Search

Shared interests (hobbies) are one of the factors that encourage the formation of certain communities. Some communities formed from shared interests even have strategic economic potential. One of them is the association of free-range chicken breeders in Kendal district, Central Java province. Currently, the community has a clear goal. However, awareness of the group’s legality does not appear to have been formed. This service program aims to socialize the importance of group legality. The method of service carried out is through group discussion forums. The result of the service program is an increase in the awareness of each member to form a group legally in accordance with applicable legal provisions. The result of the service program is an increase in the awareness of each group member to legalize the association under the name “Master Pitung” or the community of superior village chicken breeders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rise in legislation and the need for task automation systems has resulted in an amplified requirement for software development. This is aimed at improving the accuracy and efficiency of reading and interpreting laws in legal activities, allowing for enhanced precision and swiftness. Currently, there is a need for analysts to interpret written legislation and then encode it into computer programs, which often leads to errors. As cryptocurrencies gain popularity, there is growing interest in utilizing Blockchain technology in the legal field. Specifically, smart contracts can be used to integrate business rules into laws and automate blockchain management. However, the process of writing fast and high-quality code can be improved by leveraging artificial intelligence based techniques such as natural language processing (NLP) to help practitioners. Despite reviewing the current state-of-the-art, there is a lack of existing work that combines smart contracts and NLP in the context of legislation analysis. This study work generates intelligent code from legislation analysis, utilizing NLP and Blockchain for this purpose. In this research work a pilot prototype for smart contract generation is developed and initial code samples are presented. This work demonstrates a promising results with 96% accuracy in Name Entity Recognition (NER) and also highlights the importance of smart contract generation through NLP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Pharmaceutical Law Act of September 6, 2001 (PLA) initially granted pharmacists the authority to issue pharmaceutical prescriptions upon its enactment. However, the legislation regulating this matter changed significantly in 2015. Article 96, section 4 of the PLA defined that, in the front of a direct health threat to a patient, a pharmacist could dispense a medication classified under the availability categories Rp or Rpz. In April 2020, the imprecise term "sudden" in relation to health threats was clarified and removed. Concurrently, all active pharmacists were granted the authority to issue prescriptions, commonly known as pro auctore and pro familiae. The aim of the study was to illustrate the influence of legislative processes on the number of prescriptions issued by practicing pharmacists. To conduct the study, we employed a legal and comparative analysis of relevant legal provisions, followed by a statistical analysis of data obtained from the E-Health Center about the number of prescriptions issued. The results indicated that since the extension of pharmacists' rights (after April 2020), the average number of pharmaceutical prescriptions issued per month was 151,082. Between May 2020, when pharmacists were granted the authority to issue pro auctore and pro familiae prescriptions, and October 2023, 1,460,385 such prescriptions were dispensed. As a result, a significant relationship between the form of the legislative norms empowering pharmacists to independently prescribe Rx status medicines and the effectiveness of these amendments as measured by the number of prescriptions issued was demonstrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water stress is a growing concern in Europe, partly due to the changing climate context. Despite the cross-cutting impacts that water availability has on different areas under the competence of the European Union (EU), there is not currently a comprehensive and systematic legal framework addressing this issue. The purpose of this article is therefore to examine the EU legislation that concerns the measures aimed at mitigating these risks. To this purpose, it is first examined how droughts and water scarcity are framed within EU legal acts. Based on such an overview, the analysis is directed to the mechanisms developed at the EU level for monitoring, identifying and forecasting water stress risks, as well as the legal provisions relating to the planning tools. The remainder of the article is devoted to the regulation of preventative measures for water scarcity and drought risk reduction, following the water hierarchy resulting from COM(2007) 414. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When the debtor defaults on the agreed debt agreement, then legally the creditor has the right to the debt collateral object for payment of achievements that should be carried out by the debtor by executing it, but the implementation must of course be by applicable legal provisions. Execution of the debt guarantee object can be carried out by parate executie, by way of title executorial, or by way of a private sale. As for Parate Executie or direct execution on one's power, it is a practice of simplifying executions without having to involve the judiciary, which is quite simple, low cost, and relatively fast in time. Unfortunately, parate executives in Indonesia often cause problems in their applications. including because of its existence which currently exists or does not exist and is even considered the same as the concept of the executorial title, so its application becomes inconsistent. The existing problems cause the author to intend to conduct research that aims to find out what exactly is the cause of problems occurring in the implementation of parate executie and what are the solutions to overcome these problems. This research uses normative legal research methods using a statutory approach (statute approach) and a case approach (case approach) that are relevant to the object of the problem in this research. The results of the research from the author's research to find out what are the real problems in implementing parate executie in Indonesia are that there are inconsistent arrangements and implementation and there is confusion in the arrangement which originally regulated 3 (three) types of execution that can be taken by creditors against collateral objects of mortgage rights Also included here is the object of fiduciary guarantees if the debtor defaults (default), namely the exercise of executorial title, parate executie on his own power and underhanded execution, but in the end, it is no longer different and all must get fiat from the Chair of the District Court. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our article presents the little known so-called Ratiu collection of documents from the years 18501877 regarding the death of the Romanian hero Avram Iancu. The documents were donated in 2015 by Indrei Ratiu to the Lucian Blaga Central University Library in Cluj-Napoca. They are valuable legal historical documents regarding the testaments of Avram Iancu (1824-1872) and of his father, Alesandru Iancu (1797-1855), as well as their trials for succession. The documents were written mostly in the Romanian language with Cyrillic and Latin letters, but inserts and documents in German and Hungarian were also added. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Topic Modeling approaches face difficulties in processing legal texts because of their unique characteristics, such as the length of the texts and the specialized terminology used within them. The process of topic modeling involves finding a text's semantic structure. This way, specific approaches are needed. When the legal documents are presented has a lot to do with what topics are important. This paper aims to explain and evaluate BERTopic's application to topic modeling in legal documents. In this research, we experiment with BERTopic by utilizing its several pre-trained Arabic language models as embeddings. Performance evaluation employs the Normalized Pointwise Mutual Information (NPMI) measure. Notably, in comparison to multilingual pre-trained models, our findings reveal that BERTopic using Arabic monolingual pre-trained models exhibits superior performance, offering insights into sustainable and efficient topic modeling for legal documents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document is a book review of "Sociolinguistic variation in Old English: Records of communities and people" by Olga Timofeeva. The review discusses the challenges faced by historical sociolinguistics in studying Old English due to the limited and biased available material. The book aims to fill this gap by examining different genres and registers of Old English in relation to the communities that used them. It utilizes corpus linguistics and databases to gather information and explores social networks and communities of practice to understand linguistic variation in Old English. The book also focuses on the sociolinguistic analysis of different types of charters in Old English, exploring factors such as region, gender, and social networks that influence language and structure. It also discusses the multilingual practice after the Norman Conquest and the borrowing of loan terminology. The author emphasizes the importance of social networks and discourse communities in understanding sociolinguistic changes in Old English variation. [Extracted from the article]

Copyright of Pandectele Române is the property of Wolters Kluwer Romania and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Legal text retrieval serves as a key component in a wide range of legal text processing tasks such as legal question answering, legal case entailment, and statute law retrieval. The performance of legal text retrieval depends, to a large extent, on the representation of text, both query and legal documents. Based on good representations, a legal text retrieval model can effectively match the query to its relevant documents. Because legal documents often contain long articles and only some parts are relevant to queries, it is quite a challenge for existing models to represent such documents. In this paper, we study the use of attentive neural network-based text representation for statute law document retrieval. We propose a general approach using deep neural networks with attention mechanisms. Based on it, we develop two hierarchical architectures with sparse attention to represent long sentences and articles, and we name them Attentive CNN and Paraformer. The methods are evaluated on datasets of different sizes and characteristics in English, Japanese, and Vietnamese. Experimental results show that: (i) Attentive neural methods substantially outperform non-neural methods in terms of retrieval performance across datasets and languages; (ii) Pretrained transformer-based models achieve better accuracy on small datasets at the cost of high computational complexity while lighter weight Attentive CNN achieves better accuracy on large datasets; and (iii) Our proposed Paraformer outperforms state-of-the-art methods on COLIEE dataset, achieving the highest recall and F2 scores in the top-N retrieval task. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evidences are important proofs to support judicial trials. Automatically extracting evidences from judgement documents can be used to assess the trial quality and support "Intelligent Court". Current evidence extraction is primarily depended on sequence labelling models. Despite their success, they can only assign a label to a token, which is difficult to recognize nested evidence entities in judgment documents, where a token may belong to several evidences at the same time. In this paper, we present a novel evidence extraction architecture called ATT-MRC, in which extracting evidence entities is formalized as a question answer problem, where all evidence spans are screened out as possible correct answers. Furthermore, to address the data imbalance problem in the judgement documents, we revised the loss function and combined it with a data enhancement technique. Experimental results demonstrate that our model has better performance than related works in evidence extraction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summarization of legal case judgement documents is a practical and challenging problem, for which many summarization algorithms of different varieties have been tried. In this work, rather than developing yet another summarization algorithm, we investigate if intelligently ensembling (combining) the outputs of multiple (base) summarization algorithms can lead to better summaries of legal case judgements than any of the base algorithms. Using two datasets of case judgement documents from the Indian Supreme Court, one with extractive gold standard summaries and the other with abstractive gold standard summaries, we apply various ensembling techniques on summaries generated by a wide variety of summarization algorithms. The ensembling methods applied range from simple voting-based methods to ranking-based and graph-based ensembling methods. We show that many of our ensembling methods yield summaries that are better than the summaries produced by any of the individual base algorithms, in terms of ROUGE and METEOR scores. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The appropriate understanding and fast processing of lengthy legal documents are computationally challenging problems. Designing efficient automatic summarization techniques can potentially be the key to deal with such issues. Extractive summarization is one of the most popular approaches for forming summaries out of such lengthy documents, via the process of summary-relevant sentence selection. An efficient application of this approach involves appropriate scoring of sentences, which helps in the identification of more informative and essential sentences from the document. In this work, a novel sentence scoring approach DCESumm is proposed which consists of supervised sentence-level summary relevance prediction, as well as unsupervised clustering-based document-level score enhancement. Experimental results on two legal document summarization datasets, BillSum and Forum of Information Retrieval Evaluation (FIRE), reveal that the proposed approach can achieve significant improvements over the current state-of-the-art approaches. More specifically it achieves ROUGE metric F1-score improvements of (1−6)% and (6−12)% for the BillSum and FIRE test sets respectively. Such impressive summarization results suggest the usefulness of the proposed approach in finding the gist of a lengthy legal document, thereby providing crucial assistance to legal practitioners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Zeitschrift für Abgaben-, Finanz- und Steuerrecht is the property of Verlag Oesterreich GmbH and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Zeitschrift für Abgaben-, Finanz- und Steuerrecht is the property of Verlag Oesterreich GmbH and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article explores the role of Europe and European scholarship in a world of extremes, particularly in light of the recent European Parliament elections. The author raises concerns about the rise of far-right extremism in Europe and emphasizes the importance of the European Union (EU) in countering tribalism and identity politics. They highlight the EU's diverse and technocratic institutions as a barrier to the far and extreme right's agenda. The article also discusses various topics related to European law and politics, including the implementation of the European Green Deal and the ethical implications of the construction of a wall between Poland and Belarus. It concludes by examining the potential for ecological sustainability through the Green New Deal. [Extracted from the article]

Administration of corporate activity is the daily preoccupation of corporate directors. Delegation of decision-making to the director, who is an independent player within the company, can clearly create the risk of conflicting his interests with the interests of the shareholders. This potential conflict of interests is a consequence of the division of ownership of the company and the control powers of the company's commercial activity. The delegation of decision-making authority to the directors of the company may cause the risk of the temptation of the director to the assets of the company. In addition, directors may also be tempted by opportunities for profit that arise during the exercise of their function, instead of using these opportunities for the company. For this reason, it is necessary to foresee clear disciplinary parameters, to avoid and eliminate the conflict of interest, as well as the prohibition of competition. In the present paper, through a legal assessment, special attention has been paid to the main categories of standards: elimination of conflict of interest and prohibition of competition. The main aim of this paper is to analyze the US doctrine, legal provisions, which regulate the two standards of disciplinary conduct for the corporate directors, as well as the court practice in this regard. Also, an important objective of this paper is that it may serve as an important basis for further comparative studies in this field with other jurisdictions. Such analysis is based on the qualitative method, which contains also the research, analytical, descriptive, interpretive methods. The result of this paper will stimulate debate in the academic level and contribute to further improvements of our company legislation, as well to the legal doctrine in Albania that lacks such. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article deals with certain problems of legal regulation of electronic administrative judicial procedure in the context of the realization of the right to judicial protection. The methodological basis of a scientific article is a set of philosophical, general and special scientific methods. It is indicated that electronic administrative judicial procedure should be attributed to the components of electronic governance. It has been established that the right to appeal to an administrative court and ways to protect violated rights cannot be limited when submitting and considering electronic documents, since the lack of such an opportunity leads to a violation of fundamental human rights, court practice in this matter is given. It has been established that it is the application of a specific method of protecting participants in public law relations of a violated or denied right that is the result of the activity and effectiveness of the legal mechanism for protecting rights when using information and communication technologies in administrative courts. Revealed that these rights protection mechanisms should be applied on the basis of the rule of law, accessibility and transparency, impartiality and independence, including the principles of oral hearing and equality of arms. The analysis of the concepts "electronic justice", "electronic court" in the scientific literature, national and international legal documents is carried out. The essence of "electronic administrative judicial procedure", its elements, stages of implementation in practice are disclosed. Separate directions for improving the legal regulation of electronic administrative judicial procedure regarding the implementation of the right to judicial protection are proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose. On the basis of the analysis of legal problems and prospects of state policy (SP) in the field of employment (FE) under martial law to substantiate the direction of SP changes in this area; and the strategic necessity of the social orientation of the specified policy. To offer recommendations: improvement of legal provision of SP; and the addition of legal norms to expand the possibilities of supporting SP with a single information and analytical system (SIAS). Methodology. General scientific and special methods of cognition are used: statistical analysis – to study changes in employment under martial law; analysis and synthesis – to determine the main tasks of SP in FE under martial law conditions, induction and deduction – to determine an important goal of SP – stabilization of this sphere; critical analysis – to substantiate the strategic necessity of the social direction of SP in FE; logical abstraction – to use SIAS for legal support of SP; formal and legal – to develop amendments to legislative acts to eliminate legal problems of SP implementation. Findings. Factors of the influence of the war on the labor market are established, the directions of state policy, caused by the specified influences, are determined. The main tasks of the SP in the field of employment under martial law are defined. It is indicated that the legal non-demarcation of the powers of institutional structures leads to the dysfunction of operational measures in this area. It is noted that the lack of strategic orientation of the SP leads to the acquisition of permanent structural features in the disproportions of the labor market. The importance of combining operational measures and long-term measures to solve strategic tasks is indicated, even under existing military conditions. Originality. The strategic necessity of the social direction of state policy in the field of employment is substantiated, even under martial law conditions, and for this purpose changes in legislation are proposed. The use of SIAS for forecasting employment and legal support of SP is proposed. Additions to legislative acts have been developed for the proper legal support of SP. Practical value. The proposed additions to the Laws of Ukraine, proposals to expand the use of SIAS will allow resolving some legal problems in the field of employment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose. To study the regulatory and legal provision of labor regulation of internally displaced persons (IDPs) in Ukraine. To identify the impact of changes in legislative norms regarding this issue on the effectiveness of legal regulation of IDP labor. To develop recommendations for clarification of legal provisions and propose directions for reducing potential conflict. Methodology. The following methods are used: analysis and synthesis made it possible to substantiate the importance of regulating labor of IDPs; logical generalization – to indicate that legal regulation in judicial practice should be based on the essential content of the basic citizen rights; comparative analysis – to point out the inappropriate level of imperativeness in the legislation regarding legal protection of IDPs; logical generalization – to propose a tool for pre-trial dispute resolution; formal-legal and special-legal methods – to develop changes to legislative provisions. Findings. Problematic issues of regulating the right of IDPs to work are indicated. It is noted that the regulation of the right to work is much broader than the problems of employment of IDPs. The inappropriateness of the level of imperativeness of legislative norms regulating the right of IDPs to work is indicated. A need is justified for pre-trial consideration of disputes regarding protection of the right to work. It is proposed to introduce an institute of mediator lawyers for this purpose. In order to avoid discrimination of IDPs in employment and defamation in the performance of duties under an employment contract, amendments to the Code of Labor Laws are proposed. Originality. Measures to strengthen the imperative of the norms of the current legislation aimed at regulating the labor of IDPs are proposed. Changes to the provisions of the current Laws of Ukraine and directions for reducing the potential for conflict in this area are proposed. Practical value. The implementation of the proposed recommendations on changes to the provisions of the current legislation will contribute to the legal regulation of the labor of IDPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Jurnal Ilmu Hukum, Humaniora dan Politik (JIHHP) is the property of Dinasti Publisher and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Within Western culture, gender is frequently interpreted in terms of binarism (male versus female), derived from biological sex at birth. Nevertheless, there is an accelerating percentage of non-binary and transgender people, who are not related to binary nomenclature, and they also need to resort to legal documentation and their renderings into other languages. This fact becomes a troublesome issue that must be nowadays solved, especially when translating into Spanish, a grammatical gender language, from English, a non-grammatical gender language. In this paper we will first select a corpus of eight British legal documents representing highly demanded translation briefs. We will then search for 15 problematic lexical items, searching for their lexicographic definitions and translations, and we will later resort to their most feasible translations into the Spanish language, considering both gendered translations and genderless ones. Our research shows how the Spanish language has its own translation techniques, especially paraphrasing, to be able to provide the English-Spanish target readership with binary legal terms, and especially with non-binary ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2023 the 1998 Belfast/Good Friday Agreement marks its twenty-fifth anniversary. For many the Agreement projects a global image of a successfully concluded end to conflict. However, key aspects of the agreement remain under-enforced or simply undelivered: in particular, provisions related to significant and wide-ranging guarantees addressing human rights and equality of opportunity. As a result, socio-economic and cultural deficits persist, undermining the capacity to achieve a 'positive peace'. In this article we address the question of how transformative the Agreement and associated reforms have been in addressing the root causes of the conflict and the structures that underpinned it. In doing so, we deploy Clara Sandoval's typology of different forms of societal change – 'ordinary', 'structural' and 'fundamental' – to guide our thinking and analysis, and tackle the most fundamental of questions in peace agreement literature and practice: whether, in fact, peace agreements can undo the fundamental causes that trigger and sustain violence. The article outlines the transformative promise of the Agreement, the multiple interlocking factors that have undermined that promise and the role of civil society in sustaining that transformative potential. Our conclusions point to a more nuanced understanding of what constitutes the 'ordinary' in transitional settings and a caution against the hyperbole of the transformative. We view transformative change as slothlike in its emergence, specifically grounded in progressive and cumulative re-orderings that can accompany peace processes. Rather than a moment of radical change, transformation follows from the cumulative impact of symbolic gesture, specific legal provision, procedural practice, mechanisms of accountability, and an engaged and vibrant civil society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Day by day, the amount of online and offline text data is growing tremendously from various sources like legal documents, medical documents, news articles, etc. Manual text summarization of large documents is unfeasible and costly because it takes much time and requires more effort. As a consequence, various graph-based text summarization techniques have been designed which provide thoroughly and well-prepared summaries of documents. The problems issues that exist in these techniques are redundancy of data, loss of information and readability. To overcome these problems, we have proposed a textual graph-based extractive text summarization technique called TGETS, for extracting essential information from a single document. In the proposed approach, a graph's node is denoted as group of sentences in the document and an edge of the graph is represented as an association between two sentences. The summary generation is based on the sum of sentence weight and the average weight of the textual graph. The performance of proposed approach is evaluated on the BBC news articles dataset through the ROUGE-metric ( R 1 and R 2 ). The proposed approach in the range of 100-200 words length summary offers better scores of 19.88%, 38.76%, and 30.73% for R 1 under precision, recall and F 1 -score with respect to the existing PageRank (PR) method. Similarly, for R 2 , the proposed approach exceeds by 32%, 26.99%, and 29.01% for precision, recall, and F 1 -score with respect to existing PageRank (PR) method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We introduce the combination of two techniques: Sparse Retrieval and Dense Retrieval, while experimenting with different training approaches to find the optimal method for the Vietnamese Legal Text Retrieval task. Moreover, the Question Answering task was only built on the open domain of UIT-ViQuAD but shown promising results on the in-domain legal dataset. Finally, we also mentioned the data augmentation of legal documents up to 3GB to train the Phobert language model, improve this backbone with Condenser, Cocondenser in this paper. Furthermore, these techniques can be utilized for other information retrieval assignments in languages with limited resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the implications of the Federal Fiscal Court (BFH) judgment of December 16, 2020 regarding free-of-charge benefits and input tax deduction. Topics include the general conditions for a business to be eligible for input tax deduction, and input tax deduction for services indirectly connected to entrepreneurial activities, and changes in the Umsatzsteuer-Anwendungserlass (UStAE) related to free-of-charge benefits and input tax deduction.

This article examines Friedrich Ristenpart's role in popularizing scientific knowledge as director of the National Astronomical Observatory in Santiago, Chile, from 1909 to 1911. Our analysis centers on four scientific texts that he published with the aim of reaching a wider reading public; we also draw on press releases and administrative documents, among other sources. We posit that Ristenpart's role in popularizing scientific knowledge was closely aligned with Chilean president Pedro Montt's political agenda to modernize the nation by establishing new scientific institutions, restoring old ones, and using the 1910 centennial of Chilean independence to showcase these institutional advances. This essay also explores why Ristenpart's communicative strategy, which was dependent on the incumbent government's power, made it difficult for him to cultivate local buy-in and ultimately realize his goal of popularizing scientific knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Language is a unique ability of human beings. Although relatively simple for humans, the ability to understand human language is a highly complex task for machines. For a machine to learn a particular language, it must understand not only the words and rules used in a particular language, but also the context of sentences and the meaning that words take on in a particular context. In the experimental development we present in this paper, the goal was the development of the language model SRBerta—a language model designed to understand the formal language of Serbian legal documents. SRBerta is the first of its kind since it has been trained using Cyrillic legal texts contained within a dataset created specifically for this purpose. The main goal of SRBerta network development was to understand the formal language of Serbian legislation. The training process was carried out using minimal resources (single NVIDIA Quadro RTX 5000 GPU) and performed in two phases—base model training and fine-tuning. We will present the structure of the model, the structure of the training datasets, the training process, and the evaluation results. Further, we will explain the accuracy metric used in our case and demonstrate that SRBerta achieves a high level of accuracy for the task of masked language modeling in Serbian Cyrillic legal texts. Finally, SRBerta model and training datasets are publicly available for scientific and commercial purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We illustrate the evolution of a social problem by describing the history of the switchblade knife and claims used by moral entrepreneurs to change the switchblade's legal status in American. To investigate this issue, we conduct a historical-event analysis using legal documents, newspapers, magazines, advertisements, books, and testimonials. We argue that the switchblade's deviant status evolved not from the objective harm it caused, but rather, from sensational claims made by moral entrepreneurs. In our analysis, politicians successfully singled out and redefined the switchblade as a vicious weapon with no legitimate civilian use and created concern for this particular knife by drawing attention to its associations with a dangerous class and criminal behavior. Additionally, we show how politico-moral entrepreneurs utilize sensational claims and sketchy data to create, proliferate, and regulate a new social problem. We conclude by discussing the role of power regarding the ability to define and regulate social problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to identify artificial intelligence (AI) technologies that are applied in climate-smart agricultural practices and address ethical concerns of deploying those technologies from legal perspectives. As climate-smart agricultural AI, the study considers those AI-based technologies that are used for precision agriculture, monitoring peat lands, deforestation tracking, and improved forest management. The study utilized a systematic literature review approach to identify and analyze AI technologies employed in climate-smart agriculture and associated ethical and legal concerns. The study findings indicate several ethical concerns for deploying AI in climate-smart agricultural practices pertaining to data inaccuracy, other technical errors based on wrong recommendations or wrongful acts, data ownership and intellectual property issues, and economic issues resulting in digital division and privacy and security related issues. In this study, the ethical concerns were further examined based on criminal law, tort law, privacy and data protection law, and intellectual property law. In this regard, the study finds that the current tort law pattern is more suitable than the criminal law pattern to address some major ethical concerns, such as data inaccuracy and other technical errors based on wrong recommendations or wrongful acts. Finally, the study recommends that at the global level, all countries need to fill up the current gap of international law on climate-smart agriculture through agreeing on a standard set of legal provisions and enhancing collaboration in innovation and deployment of climate-smart agricultural AI. It further recommends that at the local level, countries need to adopt suitable regulations addressing multi-stakeholders' interests associated with the deployment of climate-smart agricultural AIs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article investigates the role the law has played in the construction of the US–Mexico border wall. It explores two episodes of wall-building in American history: the first surrounding the adoption of the Act of August 19, 1935, and the second the adoption of the Secure Fence Act of 2006, both authorizing the erection of a fence at the U.S.-Mexico border. The article observes that for each episode, the law provided the sites for the deployment of narratives that constructed Mexicans as "others," instituting legal precedents that informed increasingly explicit and ambitious legal provisions for the construction of a border wall. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The aim of the study was to analyse the legal provisions regulating the acquisition of real estate by foreigners and to indicate the area of agricultural real estate acquired by foreigners in the years 2010-2021. The analysis attempts to describe the problems resulting from the lack of coherence between the Act on shaping the agricultural system and the Act on the acquisition of real estate by foreigners. Design/methodology/approach: The research methodology is based on an analysis of the existing legal and organisational regulations concerning the possibility of acquiring rights to real estate in the territory of the Republic of Poland. The authors have also reviewed the available literature in which authors have addressed issues related to the acquisition of real estate by foreigners. The annual reports made available by the Ministry of Interior and Administration on the implementation of the aforementioned Act were also used. Findings: Polish legislation favours the establishment and enlargement of family farms. At the same time, the law does not prohibit the running or enlargement of farms other than family farms, as persons running such farms may conclude agricultural land lease agreements or purchase land with the consent of the National Agricultural Support Centre. Importantly, foreigners from EU countries who decide to run an agricultural holding in Poland and obtain the status of an individual farmer have the same rights as Polish farmers with regard to not only the acquisition of agricultural land, but also direct payments, insurance in the Agricultural Social Insurance Fund (Kasa Rolniczego Ubezpieczenia SpoBecznego) or other rights and obligations related to agricultural activity in Poland. Originality/value: The publication addresses important issues concerning the acquisition of real estate in Poland by persons from both EU and non-EU countries. The subject matter is important in the context of the current socio-economic and political situation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An application for a replacement certificate can only be made by the party whose name appears as the right holder in the land book at the local land office. An application for a replacement certificate cannot be made if the name of the party is different from the name of the right holder in the land book. If the right holder listed in the land book has died, the application can be made by his heirs. The application must be accompanied by valid supporting documents, such as a Certificate of Death from the right holder and a Certificate of Heirs and Heirs. The formulation of the problem in this research is How is the Procedure for the Implementation of the Issuance of Land Rights Substitute Certificates at the Medan City Land Office. How are the obstacles and efforts faced by the Medan City Land Office in the Implementation of the Issuance of Replacement Certificates of Land Rights that are lost. The type of research used in this research is juridical-empirical. Juridical-empirical research is legal research on the enactment or implementation of normative legal provisions directly on each specific legal event that occurs in society. An application for a replacement certificate due to loss can only be submitted by the party whose name is listed as the right holder in the relevant land book or another party who is the recipient of the right based on a PPAT deed or an excerpt of minutes of auction, deed, letter and power of attorney. If the right holder or beneficiary has died, an application for a replacement certificate can be submitted by his heirs by submitting a letter of proof as an heir. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The general purpose of this research is to find out how the implementation of the role of youth participation in the Java-Sumatra archipelago in upcaya prevention and eradication of criminal acts of corruption. To find out how the government's efforts to optimize the prevention and eradication of corruption in Indonesia. The research method is a way or effort to do something by using the mind carefully to achieve a goal by searching, writing, arranging, formulating and analyzing until preparing a report. empirical legal research is research or observation in the field or field research whose research is focused on collecting empirical data. The approach method used in this research is the juridical-empirical method. Juridical-empirical research is legal research regarding the enactment or implementation of normative legal provisions directly on every legal event that occurs. The government's efforts in preventing and eradicating corruption are very worrying and pose a threat to the government, including synchronizing legislation or regulatory arrangements, fostering human resources, and digitizing government in preventing and eradicating corruption. Synchronizing legislation or regulatory arrangements. Synchronizing legislation or regulatory arrangements, adjustments and alignments related to the law on the prevention and eradication of corruption. Human Resource Development (HR) Providing education to the public about the prevention and eradication of corruption in accordance with Article 13 of Law No.30 concerning the Corruption Eradication Commission is a paradigm in the prevention and eradication of corruption, as a key success factor in the prevention and eradication of corruption. Socializing the prevention and eradication of corruption program. Digitalization and technology efforts in Indonesia are so massive that it is necessary to meet the requirements if we want to encourage the digitalization of all public services as an effort to prevent and eradicate criminal acts of corruption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Legal document Summarization poses a difficult challenge because of the complexity and diversity of legal language and concepts. In recent years, deep learning models have shown promising results in summarizing legal documents. The article examines the challenges of legal document summarization, reviews the state-of-the-art deep learning models, and identifies research gaps in this area. Potential future research directions and applications of legal document summarization using deep learning models are also discussed. The paper is a valuable resource for researchers and practitioners interested in legal document summarization using deep learning models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study comprehensively reviews the current academic literature concerning the safety and risk assessment associated with the utilization of liquefied natural gas (LNG) in ship-to-ship bunkering scenarios. Simultaneously, it explores the complex system of regulations, standards, and guidelines that oversee the thorough evaluation of risks linked to ship-to-ship LNG bunkering procedures. Special attention is given to the scrutiny of legal frameworks that encompass a range of safety considerations, such as storage facilities, transportation, bunkering processes, and the vessels involved in both bunkering and receiving. The research questions are formulated to provide a clear direction and objectives for this study's journey. The main hazards and risks related to LNG bunkering are identified and analyzed. The legal framework for LNG bunkering risk assessment is analyzed, and opportunities for improvement in these legal documents are identified. The general methodology and procedure for the safety assessment of the LNG bunkering process are summarized and established. From an extensive compilation of scholarly articles, 210 high-quality research papers have been deliberately selected for thorough examination. The research gaps are identified and analyzed. Through this analysis, the highlighted studies and key points are mentioned and analyzed. The research gaps are also outlined to predict the future directions of research on establishing safety zones during LNG ship-to-ship bunkering. Recommendations are made to propose improvements to the legal documents and suggest further research on the establishment of safety zones during ship-to-ship LNG bunkering to relevant authorities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While major advances have been made over the past years in comparing citizenship laws globally, most measures remain restricted to the law-on-the-books. Knowledge about the implementation of these laws remains limited. This poses the question to what extent these measures correspond with the law as experienced by targeted populations. In order to overcome the implementation gap when comparing and measuring citizenship law globally, this paper addresses the question of how to gain a coherent understanding of implementation. Developing a comprehensive typology, the paper distinguishes three crucial elements of implementation: (1) the entry into force of legal provisions (capturing the applicable state of citizenship law), (2) the interpretation of law (the specific interpretation of legal provisions used by the authorities responsible for their execution), and (3) the application of law (executing legal provisions in practice by the authorities). Subsequently, the paper illustrates how this typology can be applied to the analysis of citizenship law implementation by a case study of dual citizenship acceptance, focusing on the renunciation requirement for naturalisation and dual citizenship treaties. The paper concludes by outlining directions for a comparative research agenda that better corresponds with the lived experience of citizenship laws. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The era of digitalization and the advancement of modern information and communication technology is currently a challenge for Sharia economic law experts and legal practitioners to explore, find, and determine legal provisions in various new legal cases. Shari'ah economic law cases continue to surface indefinitely, while the na al-Qur'an and sunnah are limited in quantity. In order to respond to the dynamics of such conditions, they must seek alternative solutions to methods of extracting and discovering laws by optimizing rational thinking (ra'y). Ra'y functions and plays an instrument in instituting unwritten, implied, and explicitly unspeakable laws (masῡt 'anhu). The problem is how to apply ra'y in seeking progressive Shari'ah economic law, and experts opinion on the application of ra'y in seeking progressive Shari'ah economic law. To answer this problem, it is advisable to use the 'urf and maqasid al-Shari'ah approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The theme of this article is the irrationality of laws in Manuel Atienza and mediation, focusing on the use of mediation as a fairer response to the irrationality of laws, based on an analysis of Article 1.255 of the Brazilian Civil Code. The aim is to address the irrationalities that jeopardize the full and fair effectiveness of the article in question and how mediation can be seen as an appropriate and fairer means of dealing with conflicts generated by the legal fact provided for in the legal provision. To this end, the basic theory adopted is the theory of legislation proposed by Manuel Atienza. The research problem is: based on Manuel Atienza's study of the irrationality of laws, is the use of mediation the most appropriate means of dealing with conflicts arising from Article 1.255 of the Brazilian Civil Code? To achieve the results, the hypothetical-deductive approach was used, with an analysis of the relevant bibliography, legislation and case law. The results obtained from this analysis show that the article of law analyzed is irrational and that mediation offers greater justice for conflicts arising from the application of article 1.255 of the Brazilian Civil Code. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emergence of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technology has brought significant changes to corporate governance, presenting various opportunities and challenges. The implementation of AI in corporate governance can have a significant impact on the level of governance and create conditions that support better decision-making. However, the use of AI also has negative impacts such as data privacy violations, gender discrimination, reputational loss, and compliance issues. Additionally, there are legal challenges in the application of AI, including the legality of data utilization, accountability, fairness, transparency, security, and data privacy. Through a systematic literature review, including the analysis of articles, legal documents, and relevant regulations, this study aims to analyze the impact of Generative AI on corporate governance, identify potential legal challenges, and investigate relevant legal perspectives in addressing these challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In his testamentary letter to Auguste Chevalier, Évariste Galois states that, in modern terminology, the smallest simple group has order 60. No proof of this statement survives in his papers, and it has been suggested that a proof would have been impossible using the methods available at the time. We argue that this assertion is unduly pessimistic. Moreover, one fragmentary document, dismissed as a triviality and misunderstood, looks suspiciously like cryptic notes related to this result. We give an elementary proof of Galois's statement, explain why it is likely that he would have been aware of the methods involved, and discuss the potential relevance of the fragment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Notre-Dame de Paris fire offers anthropologists in the field of critical heritage studies a rich opportunity for fieldwork and conceptual innovation. This paper examines the social repercussions of a monument's destruction, ranging from emotional responses and public involvement to local and global consequences. The paper also includes the project lines of a broader comparative survey on reactions to the destruction of cultural heritage. A team of social scientists created a comparative grid in order to describe and analyze a series of case studies: Notre-Dame de Paris (France, fire in 2019), the National Museum (Brazil, fire in 2018), Notre-Dame de la Merci (France, fire in 2017), and Coventry Cathedral (UK, bombed in 1940 during WWII). The comparative grid is as follows: - Practices and Reactions: Emotion and Mobilization Regimes Heritage disasters provoke a wide range of privately and collectively expressed reactions that frame these events as a social construction. How do citizens and institutions navigate the outpouring of emotion elicited by the destruction of a monument? - Consequences: The Nature of Heritage Items and Their Social Impact Laypersons and authorities assign different meanings to heritage items according to their cultural and political significance and material and intangible features. How does such representations of a ravaged monument influence its reconstruction process and future relevance? - The Social Fabrication of Memory and Narrative The destruction of a heritage object rapidly triggers a series of narratives, including legal documents and authorities' statements, that constitute a textual memory of the disaster. What standards define catastrophe narratives, and what do their retellings of the event reveal or obscure? - Heritage in Crisis: Catastrophe as Social Construction of Heritage Fragility Heritage is by nature fragile and requires continuous preservation. How does the destruction of monuments galvanize collective representations of the endangerment of heritage? - Temporality and Spatiality: Catastrophe as an Event in Time and Space Although the destruction event is often short-lived and localized, it reveals enduring values and concepts of past and future, as well as geographic place. How are temporality and spatiality reimagined after the loss of a heritage object? - The Right to Heritage: Reconstruction, Citizenship, and Cultural Policies Although often conceptualized as isolated events, the destruction of heritage objects is deeply embedded in their economic, cultural, and social context. What do the destruction and reconstruction of heritage reveal about power dynamics and economic inequalities? - The Limits of Reflexivity: Researchers as Actors Facing the Politics of Mourning As researchers, balancing personal commitment with heritage and ethical scientific inquiry is crucial to sound analysis and to the validity of research results. How should scholars simultaneously manage the experience of and the study of emotional responses such as rage or grief? This paper illustrates these points using vignettes from selected case studies. The project is part of the working group EMOBI, a broader ethnographic project on collective emotions and mobilization following the Paris cathedral fire (social sciences working group of Chantier Scientifique Notre-Dame , supported by the CNRS and the Ministry of Culture). The goal is to provide a comparative study of the stakes and repercussions of devastated heritage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Public private partnerships (PPPs) have emerged as a dynamic means for nations to enhance infrastructure development, spur economic growth, foster innovation, engage the private sector and optimise financial resources. These collaborations hold the potential to transform governments' capacity to achieve comprehensive development objectives and attract crucial investments. However, implementing PPPs effectively is a multifaceted endeavour, requiring a thorough examination of Critical Success Factors (CSFs) to ensure enduring benefits. CSFs lie at the heart of successful PPP execution, shaping a culture of excellence within organisations and ensuring success throughout the planning, identification and assessment phases. Kenya stands as a prominent example, having established a transparent legal framework for PPPs within its borders. Kenya's persistent efforts to catalyse private investment in infrastructure development provides a valuable case study. This research primarily employs a doctrinal approach, examining existing legal documents and materials to understand the strengths and challenges of implementing PPPs. The paper's main objective is to critically evaluate the CSFs to ascertain the implementation practicality of PPPs. By closely analysing these legal foundations, the article aims to uncover the intricacies of Kenya's approach to PPPs. Through a thorough assessment of CSFs, this research aims to provide valuable insights to guide policymakers and enhance the effectiveness of PPPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a novel approach to utilizing open-source legal databases in academic education, especially in the fields of law and police investigations. Our framework provides a way to organize and analyze this data and extract reports that are associated with crime scenes, addressing the challenge of classifying unstructured legal documents by using text mining, natural language processing, and machine learning techniques. We developed a supervised machine learning model capable of accurately classifying court documents based on two classifiers: one identifies the documents containing crime scenes, and the other classifies them into five types of crimes. The experimental results were promising, as the random forest algorithm achieved an accuracy of 91.07% for the first classifier and support vector machines achieved an accuracy of 82.46% for the second classifier. What distinguishes our work is the creation of a crime dictionary that includes 70 crime tools and 151 related terms extracted from various forensic sources. It is considered relatively small, but it contributed to giving good classification results. The proposed crime dictionary can be generalized, developed, used in advanced searches, and integrated with police databases to improve crime scene analysis. Overall, the research highlights the use of court databases in police academic education and attempts to utilize them in a more effective manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Education and training is an important field that affects and determines the existence and development of society. Education and training social phenomena occur in the process of transferring knowledge and experiences between people through language and other sign systems to inherit and maintain the existence, evolution, and development of humanity. Improving the quality of education and training is an urgent issue in the current educational reform context. Theoretical and practical problems have clarified the essential elements of the quality of education and training. These are qualitative studies that are made based on an overview of assessments and comments from legal documents of the Party and the State of Vietnam and from studies of experts that have contributed to clarifying that it is necessary to improve the quality of education and training in the context of educational innovation. Based on studying the legal documents of the Vietnamese Party and State on education and training, renovating education and training; survey the current status of education and training quality assurance in several educational and training institutions; this study clarifies the context of educational innovation, the difficulties, and challenges posed in the educational innovation process; thereby proposing measures to improve the quality of education in the context of educational reform in Vietnam today. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]