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What can an organization do to survive when its existence is a problem for political institutions? Drawing information from China's futures market, we address this question through analysing forms of corporate political activity (CPA) among the nation's 'red capitalists', notably using CPA concepts to decode power dynamics between Chinese financial organizations and the state. Deploying a multi-method, longitudinal and reflexive case approach, we explain how a 'rogue' futures exchange was targeted by a major regulatory crackdown, yet ostensibly survived; principally by negotiating new forms of institutional control. This saw the enrolling of state actors and resources to shape politically acceptable forms of corporate behaviour, a process framed theoretically through the concept of voluntary co-optation ; or the strategic steps the focal organization took to yield power to the state in return for enhanced corporate legitimacy. Constructing a two-phase empirical account, including detailed diagrammatic explanations, the article assesses how a range of lobbying-oriented and guanxi -related practices influenced the organization in repositioning and reconstructing itself through progressive strategic acquiescence, as forces of political capital ('whom you know') and intellectual capital ('what you know') combined to shape the firm's decision responses and bolster its functional credibility amid a hostile institutional climate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past few decades, scholars have paid attention to how PI (parental involvement) impacts children's performance at school. Hence, PI is often reduced to school-centric involvement. Moreover, several studies have shown social class differences in PI, but relatively little attention has been paid to social class differences in culturally diverse contexts. In this article, we contribute to this discussion by reflecting upon how parents conceptualize preschool and their involvement and exploring class differences in the culturally diverse context of rural China. Drawing on data from eight focus group interviews, this article explores rural parents' perceptions of the relationships with teachers, hereby asking what is good for their children and the utilization of guanxi (a specific form of social capital). The findings indicate parents are anxious about their child's education, particularly their early learning. Furthermore, parents want to build good relations with teachers, and they emphasize tinghua (children to be unconditionally respectful, compliant, and obedient) and the strategic use of guanxi for their child's education. We conclude with a discussion of the findings and reflection on the inequality in rural China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Guanxi is a network or relationship, belief, culture in Chinese ethnicity. This article analyzes the practice of Guanxi as a culture in the online shop business in improving the economy. This article aims to describe the practice of Guanxi as a culture in an online shop business. This study uses qualitative research with an ethnographic approach. The data collection of this research was carried out by in-depth interviews, participatory observation, and literature study. The results of this study indicate that the practice of Guanxi in the online shop business begins with building a network or relationship by creating a Whatsapp reseller group; how to build reseller trust by providing friendly, trustworthy, and cheap service according to the Fatih Olshop tagline. Building and maintaining trust between online shops is the key to online business success. By creating a reseller group, online shop actors do not work alone and can grow rapidly. In conclusion, the practice of Guanxi in the online shop business is a new culture that must be carried out. Building a network or relationship and maintaining trust is the key to the success of the business. However, practicing Guanxi as a culture in online business is not easy, but it takes strategy, hard work, and patience.

This study advances research on workplace romance, employees' work-related attitudes, and discretionary work behaviors by drawing on a positive psychology theory to theorize interrelations between workplace romance, job involvement, and employees' work effort and provide empirical evidence of these interrelations. Data were collected in two waves (three months apart) from 365 supervisor-employee dyads in 64 firms from different Chinese manufacturing sectors. Data were analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM), bootstrapping, and multigroup techniques. The present study found that workplace romance was positively related to employees' work effort. Moreover, employees' job involvement fully mediates the positive relationship between workplace romance and employees' work effort. Importantly, by using multigroup analysis, the current research found that workplace romance types – hierarchical/lateral and licit/illicit (extramarital) moderate the indirect relationship between workplace romance and employees' work effort. This study offers important implications for managers and policymakers of business organizations in China and elsewhere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of School Administrators is the property of School Administration Research Association, R.O.C. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The extant literature has largely conceptualized abusive supervision as a hot and impulsive form of aggression. In this paper, we offer a cold and strategic perspective on how abusive supervision might be used strategically to achieve goals. Drawing on the Machiavellian literature and social interaction theory of aggression, we develop a moderated serial mediation model, in which leader Machiavellianism predicts their strategic use of abusive supervision on subordinates via the mediating role of leaders' guanxi with direct supervisor. We further theorize that this mediation effect is more pronounced when guanxi among team members (team member guanxi, TMG) is stronger, because Mach leaders are more likely to perceive high TMG as a threat to their power. Finally, we propose that Mach leaders' strategic use of abusive supervision has negative implications for team outcomes, manifested in low levels of team voice and team organizational citizenship behaviors toward fellow team members (OCBI). Analyses of two studies—Study 1 using multi-wave data (355 leaders) from a US sample and Study 2 using a multi-wave, multi-source, and multilevel data (1252 subordinates and 273 leaders) from a Chinese sample—corroborated our model. This study provides a comprehensive examination of who, how, and when strategic abuse unfolds in the workplace and its negative implication for team outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Tourism Tribune / Lvyou Xuekan is the property of Tourism Institute of Beijing Union University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

When discussing modern Chinese thought, it is customary to place Critical Review and New Youth in a dichotomous relationship. This paper argues the opposite, emphasizing the "connection" between the two. Specifically, through the debate between Hu Shi and the key members of the Critical Review group—Mei Guangdi and Wu Mi—at a wedding banquet held at the YMCA in Nanjing on December 1, 1923, this paper points out that there was no lack of "friendship" between them despite their opposing views, for, with the exception of a few in the group who criticized the use of vernacular Chinese, Mei and Wu approved of cultural reform. That is, Hu Shi and the Critical Review members were highly complementary in their understanding of the "new" and the "old"; the latter was only disapproval of the radical form of New Culture. However, unlike Hu Shi who emphasized the equal importance of elites and non-elites in National Studies, the Critical Review scholars stressed the role of the elites and the connection between traditional Chinese thought and New Humanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The infamous GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) bribery case of 2013 led to the emergence of compliance management as a local strategic response to ensuring compliance with regulations in the transnational pharmaceutical corporations within China. However, China's pharmaceutical industry has a long history of practicing the corrupt customs of "drug-incentivizing medicine" (yiyao buyi) and "guanxi-based sales" (guanxi xiaoshou), which are, obviously, at odds with the highest ethical standards for compliance management as well as the principle of the anti-corruption campaign of the current Chinese administration. Based upon an in-depth ethnographic work from China's pharmaceutical industry, this article proposes a new framework to examine the complicated dynamics of interaction between the state's anti-corruption policy, corrupt long-standing customary industrial practices, local cultural practice, and global compliance management norms in post-socialist spaces. Different from some studies that focus on the resistance to global norms by local forces, this study suggests a reverse direction and focuses on the positive reconstruction of the old socialist ideals and corrupt practices by modern disciplinary institutions with the capitalist work ethic in the Chinese workplace. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study proposed and tested a model of the direct and indirect impacts of corporate social responsibility (CSR) on customer loyalty through the mediator of guanxi (social connections) of organizations and employees. Participants were 452 life insurance customers in China, who completed measures of CSR, guanxi, and customer loyalty. Results of structural equation modeling indicated that CSR was positively associated with customer loyalty and that guanxi partially mediated this relationship. The study findings provide new insight into the complex relationship between CSR and customer loyalty, and may be of use to insurance service providers for increasing customer loyalty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global diaspora of Chinese migrants maintains vital economic, social and cosmopolitan connections between China and many Western countries. These migrants face the challenge of navigating and building social capital within Western host countries. Previous studies show that Chinese networks make use of pre-existing strong guanxi ties based on shared cultural expectations to support members. However, the thinness of guanxi networks in foreign countries raises doubts about their capacity to support the migration experience. This study uses qualitative interview data to show that both Chinese migrants and non-migrant Australians use strong ties to acquire resources, such as favours. However, Chinese migrants also make use of weak guanxi ties to seek favours in ways Australian non-migrants typically do not. This indicates a more important role for weaker – or what we call peripheral – ties in Chinese migrant guanxi networks than previous studies suggest, but also points to a lack of alternative resources amongst Chinese migrants struggling to build non-guanxi social capital ties with non-migrant populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cultural and political alterity in China is levelled by disrupting local communities and networks, both necessary to keep memories and sense of identity alive through sharing and socialising. By taking Suzhou's mosques as focal lens, the author assesses an experiential void which is politically and socially created, and shows the consequences of rewriting history. The broken nexus between buildings, communities and memories impacts the historical centrality and socialization of Islam in Suzhou, where communities are dispersed and shared memories are lost. Mosques' positionality in the urban fabric is assessed through interviews and interaction with local Muslims, and the identification of past surrounding communities and networks. The assessment of the heterotopic dimension and contested memories of Suzhou's mosques in a contemporary context — performed by collecting historical, intellectual, topographical and architectural fragments — allows us to grasp the highly symbolic dimensions of a past diversity in identity spaces. The role of communities in relation with the city's rich intellectual past — including its tradition of literati translating Islamic classics from Persian to Chinese — is understood as central, together with a spiritual geography made of connections and relations among places. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tourism development provides a unique context for studying guanxi in acquaintance society in rural areas in China. Taking the case of Moon village from the perspective of guanxi, this study conducted a qualitative study to analyze the structural characteristics of the semi-acquaintance society in the tourism context. A buffer guanxi circle develops when strangers immerse themselves into an acquaintance-based society through social interaction, where affection and reasoning define the boundary, guanxi and the interests on which the social consensus is based, as well as the elite and collective actions vitalizing the community. These findings on how the semi-acquaintance society contributes to guanxi imply a co-governance structure for informal relations in governance in community-based rural tourism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the academic debate on the inculturation of Chinese Christianity, most researchers focus on Christianity and its believers. The role and agency of non-Christians in this process are not discussed enough, and if they are, they are mainly examined from the perspective of conflict and confrontation. But, funeral rites are key to understanding cultural changes in rural societies, as well as an important entry point to understanding the localization of Christianity. Taking two villages in Northwest China as examples and examining how non-Christians in those villages adapted to the Christian funeral culture can reveal the efforts made by non-Christians in the process of localizing Christianity in Chinese rural societies. This can thus deepen our understanding of the process of Christianity’s entry into rural societies. Both in the stages of selecting the kind of funeral rites, and in the actual performance of the funeral rituals, rural non-Christians’ adaptation of Christian rites shows the characteristic of “guanxi (relationships) matters most of all”. That even when their own beliefs are very different from those expressed in Christian funeral rites; and although such differences may cause people to have differences of opinions and even quarrels, rural non-Christians will try to avoid these differences and thus to not disrupt the established social relationships within the village. This way of adaptation, by using Christian funeral rites, plays an important role in maintaining the integrity of the village community, and secondly in changing the emotional attitude of non-Christians toward Christianity. These two aspects contribute to the shaping of a faith order of “coexistence with tension” among villagers and towards Christianity itself, and also contributes to the indigenization of Christianity in Chinese rural societies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted with the purpose of understanding the link between corporate social responsibility (CSR) and employee green behavior. Particularly, we explored the mediating role of supervisor–subordinate guanxi in this relationship. Participants were 327 part-time Master of Business Administration students at three universities in China, who completed a survey. Structural equation modeling was used to test the hypotheses. Results revealed that there was a positive and significant relationship between employees' perceived CSR and their green behavior, and that supervisor–subordinate guanxi partially mediated this relationship. This study extends research on the social outcomes of CSR by shedding new light on the psychological mechanisms connecting it with employee green behavior. The findings will help managers of organizations to better understand how CSR facilitates employee green behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper situates the 'Blind Box' consumption, collection and prosumption practices in China within globalisation and the 'media-mix' fandom, which is to consume and resell media merchandise in opaque packages as probability goods. We re-centre the focus of fandom studies on the then much neglected 'missing child' and now the 'emerging adult' in a globalising world. We argue the Chinese emerging adult consumes, collects and resells Blind Boxes as a generative and agentic collection and fandom practice, defined as 'probabilistic and elastic prosumption' in a quasi-social and quasi-individual manner. We then critically examine and unpack the cultural production and meaning making process undertook by collectors who also accumulate sociality and form identity through affective and economic investments, mediated collection and exchange of figurines in a post-socialist and consumerist society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diversity management is increasingly important as economies globalize, and workforce compositions diversify. However, with the diversification of workforce comes the necessity to best manage this phenomenon such that minority contributions are valued and organizational production increases. This study aims to empirically test Olsen and Martins's proposed theoretical framework on diversity management, using a small sample of ethnic minority and ethnic Chinese workers in Hong Kong. Specifically, this study looks at whether differences in working conditions exist between minorities and Chinese, and whether the supervisor's role – specifically with provision of family-friendly policies (FFPs) – helps with assimilation and integration of minorities into the workforce by reducing work/family conflict. The study finds that ethnic minorities work longer hours and have less access to FFPs, but are more content with work-life balance, which may not be related to FFPs. In addition, the role of the supervisor is important in this process, but not necessarily by the pathway of providing FFPs. The findings propose that more supervisor sensitivity training should be implemented to understand the diverse needs of ethnic minorities, and a gradual normalization of FFPs should eventually be implemented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research focuses on how entrepreneurs utilize cronyism to acquire resources. A case study method allowed us to explore three firms in the private property development industry in China. These firms uniquely cultivated cronyism and achieved distinctly different outcomes. Our findings highlight Chinese entrepreneurs in start-up ventures and later-stage enterprises employ cronyism. The underlying rationale for using cronyism have common and heterogeneous motivations. The similarity and distinguishing rationale also apply to the impact of cronyism. We also find two contingency working mechanisms for cronyism: entrepreneurial characteristics and a staged model for cronyism. With the firm's growth, cronyism remains important, but firms with more community involvement outperform others. This research contributes to the theory on strategic network utilization for resource acquisition during entrepreneurial development stages. We investigate how entrepreneurial strategies can assist in adapting to the "rules of the game" while utilizing resources within the set contextual constraints. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Improving the sense of community (SOC) in Chinese traditional villages is crucial to preventing population loss and conserving the cultural heritage of China's rural areas. These factors are important components of China's rural revitalization policy, and thus, it is necessary to measure the SOC of villagers as part of the process. This study has developed a new SOC scale for Chinese traditional villages based on McMillan and Chavis's four-factor theory involving membership, influence, need fulfillment, and emotional connections. An initial proposed sense of community scale for Chinese traditional village (SCSCTV) was structured as a four-factor scale with 28 items, including items from existing SOC studies and new items created by considering the features of Chinese traditional village communities. The scale was tested in the studies of three traditional villages in Chongqing by using two different methods. The findings provide guidance for the study of villages in the context of Chinese rural societies and a reliable scale for measuring villagers' SOC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of School Administrators is the property of School Administration Research Association, R.O.C. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Originally, the establishment of peer-to-peer lending (P2P) helped poor people to solve short-term financial problems or had a charitable nature. Along with its development, it became a financial method that helps people invest. It has been developing rapidly in China since 2007 and was claimed as a Ponzi scheme since many investors have been deceived. That is, P2P in China is viewed more as a fraud rather than a formal financial method. Although some studies have explored the overall picture of P2P, this study filled the research gaps by i) using court cases and media reports for analysis, and ii) adopting trust theory and the concept of guanxi, to explore the trust relationship in the P2P. To investigate the process and mechanism in P2P, the present study aimed to examine the situation of P2P investment in China and the trust-building process between investors and P2P companies by using trust theory. A case study method was adopted using published court and media cases. A thematic analysis approach was used to analyse the data. The results demonstrate that investors were guaranteed high financial returns by the companies, and they profited from their initial investments. However, they were commonly deceived in subsequent investments after their trust in the P2P companies was established through the initial gain. The results also reveal a trust-building process between investors and P2P companies through the quality of search, experience and credence as adopted in trust theory. The study complements the trust theory with Chinese cultural concepts such as authority and guanxi and reveals how these are applied in Chinese business malpractices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trust building is a core issue in couchsurfing; however, existing research has mainly focused on trust formation in Western culture and ignored other cultural contexts. This article examines couchsurfing practices in China and explores the influence of Chinese guanxi on trust formation. The results show that the general process of trust building between Chinese couchsurfers is similar to that of Western surfers, but there are also some important cultural differences, including the mandatory identity authentication required by the Chinese couchsurfing website, which builds trust in the social system. In China, gift-giving practices and social gatherings are also important in building guanxi to gain lasting trust. Finally, the guanxi between friends and acquaintances can greatly facilitate surfers' ability to find accommodation resources and build trust. Guanxi generates a novel trust formation model based on personal networks in shared hospitality in contrast to the much-researched system trust and interpersonal trust. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines how guanxi (relationships, connections) between advertising agencies and their clients impact their creative performance and implementation by integrating both Chinese guanxi and Western relationship quality constructs into a conceptual framework. Using a multimethod approach, Study 1 and Study 2 used surveys to examine the influence of the three guanxi aspects—ganqing (emotional bonding, affection), renqing (exchange of favors), and xinren (interpersonal trust)—on agency performance from both agencies' and clients' perspectives. Study 3 used dyadic interviews to gather qualitative insights on advertising client–agency relationships in China. Results show similar patterns in the relationships between the three guanxi dimensions and agency performance in both agency and client data sets. Specifically, ganqing was found to associate positively with cooperation in both data sets. The impact of renqing on cooperation was significant in the agency data but not in the client data. On the other hand, xinren was found to contribute positively to cooperation in the client data but not in the agency data. In both data sets, cooperation was positively related to satisfaction, which leads to agency creativity and the implementation of advertising campaigns in China. The results of this study are important for further understanding the Chinese advertising market and providing insights on how guanxi influences agency performance across Asian countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examine the role of relationship-based resource allocations during the approval process of seasoned equity offerings (SEOs) in the Chinese capital market. Our results show that guanxi-based relationships significantly increase the likelihood of SEO approvals, particularly for suspect SEO applicants with abnormal levels of earnings management (EM), related-party transactions (RPTs), and intercompany loans. More importantly, we find that guanxi-influenced SEO firms have significantly poorer performance in the post-SEO period, which indicates that it results in inefficient resource allocations. Overall, our evidence suggests that relationship-based resource allocations lead to negative spillover effects that impose social welfare losses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This rejoinder responds to a commentary (Horak et al., 2023) on our article 'De-Linking from Western Epistemologies: Using Guanxi- Type Relationships to Attract and Retain Hotel Guests in the Middle East' (2022). We thank the authors for engaging with our work and are grateful to the editor for the chance to respond. Firstly, we do not accept the central assertion that we imposed the Chinese concept of guanxi on a Middle Eastern context. Some aspects of guanxi extend beyond China, and we consider it part of our role as researchers to explore universal behavioral aspects that transcend specific cultural settings. While we described guanxi to introduce the variables, we drew a clear distinction between guanxi itself and guanxi -type relationships, and provided on page 859 an explicit statement about what we meant by the term ' guanxi -type relationships', i.e. the networks of interpersonal ties found in the Middle East. While this distinction could have been more clearly emphasized in places, we consider that the article as a whole made it abundantly clear. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose – To show that establishing an anti-corruption agency (ACA), by itself, is not likely to be a successful anti-corruption strategy. Instead, a solid base of social trust, participation, and support is just as essential as creating an ACA with significant powers and resources. Design/methodology/approach – This is a historical review of the origins and development of the Independent Commission Against Corruption (ICAC) of Hong Kong, and an assessment of its three-pronged approach strategy at both strategic and tactical levels. Findings – An ACA requires broad and deep social support and participation if it is to succeed. That the ICAC remains nearly unique in developing such a base of support provides important lessons for those countries with ineffective ACAs. Originality/value – A reassessment of the ICAC after a half-century shows that the Hong Kong case, despite its familiarity, has much to teach us if we understand it in its broadest implications.

In recent decades, there has been a dynamic growth of Chinese outbound tourism to the Central and Eastern European region, and Hungary has been one of the most visited countries. This increase in demand is linked, in part, to the important Chinese diaspora in Hungary whose members play the role of hosts in VFR travel. This paper aims to explore the social relations—guanxi—within the Chinese diaspora living in Budapest and its influence on VFR travels back and forth China. Results of the survey with 202 Chinese immigrants reveal the strong nexus between migration and VFR travel. The Chinese hosts who have been living in the country for two decades behave differently in their guanxi compared to those who have settled in Budapest recently. The article provides several practical contributions to local destination management organizations and tourism service providers to successfully reach Chinese hosts, such as providing commissions, coupons, and getting discounts.

Abstract How do people form personal ties? A consensus holds in sociological and social network scholarship that in-person networks are dominated by status homophily and that guanxi networks rely extensively on balance. This article argues that social networking sites (SNSs) reconceptualize the character of homophily and tie-formation altogether in guanxi networks. Drawing on 50 semi-structured interviews with Hong Kong youth from 2017 to 2020, this article examines how the technical capabilities of SNSs and principles of guanxi culture come together to erode status boundaries, create access to larger networks, and cause spillovers of information and tie strength. As a result, the basis of tie-formation in guanxi networks on SNSs shifts from balance to assortation and status homophily to value homophily. In this transformed calculus of tie-formation, two typologies of values rise to the fore: substantive values that reflect opinions and interests, as well as structural values that reflect networkability.

Jiayuan Liu,1 Yilin Zhu,2 Jianzhou Yan1 1School of International Pharmaceutical Business, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China; 2Human Resource Department, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Yilin Zhu; Jianzhou Yan, Email phd12jl@mail.wbs.ac.uk; 1020122251@cpu.edu.cnBackground: CSR performance is significantly affected by the degree of knowledge exchange. As Chinese firms have increasingly engaged in CSR activities, significant attention has been paid to how groups of stakeholders share and exchange knowledge resources strategically to increase their CSR performance. A guanxi network is an important facilitator in the mobilization of knowledge in CSR activities. This study explores how stakeholders strategically leverage their guanxi and structural holes to affect the efficacy of knowledge exchange to increase CSR performance.Methods: A mixed-methods research approach was employed to gather data from the stakeholders of a Chinese digital firm iStone. Specifically, 325 questionnaires and social network analyses were collected as well as 55 semi-structured interviews were conducted to test the hypotheses.Results: As a result, structural holes impede knowledge exchange among stakeholders in their guanxi network, but guanxi moderates this impeding effect. In addition, knowledge exchange promotes CSR performance.Conclusion: By developing a mechanism to reveal how stakeholders’ structural hole filling behavior influences their CSR performance, our study places an emphasis on reciprocal resource exchange which generates several implications for CSR performance enhancement. In addition, by demonstrating how structural hole controllers’ become ‘structural hole fillers’ under the moderating influence of guanxi, this study recognizes the cultural contingency that conditions the effect of structural holes on knowledge exchange. This study also suggests stakeholders to cultivate guanxi with their network members who own yet-to-be-filled structural holes to fill their holes and increase firms sustainable performance by giving renqing, returning renqing, earning mianzi and giving mianzi.Keywords: structural holes, guanxi, knowledge exchange, CSR performance, a stakeholder network

The objective of this article is to enhance bargaining competences of managers negotiating with Chinese partners. It was achieved first by evaluating general characteristics of cross-cultural negotiations, followed by specifics of negotiating with the Chinese partners. Based on the mistakes managers do in negotiating with Chinese partners, special attention was directed to: prevailing values, communication specifics, dualism in negotiating with foreigners (ying-yang), the importance of keeping up one’s respect, relationships (guanxi) and differences in terms of time, organization of the meetings, and finally, their view on contracts. Mastering such specifics and avoiding too frequently rooted stereotypes are preconditions for success on the Chinese market.

This document is a collection of abstracts from various articles in the International Journal of Psychology. The articles cover a range of topics related to psychology and ethics. One article focuses on the ethical decision-making process among psychologists in Singapore, highlighting the influence of Asian values on their decision-making. Another article presents a behavioral decision-based measure for unethical pro-organizational behavior, providing a more ecologically valid approach to capturing real-life scenarios. Other articles discuss topics such as the composition of animal ethics committees worldwide, ethical considerations at the intersection of psychology and religion, and the application of caring ethics in the decision-making of kindergarten teachers. These articles provide valuable insights into the ethical dimensions of various psychological contexts and practices. [Extracted from the article]

This paper examines the People's Republic of China's diaspora as a tool of foreign policy from its founding (Mao's era) to the present (Jinping's era). China's diaspora policy evolved from time to time, showing the changing migration pattern and reflecting favorable global conditions. Chinese diaspora has become an instrument of China's domestic policy and foreign policy agenda since Kuomintang to the Communist government era. One of China's domestic agenda is the need to attract foreign investment -primarily through diaspora community. In the foreign policy field, there has been a significant continuity in its foreign policy objectives related to its diaspora policy. To strengthen its global ambition, China implemented "new diplomacy," aiming to change how its neighbors view their ambition with the help of their diaspora communities. Thus, the estimated 50 million Chinese diasporas have become important assets in connecting China to the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the increasing amount of research attention work engagement has received, there are still some gaps in understanding of its antecedents. We examined the relationships among supervisor–subordinate guanxi, employees' work engagement, and self-efficacy with a sample of 354 employees from six Chinese hotels. Structural equation modeling was used to test the hypotheses. Results revealed that supervisor–subordinate guanxi was positively related to employees' work engagement and self-efficacy, and that self-efficacy was positively related to work engagement. This study is the first to find that self-efficacy is a mediating mechanism that transmits the effect of supervisor–subordinate guanxi to employees' work engagement, which highlights the importance of supervisor–subordinate guanxi and the mechanisms that contribute to enhancement of employees' work engagement. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Nabo is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Governmental politics in China continue to be a male-dominated arena such that Chinese women political leaders often carefully perform contested gender and occupational identities to negotiate a work-body (mis)alignment. Turning to sociomateriality, this study examines how gender and organizational paradox comes to matter as Chinese women negotiate the occupational identity of political leaders. The study simultaneously explores the types of identity work women leaders perform and the nonhuman actors they routinely encounter while working to make boundaries that outline the identity of political leaders. A thematic narrative analysis reveals the following: Suzhi work(s), guanxi work(s), and abject body work(s). Participants perform identity work constitutive of the masculine shapes/bodies of political suzhi and guanxi, while forming the abject body of a symbolic woman. Meanwhile, these bodies serve as working actors that move and touch participants in paradoxical ways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ambidextrous learning plays an essential role for organizations striving to learn how to survive and compete. However, extant studies provide few ambidextrous learning strategies for construction engineering project partnerships. According to absorptive capacity theory, we argue that ambidextrous learning can be achieved by formal control (behavioral and outcome control) and social control (e.g., Chinese guanxi). Therefore, we present a conceptual model to depict the role of both control strategies in ambidextrous learning. Empirical tests based on 431 survey responses from construction engineering project managers found that: both formal control and guanxi are positively and significantly associated with ambidextrous learning; the joint effects of outcome control and guanxi have positive interaction effects on ambidextrous learning, while the joint effects of behavioral control and guanxi have negative interaction effects on ambidextrous learning. Findings contribute to extant research in ambidextrous learning and provide a basic framework to understand how an organization can survive, develop and grow through ambidextrous learning via Chinese guanxi and different formal control strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Bulletin of Soil & Water Conservation is the property of Bulletin of Soil & Water Conservation Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Although it has been long recognized that leader-member exchange social comparison (LMXSC) has critical implications for employee productivity, little attention has been given to systematically exploring the effects of LMXSC on employee performance in a specific cultural context. Integrating social exchange theory with social comparison theory, we examine a dual process model to explain how and when LMXSC affects employee performance outcomes in the Chinese context. Results based on multiphase, multisource data from China revealed that the mediating roles of employees' perceived obligation toward the leader and self-esteem are examined simultaneously in the relationship between LMXSC and job performance and organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). Additionally, guanxi strengthens the connection between LMXSC and perceived obligation, while Zhongyong thinking erodes the connection between LMXSC and self-esteem. Taken together, these findings enhance our understanding of LMXSC in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]