151. Minocycline Attenuates HIV Infection and Reactivation by Suppressing Cellular Activation in Human CD4+T Cells
- Author
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Gregory L. Szeto, Sheila A. Barber, Angela K. Brice, Hung-Chih Yang, Janice E. Clements, and Robert F. Siliciano
- Subjects
CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes ,Anti-HIV Agents ,medicine.medical_treatment ,T cell ,Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ,HIV Infections ,Minocycline ,Biology ,Lymphocyte Activation ,Major Articles and Brief Reports ,medicine ,Humans ,Immunology and Allergy ,Viremia ,Cells, Cultured ,Antibacterial agent ,Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ,Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ,virus diseases ,HIV ,Cell Transformation, Viral ,Virology ,Virus Latency ,Infectious Diseases ,Cytokine ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Viral replication ,DNA, Viral ,Immunology ,Cytokines ,RNA, Viral ,Tumor necrosis factor alpha ,Cytokine secretion ,HIV Long Terminal Repeat ,medicine.drug - Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients must remain on a lifelong regimen of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). The presence of a latent viral reservoir in resting CD4+ T cells necessitates long-term treatment to prevent HIV reactivation and spread from perpetuating disease. Latent reservoirs are therefore the main barrier to eradication of HIV infection. The challenges of long-term HAART treatment include limited penetration to tissues that harbor latent virus (such as the brain), prohibitive cost, and both short- and long-term toxic effects [1–4]. Minocycline, a second-generation tetracycline derivative, has a number of properties that address these concerns (enhanced penetration to tissues, low incidence of toxicity with long-term administration, low cost). Because of these properties, along with its immunomodulatory abilities, it may prove to be an effective complement to HAART [5, 6]. We have shown elsewhere that minocycline has multiple beneficial effects in our simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) macaque model of HIV-associated neurological disease [7]. In the central nervous system (CNS), treatment with minocycline significantly decreased virus load in the cerebrospinal fluid, viral RNA in the brain, and the severity of CNS disease. In the periphery, plasma viral load was decreased in minocycline-treated animals with encephalitis compared with those without encephalitis. Minocycline also decreased p38 activation and HIV replication in primary human lymphocytes, which suggests that it acts through its effects on CD4+ T cells, the primary host cell for HIV infection. Minocycline has also been shown to affect T cell activation and proliferation. Synovial T cell clones derived from arthritic patients treated with minocycline in vitro possess an impaired proliferative response to anti-CD3 and decreased production of activation-induced cytokines [8]. The effect of minocycline was also found to be signal dependent, resulting in decreased levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α messenger RNA in response to stimulation with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate or anti-CD28 [9]. These in vitro observations, along with our in vivo findings in the SIV primate model, represent evidence that minocycline can modulate cellular activation and proliferation by altering cell signaling. Owing to the tightly coupled regulation of the HIV long terminal repeat (LTR) by many T cell regulatory signals and the dependence of productive HIV replication on the activation state of the host cell, we hypothesized that minocycline treatment would decrease HIV replication by decreasing the activation state of the host cell [10–12]. In this study, we demonstrate that minocycline decreases single-cycle HIV replication, intracellular viral RNA levels after in vitro infection of primary human CD4+ T cells, reactivation of HIV from a primary CD4+ T cell-derived model of HIV latency, and reactivation of HIV from resting CD4+ T cell reservoirs from patients who have clinically undetectable viremia during HAART. Furthermore, we demonstrate that minocycline alters T cell activation, blunting changes in expression of T cell activation/ proliferation markers and cytokine secretion, many of which are critical for activation pathways that regulate HIV replication.
- Published
- 2010