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This contribution considers the international debate among legal specialists on the status of the so-called ‘capitulations’ sparked by the ‘Joris affair’. Joris’s trial and incarceration revealed the inconsistencies and ambiguities of the legal system governing the status of foreign subjects in the Ottoman domains. The influential Belgian expert on international law Alberic Rolin argued for the extradition of Joris to the Belgian judiciary based on the Belgian-Ottoman treaty of 1838. The fact that Belgium was a small and relatively ‘powerless’ nation encouraged Ottoman legal scholars to respond without risking entrapment in major political or diplomatic incidents. Rolin’s position met with serious criticism from the Ottoman Gabriel Noradounghian and others in the growing community of international lawyers. The Joris affair incited debate about the access of ‘non-Christian’ states to the civilized international community of nations. The chapter situates this episode in two broader, interlocking legal histories: that of the capitulations, which were drawing to a close at the beginning of the 20th century, and that of international law in the modern state system, which was in the midst of its precipitous ascent.

This paper concerns transnational and international debate about the function of education as a progressive force in modernising colonial and race relations. It focuses on aspects of the published work and careers of New Zealanders Felix and Marie Keesing in the interwar and early post-war years in order to investigate the role these debates played in imagining new processes of adaptation and cohabitation in the settler/colonial Pacific. The paper argues that transnational networks were crucial to that project: as internationally recognised anthropologists, during the interwar years the Keesings were involved in the Institute of Pacific Relations and the Pan-Pacific Women's Association, operating out of Honolulu. Through these communities of expertise, the couple sought to promote and ultimately popularise the contemporary idea that ‘applied anthropology’ would be essential to modernising the norms of governance between ‘native peoples’ and Western citizen-subjects.

This contribution is aimed to be a conceptual proposal within the discussion on the teachers’ assessment and also intends to make a contribution in the explanation of the variables affecting and characterizing the primary school teachers’ teaching styles. The study fits within the international debate on this topic and more in specific on the tools used for the assessment, and returns the interest on Values as psychological dimension characterizing the teaching styles and the teachers’ self-assessed skills. The use of the spanish scale "Escala de Evaluacion de la Competencia Autopercibida del Docente de Educacion Primaria" (ECAD-EP), together with the Schwartz PVQ scale (Portrait Values Questionnaire) involved a sample of 203 primary school teachers. According to the results, the values whom primarily affect the development of these skills and professional behaviors are: tradition, universalism, benevolence and selfdirection. The first two affect more significantly and on a higher number skills, while the rest have more specific and targeted influences. Further studies will show in depth the socio-demographic variables impact on the teaching styles, contributing to the international literature about these issues.

This article reports on an exploratory qualitative study undertaken with the students of the tenth edition of the «Leadership and Management in Education Master Course» (LMEMC) held in Italy by the Department of Education of the University Roma Tre and attended by educational professionals from Greece and Italy, in prevalence aspiring to career improvement and new leadership roles. The study is part of an in-depth self-evaluation process aimed at updating the course activities and exploring professional adult learning. Our data consists of 65 written interviews, undertaken with student-teachers and focusing on their motivations and their positive and negative expectations towards leadership roles. After referring to the international debate on leadership preparation and development, we situate the LMEMC looking at: (a) the context of Italian HE postgraduate studies; (b) the context of educational leadership preparation and development in Italy and in Greece; (c) the course design and delivery strategies. We then describe the methodologies and research tools employed and draw from our results some hints for possible new developments in the LMEMC and in leadership preparation activities. Our data also allows us to reflect on the benefits of sustainable self-evaluation processes of adult learning activities.

The international debate on structural change remains focused on sector–based approaches. The discussion on rural transformation is most often limited by the same long-standing bias. In order to answer the major challenges of their demographic and economic transition, many developing countries need to address their new rural-urban dynamics and to adopt territorial-based development strategies.

The paper is based on research that has critically assessed developments in the display of Fine Art in the UK, in order to identify strategies that, whilst retaining the integrity of the objects’ history and respecting curatorial expertise, make artworks accessible to visitors and engage the audience in the development of the exhibits. The research aims to propose frameworks of practice for museums where these artworks are interpreted according to the art historical canon, speaking an obscure language to the contemporary global audience. As a consequence, whilst the international debate is proposing participative models of museums, the gap between curatorial practices and museological debate is increasing. The paper intertwines theoretical and epistemological reflections with observations of museum practice. After the contribution of participatory museology, a downfall of the museum literature has been the lack of discussion about the position of the specialist value of artworks in the development of socially relevant displays. This resulted in artworks being largely presented from an art historical point of view. It will be discussed how, by validating objects’ socio-cultural history, diverse expertise within the museum workforce can be valorised and can collaborate to include new voices and develop participatory and accessible displays. Este ensayo se basa sobre una investigación crítica de las instalaciones de obras de arte anteriores al siglo XX en el Reino Unido, al fin de identificar las estrategias interpretativas y las prácticas curatoriales para realizar exposiciones accesibles, aun público no especialista, favoreciendo su participación en la planificación de la exposición. Al enfrentar la brecha entre las tendencias curatoriales actuales y el debate internacional a favor de un museo participativo, se pretende proponer marcos metodológicos útiles para que en los museos las obras de arte no sigan siendo interpretadas y organizadas según trillados cánones disciplinarios, inaccesibles para la moderna sociedad multicultural. El ensayo confronta reflexiones teóricas y epistemológicas con observaciones sobre la práctica actual en los museos. A pesar de las contribuciones de la museología participativa en el reconocimiento de la polisemia de los objetos, la literatura especializada a menudo ignora el rol específico que la obra de arte asume en el desarrollo de exposiciones socialmente relevantes. Aquì se sostiene que la valorización de la historia cultural y social de los objetos debe ir en paralelo con la aparición de nuevas profesionalidades, cuya colaboración con el personal existente permitirá planificar exposiciones participativas y accesibles.

In response to the ‘2011 Agenda Consultation’, the IASB launched in July 2013 a call for a new Discussion Paper on the ‘Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting’. This article aims to offer a contribution to the debate on the effectiveness of the theme of ‘Measurement’, by investigating the use of the current evaluation models in the literature and practice of Financial Reporting. The article proposes at first a historical survey both of the international debate on Fair Value Accounting vs. Historical Cost Accounting and of the Italian theories on the valuation. Later the paper proposes some considerations about the key questions related to Measurement and the possible policy implications of the main research finding, by conceptualising a ‘mixed’ system combining fair value Accounting and historical cost Accounting to try giving a more rational base to the financial reports.

This chapter considers some views of Norwegian egalitarianism from the outside. English-language accounts of the Norwegian state describe a welfare state marked by national egalitarianism. This chapter argues that such an impression is misleading, and that the idealistic image is in fact doing the work of nationalism rather than political analysis. It contrasts such accounts with critiques of the notion of ‘likhet’ (“sameness”) in the Norwegian language and with writings on the nationalism of Norway by Norwegian anthropologists. In doing so, it demonstrates how easily social scientists may misinterpret the politics and sociology of other countries when they are represented in international debate by a few centrally placed authors who, intentionally or otherwise, reproduce the myths of nationhood.

Dr. Yansane is the senior policy advisor to the Minister of Health in Guinea and the former Head of the Minister's Office and former Secretary General, Health. He has been instrumental in advocating for and co-organizing the Etats Generaux de la Sante in Guinea in 2014. His perspective is clearly one of a policy and decision-maker who has a particular interest in bringing population views, needs and expertise into the policy-making process in the hope that it will lead to improved buy-in of the policy and better implementation. Dr. Yansane was requested to provide input on the utility value of population consultations in his country and the added value from his perspective of more international debate on deliberative democracy in the health sector.

In preindustrial Europe between the sixteenth and nineteenth centuries iron was made by a variety of techniques and in the most diverse of social settings. At the risk of over-simplifying, direct reduction techniques were dominant in southern Europe. Coal technology made iron available in abundance. Pig iron output soared towards the end of the eighteenth century, from 61,000 tons in 1785 to 120,000 tons in 1795, then to 250,000 tons in 1805. By 1850 pig iron production in the United Kingdom stood at 2.25 million tons. The growth of bar iron output was every bit as spectacular. Seemingly limitless mineral energy and a profusion of cheap iron allowed Britain to play its pioneering role in the industrialisation of the globe. Hyde became the new orthodoxy about technological change in the iron industry, but did so at a time when the international debate over proto-industrialization theory steered scholarly interest away from questions of technology.

While there is a strong movement in favour of the use of manual based programmes in the arena of social care, there is a view that such programmes are not applicable in the more fluid setting of youth work, which operates informally, using dynamic and organic methods. For example, Coburn (2011) argues that a critical pedagogical approach to youth work engages young people by encouraging them to become inquisitive, to question why things are the way they are and to pose problems through which they can learn. For some, manualised or evidence based programmes are not seen as having a role in such contexts. However, to date, the international debate in relation to this issue has been limited by an absence of published studies focusing specifically on strategies to implement evidence informed practice in youth work contexts. This paper aims to address this gap in the literature. The Irish national youth organisation Foróige, which works with over 56,000 young people in Ireland on an annual basis, has developed a range of manualised evidence informed resources to support its youth work over recent years. Drawing on research findings from a range of studies conducted with youth workers focusing on implementation of these resources, the paper explores the benefits and tensions associated with the use of programme manuals in a youth work context. The findings suggest that such resources have a valuable role to play in youth work if designed in collaboration with youth workers, showing respect for core youth work values and allowing for flexibility and adaptability in implementation. peer-reviewed 2018-05-12

Introduction: Recent thrombectomy trials for emergent large vessel occlusion (ELVO) have spurred an international debate regarding the best way to get ELVO patients to the right centers quickly. Here we attempt to identify triage features associated with the best patient outcomes. Methods: A large, multi-hospital health system Get With The Guidelines stroke registry was used to identify patients >18 years old who had intra-arterial (IA) treatment of ELVO between January 2012 and June 2016. Primary outcomes were modified Rankin score (mRS) at discharge and discharge disposition. Generalized linear regression models were used to identify which of the variables on the figure’s Y-axis were related to the outcomes. Results: We identified 562 ELVO patients who received IA-treatment. Patients were more likely to have greater disability if they were treated at a PSC (AOR=3.14; p=.004), were a transfer (AOR = 5.18, p=.001), had a higher NIHSS score (AOR = 1.10; p Conclusions: Being treated locally rather than transferred, at a comprehensive rather than primary stroke center, and with shorter door to IA times were the strongest drivers of good outcome. Conversely, the annual IA treatment volume was not a driver of outcome.

Governmental intervention strategies in the housing sector and approaches on providing adequate housing for the poor have a long history and besides national and local authorities also other stakeholders have increasingly shaped the international debate. In this chapter, first, an overview is given about two of the main actors setting the scene for global housing policies—the World Bank and UN-Habitat. Their differing objectives as well as their ambivalent impacts are addressed. Second, from a historic perspective applied approaches and strategies for coping with slum and squatter settlements are explored. Considering their historic trajectories phases of dominant housing policies are derived as well constraints hindering a prevailing success. Finally, this chapter focuses on the concept of good governance seen as a prerequisite to realize the emerging paradigmatic approach of introducing comprehensive and participatory slum improvement policies.

This paper assesses empirically the effectiveness of the IMF as a component of the Global Financial Safety Net by running a panel regression on a sample of emerging market countries’ sovereign spreads. In particular, we check if the size of the Fund’s lending capacity and the introduction of the new precautionary facilities play a role in explaining emerging market countries’ spreads, after controlling for the traditional determinants of the spreads reported in the literature. From a policy perspective, the empirical evidence presented in this paper can provide a basis for assessing the potential gains from a stronger role of the IMF and of the GFSN in general, an important issue in the current international debate. We find that what appears to matter most are the overall resources available for lending by the IMF, rather than the channels through which such resources can be accessed by members.

Chapter 2 examines international media and academic discourses around the rise of Chinese state-led media in Africa (the origins of Chinese media diplomacy in Africa, to be discussed in Chap. 4). It undertakes a critical content analysis that disentangles the various voices and their ramifications into three categories: the neo-colonialism hypothesis, the pragmatic hypothesis, and the information contra-flow hypothesis. The chapter compares African, Chinese and Western perspectives applicable to each category, and reveals the centrality of mediatized communication in the conceptualization of China in Africa in the countries’ respective public spheres.

This chapter examines the German sociologist Norbert Elias’ theory of “The Civilising Process” in relation to leisure. It sets out the main tenets of this theory and its implications for thinking sociologically about leisure (and sport). It discusses the international debate among scholars over “football hooliganism” that took place in the late 1980s and 1990s in which Eliasan theorists (self-styled “figurationists”) played a leading role. It also examines the key Eliasan proposition that leisure in modern societies, since these societies are inherently “unexciting”, entails a necessary quest for excitement. This chapter suggests that discussion of these questions did less to enhance understanding of these matters than it might have. This chapter closes with a brief consideration of the main criticisms that have been levelled at Eliasan sociologists and their understanding of leisure.

A finales del siglo pasado, en plena emergencia sanitaria debida a la pandemia del SIDA, se produjeron numerosas obras artísticas, literarias, cinematográficas que trataban el tema. Antes que anochezca del cubano Reinaldo Arenas y Loco Afán: crónicas de sidario del chileno Pedro Lemebel se colocan dentro de esta tendencia general, aportando al debate internacional una perspectiva original, debido a las identidades latinoamericanas e interseccionales de los autores que de hecho tuvieron que confrontarse personalmente con el contexto estadounidense, muy diferente al propio de pertenencia. Ambas “autohistorias1 ” se colocan entre erotografía y tanatografía, en un viaje de solo ida entre la vida, alimentada por el sexo y la muerte, relacionada con el calvario de la enfermedad. El SIDA no influenció solamente las artes sino sobre todo las identidades, llevando a los sujetos involucrados a cuestionar nuevas maneras de relacionarse adentro y afuera de la comunidad LGBTIQ (Lesbianas, Gays, Bisexuales, Transgenerotransexuales, Intersexuales, Queer). Ricardo Llamas las bautizó Sidentidades. Abstract: At the end of the last century, at the height of the health emergency due to the AIDS pandemic, numerous artistic, literary and cinematographic works have been produced about this subject. Before night fall of the Cuban Reinaldo Arenas and Loco Afán: crónicas del sidario of the Chilean Pedro Lemebel are placed within this general tendency, contributing in the international debate with an original perspective, because of their Latin American and interectional identities that, in fact, had to face personally with the North American context, very different than theirs. Both texts develop a perspective between erotography and tanatography, between life, fueled by sex and death, related to the calvary of the disease. But AIDS did not only influence the arts but, above all, identities, leading the subjects involved to think of new ways of relating in and out of the LGBTIQ (Lesbians, Gays, Bisexuals, Trans, Intersexuals, Queers) community. Ricardo Llamas called them Sidentidades.

Theses about globalised, cosmopolitan, transnational or multilateral memories have received wide circulation over the past few decades. However, their reception in – and pertinence to – Latin America has up to now received little attention within the international debate. This article aims to contribute to this debate by focusing on the particular field of memorialisation discourses and practices. The text posits the existence of a certain global memorialising language, characterised by particular aesthetic and architectonic features. These traits are placed in contrast and in dialogue with the rich memorial tradition that has developed in Argentina since the 1970s, led by the human rights movement and its supporters.

La atención siempre creciente por parte de la crítica y, en particular, de estudiosos que a nivel internacional se ocupan de la obra metafísica del teólogo granadino Francisco Suárez, ha hecho que se profundicen diversas temáticas contenidas en ella. Esto se debe, en especial, por la importante función que esa ha tenido, y todavía tiene, de mantener unidas dos diversas tradiciones de pensamiento; vale decir, la segunda o tarda Escolástica y la Edad Moderna. En este artículo, entonces, nos ocuparemos de una de estas temáticas desarrolladas en las Disputationes metaphysicae y en particular de la relación entre la causa eficiente y la causa final sobre las cuales, sobre todo, en razón de la discusión crítica que se ha desarrollado en los últimos años y la atención que el mismo Suárez le reserva, buscaremos: (a) presentar las posiciones más significativas sobre las que se ocupa el debate internacional (Introducción); (b) recorrer todas las etapas fundamentales que llevan a la constitución de la ratio causae in communi; (c) evidenciar la relación ‘problemática’ entre la causa eficiente y la causa final, que se basa en la expresión «per antonomasiam». Nuestro objetivo será entonces el de mostrar lo siguiente: (a) cómo toda causa conserva, al interno de la doctrina de la causalidad, un estatuto independiente aunque en modos diferentes; (b) cómo a la independencia de cada causa le sigue una comunión entre las mismas en un sentido analógico o unívoco; (c) cómo la causa eficiente no es la causa «per antonomasiam», al menos en la doble acepción en las cuales puede ser entendida.

Fundamental concepts like secularization are initially formulated from perspectives embedded in particular histories, and the contrast between the British perspective and the French provides a network of clues as to how secularization is systematically inflected in the British and French cases. Once one follows these clues through it becomes clear that secularization as a concept is not a neatly bounded entity suspended ahistorically in neutral ideological space but bound up with culturally constructed binaries, such as 'the religious' and 'the secular', with ideological notions of the direction of history and the teleology of progress, and with ages and stages. Secularization gathers together several semi-related changes, but should not be understood as a one-way-street.

Published: 16 December 2014 The idea of installing an underwater laboratory in 1968 to run experiments was connected with the international debate about the sovereignty of the seabed beyond national borders. After a US consortium had occupied parts of the international seabed, international experts and the United Nations were concerned, that claiming parts of the seabed were under national jurisdiction might lead international law towards allowing such appropriation. In 1969, the German Government and the US Administration set up state agencies responsible for ocean research. The paper argues that underwater laboratories were partly organized in order to influence upcoming regulations on the use of the seabed.

While numerous accounts of policy frameworks associated with country-level support for social enterprise activity exist, explanations for when, why and how policy interventions in support of social enterprise have been adopted have been, to date, much more thin on the ground. This paper aims to contribute to addressing this perceived gap by presenting the case of Scotland, recently hailed by First Minister Alex Salmond as “the most supportive environment in the world for social enterprise”. Historical Institutionalism is used to explain how such a ‘supportive environment’ might have come about and, looking at, in turn, when, why and how the conditions for social enterprise in Scotland have developed, we attempt to contribute to the ongoing international debate concerning the importance of the policy environment to fostering the conditions for social enterprise activity not only to emerge, but also to thrive.

Whether or not policy is responsive to public opinion is central to questions of representation. Democracy by many accounts is premised on there being a strong correspondence between public opinion and policy. This link has not, however, been examined in detail in Australia. This article examines the policy–opinion link in a more robust way than that has previously been achieved in Australia, through the use of legislative data from the Australian Policy Agendas Project (APAP) and public opinion data from Roy Morgan. The article asks: is policy congruent with public opinion in Australia? In addressing this question, we examine to what extent policy accords with the preferences of the public. This in turn provides us with some answers about how representative Australian democracy is, as well as contributing to an international debate about the responsiveness of policy to public opinion.政策是否要对舆论负责，这是代表制的核心问题。民主的前提往往就在于舆论和政策之间的息息相通。但在澳大利亚，人们并没有仔细地研究过二者间的关联。本文根据澳大利亚政策议题计划提供的立法资料以及罗伊摩根提供的舆情资料，对政策—舆论关联做了比以往充分多的...

SummaryThis article examines the international debate over the most appropriate name for what became known as ‘existentialism’. It starts by detailing the diverse strands of the Kierkegaard reception in Germany in the early inter-war period, which were given a variety of labels—Existentialismus, Existenzphilosophie, Existentialphilosophie and existentielle Philosophie—and shows how, as these words were translated into other languages, the differences between them were effaced. This process helps explain how over the 1930s a remarkably heterogeneous group of thinkers came to be included under the same label. The article then shows how the word ‘existentialism’ and its cognates in other languages gained prominence because they were considered to represent best the diversity and richness of the movement. In detailing this process the article helps elucidate how existentialism emerged as an international philosophy in the period immediately following World War II, and sheds light on the ambivalence with which...

This paper sets out the role of the International Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works (IIC) in facilitating the current international debate on the selection of appropriate environmental conditions for collections to optimise their future condition while minimising energy consumption. It looks back 35 years to when Garry Thomson first published The Museum Environment and forward 35 years to demonstrate how IIC can care for the future as well as care for the past. It asks whether we are posing the right questions in this debate, draws attention to leadership in the cultural sector, and suggests that more conservation professionals should aspire to leadership positions directing museums and heritage organisations.

The article is based on the current debate in Latin America and Brazil, of epistemological and methodological nature, regarding the concepts and processes of reception, mediation and mediatization included. It intends to peruse the paths of communication studies in the region, linking strong traditions of mediation and reception theories with emerging perspective of mediatization. We intend to analyze the various methodological maps of mediations that have been following the changes of the structural relationships between communication and society. We conclude that despite the central position today this theory in the field of communication in Latin America, it still should be taken to the international debate on theories of communication.

The international debate on carbon emission reduction to mitigate the global warming phenomenon has focused the attention of scholars and policy makers on finding rational solutions. The optimal level of carbon emission is determined by the equilibrium carbon emission price, where the marginal damage by climate change is equal to the marginal cost of carbon emission reduction. This study has been conducted because the international trade of carbon emission allowances requires the optimal carbon emission prices of each region to be estimated. By using the carbon emission pricing model of Nordhaus (1991), which considers both economic and environmental factors, this study estimates the optimal carbon emission prices in the Korean market, which is expected to play a crucial role in carbon emission pricing power regionally and internationally due to the passage of the “Act on the Allocation and Trading of Greenhouse-Gas Emission Permits” on May 2, 2012. We find that the marginal cost of carbon emission reduction generally increases with increasing sensitivity of temperature to concentrations of carbon emission and with increasing economic growth rate, but decreases with increasing real capital return.

The issue of exporting VET systems is currently very topical in the international debate. It is, however, surprising that there is virtually no recent research into such areas as practicability, successes achieved, problems encountered, and long-term impact.

Policy Coherence has undoubtedly been one of the catchwords in the international debate on development aid since the 1990s but, as many authors have stated, no generally accepted agreement has been reached on defining the concept. This paper performs a systematic review to date of the literature on Policy Coherence for Development, drawing a conceptual map aimed to put Policy Coherence for Development in its rightful place within the development aid system. Within this framework, some of the main debates on the topic will be outlined in order to contribute to the enhancement of Policy Coherence for Development. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

In the international debate surrounding transitions from school to employment, Japan and Germany are regularly cited as examples of success. This article draws on the Japanese concepts represented by two problematic groups – freeters and NEETs – to demonstrate that over recent years, young people in both countries have also been facing serious problems with the transition process. Interpretation of empirical data also, however, reveals a number of contrasts between them. We focus here on differences in their educational systems and on the role each system plays within its own society. The article also uses divergent recruitment practices and employment structures as vehicles for comparison and interpretation.

This article uses the 2010 Australian Election Study to test explanations of the level of confidence citizens have in political parties. This article shows that citizens have little confidence in political parties in Australia and sheds light on existing theories of political support that appear in the international literature. In doing so, this article contributes to the international debate by testing the effect of both short-term and long-term factors on confidence in parties. However, this article also shows that many citizens still care which party wins the election and are broadly satisfied with and supportive of democracy. The evidence suggest that the "party is not over," but the relationship between citizens and parties in Australia is a fractured one. © 2013 The Author 2013. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The World Association for Public Opinion Research. All rights reserved.

For a number of years, there has been an international debate on whether and to what extent small member states can influence the common external policies of the European Union. Recent research on the role of small EU states concludes that these states are neither per se political dwarfs nor power-brokers. The paper puts forward the hypothesis that the Nordic countries as small states have had a considerable influence on the EU's policies towards Africa in the current century. The ‘Nordicization' is the result of the fact that the Nordics traditionally have had a high moral profile in international affairs including North–South and specifically Africa policies. Five separate analyses are carried out addressing the question of Nordicization and Europeanization. Based on the empirical analyses, it is not possible to confirm the hypothesis that a Nordicization of the European Union's Africa policy has taken place. Rather, it appears adequate to talk about convergence of policies between the Nordics ...

The presence of the blackface minstrel mask within the Cape Town Minstrel Carnival has been a source of divisive and prolonged local, national, and international debate. But the mask also invites us to consider both the procession's historical relationship to slavery and its participants' contemporary, though fleeting, occupation of a postcolonial, postapartheid urban center.

This article advances the hypothesis that the subject of post-Fordist work is the result of a singular- fullfillment of the hegelian dialectic master/slave. This article will take into account the debate on the ‘recognition’ in Hegel (from Kojeve to Honneth, considering Lacan) together with the international debate on governmentality studies who developed the foucaultian analysis on neoliberalism. Its aim is to draw the profile of the anthropology of post-Fordist subject from the point of view of a post-dialectical philosophy of work.

International medical travel, or medical tourism, is receiving attention globally. Most discussions focus on the potential savings from outsourcing medical care. This article adopts a comparative approach, identifying lessons from European Union discussions that illuminate areas left obscure in the broader international debate. First, it points out that the highly visible US debate, focused on cost, is ignoring two other crucial components of health care policy: access and quality. Second, it examines debates about medical travel in the European Union in order to understand the kinds of issues that arise when considering access and quality in medical travel, the political discussions that emerge, and the solutions that the EU has been able to adopt. The conclusion identifies issues that the EU has faced and that will arise as debates about international medical travel start to incorporate access and quality.

The purpose of this study is to provide a general overview of the issue of equity in education. The aim is to obtain a historical-chronological description of equity in theory, policies and practices. The analysis has shown how equity is widely discussed in the international debate. Different conceptions can be detected, namely: a) equity as inclusion; b) equity as meritocracy. It seems to be necessary to continue the debate in order to focus on coherent and shared policies, practices and observations concerning scholastic systems.

Songs aimed at the Dutch youth became a booming business in the Dutch Republic. In contemporary Western culture, such popular songs constitute an important vehicle for expressing youth identities. With regard to the Low Countries, it is this article’s hypothesis that in the booming business of songs composed by and for youngsters – loosely defined here as ‘unmarried young people’ – early stages of these modern processes of identity formation are visible. By exploring this vast and unique corpus and its functionality in the context of the NWO research project ‘Dutch Songs On Line’, this article aims to contribute to the international debate on youth identities, more specifically to the much debated question when ‘adolescence’ as a category was discovered: in the 19th century, or in the early modern era? Building on several trends in the existing literature the first part of this article will offer a framework for the analysis of the identity formation function of the songs for the early modern Dutch youth. The second part is dedicated to a case study: focusing on songs about and for students the potential of this type of research is explored.

Resumo O artigo analisa a participação do antropólogo brasileiro Edgard Roquette-Pinto no debate internacional envolvendo o campo da antropologia física e as discussões sobre miscigenação racial nas primeiras décadas do século XX. Trata especialmente da leitura, das interpretações e das controvérsias que o cientista brasileiro produziu com um grupo de antropólogos e eugenistas norte-americanos, entre eles nomes como Charles Davenport, Madison Grant e Franz Boas. O artigo também problematiza as diferentes formas de leitura e de apropriação intelectual, a circulação internacional de ideias e o modo como as interpretações antropológicas produzidas por Roquette-Pinto ganharam novos sentidos ao romper as fronteiras nacionais.

Objectives: Despite international debate over growing pressures on hospital beds, particularly from rises in emergency admissions, there are few published data on the characteristics of patients admitted to hospital. Most research has attempted to explore the appropriateness of general practitioner (GP) admissions, yet even the proportion of emergency admissions made via the GP is not known. This study aimed to investigate GP and patient factors associated with acute medical admissions to one hospital in Birmingham, UK. Methods: A study was performed on all acute medical admissions made over one week to a district general hospital in Birmingham and local general practices referring acutely to it. Admissions were identified from routine hospital dataset and the information validated. Factors perceived as linked to admission were explored by semi-structured interview or postal questionnaire with the admitting doctors and with a proportion of patients. The subjects were 158 patients and the 84 GPs involved in a proportion of the admissions. Outcome measures were admission routes, diagnoses, linked medical and social factors. Results: Only 84 (53%) patients were admitted via their GP (or deputy). 47% were self-referrals or admitted via outpatients. Data on 16% patients could not be validated because of GP refusal (3 doctors, 15 patients) or untraceable doctor (10 patients). Most admissions were for respiratory problems (47, 30%), mainly cases of infective illness (13% all admissions, 43% respiratory). Cardiovascular disease involved 16% cases, principally myocardial infarction or angina. Drug overdose was the most frequent single diagnosis, almost 1 in 10 acute admissions. 69% of the GP admissions were over 65 years old (30% over 75) against 36% of the non-GP (p

The Century of World Wars. (Re-)Interpretations of History in the Anniversary Year 2014 Abstract On the occasion of the 100th anniversary of the beginning of World War I and the 75th anniversary of the outbreak of the Second World War, the Centre for Historical Research of the Polish Academy of Sciences and the Foundation for Polish-German Cooperation organized an international debate on the topic of: “The Century of World Wars. (Re-)Interpretations of History in the Anniversary Year 2014”. The main subject of the debate, which took place on 23 November 2014 with the participation of renowned scholars in the field, was the consideration of historical contexts and comparisons of the two world wars from different national perspectives. ----- Bibliographie: Kąkolewski, Igor/Woniak, Katarzyna: Das Jahrhundert der Weltkriege. (Re)Interpretationen der Geschichte im Jubilaumsjahr 2014?, JB historie, 1-2016, S. 375-376. https://doi.org/10.3224/jbh.v8-9i1.32

Despite being denounced in the first international agreements on monuments, the relationship between heritage and community has become more important in the last few years. This is a bond that has encouraged the development of heritage education initiatives task; despite having been described above, it has become part of a very current agenda. In order to have a look at the prospects that took the heritage education in Chile, this paper installs the discussion of changes in equity notion as meant in part, incorporating the community as an important actor in the patrimonialization process. In the light of international agreements, especially the second part examines the international debate on heritage education, since the interest in creating awareness on the part of States. In a third part, it reviewed the way the community has increased its participation in heritage processes in Chile, in order to raise some challenges. Challenges become especially significant when one considers that, despite the motivation and interest have been raised on the issue, it is a relatively new field.

espanolEste articulo busca entregar un panorama general acerca del debate internacional sobre la democracia y sus amenazas, subrayando los factores que explican el abandono del optimismo democratico reinante hasta hace una decada. Entre ellos, estan los problemas de eficiencia y representatividad de las democracias ya consolidadas y el surgimiento de un nuevo tipo de ciudadano, mas empoderado, exigente e insatisfecho. Tambien se observa la evolucion de muchas democracias nuevas en una direccion autoritaria. Por ultimo, existe el desafio creciente que imponen regimenes autoritarios de gran peso, en particular de China y su modelo meritocratico de gobierno. EnglishThe aim of this paper is to review the current international debate about democracy and its threats, highlighting the factors that explain the abandonment of the democratic optimism that prevail a decade ago. Among them are the problems of efficiency and representativeness of the already consolidated democracies and the emergence of a new type of citizen, much more empowered, demanding and dissatisfied. Along with this, the evolution of many new democracies in an authoritarian direction has been observed. Finally, there is the growing challenge of authoritarian regimes of great significance, particularly China and its meritocratic model of government.

The paper offers a broad literature review about food planning, a new field of inquiry getting popular among urban scholars in Italy after Milan Expo 2015. It provides a set of definition of food planning, from the international debate, and explores the complex relation between food system and the city. It then focuses on food urban policies providing examples of policy implementation, both in Italy and abroad, and features main actors already involved or to be involved

El pensamiento dominante nos hace aceptar como imposible una economía sin crecimiento que no aprovecha masivamente los recursos naturales. Se repite que, para lograr el progreso, la única vía es el crecimiento económico, el cual exige a un grupo de países extraer cada vez mayores volúmenes de recursos naturales para sostener la creciente demanda de otros países. Al mismo tiempo, ese esfuerzo, apalancado en un creciente extractivismo, aseguraría los ingresos para que el sur global –clásico proveedor de tales productos– supere su “subdesarrollo”. Sin embargo, como se analiza en este artículo, preparado a partir de reflexiones e investigaciones académicas del autor y desde su directa experiencia en diversas funciones en el mundo de las actividades extractivistas, la realidad nos exige superar esas visiones no solo por razones ecológicas y sociales, sino inclusive económicas. Por eso, en este texto se abordan las principales limitaciones (patologías) de los extractivismos. Luego se proponen algunos elementos que sirven para pensar en alternativas alrededor de dos tendencias que comienzan a cobrar creciente fuerza en el debate internacional: decrecimiento y post-extractivismo, buscando, simultáneamente, nuevos horizontes civilizatorios, como el Buen Vivir. The dominant thought forces us to accept as impossible an economy without growth that does not massively exploit its natural resources. To achieve progress it is repeated that the only way out is thru economic growth, which demands a group of countries extracting increasingly higher volumes of natural resources to sustain the growing demand from other countries. At the same time, that effort, leveraged by an increasing extractivism, would ensure the income for the global South; classical provider of such products; to overcome its “underdevelopment”. However, as it is analyzed in this article, prepared as of thoughts and academic research by the author and from his direct experience in different functions in the world of mining activities, reality demands that we overcome these visions, not only due to ecologic and social arguments, but also for economic reasons. This text approaches the main limitations (pathologies) of extractivism. Then, some elements are proposed to think of alternatives around the two trends that are becoming strong in the international debate: contraction and post-extractivism, looking at the same time for new civilizing horizons such as Good Living.

This article joins the international debate on whether there is a unique East Asian welfare model.\ud It examines the concept of defamilisation and compares various leave policies (maternity leave,\ud paternity leave and extended parental leave) in five East Asian and nine non-East Asian\ud countries. The welfare index method is used to classify these countries into different groupings.\ud The findings show that the East Asian countries are not always internally homogeneous (being\ud similar in key features), nor are they externally heterogeneous (showing significant differences\ud from the others). Therefore, the existence of a unique East Asian welfare model is still in doubt.

At a time when both the internal and global movements against apartheid in South Africa were at low ebb, African-American tennis star Arthur Ashe was successful in focusing the attention of the American public, the Nixon White House, and the international sporting community on South Africa. Ashe was also able to focus the attention of the South African government on the concerns of the anti-apartheid movement. Through his confrontation of apartheid, Ashe also underlined the anti-apartheid movement's struggle over how best to confront South Africa, through engagement or isolation. While Ashe strove to visit South Africa, other forces within the anti-apartheid movement championed boycotts and protests. These two competing visions led to much strife within the movement, and were an important component of the international debate over how to deal with apartheid and racial injustice in South Africa. Ashe traveled across several borders—both real and imagined—to emerge as a crucial transnational actor within the anti-apartheid movement in the early 1970s.

The topic of cyberbullying is raising international debate and concern. Through the development and dissemination of a questionnaire 12 student researchers were supported in surveying 325 UK students across Years 7, 8 and 9 to gain further knowledge of this area, in relation to children and young people. Results were analysed and comparisons made between gender and age, allowing conclusions to be drawn about the area of cyberbullying and its many elements. Conclusions acknowledge that bullying has entered a “digital era” and professionals and adults require the knowledge and skills to help young people to further understand the issues involved and to protect themselves in this area.

The strategic re-use of brownfield land for housing in the late 1990s in England is a policy instrument introduced to achieve multiple sustainability and urban regeneration objectives. Previous research, mostly relying on qualitative data and local authority case studies, tends to focus on barriers and drivers of brownfield regeneration, rather than on its impact. This study aims to bridge this research gap by examining the impact of residential brownfield development in the most deprived urban areas during 2001-08. Policy impacts in terms of changing housing markets, residential density, population growth and economic deprivation are systematically examined with a series of indicators through GIS analysis and the analysis of variance tests. Conclusions are then drawn on the effectiveness of brownfield development in tackling deprivation and the relevance of these findings for the international debate about planning and land use policy. © 2012 Urban Studies Journal Limited.

International relocation has fast become a topic of international debate. This article suggests reasons why that may be the case, and then turns to some recent developments in this debate. It discusses the judicial conference on international relocation in Washington, DC in March 2010 and the Sixth Meeting of the Special Commission of the Hague Conference on Private International Law in January 2012, and suggests that it is unlikely that we will establish a unified international approach to international relocation disputes in the near future.

A propos du transfert de gestion des forets aux communautes villageoises: notre contribution au debat international (exemples malgaches)A partir du debat international sur la gestion locale des ressources forestieres, les auteurs de ce volume examinent l’exemple malgache du transfert de la gestion de forets a des communautes villageoises. Leurs conclusions soulignent deux principaux points. Premierement, la clarification des objectifs dans les contrats est un aspect crucial. Deuxiemement, les parties contractantes definissent differemment l’objectif du transfert. Les objectifs des contrats de gestion locale etant nombreux et parfois opposes, il est difficile d’identifier les cas qui caracterisent nettement un succes ou un echec de la gestion locale. Etablir un ordre de priorite entre les differents objectifs en fonction du contexte local apparait comme une piste a suivre. De meme que solliciter un financement supplementaire, lorsque les acteurs locaux ne tirent pas un benefice suffisant des contrats de gestion locale en termes economique, social ou institutionnel.