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A new ultraperformance liquid chromatography (UPLC) method with photodiode array detection was developed for the quantitative analysis of a commercial syrup formulation containing ephedrine (EPH) and guaifenesin (GUA). In the development of UPLC method, experimental chromatographic conditions, flow rate, column temperature, and percentage of 0.1 M H3PO4in mobile phase, were optimized using chemometric multivariate strategy. From the application of a 33full factorial design, the optimal chromatographic conditions were obtained as the flow rate of 0.29 mL/min, column temperature of 36.4°C, and 56.9% of 0.1 M H3PO4in the mobile phase. The optimal conditions gave us a good chromatographic separation of the analyzed drugs with short analysis runtime within 3 min. Calibration curves for EPH and GUA in the linear working range of 4–64 and 6–96 µg/mL, respectively, were obtained using peak areas detected at 215 nm. Performance and validity of the optimized UPLC method were estimated by analyzing independent binary mixtures, inter-day and intra-day samples, and standard addition solutions containing EPH and GUA substances. It was concluded that the proposed method was a promising approach for the quantitative determination and routine analysis of a commercial syrup formulation of the titled substances. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Simple, selective and sensitive high-performance thin layer chromatographic (HPTLC) method has been developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of Guaifenesin (GUI) and its impurity Guaiacol (GUA), in two ternary mixtures with Salbutamol Sulfate (SAL) or Dextromethorphan HBr (DEX). The separation was carried out on HPTLC silica gel 60 F254using ethylacetate: hexane: methanol: ammonia (65:35:15:2, by volume) as a developing system followed by densitometric measurement of bands at 227 nm for the first mixture containing GUI, SAL, GUA and by using ethylacetate: hexane: methanol: ammonia (65:35:5:2, by volume) followed by densitometric measurement at 275 nm for the second mixture containing GUI, DEX, GUA. Calibration curves were constructed in the range of (0.2–4 μg/band), (0.2–2 μg/band) and (0.4–1.2 μg/band) with good correlation for GUI, SAL and GUA, respectively, for the first mixture and in the range of (0.4–2 μg/band), (0.2–2 μg/band) and (0.4–1.2 μg/band) with good correlation for GUI, DEX and GUA, respectively, for the second mixture. The developed method was validated according to ICH guidelines and demonstrated good accuracy and precision. The results were statistically compared to the reported methods with no significant difference, indicating the ability of our method to be used for routine analysis of drug product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/objective: Guaifenesin, an over-the-counter (OTC) expectorant, has exhibited muscle relaxant effects preclinically and clinically. This proof-of-principle study explored whether OTC doses of guaifenesin can provide relief from acute upper back, neck, or shoulder muscle spasm and pain. Methods: This multicenter, placebo-controlled, repeat-dose, parallel study randomly assigned adults experiencing acute pain and muscle spasm in their upper back, neck, or shoulder to guaifenesin 600 or 1200 mg or matched placebo twice daily (BID) in a 2:2:1:1 ratio for 7 days. The primary end point was the change from baseline in muscle spasm relief, measured using an 11-point numeric rating scale (0= not present to 10= unbearable) recorded twice daily and averaged over the 7-day treatment period. Analyses were performed using a linear mixed model that included treatment as a fixed effect and site as a random effect. Results: A total of 77 subjects were included in the 4 treatment groups. Least squares mean muscle spasm score over 7 days was 1.77 with guaifenesin 1200 mg, 1.42 with its matched placebo, 1.53 with guaifenesin 600 mg, and 1.74 with its matched placebo. Treatment with guaifenesin 1200 mg BID provided 25% greater reduction in mean muscle spasm over its matched placebo and 16% greater reduction than guaifenesin 600 mg BID. These differences were not statistically significant. Based on comparisons of absolute mean values, a consistent directional change in effect was observed, suggesting some benefit from placebo to lower-to-upper doses of guaifenesin with regard to muscle spasm, tension, pain, discomfort, and relaxation. No severe or serious adverse events were reported. Conclusion: Results suggest the potential for OTC dose of guaifenesin 1200 mg BID to provide symptomatic relief of upper back musculoskeletal pain and spasm. Confirmation of this preliminary result in a larger, adequately powered study is needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A simple and highly sensitive sensor has been used for the determination of oxomemazine hydrochloride (OXO) in presence of paracetamol (PAR) and guaifenesin (GU). Carbon paste electrode was modified with multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT), alizarine red S (AZ) and chitosan (CH). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) were used to characterize the nanostructure and performance of the sensor. Under the optimized experimental conditions OXO gave linear response over the range of 2.00×10−6-1.00×10−4 mol L−1. The detection limit was found to be 4.35×10−7 mol L−1. The practical application of the modified electrode was demonstrated by measuring the concentration of OXO in pharmaceutical samples and urine. This revealed that suggested sensor shows excellent analytical performance for the determination of OXO in terms of a very low detection limit, high sensitivity and selectivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the countryside, the use of halogenated anesthetics is difficult, therefore the use of injectable agents is an essential tool in anesthetic practice. This study aimed to compare two multimodal injectable anesthesia protocols and to determine the appropriate protocol to perform a medial laparotomy and embryo recovery in sheep. 16 healthy adult creole sheep were used. Animals were randomized to receive xylazine 0.2 mg/kg PC IM and ketamine 10 mg/kg PC IV (XK group), or a continuous infusion of 5% solution of xylazine (50 mg), ketamine (500 mg), and guaifenesin (500 mL) at a rate of 2.2 mL/kg/h IV (XKG group). Heart and respiratory frequency, rumen motility, and body temperature were evaluated before anesthesia, after induction, and during recovery. Induction was assessed by muscle spasms, nystagmus, and limb movement. Anesthesia was evaluated based on time, mandibular relaxation, skin sensitivity, and reflexes. Recovery was evaluated on a scale for anesthetic agent (0-10). Cardiorespiratory parameters decreased below baseline after induction of anesthesia in both groups. Between the groups, there was a significant difference in decubitus time (XK: 9.06 ± 0.73 min; XKG: 7.81 ± 0.53 min) and recovery (XK: 53.13 ± 5.3 min; XKG: 98.38 ± 5.71 min). Changes in the cardiopulmonary system were similar in both anesthetic regimens, and they were within acceptable clinical range. It is concluded that, in short surgical procedures, xylazine-ketamine anesthesia provides rapid induction, maintenance of physiological parameters within optimum limits, and rapid recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: There have been some reports about the possible N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist activity of Guaifenesin. As drugs with a similar structure to Guaifenesin (i.e. Felbamate) and those with NMDA antagonist activity have been clinically used as anticonvulsants, the aim of this study was to determine whether Guaifenesin has an anticonvulsant effect in an animal model of seizure. Methods: Anticonvulsant effect of Guaifenesin was assessed via Pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)-induced convulsion. Male albino mice received Guaifenesin (100, 200, 300, or 400 mg/kg; n=8-10) or 0.25% Tween (vehicle) intraperitoneally 30 minutes before the injection of PTZ (95 mg/kg). Diazepam (3 mg/kg; n=8) was used as a reference drug. The latency time before the onset of myoclonic, clonic, and tonic-clonic convulsions, percentage of animals exhibiting convulsion, and percentage of mortality were recorded. In addition, the effect of Guaifenesin on neuromuscular coordination was assessed using the Rotarod. Results: Guaifenesin at all the studied doses significantly increased the latency to myoclonic and clonic convulsions in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, Guaifenesin at the dose of 300 mg/kg increased the latency to tonic-clonic seizure. The ED50s of Guaifenesin for protection against PTZ-induced clonic and tonic-clonic seizures and death were 744.88 (360-1540), 256 (178-363), and 328 (262-411) mg/kg, respectively. Guaifenesin at all the investigated doses significantly reduced neuromuscular coordination, compared to the vehicle-treated group.Conclusion: These results suggest that Guaifenesin possesses muscle relaxant and anticonvulsant properties and may have a potential clinical use in absence seizure.

The study evaluated Guaifenesin-Ketamine-Xylazine (GKX) anaesthesia for castration in donkeys. All animals were randomly divided into two equal groups weighing 65-85 kg b.wt. presented for open castration. Xylazine (1.1 mg/ kg b. wt.) was administered as pre-anaesthetic prior to anaesthesia induction. For induction, triple drip GKX in group I and double drip of XK in group II was administered @ 1.5 mg/ kg IV. Mean ALT before anaesthesia was 16.36±2.91 (IU/L) and 15.83±0.72 (IU/L) for group I and Group II respectively. There was no significant variation in mean ALT in both groups. The mean AST before anaesthesia induction was 156.57±4.31 (IU/L) and 160.83±6.44 (IU/L) for Group I and Group II, respectively with no significant variation between and within groups. The mean Alkaline phosphatase (ALKP) before induction of anaesthesia was 315.34±19.47 (IU/L) and 313.39±15.45 (IU/L) in group I and group II respectively. However, significant difference was observed within group I and non-significant decrease was reported in between groups. Mean serum glucose before induction of anaesthesia was 91.75±3.44 (mg%) and 91.95±7.03 (mg%) for Group I and Group II respectively. Highly significant increase was noticed in mean serum glucose in both groups and between groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of a combination drug containing ambroxol, guaifenesin, and levosalbutamol, oral solution, versus Ascoril Expectorant, syrup (combination of bromhexine, guaifenesin, and salbutamol) in the treatment of productive cough in adult patients with acute bronchitis., Materials and Methods: This open-label, randomized, phase III study included patients with acute bronchitis who had a productive cough with difficulty in sputum expectoration. 244 patients were randomized in a 1:1 ratio and received 10 mL of the study drug or reference drug 3 times daily for 2 weeks. After 7 and 14 days of treatment, the physician evaluated patient's subjective complaints and the efficacy of therapy. The primary endpoint was the proportion of patients with high and very high efficacy., Results: The primary endpoint was reached by 70 (0.5738) patients in the study drug group and 54 (0.4426) in the reference drug group ( p =0.04). The intergroup difference was 0.1311 [95% confidence interval: 0.0057; 0.2566]. The lower limit of the 95% confidence interval was above zero, which confirms the superiority of therapy with the study drug over therapy with Ascoril Expectorant. The proportion of patients with a 1-point total score reduction and with complete resolution of all symptoms according to the Modified Cough Relief and Sputum Expectoration Questionnaire after 7 and 14 days was numerically higher in the study drug group versus the reference drug group. There were no statistically significant differences between the groups in the incidence of adverse events., Conclusion: The efficacy of a new combination drug containing ambroxol, guaifenesin, and levosalbutamol in the treatment of productive cough in adult patients with acute bronchitis is superior to the efficacy of Ascoril Expectorant. The safety profiles of the study drug and the reference drug were comparable.

Objectives: To investigate the effectiveness of guaifenesin in the relief of nasal symptoms in children with chronic rhinitis (CR). We hypothesized that guaifenesin use over a 14-day study period would improve subjective nasal complaints in pediatric patients with chronic rhinitis, as measured by the SinoNasal-5 (SN-5) survey. We also hypothesized improvement in nasal volume and cross-sectional area with guaifenesin., Study Design: Randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel group, masked clinical trial., Methods: The study consisted of a 14-day, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel group, masked clinical trial of oral guaifenesin for CR in children aged 7-18 years. A 2:1 ratio of subjects on active medication to placebo was used. The study was approved by the Western Institutional Review Board. On initial enrollment and at the conclusion of therapy, the SN-5 was completed by parents, acoustic rhinometry measurements performed, and mucus sampling for rheology was obtained., Results: 30 subjects were enrolled in the study, with 20 receiving guaifenesin and 10 placebo. Treatment with guaifenesin for 14 days produced a significant mean change towards clinical improvement in SN-5 scores compared with placebo (p = 0.013). There was no significant difference in quality of life assessment scores between the two groups or in any of the acoustic rhinometry parameters. Many of the study subjects had difficulty producing a mucus sample sufficient for analysis., Conclusions: Based upon our pilot data, it appears that guaifenesin treatment may produce objective improvements in pediatric patients with CR. Further research with larger samples sizes, inclusion of children younger than 6, and biophysical mucus analyses is warranted., Level of Evidence: Level 2b., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest None., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

A simple, rapid, isocratic, and versatile liquid chromatographic method was developed for the simultaneous determination of bromhexine, guaifenesin, ambroxol, salbutamol/terbutaline, pseudoephedrine, triprolidine, and chlorpheniramine maleate in cough-cold syrups commonly marketed in Kenya. Separation was achieved using a Gemini NX C column (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) maintained at 40 °C and a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile-0.25 M sodium hexanesulphonate-0.2 M ammonium acetate, and pH 3.0-water (35:4:10:51, % v/v/v/v) delivered at 1.0 mL min. The eluents were monitored by means of UV detection at 254 nm. During validation, the method satisfied the International Committee on Harmonization acceptance criteria for linearity, sensitivity, precision, accuracy, and robustness. The developed liquid chromatographic method was applied in the analysis of nine commercial samples obtained from Nairobi City County, Kenya. Extraction procedures were not applied during the assay of the samples, thus significantly shortening the analysis time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The separation of aminoglutethimide enantiomers by the continuous multicolumn chromatographic processes were investigated experimentally and theoretically, where the columns were packed with cellulose tris 3,5-dimethylphenyl-carbamate stationary phase (brand name Chiralcel OD) and mobile phase was a mixture of n -hexane and ethanol with monoethanolamine additive. The continuous enantioseparation processes included a synchronous shifting process (SMB) and an asynchronous shifting process (VARICOL), which allowed reducing the column number (here from six-column SMB to five-column VARICOL process). Transport-dispersive model with the consideration of both intraparticle mass transfer resistance and axial dispersion was adopted to design and optimize the operation conditions for the separation of aminoglutethimide enantiomers by SMB process and VARICOL process. According to the optimized operation conditions, experiments were carried out on VARICOL-Micro unit using five-column VARICOL process with 1/1.5/1.5/1 configuration and six-column SMB process with 1/2/2/1 configuration. Products of R-aminoglutethimide (R-AG) enantiomer and S-aminoglutethimide (S-AG) enantiomer with more than 99.0% purity were obtained continuously from extract stream and raffinate stream, respectively. Furthermore, the experiemntal data obtained from five-column VARICOL process were compared with that from six-column SMB process, the feasibility and efficiency for the separation of guaifenesin enantiomers by VARICOL processes were evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A generally applicable high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the qualitative and quantitative determination of pharmaceutical preparations containing phenylephrine hydrochloride, paracetamol, ephedrine hydrochloride, guaifenesin, doxylamine succinate, and dextromethorphan hydrobromide is developed. Optimization of chromatographic conditions was performed for the gradient elution using different buffer pH values, flow rates and two C18 stationary phases. The method was developed using a Kinetex® C18 column as a core-shell stationary phase with a gradient profile using buffer pH 5.0 and acetonitrile at 2.0 mL/min flow rate. Detection was carried out at 220 nm and linear calibrations were obtained for all components within the studied ranges. The method was fully validated in agreement with ICH guidelines. The proposed method is specific, accurate and precise (RSD% < 3%). Limits of detection are lower than 2.0 μg/mL. Qualitative and quantitative responses were evaluated using experimental design to assist the method robustness. The method was proved to be highly robust against 10% change in buffer pH and flow rate (RSD% < 10%), however, the flow rate may significantly influence the quantitative responses of phenylephrine, paracetamol, and doxylamine (RSD% > 10%). Satisfactory results were obtained for commercial combinations analyses. Statistical comparison between the proposed chromatographic and official methods revealed no significant difference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Guaifenesin is an expectorant commonly used in performance horses to aid in the clearance of mucus from the airways. Guaifenesin is also a centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant and as such is a prohibited drug with withdrawal necessary prior to competition. To the authors' knowledge, there are no reports in the literature describing single or multiple oral administrations of guaifenesin in the horse to determine a regulatory threshold and related withdrawal time. Therefore, the objective of the current study was to describe the pharmacokinetics of guaifenesin following oral administration in order to provide data upon which appropriate regulatory recommendations can be established. Nine exercised Thoroughbred horses were administered 2 g of guaifenesin orally BID for a total of five doses. Blood samples were collected immediately prior to drug administration and at various times postadministration. Serum guaifenesin concentrations were determined and pharmacokinetic parameters calculated. Guaifenesin was rapidly absorbed ( Tmax of 15 min) following oral administration. The Cmax was 681.3 ± 323.8 ng/mL and 1080 ± 732.8 following the first and last dose, respectively. The serum elimination half-life was 2.62 ± 1.24 h. Average serum guaifenesin concentrations remained above the LOQ of the assay (0.5 ng/mL) by 48 h postadministration of the final dose in 3 of 9 horses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study characterized guaifenesin pharmacokinetics in children aged 2 to 17 years (n = 40) who received a single oral dose of guaifenesin (age-based doses of 100-400 mg) 2 hours after breakfast. Plasma samples were obtained before and for 8 hours after dosing and analyzed for guaifenesin using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated using noncompartmental methods, relationships with age were assessed using linear regression, and dose proportionality was assessed on 95% confidence intervals. Based on the upper dose recommended in the monograph (for both children and adolescents), area under the curve from time zero to infinity and maximum plasma concentration both increased with age. However, when comparing the upper dose for children aged 2 to 11 years with the lower dose for adolescents aged 12 to 17 years, similar systemic exposure was observed. As expected due to increasing body size, oral clearance (CLo) and terminal volume of distribution (Vz/F) increased with age. Due to a larger increase in Vz/F than CLo, an increase in terminal exponential half-life was also observed. Allometric scaling indicated no maturation-related changes in CLo and Vz/F. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new simple spectrophotometric method was developed for the determination of binary mixtures of Ambroxol hydrochloride (AMB) and Guaifenesin (GUF), without prior separation. The method is based on the multi-wavelength technique i.e. classical least square (CLS) method. The liquid formulation of Ambroxol hydrochloride and Guaifenesin was determined by classical least square at 244 of AMB and at 225 and 272 nm of GUF. Beer's law was obeyed in 5-50 μg/ml of each drag and calibration equation was obtained. The obtained result was shown that the mean recoveries were more than 98% for AMB and GUF, respectively .The proposed spectrophotometric method was validated and successfully applied for the assay of drag combination in several laboratory-prepared mixtures and commercial pharmaceutical formulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dexamethasone and guaifenesin were comparatively degraded under UV and visible radiation in the presence of a supported photocatalyst generated from petrochemical residue. For comparative reasons, photochemical tests were also conducted in the presence of commercial titania (P25). The photoelectrochemical behavior of the supported photocatalyst was examined using cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry in the dark and under LED irradiation. This photodegradation study indicates the highest drug degradation values were observed for guaifenesin under UV (48.6 %) and visible (45.2 %) radiation with the synthesized photocatalyst. Under the same conditions, the commercial P25 catalyst achieved 66.3 and 50.2 % of the degradation under UV and visible radiation, respectively. Exploratory tests with tap water samples revealed that the system may be sensitive to other analytes present in these environmental samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cough mixtures are frequently prescribed for cough associated with upper respiratory diseases. Many different cough mixture combinations are available making an informed, therapeutically sound choice challenging for the pharmacist. Supportive evidence on the efficacy of cough mixtures in the alleviation of symptoms of colds and flu is not yet convincing. This review article aims to provide the pharmacist with knowledge and skills to make an appropriate informed choice of drug, individualised for the right patient, at the right time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Guaifenesin possesses expectorant, muscle relaxant, and anticonvulsive properties. To the best of our knowledge, the promising data regarding the developmental toxicity of guaifenesin are scarce. The current study investigates the developmental toxic effects of guaifenesin in detail using female rats. Materials and Methods: Twenty-five dams were divided into five groups. Group 1 served as a control, while Group-2, -3, -4, and -5 were administered with 250, 350, 500, and 600 (mg/kg b.w.) doses of guaifenesin, respectively, starting from gestation day 6 to day 17. Half of the total recovered fetuses was subjected to morphologic and morphometric analysis, while other half was subjected to skeletal examination. Results: A significant reduction in maternal weight, and food/water intake, was observed, however, no mortality and morbidity were observed. About 14 dead fetuses were found in Group-3 and -4 each, while 26 in Group 5. Morphological analysis revealed 21.2%, 45.4%, 67.2%, and 86.9% of total fetuses having hemorrhagic spots in Group-2, -3, -4, and -5, respectively. Dropping wrist/ankle and kinky tail were found in Group-4 and -5 only. Morphometric analysis showed a significant decline in fetal weight, full body length, skull length, forelimb length, hindlimb length, and tail length in all guaifenesin treated groups. Skeletal examination displayed that only Group 5 fetuses had increased intercostal space between 7th and 8th rib. We also observed improper development of carpals, metacarpals, tarsals, and metatarsals of the Group 5 fetuses. Conclusion: Guaifenesin showed a significant developmental toxicity at selected test doses; therefore, a careful use is suggested during pregnancy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gamma irradiated single crystal of Guaifenesin (Glyceryl Guaiacolate), an important expectorant drug, were investigated with Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) spectroscopy between 123 and 333 K temperature at different orientations in the magnetic field. Considering the chemical structure and the experimental spectra of the gamma irradiated single crystal of guaifenesin sample, we assumed that alkoxy or alkyl-type paramagnetic species may be produced by irradiation. Depending on this assumption, eight possible alkoxy and alkyl-type radicals were modeled and EPR parameters of these modeled radicals were calculated using the B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p)-level of density functional theory (DFT). Theoretically calculated values of alkyl-type modeled radical(R3) are in good agreement with experimentally determined EPR parameters of single crystal. Furthermore, simulation spectra which are obtained by using the theoretical initial values are well matched with the experimental spectra. It was determined that a stable C α • H 2 α C β H β C γ H 2 γ (R3) alkyl radical was produced in the host crystal as a result of gamma irradiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the research was to investigate the complete process of pellet production in a Wurster fluidized bed coater in order to determine the main factors affecting the migration phenomenon of a soluble API through the ethycellulose film coating (Surelease®) and hence the long-term stability of the controlled release pellets. Guaifenesin (GFN), as BCS class I model drug, was layered on sugar spheres using a binder-polymer solution containing the dissolved GFN. The drug loaded pellets were then coated with Surelease®. The influence of drug loading (4.5–20.0% w/w), curing conditions (40–60 °C and dynamic-static equipment), coating level (12–20% theoretical weight gain) and composition of the binder-layering solution (hypromellose versus Na alginate) on process efficiency (RSD W %), GFN content uniformity (RSD C %), GFN solid state (DSC and XRD) and pellet release profiles was evaluated. The effectiveness of the Surelease film was strongly affected by the ability of GFN to cross the coating layer and to recrystallize on the pellet surface. Results indicated that this behaviour was dependent on the polymer used in the binder-layering solution. Using hypromellose as polymer, GFN recrystallized on the coated pellet surface at both drug loadings. The curing step was necessary to stabilize the film effectiveness at the higher drug loading. Increasing the coating level delayed but did not prevent the GFN diffusion. Replacing hypromellose with Na alginate, reduced the migration of GFN through the film to a negligible amount even after six months of storage and the curing step was not necessary to achieve stable controlled release profiles over storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper highlights the need for validated models to demonstrate mucoactive drug efficacy in relieving respiratory tract infection (RTI) symptoms and suggests new concepts to further ongoing research. The review is based on the analyses of studies published on mucoactive drug in respiratory diseases, data supporting FDA's expectorant monograph, and related US consumer use and attitude surveys. The changes in the volume and consistency of respiratory mucus during RTIs may result in ciliary dysfunction, mucus accumulation, and symptoms like cough and chest congestion. Mucoactive drugs can provide relief, but limited choices exist in the US, due to the unavailability of validated clinical models and unequivocal efficacy results. Ongoing developments have not provided definitive solutions, and Big Data analysis techniques may help overcome current clinical research limitations by identifying differentiating disease and patient factors to speed up the development process to substantiate the effectiveness of expectorant/mucoactive drugs in relieving RTI symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Subcritical water chromatography (SBWC) can replace traditional HPLC for separation and analysis of pharmaceuticals. Because hazardous organic solvents are eliminated from the SBWC mobile phase, subcritical water chromatography is a green separation technique. In addition, SBWC is economical since the purchasing of organic solvents and waste disposal costs required for HPLC can be saved. In this work, pharmaceuticals present in cold drugs including Vicks formula 44 custom care, Alka-seltzer plus, and CVS multi-symptom severe cold relief were successfully separated using subcritical water chromatography on an Alltech Adsorbosil C18 column. Both gradient elution and programmed temperatures were employed to achieve the best SBWC separation of pharmaceuticals contained in the cold drug samples studied. The recoveries of pharmaceuticals in the three real-world cold drug samples achieved by SBWC range from 94% to 105% with less than 5% RSD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three advanced chemmometric-assisted spectrophotometric methods namely; Concentration Residuals Augmented Classical Least Squares (CRACLS), Multivariate Curve Resolution-Alternating Least Squares (MCR-ALS) and Principal Component Analysis-Artificial Neural Networks (PCA-ANN) were developed, validated and benchmarked to PLS calibration; to resolve the severely overlapped spectra and simultaneously determine; Paracetamol (PAR), Guaifenesin (GUA) and Phenylephrine (PHE) in their ternary mixture and in presence of p-aminophenol (AP) the main degradation product and synthesis impurity of Paracetamol. The analytical performance of the proposed methods was described by percentage recoveries, root mean square error of calibration and standard error of prediction. The four multivariate calibration methods could be directly used without any preliminary separation step and successfully applied for pharmaceutical formulation analysis, showing no excipients’ interference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new ultra-performance liquid chromatographic (UPLC) method was developed for the simultaneous estimation of potassium guaiacolsulfonate (PGS), guaifenesin (GUA), diphenhydramine HCl (DIP) and carbepentane citrate (CAR) in a commercial cough syrup. The chromatographic separation of four compounds PGS, GUA, DIP and CAR was performed on a BEH phenyl column (100 × 2.1 mm, 1.7 μm i.d.) using a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile and 0.1 MHCl (50 : 50, v/v). In addition, the optimized conditions of the chromatographic analysis were found with the flow rate of 0.38 mL/min, the column temperature of 30°C and the injection volume of 1.2 μL with the photodiode array detection of 220 nm. Calibration curves in the concentration ranges of 10-98 μg/mL for PGS, 5-80 μg/mL for GUA, 5-25 μg/mL for DIP and CAR were computed by the regression of the analyte concentration on the chromatographic peak area. The newly developed UPLC method was validated by analyzing the quaternary mixtures of the related compounds, intraday and interday experiment and standard addition samples. After method validation, the proposed UPLC approach was successfully applied for the analysis of the commercial syrup formulation containing PGS, GUA, DIP and CAR compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present clinical research was carried out in two groups of cattle to evaluate Midazolam (group I) and Guaifenesin (group II) as an adjunct to Xylazine - Ketamine induction and Isoflurane maintenance anaesthesia in cattle. The anaesthetic parameters and quality of anaesthesia were assessed. The result revealed that the animals in both the groups had smooth and reliable induction. There was no significant difference between both the groups in induction time, total sternal recumbency and unassisted standing. Excessive salivation, moderate tympany and regurgitation were the anaesthetic complications encountered in four animals premedicated with Midazolam. To conclude, the adjunct action of Glyceryl guaiacolate with Xylazine, Ketamine and Isoflurane was found superior than the addition of Midazolam in the anaesthetic protocol as an adjunct [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]