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Purpose: The study on how macroeconomic factors affect non-performing loans (NPLs) have not been focussed on property loans, which had been amongst the largest contributor of NPLs in many countries. At the same time, whilst there are many studies that focusses on NPLs during the recession and financial crises, not many studies focus on how macroeconomic factors affect property NPLs in a recovering economic environment. The purpose of this study seeks to fill the gap by analysing the relationships between gross domestic product (GDP), interest rates, income, foreign direct investments (FDI), housing prices and taxes on property NPLs with Malaysia as a case study in which NPLs rose for the first time after declining for almost a decade since the 2008–2009 global financial crisis. This study aims to understand the dynamics and direction of causation in relationships. Design/methodology/approach: The author uses the auto regressive distribution lag analysis between the independent variables of GDP, interest rates, housing prices, service taxes, percapita income and FDI affecting the dependent variable of property NPLs from 2009 to 2017, during a unique period of recovering economic environment where NPLs rose for the first time in almost a decade of decline. Findings: This study found that interest rates, housing prices, income, GDP and service taxes were found to possess long cause effects and long run elasticity with NPLs. At the same time, interest rates were found to implicate property NPLs significantly in longer periods, followed by GDP, housing prices, service taxes and income. FDIs were found to be insignificantly negative in implicating property NPLs in the long run. Research limitations/implications: This paper allows policymakers to understand the dynamic implications of crucial macroeconomic factors in affecting NPLs so that appropriate strategic monetary policies could be formulated towards addressing them. More focus shall be given to addressing the long term implications of these factors on NPLs. Practical implications: Appropriate strategic monetary policy making can be channelled towards addressing these factors via understanding the short and long term implications of macroeconomic variables on property NPLs. Policymakers can take note of the long cause effects and long run elasticity of average interest rates, housing prices, income levels, GDP and service taxes with property NPLs so that appropriate long term policies can be addressed to control the rise of property NPLs in the country. At the same time, priority should be given towards strengthening of the GDP of the country due to its strongest impact in long term effects with reduction of NPLs in the country. Social implications: The insights from the present study suggest policymakers interested in bringing stability in the real estate finance system need to account for the various macroeconomic variables found in this study. Originality/value: The paper is novel on at least two dimensions. First, this study involves focussing on a unique period of recovering economic environment where NPLs rose for the first time after a decade of decline since recovering from the 2008–2009 global financial crisis. At the same time, this study focusses on property NPLs, which is unique in nature compared to general NPLs. This study had enabled policymakers to better understand the dynamic implications of several macroeconomic variables affecting property NPLs and assist them in strategic monetary policy making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article summarizes the theoretical aspects and practice of the development of offshore jurisdictions in the world economy. Despite the fact that national governments and international organizations are making more and more attempts to counter offshore schemes, the outflow of capital to offshore is quite stable. This is due to the advantages of offshore zones in the form of special tax, currency and customs tariff conditions. An overview of the preconditions required to obtain offshore status was presented. Political stability, the presence of authoritative banking structures and qualified personnel, and a favorable economic and geographical position were listed as the main ones. The classification of offshore jurisdictions, compiled according to certain characteristics, is presented. The article discusses the issues of further deepening the economic development of offshore zones at the stage of economic integration, further improvement of the investment climate in offshore centers due to the inflow of foreign direct investments. In addition, the main positive and negative consequences of the influence of offshore zones on the economy of countries are determined. The essence of the offshore zone, its contradictory nature, and also the classification and types of offshore zones based on various characteristics are given. The role of de-offshoreization carried out by various countries was revealed, as well as the role of international organizations in the fight against money laundering, tax evasion and corruption. On the basis of official documents and scientific literature, the trends of the development of offshore centers, their influence on the movement of global capital, and the state of offshore business in the world were examined. The need for offshore is due to objective prerequisites, in particular, elementary economic competition. World finances are tied to offshore, and some respectable countries earn from the ser vices of offshore companies. The imperfection of the global financial system is compensated by offshore as an element of financial freedom of entrepreneurial capital. It is established that offshores will continue to develop in conditions of constant increased of political pressure, since there is a demand for them and they have clients, including among those who are fighting against them, despite the instability of the financial system, financial crises, international cooperation and anti-offshore rhetoric. The study of the offshore phenomenon will continue as it evolves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Numerous explorations have been conducted on the determinants of Ghana's environmental quality. However, to the best of my knowledge, there has been no research on the connection between financial inclusion and environmental sustainability in the country. This study was therefore conducted to help fill that gap. In attaining the aforestated goal, econometric techniques that yield valid and reliable outcomes were engaged. From the results, all the series were first differenced stationary and cointegrated in the long run. The DARDL estimator with the support of the conventional ARDL estimator was adopted to explore the marginal effects of the predictors on the explained variable, and from the results, financial inclusion worsened environmental sustainability in the nation via high carbon emissions. Also, foreign direct investments degraded the country's ecological quality validating the pollution haven hypothesis. Finally, trade openness, population growth, and energy consumption were detrimental to environmental sustainability in the nation. On the causal directions amidst the series, unidirectional causalities from financial inclusion and trade openness to carbon effusions were disclosed. Also, feedback causalities between foreign direct investments and carbon emissions; between population growth and carbon effluents; and between energy consumption and carbon exudates were unfolded. The study recommended among others that, financial establishments should not fund the production of carbon-intensive goods, but those that are friendly to the environment. The government can also help to improve environmental sustainability by establishing regulations to mandate financial entities to engage in eco-friendly activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the 1990s, the primary focus of the international investment regime shifted from the restriction and regulation towards the promotion and attraction of foreign companies. Dominant accounts in the international political economy literature emphasize the role of interests and institutions in explaining this policy shift but pay little attention to their legitimation. This article argues that transformations in dominant economic discourses--and in particular the rise of the competitiveness narrative--played an important role in granting legitimacy to this U-turn in international economic affairs. To test the argument, the article focuses on the impact of the differential changes in the portrayal of greenfield and mergers and acquisitions (M&A) inward foreign direct investments (IFDI) in economic discourses in the UK before and after the rise of the competitiveness narrative. In line with the theoretical argument, findings indicate that individuals who passed their early adulthood in a period in which the narrative of economic statism was still prevalent hold notably more skeptical views of M&A IFDI even though they are otherwise not more opposed to investments from abroad. A causal mediation analysis lends further empirical support to the argument. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Paris Agreement has united the global nations to embark on pathways to the decarbonization of their respective economies. However, the objective of achieving low-carbon growth is not as straightforward as it seems since the rapidly emerging and fossil fuel-dependent world economies are focused on expediting economic growth at the expense of poorer environmental consequences. Against this background, this study aims to explore the effects of foreign direct investments, governance, democracy, renewable energy use, and economic growth on carbon dioxide emissions in the context of the BRICS countries over the period from 2006 to 2017. The estimation strategy involved in this study specifically accounts for addressing the issues of cross-sectional dependency and slope heterogeneity in the data set utilized for analysis. The associated findings reveal cointegrating associations between the study variables. Besides, the regression outcomes reveal that good governance (achieved by controlling corruption) and strong democracy (achieved by ensuring greater freedom for journalists) help to reduce carbon dioxide emissions in the long run. More importantly, the results also confirm that both good governance and stronger democracy further reduce carbon dioxide emissions by mediating between emission-inhibiting effects of foreign direct investment inflows in the BRICS countries. In addition, good governance and stronger democracy exert moderating effects to reduce the emission-stimulating impacts associated with higher economic growth. Lastly, it is also witnessed that forgoing non-renewable energy use and adopting renewable energy instead help to curb the carbon dioxide emission levels further. Accordingly, considering these key findings, it is recommended that the BRICS countries should enhance the quality of governance and democracy, attract clean foreign direct investments, promote renewable energy use, and adopt clean economic growth strategies to decarbonize their respective economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Is it correct to assert that Foreign Direct Investments (FDI) stimulation and attraction are based on certain preconditions? To what extent should the preconditions be allowed to determine the content, character and method of studying and analyzing FDI? Should research efforts be focused on these preconditions? Are the preconditions the necessary determinants of FDI stimulation and attraction? What are these preconditions, and to what extent are they fundamental and critical to the stimulation and attraction of FDI? Do the preconditions only exist in an economy? Do they exist in the polity as well? How can their existence and totality be explained, analyzed and interpreted? To what extent have existing efforts been able to accurately explain, analyze and interpret these preconditions? What conclusions that can be drawn from these existing efforts and initiatives? Finally, what are the implications for theory construction and formulation? Approached from the angle of critique as a method of social inquiry, the article interrogates these efforts and initiatives to reveal their bogus intellectual claims and logical inconsistencies. The methodology of research is rooted in the very eclectic sources in which these explanations and analyses are contained and accomplished within carefully formulated steps as indicated in the provided critique as a method of social inquiry. The overall objective is to determine the extent to which these explanations and analyses are able to sufficiently account for, and capture the critical forces, processes and factors that tend to shape the movement of capital globally. The paper concludes that the existing initiatives and efforts still remain inadequate in helping to concretely address how well the assumed preconditions are indeed the needed prerequisites for FDI stimulation and attraction. The paper recommends that the existing explanations on the subject matter of FDI stimulation and attraction still require careful formulation within established testable propositions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on investments as a tool for solving economic development problems of the national economy. Based on the analysis of macroeconomic systems' development factors, it is concluded that it is necessary to accelerate economic development to ensure national competitiveness within the current global economy. The necessity of forming the organizational mechanism for the country's economic growth at a transitional stage of development is substantiated. The analysis of foreign investments in Ukraine is carried out. The paper defines the key points, tools, and measures for forming the corresponding mechanism on the example of Ukraine as an economic system in the transitional stage of development. The organizational scheme for economic growth by executive authorities is proposed. One of the critical roles in this mechanism is assigned to the Investment Department and Independent National Science Council; tasks and functions of these units in the structure of the agency are described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This This article aims to determine the factors that explain the attractiveness of foreign direct investment (FDI) at the level of the six countries of the Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa (CEMAC), over the period 1985-2019. Using the fixed effects panel model, the results of this research indicate that gross domestic product per capita, human capital, domestic credit provided to the private sector by banks and gross national expenditure explain the attractiveness of FDI. Moreover, by using the ordinary least squares (OLS) model to analyze the determinants of the attractiveness of FDI by country, the econometric results show differentiated effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Abant Social Sciences / Abant Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi is the property of Journal of Abant Social Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Given the openness of most national economies, ensuring sustainable economic growth, trends of linearization, transnationalization, there has been a significant increase in foreign direct investment. Foreign direct investments (FDI) is a key component of economic growth and development, as the essence of economic growth is the rapid and efficient transfer of “best practices”. In addition to direct capital investing, FDI can be a source of the valuable transfer of technology and exchange, know-how, and foster international connections of companies that have an impact on economy. In addition, it should be noted that FDI have potentially desirable features that affect the quality of growth with significant social consequences. This can decrease negative shocks caused by financial instability. FDI generate income directed to support other economies. The volumes of foreign direct investments are growing under the influence of globalization, the intensification of existing ties creating problems and threats to secure the national economic development, and in today’s sustainable and inclusive (integral) growth. The evolution of the world economy has strongly influenced the dynamics of foreign direct investments and foreign capital flows, as well as economies of host countries. Current trends of the impact of foreign direct investments on economic growth have not bypassed economy of Ukraine, which is in a transitional stage of its development and is a host country. Therefore, the importance of attracting safe foreign direct investments is extremely ripe for the national economy and its economic growth at the current stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tax sparing clause emerged in double taxation treaties 63 years ago. Despite criticisms, it can presently be found in about 15% of all treaties, with Serbia having this clause in 46% of its double taxation agreements. It is the authors' view that this provision represents a confirmation of the right to introduce tax incentives as a part of a country's right to tax, while pointing out the necessity of preventing abuses of the provision. After conducting an analysis of the effects of tax sparing on foreign direct investments in Serbia and outgoing investments of Serbia's residents, the remaining portion of the paper is dedicated to exploration of the interaction between GloBE Income Inclusion Rule and tax sparing. Their incompatibility, which implies that tax sparing would be annulled under BEPS 2.0, may be overcome via a specific carve-out, but at present such initiative is not endorsed by Inclusive Framework on BEPS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Foreign direct investment (FDI) is expected to generate external effects—usually termed FDI spillovers—for a host country, and these spillovers are thought to have consequences on the productivity of domestic firms. Despite this strong expectation, the empirical findings on FDI spillover are still indecisive. This study examines firm-level panel data to determine the effects of FDI spillover on firms’ productivity in Bangladesh in comparison to Vietnam. We consider both the horizontal and vertical (backward and forward) spillover effects of FDI. We find evidence that Bangladeshi firms gain productivity improvement through intra-industry or horizontal linkages, whereas Vietnamese firms gain through backward linkages. Our findings suggest that increases in foreign presence in the same industry for Bangladesh and in downstream industries for Vietnam are related with increase in output of domestic firms.

The article analyses the dynamics of foreign direct investments in Russia and the world. Developed countries act as net lenders. Developing countries are borrowers in the investment capital market. The paper reveals the trend of reducing the balance of foreign direct investments in Russia, especially after the introduction of sanctions in 2014. Assessment of the structure of foreign direct investments by Federal Districts shows the presence of territorial imbalances in the distribution of foreign capital. The largest volume of foreign direct investments is in the Central Federal District. In the Krasnodar Territory, the balance of foreign direct investments is positive, but has an uneven dynamics. The authors make conclusions about the need to stimulate the inflow of foreign direct investments both at the level of Russia and in the Krasnodar Territory.

Credit ratings given to countries by credit rating agencies have the potential to direct international capital flows by influencing investors' investment decisions. In this study the credit ratings given for Turkey by three major international credit rating agencies Standard & Poor's, Moody's and Fitch impact on foreign direct investment and portfolio investments was investigated with Johansen cointegration method and ARDL (Autoregressvive Distributed Lag) method that is based on limit test approach for 1998: Q1-2019: Q3 period. As a result of the analysis, no significant relationship was determined between credit ratings and foreign direct investments while the effect of credit ratings on portfolio investments was found significant and positive. Although credit ratings positively affect portfolio investments, the impact degree is quite weak. The resulting analysis findings indicate that credit ratings given to Turkey are not a sufficient and effective enough factor in directing capital flows.

The stock markets of most CEE countries have been actively developing and improving over the past decades but they still do not belong to the developed markets according to MSCI classification, the financial systems of these countries tends towards the bank-oriented type. Does the level of stock market development affect economic growth in CEE countries and do these countries need to develop their stock markets accordingly? The purpose of this article is to identify the direction of the causal link between stock market development, banking sector development and economic growth in Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries. The subject of the research is the relationship between the stock market development, banking sector development and economic growth in the CEE countries. Methodology. The research is based on the annual data for two time periods 1999-2012 and 1999-2015 for the 8 and 5 CEE countries, respectively. The study is based on the Granger causality test and linear regression models. According to results of the research the stock market development plays an important role in attracting foreign direct investment and economic growth in CEE countries in the long-run period. There are revealed the channels of indirect influence of the stock market capitalization on the economic growth. Stock market capitalization has impact on the banking sector and gross capital formation, which in turn have impact on the economic growth of CEE countries. There is the impact of both the stock market and the banking sector development on the economic growth in CEE countries during 1999-2015. However, the impact of the stock market size on the economic growth is positive and the impact of domestic credit to private sector is negative. Practical implications. The study proves the reasonable need for the CEE countries to move towards further development of the stock market, improving the market infrastructure and institutional environment in order to expand the size of the stock market and thereby contribute to the economic growth of this countries. Value/originality. The obtained conclusion about the role of the stock market in economic growth and attraction of FDI is of great importance both for Ukraine and other countries with similar trajectory of economic development in general and similar historical aspects of the origin of stock markets in particular and should be taken into account by state leaders when making decisions on the need to create conditions for development of such element of the country’s financial system as the stock market.

The Brazilian government has set, in 2017, the goal of joining Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), an institution formed by 36 member countries that seek to discuss, disseminate, and align best practices in terms of public policies and governance. The OECD has expanded in recent years, including ten countries since the 1990s. The prospects of Brazil joining the OECD have sparked an interest from policy makers and even the public to know the possible economic impacts of becoming a member country. For example, recent literature on global value chains suggests that non-tariff related measures, such as the one practiced by OECD members, have been increasingly incorporated into trade agreements and have benefited the growth of these value chains. In this article, using different econometric techniques, we make an exploratory analysis of the performance of exports and foreign direct investments of countries that joined the OECD after the 1990s. We also compared their trade and FDI performance with the performance of countries that have not joined the organization. We found significant, albeit modest, effects on both variables. Considering the level of aggregation of the available data for this analysis, we prefer to interpret these results as correlation, not causality. In any case, the limited impact suggests that more substantial gains in terms of FDI and exports growth to Brazil would require the adoption of measures to deepen the integration of the Brazilian economy to global value chains in several dimensions, particularly in ​​goods and services.

Hardly any studies have investigated the impact of migrant remittances on economic growth (EG) and inequality in the Western Balkans as a whole (WB6). Using the method of instrumental variables (VI), the findings show that while remittances influence economic growth, their inflow also promotes a high level of migration and absorbs a large workforce by influencing the labor market and encouraging uncontrolled individual relocation. This paper also reveals that although remittances have eased income inequalities the share of remittances in a country’s economy has declined over the years. After testing for the endogeneity of remittances and controlling for various variables, the results indicate that migrant workers’ remittances do not provide strong support for economic growth and inequality. For the sample average, a 1-percent rise in the share of remittances in the economy (i.e., to GDP) will lead to a 0.10-percent rise in the economic cycle i.e. GDP growth, respectively will lead to a 0.05-percent drop in the share of people living in inequality. The findings also show that the interactive effect of remittances and foreign direct investment is lower on economic growth and inequality than the individual effect of each factor.

Fiscal and regulatory arbitrage opportunities in Offshore Financial Centers (OFCs) materially distort the economic analysis based on cross-border capital flows. However, despite its significance, there is limited information on the true scale of this phenomenon. This paper focuses on Foreign Direct Investments (FDIs) and fills this gap by using an extensive list of FDIs determinants and estimating a gravity-like binary choice specification to assess how much bilateral FDIs are driven by economic integration motives versus profit shifting opportunities. We find that the share of so-called phantom FDIs, after rising in 2010–15, stabilized at around 40% of total FDIs in recent years and that this share is systematically larger in OFCs, reconciling available evidence on the abnormal amount of recorded FDIs in these countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of this study was to examine the nonlinear relationship between environmental deterioration and foreign direct investment for subpanels based on the country's income level. In this study, the model's determinants were total consumption of energy and electricity consumption, the share of renewable energy, and economic growth. Due to the observation of cross-sectional dependence, utilization of cointegration tests and panel data unit root were incorporated, which confirmed a mixed integration order. For the compliance of long-run and short-run relationships among the variables, a pooled mean group estimator panel auto-regressive distributed lag approach was incorporated. The results of long-run development support the pollution haven hypothesis; hence, ecological footprint is increased by the activities related to foreign direct investments. The obtained findings depend on the different subpanels based on the income level of countries. For the assurance of economic development sustainability in the energy sector, along with the electrical energy sector, customized policymaking is suggested by this study based on the particulars of each subpanel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Kafkas University, Journal of Economics & Administrative Sciences Faculty / Kafkas Üniversitesi Iktisadi ve Idari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi is the property of University of Kafkas, Faculty of Economics & Administrative Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Afyon Kocatepe University Journal of Social Sciences / Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi is the property of Afyon Kocatepe University (AKU) Sosyal Bilimler Enstitusu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The main aim of the present study is to examine the possible nonlinear relations between foreign direct investments and environmental deterioration for subpanels separated according to the income levels of countries by using the classification made by the World Bank. Total energy consumption, economic growth, and renewable energy share are also considered as determinants of environmental deterioration in the model. Cross-sectional dependence is observed; hence, appropriate panel data unit root and cointegration tests are utilized for which results pointed out mixed integration order. Pooled mean group (PMG) estimator panel auto-regressive distributed lag (ARDL, hereafter) approach is adapted to observe short- and long-run relationships between the variables. Long-run results supported the pollution haven hypothesis as foreign direct investments caused an increase in ecological footprint. Findings are sensitive to different income levels of the subpanels of countries. This empirical study suggests tailored policymaking for every income level subpanel to ensure sustainable development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As China's pollution problems worsen, environmental disputes are increasing rapidly. However, only 1% of environmental disputes can be resolved via judicial channels. Based on the establishment of environmental courts since 2007, we employ the multi-period DID approach to investigate the impact of environmental courts on foreign direct investments. We find that (1) compared with cities without environmental courts, FDI of cities with environmental courts would drop by 3.32% from the average, which is consistent with the pollution haven hypothesis. Besides, we verify the credibility of the conclusion through detailed endogeneity discussions, placebo tests, and robustness tests. (2) The negative effect of environmental courts on foreign direct investments is more salient in the east, regions with higher historical environmental investment, and regions with more serious local protectionism. (3) There are two channels. The greater risks of environmental litigation and stricter environmental public supervision brought by environmental courts would lead to additional environmental violation costs, thereby inhibiting foreign direct investments. Our findings provide new causal evidence for the pollution haven hypothesis from the perspective of intensive environmental justice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the most commonly debated concerns regarding foreign direct investment inflows is the associated environmental adversities that accompany the influx of foreign funds. As a result, assessing the environmental impacts of foreign direct investment inflows is necessary for achieving environmentally friendly economic growth in the contemporary era. Accordingly, the global economies including the members of the Group of Twenty (G-20) should focus on attracting clean foreign direct investments. Against this backdrop, controlling for energy consumption and urbanization, this extant study scrutinizes the effects of foreign direct investment inflows on the carbon dioxide emission figures of selected G-20 countries between 1992 and 2018. The econometric analysis conducted in this paper involves recently developed methods that are efficient in handling cross-sectionally dependent heterogeneous panel data sets. Besides, the analysis is also conducted for sub-panels of high-, upper-middle-, and lower-middle-income G-20 countries to evaluate the possible heterogeneous environmental effects across the G-20 countries belonging to different income levels. Overall, the results highlight that higher foreign direct investment inflows surge carbon dioxide emissions whereby the pollution haven hypothesis is evidenced to hold for the G-20 nations of concern. Similarly, both at the aggregated and disaggregated levels, greater consumption of energy is witnessed to boost carbon dioxide emissions in the long run. Moreover, urbanization is found to trigger carbon dioxide emissions for the G-20 nations overall and the lower-middle-income G-20 nations. Further, the causality analysis reveals that carbon dioxide emissions have bidirectional causal relationships with foreign direct investment inflows, energy consumption, and urbanization. In line with these major findings, this study recommends that the governments of the G-20 countries inhibit inflows of dirty foreign direct investments, reduce fossil fuel dependency, and adopt green urbanization policies for achieving higher economic growth without marginalizing environmental well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Regression equations are stated in (1)-(3) where I g i is the real GDP growth rate. HT ht Graph (1) The variable I min i is a dummy variable taking the value 1 if the year is a minor conflict year and 0 if not. More specifically, having a PKO during recovery is associated with a growth rate that on average exceeds peacetime growth by 2.9 p.p. Finally, regression (3) implies that the positive association between peacekeeping and economic recovery is strongest for, and likely driven by, transformative PKOs as a transformative PKO is associated with a growth rate that is 4.2 p.p. higher than peacetime growth and the coefficient on traditional PKOs is positive, but statistically no different from zero. Based on available data the average annual spending of a transformative PKO is 13.4 percent of the PKO-receiving country's GDP compared to 1.4 percent for the average traditional PKO. [Extracted from the article]

This paper examines the role that trade liberalisation policies play in attracting FDI flows to African economies from 2000 to 2017. This study contributes to the extant literature on the relevance of trade liberalisation policies in developing economies and in particular, African Countries. By employing new measures for trade liberalisation policies, the study estimated a System Generalized Method of Moment model to examine the relationship between trade liberalisation policies and FDI inflows to Africa. The findings suggest that the institutionalisation of policies to enhance trade liberalisation would be germane in attracting higher levels of FDI flows to African economies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Administrative Sciences / Yonetim Bilimleri Dergisi is the property of Canakkale Onsekiz Mart Universitesi, Terzioglu Kampusu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study aims to reconsider the role of foreign direct investment determinants for European national development and to analyze the impacts of the pandemic situation caused by COVID-19. Foreign direct investment is a source of development; therefore, this study includes empirical applications, specifically the random effect model, for EU countries, during the pandemic period. This study provides some valuable conclusions regarding the changes caused by the main determinants of foreign direct investment, such as unemployment, interest rates, economic growth, inflation, and business confidence. Additionally, the proxies of COVID-19 are the number of cases and number of deaths, both appearing to positively contribute to FDI outflow, the former with a higher impact than the latter. Based on the availability of the data, this paper deals with 22 European Union countries for Q1, Q2, and Q3 of 2020. Data for all the chosen variables were not available for the fourth quarter (Q4); thus, this period was not considered, which constitutes a limitation of this study, but confirms the need for robust FDI inflows to support the sustainable post-pandemic development recovery of less-developed EU countries. As the need for external funding sources, i.e., FDI inflow, grows in times of crisis, governments should take suitable measures to uplift the confidence of socially responsible foreign investors during difficult times generated by black swan events. There is almost no detailed research regarding the impact of COVID-19 on FDI flows received by European Union countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the link between foreign direct investment (FDI) and renewable energy (RE) as a primary energy source for G20 countries, OECD member countries and Worldwide. For this purpose, bootstrap panel Granger Causality Analysis developed by Konya (2006) was employed for over the period 2005-2017 to examine the existence of causality. The analysis results indicate that there is bidirectional causality between FDI and RE for the G20 and the worldwide. On the other hand, for OECD member countries, there is a one-way causality from RE to FDI. The findings state that foreign direct investments carry the developments that will make renewable energy use widespread, and the use of renewable energy makes the country suitable for foreign direct investment.

This paper describes the key phenomenon occurring in the contemporary world economy, which is foreign direct investments. The paper focuses mostly on the scale of FDI flow in the world. Furthermore, much attention was paid to the determinants of the inflow of investments and to their economic consequences.

Oman is a Middle Eastern country that has traditionally been monotonically reliant on its indigenous fossil fuel supplies. Besides, the nation has also been a surplus producer and net exporter of oil which further highlights the prolonged fossil fuel dependency of Oman. Consequently, despite flourishing economically, environmental quality in Oman has persistently aggravated. These opposing economic and environmental performances have necessitated Oman to identify the factors which can enable Oman to decarbonize its economy for tackling the environmental concerns faced by the nation. Against this backdrop, this study aims to examine the symmetric and asymmetric effects of foreign direct investments, economic growth, and capital investments on carbon dioxide emissions in Oman during 1980–2019. Using relevant econometric estimation methods for controlling structural break concerns in the data, the findings reveal evidence of asymmetric environmental impacts associated with shocks to the nation's foreign direct investment inflow, economic growth, and capital investment figures. Specifically, it is witnessed that positive shocks to the levels of foreign direct investment inflows, economic growth, and capital investments boost carbon dioxide emissions both in the short and long run. On the other hand, negative shocks to the levels of foreign direct investment inflows and economic growth are witnessed to reduce the emissions. Besides, the findings also validate the environmental Kuznets curve and pollution haven hypotheses in the context of Oman. Hence, considering these key findings, it is recommended that Oman should ideally pursues green economic growth policies by restricting inflows of unclean foreign direct investments and green its financial sector in order to collectively minimize its carbon dioxide emission figures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the link between energy consumption (EC), foreign direct investments (FDI), urbanization (URB) and CO2 emissions in the emerging seven (E7) countries for the period 1991 to 2014. The exploration made a methodological contribution by employing modern econometric methods that are robust to the issues of cross-sectional dependence and slope heterogeneity, so as to obtain valid and reliable outcomes. From the results, the panel under consideration was heterogeneous and cross-sectionally correlated. Also, the series were first differenced stationary and cointegrated in the long-run. The DCCEMG and the DCCEPMG estimators were engaged to explore the long-run elastic effects of the covariates on the response variable, and from the results, EC and URB were key promoters of CO2 effusions in the countries. However, FDI mitigated the emanation of CO2 in the nations. Additionally, economic growth (GDP) and population growth (POP) escalated the emittance of CO2 in the E7. On the D-H causality test outcomes, a feedback causality amid POP and CO2 effusions; GDP and CO2 excretions; FDI and CO2 emissivities; and between URB and CO2 secretions were discovered. Finally, a one-way causation from URB to the effluents of CO2 was unfolded. Based on the verdicts, policy suggestions were proposed to help abate the rate of CO2 exudations in the countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Gazi Journal of Economics & Business is the property of Gazi Journal of Economics & Business and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Energy has been the most important input for countries to ensure economic growth since the industrial revolution. However, the fact that the energy is exhaustible and produced from sources that harm the environment has brought renewable energy sources and consumption to the fore. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of environmental innovation, economic growth and foreign direct investments on renewable energy consumption. Gengenbach Urbain and Westerlund (2008) panel cointegration analysis and Emirmahmutoğlu and Köse (2011) panel causality analysis were used in the study, in which data from 10 emerging market economies for the period 2000-2018 were used. According to the results of the cointegration analysis, environmental innovation and economic growth affect renewable energy consumption negatively, while foreign direct investments affect renewable energy positively. According to the results of causality analysis, it has been determined that renewable energy consumption is the cause of economic growth, foreign direct investments are the cause of renewable energy consumption, and environmental innovation is the cause of renewable energy consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many factors play a role in determining the level of development in countries, and one of the main factors is FDI. To attract foreign capital to the country, it is necessary to realize the developments desired by the foreign capital and pave the way for investments. The strong transportation infrastructure contributes to the country's development not only in economic terms but also in many social and cultural aspects. With all these contributions, the benefits of transportation infrastructure investments make countries attractive for foreign capital. In this study, the relationship between investments in transportation infrastructure and foreign direct investments (FDI) was examined using the Arellano-Bond difference Generalized Method of Moments (GMM). In addition, inflation, trade openness, and economic growth, among the FDI determinants, were added to the dynamic panel model as explanatory variables. The study's data set covers the period between 2010 and 2017, and the analysis was carried out using data from 30 OECD countries. According to the findings, it has been determined that total transportation infrastructure investment expenditures positively affect foreign direct investments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Specialised literature regarding freedom, economic growth and development, has constantly shown that in the nations that have less restrictions regarding the activity of the private economic agents, the transactions tend to register higher levels of economic growth. These things may be less clear in the context in which there are more hypotheses: if freedom leads to growth, or growth is a determining factor of freedom, or if both are in a causation relationship. To evaluate these possibilities, Granger causation tests are being done in relation to the annual freedom indicators, elaborated by The Heritage Foundation and Freedom House. These indicators analyse the basic components which include the commercial policy, taxation, government intervention, monetary policy, capital flows, foreign investments, banking services, control of salaries and prices, property rights, and regulation of the markets subject to testing and summary assessment of freedom. The main objective of the research is the analysis of the relationship between economic freedom and economic growth. There are four indicators used to measure the level of economic freedom and they are the ones elaborated by Fraser Institute, The Heritage Foundation, Freedom House and Scully and Slottje. The research methodology used to attain the objectives mentioned above comprises qualitative methods (meta-analysis of the specialised literature) and quantitative methods (econometric methods-regression and correlation analysis, selfcorrelation tests, comparative analysis and correspondence analysis). The main aim of the qualitative analysis is focused on the concept of economic freedom, an overview of the history and the chronology of its presence in the economic theory and practice, as well as on the ways of quantifying it using diverse indices that measure economic freedom in countries around the world. In this research I have used the index of economic freedom elaborated by Heritage Institute. The main components of this index are: the rule of law, government limitations, efficiency of regulations, but also the freedom of the markets. We consider that this index is a good measure of economic freedom; however, in the performed analysis we have also focused on its various components and have analysed separately the effects on the economic growth. The indicators that were analysed were taken from the statistical databases such as Heritage, World Bank, Eurostat. The indicators selected for performing the analysis were taken at the level of the countries of the European Union with characteristic values of the year 2019. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article introduces some main aspects of sector Manufacturing and the role of the foreign direct investments and their influence on it. The analysis of some very important indicators of sector Manufacturing and foreign investment flows for the period 2017-2020 is made. The direction of influence of the foreign investments on the prosperity of sector Manufacturing in Bulgaria is determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Does any relationship in both theory and practice exist between political institutions and economic performance? In other words, do political institutions enhance economic performance in terms of an economy being able to steadily and permanently attract and stimulate foreign direct investments (FDI)? How can the relationship, in the standard version of social science research, be measured and determined? What are the local varieties and peculiarities that tend to condition how political institutions encourage and stimulate foreign direct investments (FDI)? To what extent do the variations and peculiarities impact on the policies and initiatives that are aimed at the attraction and stimulation of FDI? To what extent does the attendant result help in the analysis of the volume and sectoral allocation of FDI? How have the results influenced and impacted the contrasting perspectives in literature? And what will the study of Nigeria add to the debate as it ensues? Relying on data from secondary sources, in particular the Reports of the Central Bank of Nigeria, the Bureau of Statistics and newspapers, the study examines the volume and sectoral allocation of FDI in Nigeria with the return to constitutional democracy between 1999 and 2012. The aim is to discover how the Nigerian environment of democracy can influence the existing debate on the affinity of FDI to democracy. The study finds out that there were influxes of FDI into the Nigerian economy only on paper. The policy implication is therefore that the hope of a greater Nigeria rests on the determination of Nigerians to use its resources to address the fundamental problems of the Nigerian economy rather than deliberately seeking to attract and stimulate FDI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pattern of international capital flows has changed dramatically in the process of globalization. In this study, we argue that human capital (HC) facilitates a region's reversal from being a net recipient of external resources to being an active contributor in the global market. Using a panel vector autoregressive regression method, we examine the relationships among regional HC, foreign direct investment (FDI), and outward FDI during 2004–2015 in China. Our results show that HC plays a key role in both attracting FDI and generating outward FDI. The findings contribute to research on the dynamic capacity building of regions participating in the global economy, especially strengthening HC for local economies participating in the global economy as either investment recipients or contributors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to analyze the association between environmental patents and trade openness, institutional quality and Foreign Direct Investments (FDI) in the South Asia countries from 1996-2016 through GMM methodology to show some interesting outcomes. Although, as expected, the institutional quality is an integral part of the development of environmental innovation, the trade openness and FDI influence it in different ways. The trade openness encourages environmental patents, while foreign investments negatively influence them. We further articulate institutional quality influences on these indicators as institutional quality is responsible for enhancing economic openness. Government stability positively impacts on the environmental patents, while bureaucratic quality, democratic accountability and corruption negatively impact on the development of the environmental patents. On the basis of our empirical analysis, we suggest that South Asian countries must reforms institutional regulations to promote scientific innovations. Additionally, we encourage South Asian economies to restructure the legal infrastructure as an efficient institutional and legal environment will protect the innovation process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to examine between foreign direct investments nexus unemployment in the Intergovernmental Authority for Development member countries from East Africa. The study employed panel data approach for member countries from the year of 1996–2021. It concluded that annual unemployment rate, annual population growth rate, and economic growth of the host countries have significant impacts on foreign direct investments. Since the purpose of this study was to examine the relations ship between foreign direct investment and unemployment, and the findings of the study determined that foreign direct investment has a significant negative impact on unemployment. Additionally, the impact of these host countries was confirmed to be the same as cross-sectional entities of member countries. According to the study, the public sector should create a climate that attracts foreign direct investments there by absorbing unemployed groups and driving employment rates upward. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ekonomika is the property of Society of Economists 'Ekonomika' and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This inquiry collects the legislative measures that Italy enacted throughout the course of the pandemic in connection with international law obligations, i.e. either by enforcing, derogating or breaching international law. In this respect, the objective of the analysis is twofold. On the one hand, it is aimed at outlining Italy's attitude vis-à-vis international law and what role the latter legal system has played within the context of the crisis. On the other hand, it intends to offer a survey tool for comparative legal analysis to those who may wish to review the experience gained and the lessons learned from the pandemic. To this end, this investigation will consider only measures that fall under international health law, international trade law, international investment law and international human rights law as these regimes have been most affected in the last two years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Philippines has a growing startup scene in Southeast Asia and is currently the prime target of many investors like Tencent Holdings, Voyager's Innovation, and more. Despite this opportunity, in 2018, the Philippines made 31.8million dollars in deals, which is only a 10th of Indonesia's deals and a 3rd of both Vietnam and Thailand. This study aims to empirically prove the economic benefits of startups to the Philippines economy and positively impact the country's currency exchange rate. The data was collected from online and publicly accessible websites like the Worldbank and Openstat. Statistical tools used were Eviews 11 and Microsoft Excel. The result shows that the 3 independent variables have a moderate relationship with the dependent variable given the r2 value 77.0365%. Although the results showed that FDI does not affect the currency value of the Philippines and the growth of startups, mainly since the majority of the FDIs are invested in agriculture and income inequality efforts, also the factor that the Philippines is not famous for its tech industry. The results showed that Taxes on income, profits, and capital gains (%), considering the factors that the government is providing tax incentives to new businesses, can ease the burden off entrepreneurs in establishing startups, importing computers, communications, and other services (%). Additionally, since tech startups mostly rely on computers, communication goods and services to fully utilize their business, it shows that these two variables had a significant effect on the currency value of the Philippines. Start-ups are gaining traction in becoming one of the rising industries around the world. This industry challenges traditional business models with its complex utilization of technology. Moreover, the Philippines also has a growing startup scene, although it doesn't have a strong and established tech industry yet. For this reason, foreign investors can possibly be attracted, given the fact that they can take advantage of the lack of competition that exists within the startup scene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paper provides an analysis of FDI challenges and their impact on the service sector of Georgia, under the Covid-19 global pandemic, along with the armed conflict factor in Eastern Europe, between Ukraine and Russia. The article also discusses such issues as public debt, economic growth, employment, international rankings, trade, tourism and etc. Since the cases of different countries vary according to their economic structure, political reality, and even the readiness to overcome those newest and unprecedented challenges, the case of Georgia provides a great example of a small, democratic, developing economy, which significantly depends on foreign direct investments both inward and outward, regional stability and not the least - western cooperation and support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Türkiye gibi sermaye yetersizliği yaşayan gelişmekte olan ülkelerde, ekonomik gelişme sürecinin başarıyla sürdürülmesi bakımından doğrudan yabancı yatırımlar (DYY) oldukça büyük önem taşımaktadır. Bu çalışma 1988-2018 dönemine ait verileri kullanarak, Türkiye’de doğrudan yabancı yatırımların belirleyicisi olduğu düşünülen bazı ekonomik göstergelerin, DYY üzerine etkisini araştırmayı amaçlamaktadır. Çalışmada kullanılan değişkenler DYY, çalışma çağındaki nüfus, dışa açıklık oranı, kurumlar vergisi oranı, küresel belirsizlik endeksi, saatlik kazanç endeksi ve uluslararası rezerv göstergesidir. Söz konusu ilişkinin tespiti için Autoregressive Distributed Lag Model (ARDL) ve Error Correction Model (ECM) kullanılmıştır. ARDL analizi sonuçlarına göre, uzun dönemde saatlik kazanç endeksi ile uluslararası rezerv göstergeleri düştüğünde ve dışa açıklık ile belirsizlik endeksi arttığında DYY miktarı artmaktadır. Kısa dönemde ise cari dönemdeki çalışma çağındaki nüfus ve uluslararası rezerv arttığında DYY azalırken; dışa açıklık oranı, küresel belirsizlik endeksi ve çalışma çağındaki nüfus arttığında DYY da artmaktadır. Bir gecikmeli kısa dönemde ise kurumlar vergisi oranı, dışa açıklık oranı ve küresel belirsizlik endeksinde azalış olursa, DYY miktarı artmaktadır.

In this paper, the effects of Foreign Direct Investments (FDIs) and exports on economic growth in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations Plus Three countries are explored. The panel data of a total of 13 countries pertaining to the period from 2008 to 2018 were analyzed. Based on the result of the Lagrange Multiplier (LM) test, the data fit to the random effect model. In a similar fashion, the Wald test suggests that there is no endogeneity problem in the given model. Furthermore, the results of the Hausman and Chow test also indicate that the random effect model is the most effective model to describe the effects of FDIs and exports on economic growth. The results prove that FDIs positively impact economic growth. In addition, exports also have a positive and meaningful effect on economic growth. Overall, the paper empirically confirms FDI-led growth and export-led growth. To conclude, the findings indicate the fact that FDIs and exports are crucial for boosting the economic growth of the ASEAN+3 countries. The ASEAN+3 region remains quite an attractive destination for international companies around the world when FDIs and trade are concerned.

This study has investigated the impact of foreign investments on competitiveness in Croatia in terms of macroeconomic stability conditions using data from 2002 to 2017. In this paper, we focus on the relationship between critical macroeconomic indicators and foreign direct investments (FDI) as a growth and competitiveness driving factor. To study the impact of FDI on competitiveness levels in Croatia, time series methods are used. Macroeconomic stability is a necessary but not sufficient condition for economic competitiveness. FDI can increase the level of economy’s competitiveness, although the total effect depends on the FDI structure (greenfield vs brownfield). The vector auto-regression (VAR) model and Granger causality have identified a decrease in FDI inflows in the recession period. There is a correlation between FDI, employment, GDP and exports. The goal of our study is to investigate the impact of FDI on macroeconomic indicators, FDI inflow determinants, and their impact on the overall competitiveness and growth. In this study, we identify and explain the positive and negative effects of FDI setting the framework for efficient macroeconomic policy. The results should serve policymakers in efforts to improve decisions that affect the country’s macroeconomic competitiveness. Significant differences were demonstrated in Croatia’s macroeconomic performance over the observed period. Our results show FDI as a potential inefficiency growth factor among selected indicators if it is not controlled in terms of investment structures and funding sources. The country’s competitiveness depends on stock investment, but even more on the structure of the FDI flowing in the economy.

The paper “Considerations concerning foreign direct investments in Romania, period 2011-2019” aims at studying which the main types of foreign direct investments were, differentiated according to the contribution of the flow of foreign equity investments in foreign direct investment companies: greenfield, mergers and acquisitions, company development, company restructurings, in the analysed period.