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Hydrothermal vein-type fluorite deposits are the most important metallogenic type of fluorite deposits in South China, most of which are closely related to granitoid in space; however, the genetic relationship between granitoid and fluorite mineralization remains controversial. The Shuanghuajiang fluorite deposit in northern Guangxi of South China is a typical vein-type fluorite deposit hosted in a granite pluton, with the orebodies occurring within brittle faults. Zircon U-Pb dating of the hosting Xiangcaoping granite yields an emplacement age of 228.04 ± 0.76 Ma (MSWD = 0.072). Fluorite Sm-Nd dating yields an isochron age of 185 ± 18 Ma. The new age data indicate that the fluorite deposit was precipitated significantly later than the emplacement of the hosting Xiangcaoping granite pluton. The fluorite and granite exhibit similar rare earth element (REE) patterns with negative Eu anomalies, suggesting that fluorine (F) was derived from the granite. The fluorite fluid inclusions show a homogeneous temperature mainly ranging between 165 °C and 180 °C. Salinity is typically less than 1% NaCl eqv, while the δ18OV-SMOW and δDV-SMOW values are between −5.2‰–−6.1‰ and −17.35‰–−23.9‰, respectively. These indicate that the ore-forming fluids were a NaCl-H2O system with medium-low temperature and low salinity, which is typical for meteoric water. Given the combined evidence of geochronology, REE, and fluid geochemistry, the mineralization of the Shuanghuajiang fluorite deposit is unrelated to magmatic-hydrothermal activity but achieved via hydrothermal circulation and leaching mechanisms. Our study presents a genetic relationship between the fluorite deposit and granitoids based on an example of northern Guangxi, providing a better understanding of the genesis of hydrothermal vein-type fluorite deposits in granitoids outcropping areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study is based on multi-source data of the public welfare platform "Baby Coming Home" website, trafficking case data from "China Judgments Online, " and the major historical cases of trafficking detected by search engines, with a focus on Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, a province with a high incidence of women and children trafficking in China. It uses mathematical statistics, case analysis, spatial analysis, and other methods to explore the spatiotemporal pattern and influencing factors of the trafficking of women and children in Guangxi. The results show that: 1) The perpetrators are mainly male, in the 20-55 age group, with low education levels and obvious gang characteristics. Regarding age, the victims show "double peak" characteristics of the young peak (infants), in which the infants are mainly male, and the older secondary peak (women). The buyers' education level is mainly junior high school or below, and most are farmers or unemployed. 2) The inter-annual change in the trafficking of women and children in Guangxi shows a "dune" trend, which is divided into four stages: low incidence, high incidence, medium high fluctuation, and continuous decline periods. 3) At the city level, the number of trafficked minors is generally positively correlated with the population of the city. Regarding the trafficking routes, the overall trafficking path shows the pattern of "Guangxi is the source area, and Guangdong, Fujian, and North China are the main confluence areas." The trafficking routes into Guangxi mainly show the characteristics of "surrounding and cross-border trafficking. " Gender has a great impact on the trafficking path. The boys mainly turned to Fujian and Guangdong, which are relatively concentrated, and the girls mainly turned to Guangdong, Fujian, Guangxi, Hebei and Shandong, which are highly dispersed. 4) The special geographical location creates a unique social, economic, and cultural environment in Guangxi. Under the combined action of various pushing and pulling forces, the trafficking of women and children in Guangxi has occurred and expanded, and finally formed a unique criminal network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, three new species of Nothopodinae mites from China are described and illustrated. They are Disella miliusaesp. nov. collected on Miliusa sinensis Finet & Gagnep. (Annonaceae), Disella dendrocalamasp. nov. collected on Dendrocalamus yunnanicus Hsueh & D.Z.Li (Poaceae), and Colopodacus machilisp. nov. collected on Machilus nanmu (Oliv.) Hemsl. (Lauraceae). All the species are vagrants on lower leaf surface and causing no apparent damage to their host plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

【Objective】The present paper aimed to explore effects of different shading models on tea garden habitat and the quality of summer tea, to find out the suitable shading models for tea trees, so as to provide theoretical basis for the production of high-quality summer tea in Guangxi. 【Method】In summer of 2020, Jinxuan was used as the test variety, and black shading net was used as the shading material and 4 shading treatments T1（60% shading+1. 3 m shed covering）, T2（60% shading+1. 8 m shed covering）, T3（75% shading+1. 3 m shed covering） and T4（75% shading+1. 8 m shed covering） were set, with no shading as the control（CK）. Cultivation experiments of different shading models were carried out in tea garden, and the tea garden habitat index（illumination intensity, air temperature, air relative humidity and soil temperature） and the quality ingredients index of tea（chlorophyll, tea polyphenol, amino acid, vitamin C, water extractive, caffeine） were analyzed. 【Result】Different shading models could effectively reduce the illumination intensity, air temperature and soil temperature, increase the air relative humidity, improve the habitat of tea garden and improve the quality of summer tea. Effect of treatments T3 and T4 on improving tea garden habitat were better than those of treatments T1 and T2. After 25 days of shed covering, the total chlorophyll contents of summer tea were T3>T4>T2>T1, which significantly increased by 79. 66%, 56. 13%, 28. 24% and 17. 31%（P<0. 05, the same as below） compared with CK, respectively. The tea polyphenols contents were T4T3>T2>T1, which significantly increased by 14. 67%, 10. 67%, 5. 78% and 4. 00% compared with CK, respectively. The proportion of essential amino acids in amino acid components were T4>T2>T1>T3, which were 2. 85%, 2. 75%, 1. 77% and 1. 59% higher than that of CK, respectively. The ratio of tea polyphenol to amino acid were T4T4>T1>T3, which significantly increased by 13. 74%, 12. 73%, 10. 01% and 8. 31% compared with CK, respectively. The water extract contents were T4>T2>T3>T1. In comparison with CK, the water extract contents of T4 and T2 treatments significantly increased by 65. 53% and 16. 00%, T3 treatment decreased by 3. 92% but did not reach significant difference（P>0. 05, the same below）, while T1 treatment decreased significantly by 5. 28%. And there were no significant differences in caffeine contents between shading treatments and CK. 【Conclusion】The model of 75% shading+1. 8 m shed covering can significantly improve the habitat of tea garden and improve the integrating quality of summer tea. This model is recommended as a supporting technology for the high quality summer tea production to be extended in Guangxi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ecosystem service value (ESV) is an important indicator used to measure the quality of the regional ecological environment, and land use/cover change (LUCC) has a crucial impact on it. Based on three periods of land use data for Guangxi, China, in 2000, 2010, and 2020, in this study, the spatial and temporal change characteristics of the LUCC were analyzed, and the equivalent factor method was used to calculate the total ESV in Guangxi. Finally, the spatial autocorrelation and spatial aggregation characteristics of ESV in Guangxi were analyzed to explore the impact of land use/cover changes on ecosystem service values in Guangxi. The results show that the utilization areas of water and artificial surface continuously increased from 2000 to 2020, with the largest increase in the area of artificial surface, which increased by 3390.67 km2. The areas of the forest land, shrubland, and sea continuously decreased, of which the forest land area decreased by 5679.39 km2. The areas of the cultivated land and grassland initially increased and then decreased, exhibiting a small overall increase. During the study period, the total ESV in Guangxi initially increased and then decreased, with an overall increase of 1.295 billion RMB. This was caused by the increase in the area of water and grassland. The distribution of ESV in Guangxi has a significant positive spatial correlation, and the distribution of ESV in Guangxi shows a high north and low south, and the ESV high-high value aggregation areas were concentrated in the mountainous areas in northeast and northwest Guangxi. The results of this study provide an important theoretical basis for the rational development and utilization of land resources in Guangxi and for the coordination of socio-economic development and environmental protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Buforubroventromaculatus Orlov, Ananjeva, Ermakov, Lukonina, Ninh & Nguyen, 2024 is a species recently described from Vietnam. Currently, this species is known from central and northern Vietnam and it uncertain whether this species is distributed in China. In addition, the original description of this species is very brief., New Information: Based on nine specimens collected from Yunnan Province and Guangxi Autonomous Region, China, we provide the first confirmed record of Buforubroventromaculatus from China. The morphological characteristics of the specimens from China mostly agree with the original description of B.rubroventromaculatus and, phylogenetically, the specimens from China clustered with the type series of B.rubroventromaculatus from Vietnam. We also provide a supplementary description of this species, based on the specimens we collected., (Shuo Liu, Mian Hou, Mingzhong Mo, Dingqi Rao.)

Four new species of Homidia are described from the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China. Homidialongiantenna sp. nov. is characterised by its long antenna and slightly expanded post-labial chaetae; H.guangxiensis sp. nov. by the presence of smooth chaetae on the post-labium and posterior face of the ventral tube; H.huapingensis sp. nov. by the presence of smooth post-labial chaetae and pointed tenent hairs; and H.oligoseta sp. nov. by the pointed tenent hairs and fewer macrochaetae on Abdomen IV. Additions to the original description of Homidiaacutus Jing & Ma, 2022 are also provided., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Rong Zhou, Ling Huang, Yi-Tong Ma.)

Five species of Apatetica Westwood, 1848 from China are recorded and illustrated: Apateticaangusticollis sp. nov. from Sichuan, A.confusa Assing, 2018 from Yunnan, A.intermedia Fauvel, 1904 from Guangdong and Guangxi, and A.laevicollis Fauvel, 1904 from Guangdong and Guangxi, and A.sikkimi Fauvel, 1895 from Xizang. The last four are new to China. The new species is described, and a photograph of a living specimen is presented. Apateticaintermedia and A.sikkimi are redescribed and diagnosed. A key to Chinese species of the genus is provided., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Jin-Kang Chang, Harald Schillhammer, Liang Tang.)

A new marine monoraphid diatom species, Planothidiumpseudolinkei , is described from the coast of Guangxi, China. The detailed morphology of this epipsammic diatom is studied by using both light and scanning electron microscopy. sp. nov. , is described from the coast of Guangxi, China. The detailed morphology of this epipsammic diatom is studied by using both light and scanning electron microscopy. P.pseudolinkei differs from congeners by a combination of morphological features including capitate apices, multiseriate striae, a small central area on the raphe valve and an oblong sinus on the rapheless valve. Ecological preferences of Planothidium are also briefly discussed., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Lang Li, Yu-Yang Huang, Qun-Zhuan Nong, Jun-Xiang Lai, Yu-Hang Li.)

The Daxin Xialei Devonian manganese deposit in Guangxi is the first super-massive manganese ore deposit ever discovered in China. Here we conducted detailed petrographic studies on manganese-bearing sequence, ore mineral assemblages and their textures and structures. Our work reveal that the brecciated, vein-bearing and stockwork manganese ore minerals may form correspondingly to the expulsion and effusion of the gas and liquid-rich fluid. In addition, prevailing manganese-bearing silicate and sulfide minerals (rhodonite, manganese-iron chlorophyllite, pyrite, chalcopyrite, manganite, etc.) of hydrothermal origin are observed among the ores. Further comprehensive examinations of the original borehole data of the mining area lead to two major outcomes.First, three syndepositional faults are successfully recovered and identified in Late Devonian Xialei-Tuhu Ⅳ-graben basins, which controls the formation and spatial distribution of the manganese ore deposit.Second, brecciated manganese ore minerals appear to be clustered in space, and the localities of which may correspond to the locations of the ancient gas-liquid expulsion and effusion centers that give rise to the formation of manganese ore. Notably, the spatial distribution of the fossilized gas-liquid centers is controlled by the syndepositional faults developed during the formation of manganese ore deposit. Given the observation that Xalei Devonian manganese ore deposit shares comparable expulsion and effusion depositional features to Nanhua Datangpo gas-liquid depositional manganese ore deposit at Songtao of Guizhou Province, it is therefore argued that both Xialei and Datangpo manganese ore developed by similar mechanisms. This study sheds light on a better understanding of the metallogenic mechanism(s) and will place better constraints on the future explorations of Xialei manganese ore deposit.

ObjectiveTo analyze the epidemiological characteristics of mushroom poisoning events in Guangxi， and provide scientific evidence for the control and prevention strategy.MethodsThe descriptive analysis was conducted on the incidence data of mushroom poisoning events in Guangxi reported through the Foodborne Disease Outbreak Reporting System from 2015 to 2020.ResultsA total of 189 mushroom poisoning events were reported with 789 poisoning cases and 10 deaths in Guangxi from 2015 to 2020. The case fatality was 1.27%. The highest number of food poisoning incidents was found in 2020， accounting for 38.10%（72/189） of the total. The majority of the mushroom poisoning events occurred from May to September. Guilin， Baise， Wuzhou and Qinzhou were areas of high incidence of mushroom poisoning events. Family was the main places for mushroom poisoning events， accounting for 93.65%（177/189）of the total.ConclusionThe prevention and control strategies of mushroom poisoning in Guangxi should be formulated according to the characteristics of high-incidence seasons， high-incidence areas and high-risk populations， and the publicity and education of families in rural areas should be strengthened to improve the public awareness of prevention.

Identifying and protecting key sites of ecological assets and improving spatial connectivity and accessibility are important measures taken to protect ecological diversity. This study takes Guangxi as the research area. Based on the gross ecosystem product (GEP), the ecological source is identified, and the initial ecological network (EN) is constructed by identifying the ecological corridor with the minimum cumulative resistance model. The internal defects of the initial ecological network are extracted using the circuit theory, the priority areas for restoration and protection with clear spatial positions are determined according to the complex network analysis, and the network’s performance before and after optimization is comprehensively evaluated. The results show that 456 initial ecological sources and 1219 ecological corridors have been identified, forming the initial ecological network of Guangxi. Based on the circuit theory, 168 ecological barriers, 83 ecological pinch points, and 71 ecological stepping stones were extracted for network optimization. After optimizing the ecological network, there are 778 ecological sources with a total area of 73,950.56 km2 and 2078 ecological corridors with a total length of 23,922.07 km. The GEP of the optimized structure is 13.33% higher than that of the non-optimized structure. The priority areas for protection are distributed in a large area, and the attached GEP reaches USD 118 billion, accounting for 72% of the total GEP attached to the optimized ecological source area. The priority areas for restoration are scattered in small patches, with a GEP of USD 19.27 billion. The robustness and connectivity of the optimized ecological network have been improved obviously. This study attempts to identify key sites of ecological assets and the priority regions for restoration and conservation using genuine geographical location and reference materials for regional ecological network optimization and implementation.

Scholars have widely discussed the topic of regional spatial structure. However, most of the literatures are produced to understand this filed from a single scale perspective, with little attention to multi-scale perspectives and the relationship between different scale areas. In addition, the current empirical results are mostly concentrated in the eastern coastal areas of China, and few studies examine the underdeveloped southwest regions. This study goes beyond the method of taking prefecture-level cities as measurement units and investigates the relationship between different scales in the field of urban networks. Based on mobile signaling data, this study conducts an empirical examination of the spatial network structure of Guangxi, where urban districts and counties are taken as basic measurement units, and the connection degree and centrality models are employed for quantitative analysis. The following results were derived: In terms of horizontal linkage, the relationship between four sub-regions shows that southern Guangxi has the highest centrality, followed by western Guangxi and northern Guangxi, eastern Guangxi has the lowest centrality. The connection degree of four sub-regions indicates that southern Guangxi has the strongest connection with western Guangxi, as well as strong connections with eastern and northern Guangxi. Northern Guangxi has weak connections with eastern and western Guangxi, while eastern Guangxi has the weakest connection with western Guangxi. The relationship between inter-prefecture-level cities shows that Nanning has the highest centrality, followed by Laibin. The connection among prefecture-level cities is centered on Nanning, and there are two main connection axes: Nanning-Hechi and Nanning-Laibin. The relationship between inter-urban districts shows that Guilin has the highest centrality, followed by Liuzhou and Yulin. Hechi has the lowest centrality, and there are five prominent connections: Fangchenggang-Qinzhou, Guigang-Laibin, Qinzhou-Nanning, Laibin-Liuzhou, and Chongzuo-Nanning. The inter-county relationship shows that the relation intensity is relatively lower; Guiping has the strongest connection with Pingnan, followed by Lingshan-Pubei. Strong connections are mainly located in the Beibu Gulf urban agglomeration, the Xijiang Economic Belt, along National Highway 324, and around the Lijiang River Scenic Area in Guilin. In terms of vertical linkage, the inter-city relationships within four subregions show that the internal connection of northern Guangxi is the strongest, followed by eastern and southern Guangxi, and that of western Guangxi is the weakest among four sub-regions, which can be used as the basis of economic zone division. The relationship between urban districts and counties shows that administrative jurisdiction has an important influence on the connections between these. The relationship intensity conforms to the law of distance attenuation, but some connections are beyond the scope of administrative jurisdiction. The hinterland of each urban district can be divided into three patterns: cross-, weak, and suitable boundaries. Nanning and Liuzhou are cross-boundary patterns, Hechi is a weak boundary pattern, and the rest are suitable boundary patterns. Comparing this with the current administrative regions, there are obvious differences; Nanning and Liuzhou have a wider scope of influence than their administrative regions, and Hechi has a smaller scope, which provides a basis for further adjustment of the administrative divisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

【Objective】The present experiment aimed to identify the pathogen species of top blight of Passiflora edulis and clarify its taxonomic status, so as to provide a theoretical basis for the scientific prevention and control of top blight of P. edulis and the sustainable and rapid development of the P. edulis industry.【Method】The pathogen of P. edulis top blight, a new disease found in Nanning for the first time, was isolated by plant tissue isolation method, its pathogenicity was determined, and its morphological characteristics were observed, and the genetic sequence of its ribosomal transcribed spacer ( ITS),calmodulin (CAL) and mating type gene (ApMat) were analyzed. To identify the pathogen causing top blight of P. edulis.【Result】The same form of fungi was isolated from the plants with typical symptoms of top blight of P.caerulea, named TK2 A2 CLA6 strain, and its spore morphology was consistent with the pathogen spore morphology observed from the slices of natural diseased branches of P.caerulea, which could be infected by the pathogenicity test of terminal bud inoculation, and the disease symptoms were consistent with the natural disease symptoms. The pathogenic bacteria obtained by re-separation were the same as the original inoculated pathogenic bacteria. The colony of TK2 A2 CLA6 was round or nearly round, and developed and dense gray-white aerial hyphae were produced on the front of the colony, while the back of the colony was light yellow at the early stage. At the later stage, the center of the fungus was light black and the periphery was light yellow, and orange spore piles were occasionally produced after 7 days of culture on PDA medium. 18.89 mm/d; Colorless conidia was nearly cylindrical and obtuse, the other end was obtuse or slightly thin, generally with 1-2 oil globules, the size was (13.03-17.75) μm× (3.75-5.25) μm. The genetic sequence of TK2 A2 CLA6 strain was amplified by PCR,and the genetic sequence was analyzed by BLAST in NCBI. The results showed that the homology between TK2 A2 CLA6 strain and Colletotrichum siamense was 100%. The phylogenetic tree of multi-gene phylogeny was analyzed by its, CAL and ApMat genetic sequence. Strain TK2 A2 CLA6,C. siamense LF177 and C. siamense JH-Coll001 were clustered into an independent branch with 100% self-supporting rate, and the pathogen causing top blight of P. edulis was identified as C. siamense.【Conclusion】 The pathogen of P. edulis edulis in Nanning, Guangxi was identified as C. siamensis by morphological method and multi-gene phylogenetic tree analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The economic and social development evaluation system with the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) as the leading indicator is no longer applicable to the current social progress in China. It is essential to carry out an assessment of the Gross Ecosystem Product (GEP) to integrate ecological benefits into the economic and social evaluation system and promote sustainable socio-economic development. This study took Guangxi, an important province in South China, as the study area. We used four periods of land use and land cover data (LULC), meteorological data, soil data and yearbook statistics to construct a GEP assessment framework based on geographic information system (GIS) and remote sensing (RS) technologies. We accounted for the provisioning services, regulating services, and tourism services provided by Guangxi in 2005, 2010, 2015, and 2020 and analyzed the region's and municipalities' spatial–temporal pattern characteristics and trends of change in GEP. In addition, this study also discusses the relationship between GEP and GDP. The results showed that many important products and services provided by natural ecosystems in Guangxi had enormous economic benefits. GEP had increased from CNY 15,657.37 billion in 2005 to CNY 36,677.04 billion in 2020, and the distribution of GEP showed obvious spatial heterogeneity. The value of ecosystem regulation services was about 65–89% of GEP, which is the main component of GEP. From 2005 to 2020, natural ecosystem protection and socio-economic development have achieved coordinated development in Guangxi. GEP and GDP showed upward trends in general. Although Guangxi is relatively backward in terms of economic development, the scientific quantification of the unrealized value of the services provided by the ecosystem through GEP accounting makes it possible to transform ecological advantages into economic advantages. It could help the local government and people to re-recognize the value of ecological resources and realize the beautiful vision of lucid waters and lush mountains as invaluable assets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Science Technology & Industry is the property of Chinese Society of Technology Economics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A specimen of Rana was collected at 24°34'5. 06″ N, 104°54'18. 15″ E, altitude at 1, 359 m in Jinzhongshan Mrs. Hume's Pheasant National Nature Reserve of Guangxi, China in July 2021. Compared the morphological characteristics with other species of the genus Rana the specimen is similar to R. chaochiaoensis. The Bayesian inference and Maximum likelihood trees constructed based on 12S rRNA and 16S rRNA genes sequences showed that this specimen was clustered with the R. chaochiaoensis type locality specimen with very high support. The genetic distance between the specimen and R. chaochiaoensis was 0. 4%, was much lower than that between other Rana species. Combined with morphological and molecular identifications, the specimen collected in Longlin was identified as R. chaochiaoensis, which provides the new evidence for the distribution of R. chaochiaoensis in Guangxi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Food Science & Technology & Economy is the property of Grain Science & Technology & Economy Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objectives: The prevalence of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and HPV genotypes varies in different regions. However, there is little data on HPV prevalence and genotyping in Guangxi Province, South China. This study conducted a 10‐year survey in a health center, to estimate the prevalence characteristics of HPV genotypes. Methods: By using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification and nucleic acid molecular hybridization, the HPV genotypes were detected from 77,756 females who were patients of the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and those who visited the Health Management Center for a physical examination between August 2011 and November 2020. The prevalence, genotypes, age‐related HPV infections, as well as chronological change of HPV prevalence, and the HPV genotype distribution were analyzed. Results: The overall prevalence of HPV infection was 21.14% (16,439/77,756). The HPV infection rate differed significantly between the patients of the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and the women who underwent a physical examination (22.98% vs. 9.88%, p < 0.05). The prevalence rates of high‐risk HPV, low‐risk HPV, mixed HPV (mixed high‐risk, and low‐risk HPV infection), and multiple HPV infections were 18.96% (14,739/77,756), 4.09% (3178/77,756), 1.90% (1478/77,756), and 4.94% (3838/77,756), respectively. The most prevalent genotypes were HPV 52, 16, and 58. The age‐associated HPV prevalence showed bimodal curves, with the first peak at <25 years and the second peak at >56 years. Conclusions: This study provides baseline data on the HPV prevalence in the general female population of Nanning, Guangxi Province. Women <25 and >56 years old faced the greatest threat of HPV infection, and HPV 52, 16, and 58 were the most common genotypes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Mountain Research (10082786) is the property of Mountain Research Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)