljevic, M, Janjani, H, Javaheri, T, Jayatilleke, A, Jenabi, E, Jha, R, Jha, V, Ji, J, Jia, P, John-Akinola, Y, Jonas, J, Joukar, F, Jozwiak, J, Jürisson, M, Kabir, Z, Kalankesh, L, Kalhor, R, Kamath, A, Kanchan, T, Kapoor, N, Karami Matin, B, Karanikolos, M, Karimi, S, Kassebaum, N, Katikireddi, S, Kayode, G, Keiyoro, P, Khader, Y, Khammarnia, M, Khan, M, Khan, E, Khang, Y, Khatab, K, Khater, A, Khater, M, Khatib, M, Khayamzadeh, M, Khubchandani, J, Kianipour, N, Kim, Y, Kimokoti, R, Kinfu, Y, Kisa, A, Kissimova-Skarbek, K, Kivimäki, M, Kneib, C, Kocarnik, J, Kochhar, S, Kohler, S, Kopec, J, Korotkova, A, Korshunov, V, Kosen, S, Kotlo, A, Koul, P, Koyanagi, A, Krishan, K, Krohn, K, Kugbey, N, Kulkarni, V, Kumar, G, Kumar, N, Kumar, M, Kurmi, O, Kusuma, D, Kyu, H, La Vecchia, C, Lacey, B, Lal, D, Lalloo, R, Landires, I, Lansingh, V, Larsson, A, Lasrado, S, Lau, K, Lauriola, P, Lazarus, J, Ledesma, J, Lee, P, Lee, S, Leever, A, Legrand, K, Leigh, J, Leonardi, M, Li, S, Lim, S, Lim, L, Liu, X, Logroscino, G, Lopez, A, Lopukhov, P, Lotufo, P, Lu, A, Ma, J, Madadin, M, Mahasha, P, Mahmoudi, M, Majeed, A, Malagón-Rojas, J, Maleki, S, Malta, D, Mansouri, B, Mansournia, M, Martini, S, Martins-Melo, F, Martopullo, I, Massenburg, B, Mastrogiacomo, C, Mathur, M, Mcalinden, C, Mckee, M, Medina-Solís, C, Meharie, B, Mehndiratta, M, Mehrabi Nasab, E, Mehri, F, Mehrotra, R, Mekonnen, T, Melese, A, Memiah, P, Mendoza, W, Menezes, R, Mensah, G, Meretoja, T, Meretoja, A, Mestrovic, T, Miazgowski, B, Michalek, I, Mirrakhimov, E, Mirzaei, M, Mirzaei-Alavijeh, M, Mitchell, P, Moazen, B, Moghadaszadeh, M, Mohamadi, E, Mohammad, Y, Mohammad, D, Mohammad Gholi Mezerji, N, Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A, Mohammed, S, 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Abstract: Background: Achieving universal health coverage (UHC) involves all people receiving the health services they need, of high quality, without experiencing financial hardship. Making progress towards UHC is a policy priority for both countries and global institutions, as highlighted by the agenda of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and WHO's Thirteenth General Programme of Work (GPW13). Measuring effective coverage at the health-system level is important for understanding whether health services are aligned with countries' health profiles and are of sufficient quality to produce health gains for populations of all ages. Methods: Based on the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019, we assessed UHC effective coverage for 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019. Drawing from a measurement framework developed through WHO's GPW13 consultation, we mapped 23 effective coverage indicators to a matrix representing health service types (eg, promotion, prevention, and treatment) and five population-age groups spanning from reproductive and newborn to older adults (≥65 years). Effective coverage indicators were based on intervention coverage or outcome-based measures such as mortality-to-incidence ratios to approximate access to quality care; outcome-based measures were transformed to values on a scale of 0–100 based on the 2·5th and 97·5th percentile of location-year values. We constructed the UHC effective coverage index by weighting each effective coverage indicator relative to its associated potential health gains, as measured by disability-adjusted life-years for each location-year and population-age group. For three tests of validity (content, known-groups, and convergent), UHC effective coverage index performance was generally better than that of other UHC service coverage indices from WHO (ie, the current metric for SDG indicator 3.8.1 on UHC service coverage), the World Bank, and GBD 2017. We quantified frontiers of UHC e
Published: 2020

184. Estimating global injuries morbidity and mortality: Methods and data used in the Global Burden of Disease 2017 study

Author: James, S, Castle, C, Dingels, Z, Fox, J, Hamilton, E, Liu, Z, Roberts, N, Sylte, D, Bertolacci, G, Cunningham, M, Henry, N, Legrand, K, Abdelalim, A, Abdollahpour, I, Abdulkader, R, Abedi, A, Abegaz, K, Abosetugn, A, Abushouk, A, Adebayo, O, Adsuar, J, Advani, S, Agudelo-Botero, M, Ahmad, T, Ahmed, M, Ahmed, R, Eddine Aichour, M, Alahdab, F, Alanezi, F, Alema, N, Alemu, B, Alghnam, S, Ali, B, Ali, S, Alinia, C, Alipour, V, Aljunid, S, Almasi-Hashiani, A, Almasri, N, Altirkawi, K, Abdeldayem Amer, Y, Andrei, C, Ansari-Moghaddam, A, T Antonio, C, Anvari, D, Yaw Appiah, S, Arabloo, J, Arab-Zozani, M, Arefi, Z, Aremu, O, Ariani, F, Arora, A, Asaad, M, Ayala Quintanilla, B, Ayano, G, Ayanore, M, Azarian, G, Badawi, A, Badiye, A, Baig, A, Bairwa, M, Bakhtiari, A, Balachandran, A, Banach, M, Banerjee, S, Banik, P, Banstola, A, Barker-Collo, S, Bärnighausen, T, Barzegar, A, Bayati, M, Bazargan-Hejazi, S, Bedi, N, Behzadifar, M, Belete, H, Bennett, D, Bensenor, I, Berhe, K, 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Abstract: Background: While there is a long history of measuring death and disability from injuries, modern research methods must account for the wide spectrum of disability that can occur in an injury, and must provide estimates with sufficient demographic, geographical and temporal detail to be useful for policy makers. The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2017 study used methods to provide highly detailed estimates of global injury burden that meet these criteria. Methods: In this study, we report and discuss the methods used in GBD 2017 for injury morbidity and mortality burden estimation. In summary, these methods included estimating cause-specific mortality for every cause of injury, and then estimating incidence for every cause of injury. Non-fatal disability for each cause is then calculated based on the probabilities of suffering from different types of bodily injury experienced. Results: GBD 2017 produced morbidity and mortality estimates for 38 causes of injury. Estimates were produced in terms of incidence, prevalence, years lived with disability, cause-specific mortality, years of life lost and disability-adjusted life-years for a 28-year period for 22 age groups, 195 countries and both sexes. Conclusions: GBD 2017 demonstrated a complex and sophisticated series of analytical steps using the largest known database of morbidity and mortality data on injuries. GBD 2017 results should be used to help inform injury prevention policy making and resource allocation. We also identify important avenues for improving injury burden estimation in the future.
Published: 2020

185. Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019:a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Author: Vos, Theo, Lim, Stephen S, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbas, Kaja M, Abbasi, Mohammad, Abbasifard, Mitra, Abbasi-Kangevari, Mohsen, Abbastabar, Hedayat, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdelalim, Ahmed, Abdollahi, Mohammad, Abdollahpour, Ibrahim, Abolhassani, Hassan, Aboyans, Victor, Abrams, Elissa M, Abreu, Lucas Guimarães, Abrigo, Michael R M, Abu-Raddad, Laith Jamal, Abushouk, Abdelrahman I, Acebedo, Alyssa, Ackerman, Ilana N, Adabi, Maryam, Adamu, Abdu A, Adebayo, Oladimeji M, Adekanmbi, Victor, Adelson, Jaimie D, Adetokunboh, Olatunji O, Adham, Davoud, Afshari, Mahdi, Afshin, Ashkan, Agardh, Emilie E, Agarwal, Gina, Agesa, Kareha M, Aghaali, Mohammad, Aghamir, Seyed Mohammad Kazem, Agrawal, Anurag, Ahmad, Tauseef, Ahmadi, Alireza, Ahmadi, Mehdi, Ahmadieh, Hamid, Ahmadpour, Ehsan, Akalu, Temesgen Yihunie, Akinyemi, Rufus Olusola, Akinyemiju, Tomi, Akombi, Blessing, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Noore, Alam, Samiah, Alam, Tahiya, Alanzi, Turki M, Albertson, Samuel B, Alcalde-Rabanal, Jacqueline Elizabeth, Alema, Niguse Meles, Ali, Muhammad, Ali, Saqib, Alicandro, Gianfranco, Alijanzadeh, Mehran, Alinia, Cyrus, Alipour, Vahid, Aljunid, Syed Mohamed, Alla, François, Allebeck, Peter, Almasi-Hashiani, Amir, Alonso, Jordi, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa M, Altirkawi, Khalid A, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Alvis-Zakzuk, Nelson J, Amini, Saeed, Amini-Rarani, Mostafa, Aminorroaya, Arya, Amiri, Fatemeh, Amit, Arianna Maever L, Amugsi, Dickson A, Amul, Gianna Gayle Herrera, Anderlini, Deanna, Andrei, Catalina Liliana, Andrei, Tudorel, Anjomshoa, Mina, Ansari, Fereshteh, Ansari, Iman, Ansari-Moghaddam, Alireza, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Antony, Catherine M, Antriyandarti, Ernoiz, Anvari, Davood, Anwer, Razique, Arabloo, Jalal, Arab-Zozani, Morteza, Aravkin, Aleksandr Y, Ariani, Filippo, Ärnlöv, Johan, Aryal, Krishna K, Arzani, Afsaneh, Asadi-Aliabadi, Mehran, Asadi-Pooya, Ali A, Asghari, Babak, Ashbaugh, Charlie, Atnafu, Desta Debalkie, Atre, Sachin R, Ausloos, Floriane, Ausloos, Marcel, Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina Ayala, Ayano, Getinet, Ayanore, Martin Amogre, Aynalem, Yared Asmare, Azari, Samad, Azarian, Ghasem, Azene, Zelalem Nigussie, Babaee, Ebrahim, Badawi, Alaa, Bagherzadeh, Mojtaba, Bakhshaei, Mohammad Hossein, Bakhtiari, Ahad, Balakrishnan, Senthilkumar, Balalla, Shivanthi, Balassyano, Shelly, Banach, Maciej, Banik, Palash Chandra, Bannick, Marlena S, Bante, Agegnehu Bante, Baraki, Adhanom Gebreegziabher, Barboza, Miguel A, Barker-Collo, Suzanne Lyn, Barthelemy, Celine M, Barua, Lingkan, Barzegar, Akbar, Basu, Sanjay, Baune, Bernhard T, Bayati, Mohsen, Bazmandegan, Gholamreza, Bedi, Neeraj, Beghi, Ettore, Béjot, Yannick, Bello, Aminu K, Bender, Rose G, Bennett, Derrick A, Bennitt, Fiona B, Bensenor, Isabela M, Benziger, Catherine P, Berhe, Kidanemaryam, Bernabe, Eduardo, Bertolacci, Gregory J, Bhageerathy, Reshmi, Bhala, Neeraj, Bhandari, Dinesh, Bhardwaj, Pankaj, Bhattacharyya, Krittika, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A, Bibi, Sadia, Biehl, Molly H, Bikbov, Boris, Sayeed, Muhammad Shahdaat Bin, Biondi, Antonio, Birihane, Binyam Minuye, Bisanzio, Donal, Bisignano, Catherine, Biswas, Raaj Kishore, Bohlouli, Somayeh, Bohluli, Mehdi, Bolla, Srinivasa Rao Rao, Boloor, Archith, Boon-Dooley, Alexandra S, Borges, Guilherme, Borzì, Antonio Maria, Bourne, Rupert, Brady, Oliver J, Brauer, Michael, Brayne, Carol, Breitborde, Nicholas J K, Brenner, Hermann, Briant, Paul Svitil, Briggs, Andrew M, Briko, Nikolay Ivanovich, Britton, Gabrielle B, Bryazka, Dana, Buchbinder, Rachelle, Bumgarner, Blair R, Busse, Reinhard, Butt, Zahid A, Santos, Florentino Luciano Caetano dos, Cámera, Luis LA Alberto, Campos-Nonato, Ismael R, Car, Josip, Cárdenas, Rosario, Carreras, Giulia, Carrero, Juan J, Carvalho, Felix, Castaldelli-Maia, Joao Mauricio, Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos A, Castelpietra, Giulio, Castle, Chris D, Castro, Franz, Catalá-López, Ferrán, Causey, Kate, Cederroth, Christopher R, Cercy, Kelly M, Cerin, Ester, Chandan, Joht Singh, Chang, Alex R, Charlson, Fiona J, Chattu, Vijay Kumar, Chaturvedi, Sarika, Chimed-Ochir, Odgerel, Chin, Ken Lee, Cho, Daniel Youngwhan, Christensen, Hanne, Chu, Dinh-Toi, Chung, Michael T, Cicuttini, Flavia M, Ciobanu, Liliana G, Cirillo, Massimo, Collins, Emma L, Compton, Kelly, Conti, Sara, Cortesi, Paolo Angelo, Costa, Vera Marisa, Cousin, Ewerton, Cowden, Richard G, Cowie, Benjamin C, Cromwell, Elizabeth A, Cross, Di H, Crowe, Christopher Stephen, Cruz, Jessica A, Cunningham, Matthew, Dahlawi, Saad M A, Damiani, Giovanni, Dandona, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, Darwesh, Aso Mohammad, Daryani, Ahmad, Das, Jai K, Gupta, Rajat Das, Neves, José das, Dávila-Cervantes, Claudio Alberto, Davletov, Kairat, Leo, Diego De, Dean, Frances E, DeCleene, Nicole K, Deen, Amanda, Degenhardt, Louisa, Dellavalle, Robert Paul, Demeke, Feleke Mekonnen, Demsie, Desalegn Getnet, Denova-Gutiérrez, Edgar, Dereje, Nebiyu Dereje, Dervenis, Nikolaos, Desai, Rupak, Desalew, Assefa, Dessie, Getenet Ayalew, Dharmaratne, Samath Dhamminda, Dhungana, Govinda Prasad, Dianatinasab, Mostafa, Diaz, Daniel, Forooshani, Zahra Sadat Dibaji, Dingels, Zachary V, Dirac, M Ashworth, Djalalinia, Shirin, Do, Hoa Thi, Dokova, Klara, Dorostkar, Fariba, Doshi, Chirag P, Doshmangir, Leila, Douiri, Abdel, Doxey, Matthew C, Driscoll, Tim Robert, Dunachie, Susanna J, Duncan, Bruce B, Duraes, Andre Rodrigues, Eagan, Arielle Wilder, Kalan, Mohammad Ebrahimi, Edvardsson, David, Ehrlich, Joshua R, Nahas, Nevine El, Sayed, Iman El, Tantawi, Maha El, Elbarazi, Iffat, Elgendy, Islam Y, Elhabashy, Hala Rashad, El-Jaafary, Shaimaa I, Elyazar, Iqbal RF, Emamian, Mohammad Hassan, Emmons-Bell, Sophia, Erskine, Holly E, Eshrati, Babak, Eskandarieh, Sharareh, Esmaeilnejad, Saman, Esmaeilzadeh, Firooz, Esteghamati, Alireza, Estep, Kara, Etemadi, Arash, Etisso, Atkilt Esaiyas, Farahmand, Mohammad, Faraj, Anwar, Fareed, Mohammad, Faridnia, Roghiyeh, Farinha, Carla Sofia e Sá, Farioli, Andrea, Faro, Andre, Faruque, Mithila, Farzadfar, Farshad, Fattahi, Nazir, Fazlzadeh, Mehdi, Feigin, Valery L, Feldman, Rachel, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Fernandes, Eduarda, Ferrari, Alize J, Ferreira, Manuela L, Filip, Irina, Fischer, Florian, Fisher, James L, Fitzgerald, Ryan, Flohr, Carsten, Flor, Luisa Sorio, Foigt, Nataliya A, Folayan, Morenike Oluwatoyin, Force, Lisa M, Fornari, Carla, Foroutan, Masoud, Fox, Jack T, Freitas, Marisa, Fu, Weijia, Fukumoto, Takeshi, Furtado, João M, Gad, Mohamed M, Gakidou, Emmanuela, Galles, Natalie C, Gallus, Silvano, Gamkrelidze, Amiran, Garcia-Basteiro, Alberto L, Gardner, William M, Geberemariyam, Biniyam Sahiledengle, Gebrehiwot, Abiyu Mekonnen, Gebremedhin, Ketema Bizuwork, Gebreslassie, Assefa Ayalew Ayalew Ayalew, Hayoon, Anna Gershberg, Gething, Peter W, Ghadimi, Maryam, Ghadiri, Keyghobad, Ghafourifard, Mansour, Ghajar, Alireza, Ghamari, Farhad, Ghashghaee, Ahmad, Ghiasvand, Hesam, Ghith, Nermin, Gholamian, Asadollah, Gilani, Syed Amir, Gill, Paramjit Singh, Gitimoghaddam, Mojgan, Giussani, Giorgia, Goli, Srinivas, Gomez, Ricardo Santiago, Gopalani, Sameer Vali, Gorini, Giuseppe, Gorman, Taren M, Gottlich, Harrison Chase, Goudarzi, Houman, Goulart, Alessandra C, Goulart, Bárbara Niegia Garcia, Grada, Ayman, Grivna, Michal, Grosso, Giuseppe, Gubari, Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen, Gugnani, Harish Chander, Guimaraes, Andre Luiz Sena, Guimarães, Rafael Alves, Guled, Rashid Abdi, Guo, Gaorui, Guo, Yuming, Gupta, Rajeev, Haagsma, Juanita A, Haddock, Beatrix, Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Hafiz, Abdul, Hagins, Hailey, Haile, Lydia M, Hall, Brian J, Halvaei, Iman, Hamadeh, Randah R, Abdullah, Kanaan Hamagharib, Hamilton, Erin B, Han, Chieh, Han, Hannah, Hankey, Graeme J, Haro, Josep Maria, Harvey, James D, Hasaballah, Ahmed I, Hasanzadeh, Amir, Hashemian, Maryam, Hassanipour, Soheil, Hassankhani, Hadi, Havmoeller, Rasmus J, Hay, Roderick J, Hay, Simon I, Hayat, Khezar, Heidari, Behnam, Heidari, Golnaz, Heidari-Soureshjani, Reza, Hendrie, Delia, Henrikson, Hannah J, Henry, Nathaniel J, Herteliu, Claudiu, Heydarpour, Fatemeh, Hird, Thomas R, Hoek, Hans W, Hole, Michael K, Holla, Ramesh, Hoogar, Praveen, Hosgood, H Dean, Hosseinzadeh, Mehdi, Hostiuc, Mihaela, Hostiuc, Sorin, Househ, Mowafa, Hoy, Damian G, Hsairi, Mohamed, Hsieh, Vivian Chia-rong, Hu, Guoqing, Huda, Tanvir M, Hugo, Fernando N, Huynh, Chantal K, Hwang, Bing-Fang, Iannucci, Vincent C, Ibitoye, Segun Emmanuel, Ikuta, Kevin S, Ilesanmi, Olayinka Stephen, Ilic, Irena M, Ilic, Milena D, Inbaraj, Leeberk Raja, Ippolito, Helen, Irvani, Seyed Sina Naghibi, Islam, M Mofizul, Islam, MdMohaimenul, Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful, Islami, Farhad, Iso, Hiroyasu, Ivers, Rebecca Q, Iwu, Chidozie C D, Iyamu, Ihoghosa Osamuyi, Jaafari, Jalil, Jacobsen, Kathryn H, Jadidi-Niaragh, Farhad, Jafari, Hussain, Jafarinia, Morteza, Jahagirdar, Deepa, Jahani, Mohammad Ali, Jahanmehr, Nader, Jakovljevic, Mihajlo, Jalali, Amir, Jalilian, Farzad, James, Spencer L, Janjani, Hosna, Janodia, Manthan Dilipkumar, Jayatilleke, Achala Upendra, Jeemon, Panniyammakal, Jenabi, Ensiyeh, Jha, Ravi Prakash, Jha, Vivekanand, Ji, John S, Jia, Peng, John, Oommen, John-Akinola, Yetunde O, Johnson, Catherine Owens, Johnson, Sarah Charlotte, Jonas, Jost B, Joo, Tamas, Joshi, Ankur, Jozwiak, Jacek Jerzy, Jürisson, Mikk, Kabir, Ali, Kabir, Zubair, Kalani, Hamed, Kalani, Rizwan, Kalankesh, Leila R, Kalhor, Rohollah, Kamiab, Zahra, Kanchan, Tanuj, Matin, Behzad Karami, Karch, André, Karim, Mohd Anisul, Karimi, Salah Eddin, Kassa, Getachew Mullu, Kassebaum, Nicholas J, Katikireddi, Srinivasa Vittal, Kawakami, Norito, Kayode, Gbenga A, Keddie, Suzanne H, Keller, Cathleen, Kereselidze, Maia, Khafaie, Morteza Abdullatif, Khalid, Nauman, Khan, Maseer, Khatab, Khaled, Khater, Mona M, Khatib, Mahalaqua Nazli, Khayamzadeh, Maryam, Khodayari, Mohammad Taghi, Khundkar, Roba, Kianipour, Neda, Kieling, Christian, Kim, Daniel, Kim, Young-Eun, Kim, Yun Jin, Kimokoti, Ruth W, Kisa, Adnan, Kisa, Sezer, Kissimova-Skarbek, Katarzyna, Kivimäki, Mika, Kneib, Cameron J, Knudsen, Ann Kristin Skrindo, Kocarnik, Jonathan M, Kolola, Tufa, Kopec, Jacek A, Kosen, Soewarta, Koul, Parvaiz A, Koyanagi, Ai, Kravchenko, Michael A, Krishan, Kewal, Krohn, Kris J, Defo, Barthelemy Kuate, Bicer, Burcu Kucuk, Kumar, G Anil, Kumar, Manasi, Kumar, Pushpendra, Kumar, Vivek, Kumaresh, Girikumar, Kurmi, Om P, Kusuma, Dian, Kyu, Hmwe Hmwe, Vecchia, Carlo La, Lacey, Ben, Lal, Dharmesh Kumar, Lalloo, Ratilal, Lam, Jennifer O, Lami, Faris Hasan, Landires, Iván, Lang, Justin J, Lansingh, Van Charles, Larson, Samantha Leigh, Larsson, Anders O, Lasrado, Savita, Lassi, Zohra S, Lau, Kathryn Mei-Ming, Lavados, Pablo M, Lazarus, Jeffrey V, Ledesma, Jorge R, Lee, Paul H, Lee, Shaun Wen Huey, LeGrand, Kate E, Leigh, James, Leonardi, Matilde, Lescinsky, Haley, Leung, Janni, Levi, Miriam, Lewington, Sarah, Li, Shanshan, Lim, Lee-Ling, Lin, Christine, Lin, Ro-Ting, Linehan, Christine, Linn, Shai, Liu, Hung-Chun, Liu, Shiwei, Liu, Zichen, Looker, Katharine J, Lopez, Alan D, Lopukhov, Platon D, Lorkowski, Stefan, Lotufo, Paulo A, Lucas, Tim C D, Lugo, Alessandra, Lunevicius, Raimundas, Lyons, Ronan A, Ma, Jianing, MacLachlan, Jennifer H, Maddison, Emilie R, Maddison, Ralph, Madotto, Fabiana, Mahasha, Phetole Walter, Mai, Hue Thi, Majeed, Azeem, Maled, Venkatesh, Maleki, Shokofeh, Malekzadeh, Reza, Malta, Deborah Carvalho, Mamun, Abdullah A, Manafi, Amir, Manafi, Navid, Manguerra, Helena, Mansouri, Borhan, Mansournia, Mohammad Ali, Herrera, Ana M Mantilla, Maravilla, Joemer C, Marks, Ashley, Martins-Melo, Francisco Rogerlândio, Martopullo, Ira, Masoumi, Seyedeh Zahra, Massano, João, Massenburg, Benjamin Ballard, Mathur, Manu Raj, Maulik, Pallab K, McAlinden, Colm, McGrath, John J, McKee, Martin, Mehndiratta, Man Mohan, Mehri, Fereshteh, Mehta, Kala M, Meitei, Wahengbam Bigyananda, Memiah, Peter T N, Mendoza, Walter, Menezes, Ritesh G, Mengesha, Endalkachew Worku, Mengesha, Meresa Berwo, Mereke, Alibek, Meretoja, Atte, Meretoja, Tuomo J, Mestrovic, Tomislav, Miazgowski, Bartosz, Miazgowski, Tomasz, Michalek, Irmina Maria, Mihretie, Kebadnew Mulatu, Miller, Ted R, Mills, Edward J, Mirica, Andreea, Mirrakhimov, Erkin M, Mirzaei, Hamed, Mirzaei, Maryam, Mirzaei-Alavijeh, Mehdi, Misganaw, Awoke Temesgen, Mithra, Prasanna, Moazen, Babak, Moghadaszadeh, Masoud, Mohamadi, Efat, Mohammad, Dara K, Mohammad, Yousef, Mezerji, Naser Mohammad Gholi, Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Abdollah, Mohammadifard, Noushin, Mohammadpourhodki, Reza, Mohammed, Shafiu, Mokdad, Ali H, Molokhia, Mariam, Momen, Natalie C, Monasta, Lorenzo, Mondello, Stefania, Mooney, Meghan D, Moosazadeh, Mahmood, Moradi, Ghobad, Moradi, Masoud, Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Moradzadeh, Rahmatollah, Moraga, Paula, Morales, Linda, Morawska, Lidia, Velásquez, Ilais Moreno, Morgado-da-Costa, Joana, Morrison, Shane Douglas, Mosser, Jonathan F, Mouodi, Simin, Mousavi, Seyyed Meysam, Khaneghah, Amin Mousavi, Mueller, Ulrich Otto, Munro, Sandra B, Muriithi, Moses K, Musa, Kamarul Imran, Muthupandian, Saravanan, Naderi, Mehdi, Nagarajan, Ahamarshan Jayaraman, Nagel, Gabriele, Naghshtabrizi, Behshad, Nair, Sanjeev, Nandi, Anita K, Nangia, Vinay, Nansseu, Jobert Richie, Nayak, Vinod C, Nazari, Javad, Negoi, Ionut, Negoi, Ruxandra Irina, Netsere, Henok Biresaw Netsere, Ngunjiri, Josephine W, Nguyen, Cuong Tat, Nguyen, Jason, Nguyen, Michele, Nguyen, Minh, Nichols, Emma, Nigatu, Dabere, Nigatu, Yeshambel T, Nikbakhsh, Rajan, Nixon, Molly R, Nnaji, Chukwudi A, Nomura, Shuhei, Norrving, Bo, Noubiap, Jean Jacques, Nowak, Christoph, Nunez-Samudio, Virginia, Oţoiu, Adrian, Oancea, Bogdan, Odell, Christopher M, Ogbo, Felix Akpojene, Oh, In-Hwan, Okunga, Emmanuel Wandera, Oladnabi, Morteza, Olagunju, Andrew T, Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola, Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun, Oluwasanu, Mojisola Morenike, Bali, Ahmed Omar, Omer, Muktar Omer, Ong, Kanyin L, Onwujekwe, Obinna E, Orji, Aislyn U, Orpana, Heather M, Ortiz, Alberto, Ostroff, Samuel M, Otstavnov, Nikita, Otstavnov, Stanislav S, Øverland, Simon, Owolabi, Mayowa O, A, Mahesh P, Padubidri, Jagadish Rao, Pakhare, Abhijit P, Palladino, Raffaele, Pana, Adrian, Panda-Jonas, Songhomitra, Pandey, Anamika, Park, Eun-Kee, Parmar, Priya G Kumari, Pasupula, Deepak Kumar, Patel, Sangram Kishor, Paternina-Caicedo, Angel J, Pathak, Ashish, Pathak, Mona, Patten, Scott B, Patton, George C, Paudel, Deepak, Toroudi, Hamidreza Pazoki, Peden, Amy E, Pennini, Alyssa, Pepito, Veincent Christian Filipino, Peprah, Emmanuel K, Pereira, Alexandre, Pereira, David M, Perico, Norberto, Pham, Hai Quang, Phillips, Michael R, Pigott, David M, Pilgrim, Thomas, Pilz, Tessa M, Pirsaheb, Meghdad, Plana-Ripoll, Oleguer, Plass, Dietrich, Pokhrel, Khem Narayan, Polibin, Roman V, Polinder, Suzanne, Polkinghorne, Kevan R, Postma, Maarten J, Pourjafar, Hadi, Pourmalek, Farshad, Kalhori, Reza Pourmirza, Pourshams, Akram, Poznańska, Anna, Prada, Sergio I, Prakash, V, Pribadi, Dimas Ria Angga, Pupillo, Elisabetta, Syed, Zahiruddin Quazi, Rabiee, Mohammad, Rabiee, Navid, Radfar, Amir, Rafiee, Ata, Rafiei, Alireza, Raggi, Alberto, Rahimi-Movaghar, Afarin, Rahman, Muhammad Aziz, Rajabpour-Sanati, Ali, Rajati, Fatemeh, Ramezanzadeh, Kiana, Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal, Rao, Puja C, Rao, Sowmya J, Rasella, Davide, Rastogi, Prateek, Rathi, Priya, Rawaf, David Laith, Rawaf, Salman, Rawal, Lal, Razo, Christian, Redford, Sofia Boston, Reiner, Robert C, Reinig, Nickolas, Reitsma, Marissa Bettay, Remuzzi, Giuseppe, Renjith, Vishnu, Renzaho, Andre M N, Resnikoff, Serge, Rezaei, Nima, Rezai, Mohammad sadegh, Rezapour, Aziz, Rhinehart, Phoebe-Anne, Riahi, Seyed Mohammad, Ribeiro, Antonio Luiz P, Ribeiro, Daniel Cury, Ribeiro, Daniela, Rickard, Jennifer, Roberts, Nicholas L S, Roberts, Shaun, Robinson, Stephen R, Roever, Leonardo, Rolfe, Sam, Ronfani, Luca, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Roth, Gregory A, Rubagotti, Enrico, Rumisha, Susan Fred, Sabour, Siamak, Sachdev, Perminder S, Saddik, Basema, Sadeghi, Ehsan, Sadeghi, Masoumeh, Saeidi, Shahram, Safi, Sare, Safiri, Saeid, Sagar, Rajesh, Sahebkar, Amirhossein, Sahraian, Mohammad Ali, Sajadi, S Mohammad, Salahshoor, Mohammad Reza, Salamati, Payman, Zahabi, Saleh Salehi, Salem, Hosni, Salem, Marwa R Rashad, Salimzadeh, Hamideh, Salomon, Joshua A, Salz, Inbal, Samad, Zainab, Samy, Abdallah M, Sanabria, Juan, Santomauro, Damian Francesco, Santos, Itamar S, Santos, João Vasco, Santric-Milicevic, Milena M, Saraswathy, Sivan Yegnanarayana Iyer, Sarmiento-Suárez, Rodrigo, Sarrafzadegan, Nizal, Sartorius, Benn, Sarveazad, Arash, Sathian, Brijesh, Sathish, Thirunavukkarasu, Sattin, Davide, Sbarra, Alyssa N, Schaeffer, Lauren E, Schiavolin, Silvia, Schmidt, Maria Inês, Schutte, Aletta Elisabeth, Schwebel, David C, Schwendicke, Falk, Senbeta, Anbissa Muleta, Senthilkumaran, Subramanian, Sepanlou, Sadaf G, Shackelford, Katya Anne, Shadid, Jamileh, Shahabi, Saeed, Shaheen, Amira A, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Shalash, Ali S, Shams-Beyranvand, Mehran, Shamsizadeh, Morteza, Shannawaz, Mohammed, Sharafi, Kiomars, Sharara, Fablina, Sheena, Brittney S, Sheikhtaheri, Abbas, Shetty, Ranjitha S, Shibuya, Kenji, Shiferaw, Wondimeneh Shibabaw, Shigematsu, Mika, Shin, Jae Il, Shiri, Rahman, Shirkoohi, Reza, Shrime, Mark G, Shuval, Kerem, Siabani, Soraya, Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora, Sigurvinsdottir, Rannveig, Silva, João Pedro, Simpson, Kyle E, Singh, Ambrish, Singh, Jasvinder A, Skiadaresi, Eirini, Skou, Søren T Skou, Skryabin, Valentin Yurievich, Sobngwi, Eugene, Sokhan, Anton, Soltani, Shahin, Sorensen, Reed J D, Soriano, Joan B, Sorrie, Muluken Bekele, Soyiri, Ireneous N, Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T, Stanaway, Jeffrey D, Stark, Benjamin A, Ştefan, Simona Cătălina, Stein, Caroline, Steiner, Caitlyn, Steiner, Timothy J, Stokes, Mark A, Stovner, Lars Jacob, Stubbs, Jacob L, Sudaryanto, Agus, Sufiyan, Mu'awiyyah Babale, Sulo, Gerhard, Sultan, Iyad, Sykes, Bryan L, Sylte, Dillon O, Szócska, Miklós, Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael, Tabb, Karen M, Tadakamadla, Santosh Kumar, Taherkhani, 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Sultan, Iyad, Sykes, Bryan L, Sylte, Dillon O, Szócska, Miklós, Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael, Tabb, Karen M, Tadakamadla, Santosh Kumar, Taherkhani, Amir, Tajdini, Masih, Takahashi, Ken, Taveira, Nuno, Teagle, Whitney L, Teame, Hirut, Tehrani-Banihashemi, Arash, Teklehaimanot, Berhane Fseha, Terrason, Sonyah, Tessema, Zemenu Tadesse, Thankappan, Kavumpurathu Raman, Thomson, Azalea M, Tohidinik, Hamid Reza, Tonelli, Marcello, Topor-Madry, Roman, Torre, Anna E, Touvier, Mathilde, Tovani-Palone, Marcos Roberto Roberto, Tran, Bach Xuan, Travillian, Ravensara, Troeger, Christopher E, Truelsen, Thomas Clement, Tsai, Alexander C, Tsatsakis, Aristidis, Car, Lorainne Tudor, Tyrovolas, Stefanos, Uddin, Riaz, Ullah, Saif, Undurraga, Eduardo A, Unnikrishnan, Bhaskaran, Vacante, Marco, Vakilian, Alireza, Valdez, Pascual R, Varughese, Santosh, Vasankari, Tommi Juhani, Vasseghian, Yasser, Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy, Violante, Francesco S, Vlassov, Vasily, Vollset, Stein Emil, Vongpradith, Avina, Vukovic, Ana, Vukovic, Rade, Waheed, Yasir, Walters, Madgalene K, Wang, Jiayu, Wang, Yafeng, Wang, Yuan-Pang, Ward, Joseph L, Watson, Alexandrea, Wei, Jingkai, Weintraub, Robert G, Weiss, Daniel J, Weiss, Jordan, Westerman, Ronny, Whisnant, Joanna L, Whiteford, Harvey A, Wiangkham, Taweewat, Wiens, Kirsten E, Wijeratne, Tissa, Wilner, Lauren B, Wilson, Shadrach, Wojtyniak, Bogdan, Wolfe, Charles D A, Wool, Eve E, Wu, Ai-Min, Hanson, Sarah Wulf, Wunrow, Han Yong, Xu, Gelin, Xu, Rixing, Yadgir, Simon, Jabbari, Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh, Yamagishi, Kazumasa, Yaminfirooz, Mousa, Yano, Yuichiro, Yaya, Sanni, Yazdi-Feyzabadi, Vahid, Yearwood, Jamal A, Yeheyis, Tomas Y, Yeshitila, Yordanos Gizachew, Yip, Paul, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yoon, Seok-Jun, Lebni, Javad Yoosefi, Younis, Mustafa Z, Younker, Theodore Patrick, Yousefi, Zabihollah, Yousefifard, Mahmoud, Yousefinezhadi, Taraneh, Yousuf, Abdilahi Yousuf, Yu, Chuanhua, Yusefzadeh, Hasan, Moghadam, Telma Zahirian, Zaki, Leila, Zaman, Sojib Bin, Zamani, Mohammad, Zamanian, Maryam, Zandian, Hamed, Zangeneh, Alireza, Zastrozhin, Mikhail Sergeevich, Zewdie, Kaleab Alemayehu, Zhang, Yunquan, Zhang, Zhi-Jiang, Zhao, Jeff T, Zhao, Yingxi, Zheng, Peng, Zhou, Maigeng, Ziapour, Arash, Zimsen, Stephanie R M, Naghavi, Mohsen, and Murray, Christopher J L
Abstract: Background In an era of shifting global agendas and expanded emphasis on non-communicable diseases and injuries along with communicable diseases, sound evidence on trends by cause at the national level is essential. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) provides a systematic scientific assessment of published, publicly available, and contributed data on incidence, prevalence, and mortality for a mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive list of diseases and injuries. Methods GBD estimates incidence, prevalence, mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) due to 369 diseases and injuries, for two sexes, and for 204 countries and territories. Input data were extracted from censuses, household surveys, civil registration and vital statistics, disease registries, health service use, air pollution monitors, satellite imaging, disease notifications, and other sources. Cause-specific death rates and cause fractions were calculated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model and spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression. Cause-specific deaths were adjusted to match the total all-cause deaths calculated as part of the GBD population, fertility, and mortality estimates. Deaths were multiplied by standard life expectancy at each age to calculate YLLs. A Bayesian meta-regression modelling tool, DisMod-MR 2.1, was used to ensure consistency between incidence, prevalence, remission, excess mortality, and cause-specific mortality for most causes. Prevalence estimates were multiplied by disability weights for mutually exclusive sequelae of diseases and injuries to calculate YLDs. We considered results in the context of the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a composite indicator of income per capita, years of schooling, and fertility rate in females younger than 25 years. Uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated for every metric using the 25th a
Published: 2020

186. Global burden of 87 risk factors in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Author: Murray, Christopher J L, Aravkin, Aleksandr Y, Zheng, Peng, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbas, Kaja M, Abbasi-Kangevari, Mohsen, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdelalim, Ahmed, Abdollahi, Mohammad, Abdollahpour, Ibrahim, Abegaz, Kedir Hussein, Abolhassani, Hassan, Aboyans, Victor, Abreu, Lucas Guimarães, Abrigo, Michael R M, Abualhasan, Ahmed, Abu-Raddad, Laith Jamal, Abushouk, Abdelrahman I, Adabi, Maryam, Adekanmbi, Victor, Adeoye, Abiodun Moshood, Adetokunboh, Olatunji O, Adham, Davoud, Advani, Shailesh M, Agarwal, Gina, Aghamir, Seyed Mohammad Kazem, Agrawal, Anurag, Ahmad, Tauseef, Ahmadi, Keivan, Ahmadi, Mehdi, Ahmadieh, Hamid, Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, Akalu, Temesgen Yihunie, Akinyemi, Rufus Olusola, Akinyemiju, Tomi, Akombi, Blessing, Akunna, Chisom Joyqueenet, Alahdab, Fares, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Samiah, Alam, Tahiya, Alanezi, Fahad Mashhour, Alanzi, Turki M, Alemu, Biresaw wassihun, Alhabib, Khalid F, Ali, Muhammad, Ali, Saqib, Alicandro, Gianfranco, Alinia, Cyrus, Alipour, Vahid, Alizade, Hesam, Aljunid, Syed Mohamed, Alla, François, Allebeck, Peter, Almasi-Hashiani, Amir, Al-Mekhlafi, Hesham M, Alonso, Jordi, Altirkawi, Khalid A, Amini-Rarani, Mostafa, Amiri, Fatemeh, Amugsi, Dickson A, Ancuceanu, Robert, Anderlini, Deanna, Anderson, Jason A, Andrei, Catalina Liliana, Andrei, Tudorel, Angus, Colin, Anjomshoa, Mina, Ansari, Fereshteh, Ansari-Moghaddam, Alireza, Antonazzo, Ippazio Cosimo, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Antony, Catherine M, Antriyandarti, Ernoiz, Anvari, Davood, Anwer, Razique, Appiah, Seth Christopher Yaw, Arabloo, Jalal, Arab-Zozani, Morteza, Ariani, Filippo, Armoon, Bahram, Ärnlöv, Johan, Arzani, Afsaneh, Asadi-Aliabadi, Mehran, Asadi-Pooya, Ali A, Ashbaugh, Charlie, Assmus, Michael, Atafar, Zahra, Atnafu, Desta Debalkie, Atout, Maha Moh'd Wahbi, Ausloos, Floriane, Ausloos, Marcel, Ayala Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina, Ayano, Getinet, Ayanore, Martin Amogre, Azari, Samad, Azarian, Ghasem, Azene, Zelalem Nigussie, Badawi, Alaa, Badiye, Ashish D, Bahrami, Mohammad Amin, Bakhshaei, Mohammad Hossein, Bakhtiari, Ahad, Bakkannavar, Shankar M, Baldasseroni, Alberto, Ball, Kylie, Ballew, Shoshana H, Balzi, Daniela, Banach, Maciej, Banerjee, Srikanta K, Bante, Agegnehu Bante, Baraki, Adhanom Gebreegziabher, Barker-Collo, Suzanne Lyn, Bärnighausen, Till Winfried, Barrero, Lope H, Barthelemy, Celine M, Barua, Lingkan, Basu, Sanjay, Baune, Bernhard T, Bayati, Mohsen, Becker, Jacob S, Bedi, Neeraj, Beghi, Ettore, Béjot, Yannick, Bell, Michellr L, Bennitt, Fiona B, Bensenor, Isabela M, Berhe, Kidanemaryam, Berman, Adam E, Bhagavathula, Akshaya Srikanth, Bhageerathy, Reshmi, Bhala, Neeraj, Bhandari, Dinesh, Bhattacharyya, Krittika, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A, Bijani, Ali, Bikbov, Boris, Bin Sayeed, Muhammad Shahdaat, Biondi, Antonio, Birihane, Binyam Minuye, Bisignano, Catherine, Biswas, Raaj Kishore, Bitew, Helen, Bohlouli, Somayeh, Bohluli, Mehdi, Boon-Dooley, Alexandra S, Borges, Guilherme, Borzì, Antonio Maria, Borzouei, Shiva, 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Otstavnov, Stanislav S, Øverland, Simon, Owolabi, Mayowa O, P A, Mahesh, Padubidri, Jagadish Rao, Palladino, Raffaele, Panda-Jonas, Songhomitra, Pandey, Anamika, Parry, Charles D H, Pasovic, Maja, Pasupula, Deepak Kumar, Patel, Sangram Kishor, Pathak, Mona, Patten, Scott B, Patton, George C, Pazoki Toroudi, Hamidreza, Peden, Amy E, Pennini, Alyssa, Pepito, Veincent Christian Filipino, Peprah, Emmanuel K, Pereira, David M, Pesudovs, Konrad, Pham, Hai Quang, Phillips, Michael R, Piccinelli, Cristiano, Pilz, Tessa M, Piradov, Michael A, Pirsaheb, Meghdad, Plass, Dietrich, Polinder, Suzanne, Polkinghorne, Kevan R, Pond, Constance Dimity, Postma, Maarten J, Pourjafar, Hadi, Pourmalek, Farshad, Poznańska, Anna, Prada, Sergio I, Prakash, V, Pribadi, Dimas Ria Angga, Pupillo, Elisabetta, Quazi Syed, Zahiruddin, Rabiee, Mohammad, Rabiee, Navid, Radfar, Amir, Rafiee, Ata, Raggi, Alberto, Rahman, Muhammad Aziz, Rajabpour-Sanati, Ali, Rajati, Fatemeh, Rakovac, Ivo, Ram, Pradhum, Ramezanzadeh, Kiana, Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal, Rao, Puja C, Rao, Sowmya J, Rashedi, Vahid, Rathi, Priya, Rawaf, David Laith, Rawaf, Salman, Rawal, Lal, Rawassizadeh, Reza, Rawat, Ramu, Razo, Christian, Redford, Sofia Boston, Reiner Robert C, Jr, Reitsma, Marissa Bettay, Remuzzi, Giuseppe, Renjith, Vishnu, Renzaho, Andre M N, Resnikoff, Serge, Rezaei, Negar, Rezaei, Nima, Rezapour, Aziz, Rhinehart, Phoebe-Anne, Riahi, Seyed Mohammad, Ribeiro, Daniel Cury, Ribeiro, Daniela, Rickard, Jennifer, Rivera, Juan A, Roberts, Nicholas L S, Rodríguez-Ramírez, Sonia, Roever, Leonardo, Ronfani, Luca, Room, Robin, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Roth, Gregory A, Rothenbacher, Dietrich, Rubagotti, Enrico, Rwegerera, Godfrey M, Sabour, Siamak, Sachdev, Perminder S, Saddik, Basema, Sadeghi, Ehsan, Sadeghi, Masoumeh, Saeedi, Reza, Saeedi Moghaddam, Sahar, Safari, Yahya, Safi, Sare, Safiri, Saeid, Sagar, Rajesh, Sahebkar, Amirhossein, Sajadi, S Mohammad, Salam, Nasir, Salamati, Payman, Salem, Hosni, Salem, Marwa R Rashad, Salimzadeh, Hamideh, Salman, Omar Mukhtar, Salomon, Joshua A, Samad, Zainab, Samadi Kafil, Hossein, Sambala, Evanson Zondani, Samy, Abdallah M, Sanabria, Juan, Sánchez-Pimienta, Tania G, Santomauro, Damian Francesco, Santos, Itamar S, Santos, João Vasco, Santric-Milicevic, Milena M, Saraswathy, Sivan Yegnanarayana Iyer, Sarmiento-Suárez, Rodrigo, Sarrafzadegan, Nizal, Sartorius, Benn, Sarveazad, Arash, Sathian, Brijesh, Sathish, Thirunavukkarasu, Sattin, Davide, Saxena, Sonia, Schaeffer, Lauren E, Schiavolin, Silvia, Schlaich, Markus P, Schmidt, Maria Inês, Schutte, Aletta Elisabeth, Schwebel, David C, Schwendicke, Falk, Senbeta, Anbissa Muleta, Senthilkumaran, Subramanian, Sepanlou, Sadaf G, Serdar, Berrin, Serre, Marc L, Shadid, Jamileh, Shafaat, Omid, Shahabi, Saeed, Shaheen, Amira A, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Shalash, Ali S, Shams-Beyranvand, Mehran, Shamsizadeh, Morteza, Sharafi, Kiomars, Sheikh, Aziz, Sheikhtaheri, Abbas, Shibuya, Kenji, Shield, Kevin David, Shigematsu, Mika, Shin, Jae Il, Shin, Min-Jeong, Shiri, Rahman, Shirkoohi, Reza, Shuval, Kerem, Siabani, Soraya, Sierpinski, Radoslaw, Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora, Sigurvinsdottir, Rannveig, Silva, João Pedro, Simpson, Kyle E, Singh, Jasvinder A, Singh, Pushpendra, Skiadaresi, Eirini, Skou, Søren T Skou, Skryabin, Valentin Yurievich, Smith, Emma U R, Soheili, Amin, Soltani, Shahin, Soofi, Moslem, Sorensen, Reed J D, Soriano, Joan B, Sorrie, Muluken Bekele, Soshnikov, Sergey, Soyiri, Ireneous N, Spencer, Cory N, Spotin, Adel, Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T, Srinivasan, Vinay, Stanaway, Jeffrey D, Stein, Caroline, Stein, Dan J, Steiner, Caitlyn, Stockfelt, Leo, Stokes, Mark A, Straif, Kurt, Stubbs, Jacob L, Sufiyan, Mu'awiyyah Babale, Suleria, Hafiz Ansar Rasul, Suliankatchi Abdulkader, Rizwan, Sulo, Gerhard, Sultan, Iyad, Szumowski, Łukasz, Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael, Tabb, Karen M, Tabuchi, Takahiro, Taherkhani, Amir, Tajdini, Masih, Takahashi, Ken, Takala, Jukka S, Tamiru, Animut Tagele, Taveira, Nuno, Tehrani-Banihashemi, Arash, Temsah, Mohamad-Hani, Tesema, Getayeneh Antehunegn, Tessema, Zemenu Tadesse, Thurston, George D, Titova, Mariya Vladimirovna, Tohidinik, Hamid Reza, Tonelli, Marcello, Topor-Madry, Roman, Topouzis, Fotis, Torre, Anna E, Touvier, Mathilde, Tovani-Palone, Marcos Roberto Roberto, Tran, Bach Xuan, Travillian, Ravensara, Tsatsakis, Aristidis, Tudor Car, Lorainne, Tyrovolas, Stefanos, Uddin, Riaz, Umeokonkwo, Chukwuma David, Unnikrishnan, Bhaskaran, Upadhyay, Era, Vacante, Marco, Valdez, Pascual R, van Donkelaar, Aaron, Vasankari, Tommi Juhani, Vasseghian, Yasser, Veisani, Yousef, Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy, Violante, Francesco S, Vlassov, Vasily, Vollset, Stein Emil, Vos, Theo, Vukovic, Rade, Waheed, Yasir, Wallin, Mitchell Taylor, Wang, Yafeng, Wang, Yuan-Pang, Watson, Alexandrea, Wei, Jingkai, Wei, Melissa Y Wei, Weintraub, Robert G, Weiss, Jordan, Werdecker, Andrea, West, J Jason, Westerman, Ronny, Whisnant, Joanna L, Whiteford, Harvey A, Wiens, Kirsten E, Wolfe, Charles D A, Wozniak, Sarah S, Wu, Ai-Min, Wu, Junjie, Wulf Hanson, Sarah, Xu, Gelin, Xu, Rixing, Yadgir, Simon, Yahyazadeh Jabbari, Seyed Hossein, Yamagishi, Kazumasa, Yaminfirooz, Mousa, Yano, Yuichiro, Yaya, Sanni, Yazdi-Feyzabadi, Vahid, Yeheyis, Tomas Y, Yilgwan, Christopher Sabo, Yilma, Mekdes Tigistu, Yip, Paul, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Younis, Mustafa Z, Younker, Theodore Patrick, Yousefi, Bahman, Yousefi, Zabihollah, Yousefinezhadi, Taraneh, Yousuf, Abdilahi Yousuf, Yu, Chuanhua, Yusefzadeh, Hasan, Zahirian Moghadam, Telma, Zamani, Mohammad, Zamanian, Maryam, Zandian, Hamed, Zastrozhin, Mikhail Sergeevich, Zhang, Yunquan, Zhang, Zhi-Jiang, Zhao, Jeff T, Zhao, Xiu-Ju George, Zhao, Yingxi, Zhou, Maigeng, Ziapour, Arash, Zimsen, Stephanie R M, Brauer, Michael, Afshin, Ashkan, and Lim, Stephen S
Abstract: Rigorous analysis of levels and trends in exposure to leading risk factors and quantification of their effect on human health are important to identify where public health is making progress and in which cases current efforts are inadequate. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 provides a standardised and comprehensive assessment of the magnitude of risk factor exposure, relative risk, and attributable burden of disease. Methods GBD 2019 estimated attributable mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), years of life lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 87 risk factors and combinations of risk factors, at the global level, regionally, and for 204 countries and territories. GBD uses a hierarchical list of risk factors so that specific risk factors (eg, sodium intake), and related aggregates (eg, diet quality), are both evaluated. This method has six analytical steps. (1) We included 560 risk–outcome pairs that met criteria for convincing or probable evidence on the basis of research studies. 12 risk–outcome pairs included in GBD 2017 no longer met inclusion criteria and 47 risk–outcome pairs for risks already included in GBD 2017 were added based on new evidence. (2) Relative risks were estimated as a function of exposure based on published systematic reviews, 81 systematic reviews done for GBD 2019, and meta-regression. (3) Levels of exposure in each age-sex-location-year included in the study were estimated based on all available data sources using spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression, DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian meta-regression method, or alternative methods. (4) We determined, from published trials or cohort studies, the level of exposure associated with minimum risk, called the theoretical minimum risk exposure level. (5) Attributable deaths, YLLs, YLDs, and DALYs were computed by multiplying population attributable fractions (PAFs) by the relevant outcome quantity for each age-sex-locat
Published: 2020

187. Can we achieve Millennium Development Goal 4? New analysis of country trends and forecasts of under-5 mortality to 2015

Author: Murray, Christopher JL, Laakso, Thomas, Shibuya, Kenji, Hill, Kenneth, and Lopez, Alan D
Published: 2007
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188. Interim measures for meeting needs for health sector data: births, deaths, and causes of death

Author: Hill, Kenneth, Lopez, Alan D, Shibuya, Kenji, and Jha, Prabhat
Published: 2007
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189. Civil registration systems and vital statistics: successes and missed opportunities

Author: Mahapatra, Prasanta, Shibuya, Kenji, Lopez, Alan D, Coullare, Francesca, Notzon, Francis C, Rao, Chalapati, and Szreter, Simon
Published: 2007
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190. Estimation of potential global pandemic influenza mortality on the basis of vital registry data from the 1918-20 pandemic: a quantitative analysis

Author: Murray, Christopher JL, Lopez, Alan D., Chin, Brian, Feehan, Dennis, and Hill, Kenneth H.
Subjects: Epidemics -- United States, Epidemics -- Research, Avian influenza -- Patient outcomes
Published: 2006

191. Estimating cause-specific mortality from community- and facility-based data sources in the United Republic of Tanzania: options and implications for mortality burden estimates

Author: Whiting, David R, Setel, Philip W, Chandramohan, Daniel, Wolfson, Lara J, Hemed, Yusuf, and Lopez, Alan D
Subjects: World Health Organization -- Reports, Mortality -- Tanzania, Mortality -- Causes of, Mortality -- Statistics, Mortality -- Analysis, Tanzania -- Health policy
Abstract: Objective To compare mortality burden estimates based on direct measurement of levels and causes in communities with indirect estimates based on combining health facility cause-specific mortality structures with community measurement of mortality levels. Methods Data from sentinel vital registration (SVR) with verbal autopsy (VA) were used to determine the cause-specific mortality burden at the community level in two areas of the United Republic of Tanzania. Proportional cause-specific mortality structures from health facilities were applied to counts of deaths obtained by SVR to produce modelled estimates. The burden was expressed in years of life lost. Findings A total of 2884 deaths were recorded from health facilities and 2167 recorded from SVRIVAs. In the perinatal and neonatal age group cause-specific mortality rates were dominated by perinatal conditions and stillbirths in both the community and the facility data. The modelled estimates for chronic causes were very similar to those from SVR/VA. Acute febrile illnesses were coded more specifically in the facility data than in the VA. Injuries were more prevalent in the SVR/VA data than in that from the facilities. Conclusion In this setting, improved International classification of diseases and health related problems, tenth revision (ICD-10) coding practices and applying facility-based cause structures to counts of deaths from communities, derived from SVR, appears to produce reasonable estimates of the cause-specific mortality burden in those aged 5 years and older determined directly from VA. For the perinatal and neonatal age group, VA appears to be required. Use of this approach in a nationally representative sample of facilities may produce reliable national estimates of the cause-specific mortality burden for leading causes of death in adults. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 2006;84:940-948. Resume Estimation de la mortalite par cause a partir des donnees de la communaute et des etablissements de sante en Republique-Unie de Tanzanie : options et incidences sur les estimations du ooids de la mortalite Objectif Comparer les estimations du poids de la mortalite obtenues en mesurant directement les niveaux et les causes dans les communautes aux estimations indirectes obtenues en associant la structure de mortalite par cause dans les etablissements de sante la mesure des niveaux de mortalite dans la communaute. Methodes On a utilise les donnees des registres d'etat civil sentinelles avec autopsie verbale pour determiner le poids de la mortalite par cause au niveau communautaire dans deux regions de la Republique-Unie de Tanzanie. La structure proportionnelle de la mortalite par cause obtenue darts les etablissements de sante a ete appliquee aux chiffres des deces obtenus par les registres sentinelles afin d'obtenir des estimations modelisees. Le poids a ete exprime en annees de vie perdues. Resultats Au total, les etablissements de sante ont enregistre 2884 deces et les registres sentinelles/autopsies verbales 2167. Dans la classe d'age des nouveau-nes et tres jeunes nourfissons, les taux de mortalite par cause sont domines par les affections perinatales et la mortinatalite aussi bien pour les donnees communautaires que les donnees des etablissements. Les estimations modelisees relatives aux causes chroniques sont tres semblables a celles des registres sentinelles/autopsies verbales. Les matadies febriles aigues sont codees de maniere plus specifique dans les donnees des etablissements que dans les autopsies verbales. Les traumatismes sont plus repandus dans les donnees provenant des registres sentinelles/autopsies verbales que dans celles provenant des etablissements. Conclusion Dans cette situation, les meilleures pratiques de codage de la Classification internationale des Maladies et des Problemes de Sante connexes, Dixieme Revision (CIM-10) et l'application de la structure par causes de la mortalite des etablissements aux chiffres des deces releves dans les communautes a partir des registres sentinelles semblent donner des estimations raisonnables du poids de la mortalite par cause chez les sujets de cinq ans et plus, determinee directement a partir de l'autopsie verbale. Pour la classe d'age des nouveau-nes et tres jeunes nourrissons, il semble necessaire d'utiliser les autopsies verbales. L'utilisation de cette approche dans un echantillon d'etablissements representatif au plan national peut fournir des estimations nationales fiables du poids de la mortalite par cause pour les principales causes de q chez l'adulte. Resumen Estimacion de la mortalidad por causas especificas a partir de fuentes de datos de la comunidad y de los establecimientos sanitarios en la Republica Unida de Tanzania: opciones y repercusiones en las estimaciones de la carga de mortalidad Objetivo Comparar las estimaciones de la carga de mortalidad basadas en mediciones de su magnitud y sus causas realizadas directamente en la comunidad con las estimaciones indirectas basadas en la combinacion de la estructura de la mortalidad por causas especificas registrada en los establecimientos sanitarios y la magnitud de la mortalidad medida en la comunidad. Metodos Se utilizaron datos del sistema de registro civil centinela (RCC) con autopsia verbal (AV) para determinar la carga de mortalidad por causas especificas a nivel comunitario en dos zonas de la Republica Unida de Tanzania. A las cifras de muertes obtenidas en los RCC se les aplicaron las estructuras proporcionales de mortalidad por causas especificas registradas en los establecimientos sanitarios, con elfin de obtener estimaciones derivadas de modelos. La carga se expreso en anos de vida perdidos. Resultados Se registraron 2884 muertes en los establecimientos sanitarios y 2167 en los RCC/AV. En el grupo de edad perinatal y neonatal, las tasas de mortalidad por causas especificas mostraron un predominio de las afecciones perinatales y las muertes intrauterinas, tanto en los datos obtenidos en la comunidad como en los obtenidos en los establecimientos sanitanos. Las estimaciones de las causas cronicas derivadas de modelos fueron muy similares a las obtenidas en los RCC/AV. Las enfermedades febriles agudas se codificaron de forma mas especifica en los datos de los establecimientos sanitarios que en la AV. Los traumatismos fueron mas prevalentes en los datos de los RCC/AV que en los de los establecimientos sanitarios. Conclusiones En este entorno, la mejora de las practicas de codificacion de la 10 (a) revision de la Clasificacion Internacional de enfermedades y problemas relacionados con la salud (CIE 10) y la aplicacion de las estructuras etiologicas obtenidas en los establecimientos sanitarios a las cifras de muertes registradas en la comunidad, derivadas de los RCC, parecen proporcionar estimaciones razonables de la carga de mortalidad por causas especificas en mayores de 5 anos determinada directamente a partir de las AV. En los grupos de edad perinatal y neonatal parecen ser necesarias AV. El empleo de este metodo en una muestra de establecimientos representativa del pais puede proporcionar estimaciones nacionales fiables de la carga de mortalidad por las principales causas especificas de muerte de los adultos., Introduction Accurate information on the levels and causes of death should be central to setting policy priorities in the health sector. However, few countries in the developing world have such [...]
Published: 2006

192. Core verbal autopsy procedures with comparative validation results from two countries

Author: Setel, Philip W., Rao, Chalapati, Hemed, Yusuf, Whiting, David R., Yang, Gonghuan, Chandramohan, Daniel, Alberti, K.G.M.M., and Lopez, Alan D.
Subjects: World Health Organization, Mortality -- Statistics, Mortality -- Risk factors, Developing countries -- Comparative analysis, Developing countries -- Health aspects, World health -- Comparative analysis
Abstract: ABSTRACT Background Cause-specific mortality statistics remain scarce for the majority of low-income countries, where the highest disease burdens are experienced. Neither facility-based information systems nor vital registration provide adequate or [...]
Published: 2006

193. Social inequalities in male mortality, and in male mortality from smoking: indirect estimation from national death rates in England and Wales, Poland, and North America

Author: Jha, Prabhat, Peto, Richard, Zatonski, Witold, Boreham, Jillian, Jarvis, Martin J., and Lopez, Alan D.
Subjects: Equality -- Demographic aspects, Equality -- Research, Mortality -- Risk factors, Mortality -- Research, Smoking -- Health aspects, Smoking -- Demographic aspects
Published: 2006

194. Global and regional burden of disease and risk factors, 2001: systematic analysis of population health data

Author: Lopez, Alan D., Mathers, Colin D., Ezzati, Majid, Jamison, Dean T., and Murray, Christopher JL
Published: 2006

195. Causes of cancer in the world: comparative risk assessment of nine behavioural and environmental risk factors

Author: Danaei, Goodarz, Hoorn, Stephen Vander, Lopez, Alan D., Murray, Christopher J.L., and Ezzati, Majid
Subjects: Cancer -- Causes of, Cancer -- Risk factors, Cancer -- Statistics, Cancer -- Patient outcomes, World health -- Statistics, Health risk assessment -- Methods, Health risk assessment -- Statistics
Published: 2005

196. Sample registration of vital events with verbal autopsy: a renewed commitment to measuring and monitoring vital statistics

Author: Setel, Philip W., Sankoh, Osman, Rao, Chalapati, Velkoff, Victoria A., Mathers, Colin, Gonghuan, Yang, Hemed, Yusuf, Jha, Prabhat, and Lopez, Alan D.
Subjects: Company systems management, Mortality -- United States, Mortality -- Information management, Children
Abstract: Registration of births, recording deaths by age, sex and cause, and calculating mortality levels and differentials are fundamental to evidence-based health policy, monitoring and evaluation. Yet few of the countries with the greatest need for these data have functioning systems to produce them despite legislation providing for the establishment and maintenance of vital registration. Sample vital registration (SVR), when applied in conjunction with validated verbal autopsy procedures and implemented in a nationally representative sample of population clusters represents an affordable, cost-effective, and sustainable short- and medium-term solution to this problem. SVR complements other information sources by producing age-, sex-, and cause-specific mortality data that are more complete and continuous than those currently available. The tools and methods employed in an SVR system, however, are imperfect and require rigorous validation and continuous quality assurance; sampling strategies for SVR are also still evolving. Nonetheless, interest in establishing SVR is rapidly growing in Africa and Asia. Better systems for reporting and recording data on vital events will be sustainable only if developed hand-in-hand with existing health information strategies at the national and district levels; governance structures; and agendas for social research and development monitoring. If the global community wishes to have mortality measurements 5 or 10 years hence, the foundation stones of SVR must be laid today. Keywords Vital statistics; Sample size; Mortality; Cause of death; Autopsy; Interviews; Data collection/methods; Information systems (source: MeSH, NLM). Mots cles Statistique demographique; Taille echantillon; Mortalite; Cause deces; Autopsie; Entretien; Collecte donnees/methodes; Systeme information (source: MeSH, INSERM). Palabras clave Estadisticas vitales; Tamano de la muestra; Mortalidad; Causa de muerte; Autopsia; Entrevistas; Recoleccion de datos/metodos; Sistemas de informacion (fuente: DeCS, BIREME)., Making people count Registration of births, recording deaths by age, sex and cause, and calculating mortality levels and differentials are fundamental to evidence-based health policy, monitoring and evaluation. Yet few [...]
Published: 2005

197. Evaluating national cause-of-death statistics: principles and application to the case of China

Author: Rao, Chalapati, Lopez, Alan D., Yang, Gonghuan, Begg, Stephen, and Ma, Jiemin
Subjects: Mortality -- China, Mortality -- Causes of, China -- Health aspects
Abstract: Mortality statistics systems provide basic information on the levels and causes of mortality in populations. Only a third of the world's countries have complete civil registration systems that yield adequate cause-specific mortality data for health policymaking and monitoring. This paper describes the development of a set of criteria for evaluating the quality of national mortality statistics and applies them to China as an example. The criteria cover a range of structural, statistical and technical aspects of national mortality data. Little is known about cause-of-death data in China, which is home to roughly one-fifth of the world's population. These criteria were used to evaluate the utility of data from two mortality statistics systems in use in China, namely the Ministry of Health-Vital Registration (MOH-VR) system and the Disease Surveillance Point (DSP) system. We concluded that mortality registration was incomplete in both. No statistics were available for geographical subdivisions of the country to inform resource allocation or for the monitoring of health programmes. Compilation and publication of statistics is irregular in the case of the DSP, and they are not made publicly available at all by the MOH-VR. More research is required to measure the content validity of cause-of-death attribution in the two systems, especially due to the use of verbal autopsy methods in rural areas. This framework of criteria-based evaluation is recommended for the evaluation of national mortality data in developing countries to determine their utility and to guide efforts to improve their value for guiding policy. Keywords Mortality; Cause of death; Statistics/standards; Data collection/standards; Models, Statistical; Evaluation studies; China (source: MeSH, NLM). Mots cles Mortalite; Cause deces; Statistique/normes; Collecte donnees/normes; Modele statistique; Etude evaluation; Chine (source: MeSH, INSERM). Palabras clave Mortalidad; Causa de muerte; Estadistica/normas; Recoleccion de datos/normas; Modelos estadisticos; Estudios de evaluacion; China (fuente: DeCS, BIREME)., Introduction Cause-of-death statistics are basic outputs of health information systems and are fundamental to health development strategies. Civil registration systems are the main source of such information and are most [...]
Published: 2005

198. An egalitarian society? Widening inequalities in premature mortality from non-communicable diseases in Australia, 2006–16

Author: Adair, Tim, primary and Lopez, Alan D, additional
Published: 2020
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199. Mortality surveillance and verbal autopsy strategies: experiences, challenges and lessons learnt in Papua New Guinea

Author: Hart, John D, primary, Kwa, Viola, additional, Dakulala, Paison, additional, Ripa, Paulus, additional, Frank, Dale, additional, Lei, Theresa, additional, Moiya, Ninkama, additional, Lagani, William, additional, Adair, Tim, additional, McLaughlin, Deirdre, additional, Riley, Ian D, additional, and Lopez, Alan D, additional
Published: 2020
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200. Counting the dead and what they died from: an assessment of the global status of cause of death data

Author: Mathers, Colin D., Fat, Doris Ma, Inoue, Mie, Rao, Chalapati, and Lopez, Alan D.
Subjects: Company systems management, Vital statistics -- Information management, Mortality -- Evaluation, Mortality -- Information management, Mortality -- United States
Abstract: Objective We sought to assess the current status of global data on death registration and to examine several indicators of data completeness and quality. Methods We summarized the availability of death registration data by year and country. Indicators of data quality were assessed for each country and included the timeliness, completeness and coverage of registration and the proportion of deaths assigned to ill-defined causes. Findings At the end of 2003 data on death registration were available from 115 countries, although they were essentially complete for only 64 countries. Coverage of death registration varies from close to 100% in the WHO European Region to less than 10% in the African Region. Only 23 countries have data that are more than 90% complete, where ill-defined causes account for less than 10% of total of causes of death, and where ICD-9 or ICD-10 codes are used. There are 28 countries where less than 70% of the data are complete or where ill-defined codes are assigned to more than 20% of deaths. Twelve high-income countries in western Europe are included among the 55 countries with intermediate-quality data. Conclusion Few countries have good-quality data on mortality that can be used to adequately support policy development and implementation. There is an urgent need for countries to implement death registration systems, even if only through sample registration, or enhance their existing systems in order to rapidly improve knowledge about the most basic of health statistics: who dies from what? Keywords Mortality; Cause of death; Data collection/standards; Registries/standards; Vital statistics (source: MeSH, NLM). Mots cles Mortalite; Cause deces; Collecte donnees/normes; Registre/normes; Statistique demographique (source: MeSH, INSERM). Palabras clave Mortalidad; Causa de muerte; Recoleccion de datos/normas; Registros/normas; Estadisticas vitales (fuente: DeCS, BIREME). [TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII.], Resume Recensement des decks et des causes de deces: une evaluation de l'etat des donnees relatives aux causes de deces dans le monde Objectif Les auteurs se sont donnes pour [...]
Published: 2005

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