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International audience; For the very first time, this study investigates the simultaneous migration of several metals and bisphenol compounds from coated tinplate cans into vegetable foods highly consumed worldwide. The role played by heat treatment, food type and brand, storage conditions, can denting and cooking food directly in cans is also assessed. Migration of bisphenol compounds (only BPA and BADGE center dot 2H(2)O detected) was mainly affected by sterilization, whereas metal release was greatly influenced by storage. Based on a Principal Component Analysis different migration pattern groups were highlighted: BPA and Zn (and Pb to a lesser extent) showed similar migration trends, with dependence on food type, brand and storage temperature. Cd, Ni and Cu were similarly influenced by food type and can brand. Fe has a particular trend, with clear influence of storage time, and to a lesser extent of food type. Overall Fe and BADGE center dot 2H(2)O migration were favored in acidic food.

The use of post-consumer polyolefins is increasing due to the pledges of multiple organizations to use higher concentrations of recycled materials in packaging. However, direct food contact applications are challenging with various regulations around the world mandating minimum safety requirements, which is often determined by the condition of use (microwave, cold storage) and food type (fatty, aqueous, dry). This article reviews different predictive models that have been developed to study contaminant migration from packaging to food contact articles. It also examines multiple techniques and methods that have been employed to quantify and assess to the safety of recycled materials (e.g., United States and Europe) which serve as a base for the regulatory framework for many other countries. The presence of different contaminants during polymer processing is also discussed due to potential problems from the presence of harmful compounds affecting human health or degradation of material properties.

Unhealthy dietary structure leads to the prevalence of some chronic diseases, such as obesity, diabetes, and heart disease. Automatic food type recognition helps nutritionists and medical professionals understand patients’ nutritional contents, provide accurate and personalized treatments, and evaluate therapeutic effects. Existing wearable sensor-based methods take advantage of microphone, electromyography (EMG), and piezoelectric sensors embedded in the wearable devices. However, these sensors are either easily impacted by ambient acoustic noise or intrusive and uncomfortable to wear. We observe that each type of food has its own intrinsic properties, such as hardness, elasticity, fracturability, adhesiveness, and size. Different food properties result in different mastication dynamics. In this paper, we present the first effort in using wearable motion sensors to sense mastication dynamics and infer food types accordingly. We specifically define six mastication dynamics parameters to represent these food properties. They are chewing speed, the number of chews, chewing time, chewing force, chewing cycle duration and skull vibration. We embed motion sensors in a headband and deploy the sensors on the temporalis muscles to sense mastication dynamics accurately and less intrusively. In addition, we extract 65 hand-crafted features from each chewing sequence to explicitly characterize the mastication dynamics using motion sensor data. A real-world evaluation dataset of 11 food categories (20 types of food in total) is collected from 15 human subjects. The average recognition accuracy of these 15 human subjects is 82.3%. The accuracy of a single human subject is up to 93.3%.

This work focuses on the evaluation of commercially available rapid methods for determining frying oil quality. Five rapid methods differing in principle were selected: FOM320 (Ebro), PCT120 (3M), LRSM (3M), Fritest (Merck) and Viscofrit (Viscofrit). The performance of the methods was examined by use of 184 oil samples produced by controlled frying experiments. Twelve series of frying experiments (45 batches each) were performed in which the oil type (palm, sunflower and olive) and the food type (potatoes, zucchini and minced beef meat) varied. Control thermal oxidation experiments with the same oil types were also performed. Results of the rapid methods were compared to results of analytical methods determining legislation criteria. Namely, the total polar compounds and total polymer compounds were determined using High Pressure Size Exclusion Chromatography with and without prior separation of the polar fraction. Furthermore, determination of the free fatty acid concentration, acidity, viscosity and level of oxidation of the oils using UV spectroscopy were carried out. Principal component analysis and linear regression analysis were used in order to assess the obtained results. Comparison of the results of the rapid methods with the analytical ones showed differences in most examined cases. For many of the examined rapid methods the agreement of the results versus those of analytical methods depended on the food-oil combination used in the frying experiments.

Given the prevalence and rising rates of obesity in many countries, including the United States, much food decision-making research ultimately aims at understanding how consumers can make healthier choices. The two predominant choice paradigms used in food decision-making research ask consumers to choose (a) between a "vice" (or unhealthy food) and a "virtue" (or healthy food) or (b) among varying portion sizes of "vice." We propose a new food choice paradigm that encourages consumers to jointly consider both food type(s) choice and food portion size at each decision point. The purpose of this paradigm is two-fold. First, it aims to allow examination of more comprehensive eating behavior (e.g., to examine the overall composition of a plate of food rather than choice of a single food). Second, it aims to shift consumers towards including large proportions of virtues and smaller proportions of vice in their overall consumption portfolios. For this paradigm, we draw upon a recently introduced food product innovation called "vice-virtue bundles" (Liu et al., 2015) that illustrates the basis of this new food choice paradigm, in which food type(s) and portion decisions are made simultaneously. Accordingly, we first discuss relevant findings on vice-virtue bundles as well as the differences between simultaneous and sequential choice of multiple products. Second, we examine the benefits for managing and controlling one's consumption that are provided by vice-virtue bundles and this joint food choice paradigm more generally. Third and finally, we point out opportunities for future research by discussing (a) multiple factors that influence food choices, (b) decision processes affected by food choice paradigms, and (c) issues of generalizability related to the presence of vice-virtue bundles.

In recent years, trade of Halal foods is spreading at a rapid pace. Additionally, Halal food consumers have become increasingly concerned about the integrity of Halal-food related products in terms of production, transportation and storage along an entire supply chain network as it is important for Halal food products these consumers purchase from supermarkets are truly Halal. These are unlike traditional principles of any other food type. This requires Halal food suppliers who monitor Halal food supply chains to provide adequate information on foods purchased in supermarkets which can be easily accessed by consumers. This article presents a framework in development of a RFID-enabled monitoring system for a Halal meat supply chain network design for enhancing traceability of integrity of Halal meat products. A multi-objective model was developed for investigating an economic feasibility of the proposed RFID-enabled monitoring system. A case study was used for verifying the effectiveness of the developed mathematical model.

When determining an animal’s food preference based on comparative consumption, a major problem is the potential for individuals to over-eat, rendering subjects unavailable for subsequent tests as well as exposing them to potentially adverse health implications. Here, we explored alternative, simple and quick ways of assessing food preference that involved only minimal training and avoided satiation. In Study 1, we investigated whether behaviour directed towards inaccessible food predicted consummatory choice. Following a prime with small quantities of two types of food of putatively different quality, 18 pet dogs were concurrently presented with the same two food types in a manner that they could see and smell, but not physically access. Time spent investigating the two inaccessible food types was measured. Subsequently, the dogs were given the opportunity to consume the same two food types but this time in a restricted-intake consummatory test: two puzzle feeders were presented simultaneously, each containing 18 pieces of one of the two food types. The proportion of food types making up the first 18 pieces consumed was recorded. Subjects showed a highly significant preference for the food type predicted to be of higher value in both the non-consummatory and the consummatory test. Moreover the proportion of time spent investigating the two food types in the non-consummatory test was very similar to the proportion of the two food types consumed from the puzzle feeders, demonstrating validity of both test methods. There are, however, some limitations to the consummatory test, in particular that it can only be valid if the two food types to be compared are of similar ease to extract from the boards. To assess the generalizability of the non-consummatory food preference test, in Study 2 we investigated test-retest reliability in 20 dogs, as well as consistency of preferences across populations by comparing 20 owned pet dogs and 25 dogs housed in rescue shelters. Findings were consistent across repetitions of the test as well as across the two test populations. Thus, relative food preference could be confidently and reliably inferred from behaviour during a non-consummatory exposure. The ease and speed of use, the lack of training required and the avoidance of satiation make this an ideal test for determining food preference.

The aim of this study was to compare the demand for food under concurrent progressive- and fixed-ratio schedules. Twelve brushtail possums participated in 16 conditions where schedule, progression and food type were varied. An incrementing schedule increased the fixed-ratio requirement within and across sessions and was arranged as either a geometric sequence (base 2), or an arithmetic sequence (step 5). Two foods were tested: a flaked barley and coco-pop(®) mix versus rolled oats. Overall, performance was similar for most possums in the within- and across-session incrementing schedules. An analysis of the estimates of essential value and break point produced the same account of demand for foods under the geometric or arithmetic progressions and within- and across-session procedures for 8 of 12 possums. Six possums showed higher demand for rolled oats compared to flaked barley, and two possums showed higher demand for flaked barley compared to rolled oats. Incrementing ratios within, rather than between sessions using an arithmetic progression was demonstrated to be a time efficient procedure for investigating demand for different food types without affecting conclusions about the relative demand for those foods.

As part of a European Union-funded project (FP7) developing 'Integrated approaches to food allergen and allergy management', a database was constructed based on publicly available information on food allergen recalls in Europe, North America, Hong Kong, Australia and New Zealand. Over 2000 entries were made into the database. The database covers a 4-year period from 2011 to 2014 and each entry is categorised into food type (two different classifications), identified allergen and cause where indicated by the authorities. Across different authorities, by far the biggest incidence of undeclared allergens occurred in the food categories of prepared dishes and snacks (range = 12-53%), and cereals and bakery products (range = 14-25% of all recalls and/or alerts). The biggest incidence of undeclared allergens, according to the information from most authorities, occurred for milk and milk products (16-31% of all products with recall or alert), followed by cereals containing gluten (9-19%), soy (5-45%), and egg and egg products (5-17%). Although 42-90% of the products with recalls/alerts were explained as being 'Not indicated on the label', this is a generic explanation of cause and does not provide much insight into the causes of the recall/alerts. However, 0-17% of products with recalls/alerts could be coded as caused by the unintended presence of an allergen as the probable result of cross-contact in production. Construction of the database of allergen recalls has provided some important lessons and recommendations to the authorities are made in this paper in terms of the harmonisation of the reporting of allergen recalls into a more standardised format.

Food intake (i.e., the amount of food consumed by an individual) is a crucial measure for studying feeding behavior, but its measurement requires high visibility of individuals and long recording sessions, which are often difficult to accomplish under field conditions. As a consequence, studies on the feeding behavior of primates typically do not estimate food intake directly, and focus rather on studying dietary patterns through indirect measures of food intake, such as time spent feeding, number of food bites and food intake rates. The aim of the present study was to determine the validity of these estimators of food intake in mantled howling monkeys (Alouatta palliata) by comparing the estimations with the direct measurement of food intake. We recorded 97 feeding episodes of two male and two female adults, during which we determined the number of ingested food units (i.e., number of leaves and number of fruits), the number of bites taken and time spent feeding. After weighing units of food similar to those consumed, we calculated food intake and mean intake rates per food type (ripe fruits, unripe fruits, mature leaves, and young leaves). The number of bites taken by mantled howling monkeys during feeding episodes was strongly related to food intake, and this relationship was not affected by the type of food ingested. In contrast, neither time spent feeding nor food ingestion rate were related to food intake. These results suggest that the number of bites could be used as a valid proxy to study food intake in this species, whereas the other two measures are likely to yield inaccurate estimates of food intake.

Objective: To discuss the literature about the clinical assessment of chewing with regard to food features and technological trends. Material and Methods: This study included free complete articles, with humans, males and females, at any age, healthy or unhealthy. The searches were performed by three examiners in the period between September and December 2012, with no restriction of publication year, using the following DeCS descriptors: "Speech", "Speech Technology" and "Chew". Other descriptors not cataloged on the list were also used to expand the searches. Results: 25 articles were found in the SciELO database and 15 articles in the LILACS database, totaling 40 articles. Rolls have been the most commonly suggested food which can be used in small pieces (2 cm) or, alternatively, the patient can be asked to grasp them in order to be checked for chewing pattern. Bread and peanuts are commonly used to assess chewing in elderly patients with natural teeth, whereas cake and sausage are indicated for edentulous elderlies. Conclusion: There is no standardization in the chewing assessment as to the food type, size and weight, nor a scientific explanation for the items chosen and used in the clinics. As to the technological equipment, there still is a search for standardization of methods and protocols to manage and understand the results under a clinical perspective. DESCRIPTORS Chew. Evaluation. Food. Technology. Speech Therapy.

BackgroundUnhealthy food vending can expose children to malnutrition and other diet related challenges such as obesity. This study sought to describe types and sources of food in basic schools in urban Accra, and to describe food purchases by pupils.MethodsThis was a cross-sectional study of five basic schools (3 public; 2 private) and 644 pupils in the Ga-East Municipality in Ghana. Check-lists were used to document available sources of foods during school hours. Pupils were intercepted after making purchases during breaktime and the type, cost and sources of foods purchased documented. Energy content of foods were read from labels when available or estimated using the Ghana Food Composition database when unlabelled. Frequencies and crosstabs were used to compare food type by source and school type.ResultsFoods were purchased from school canteen, school store, private stores, and 'table-top' vendors. Meals were most frequently purchased (38%) although single purchases were sweetened drinks, savoury snacks and confectioneries. About 53% of retailers located within the schools sold relatively healthier food options. Similar foods with comparable energy content were purchased within and outside of school.ConclusionsBasic schools in urban Ghana provide ready access to energy dense food options, which are purchased by pupils both within and outside of school premises. Timely interventions inclusive of school food policies can encourage healthier diets among pupils.

Background Nursing home residents with dementia commonly experience low food intake, leading to negative functional and nutritional consequences. While the importance of staff-resident (dyadic) interactions during mealtime is acknowledged, little research has examined the role of dyadic verbal interactions on food intake. Objectives This study aimed to examine the relationship between food intake and dyadic verbal interactions. Methods This study was a secondary analysis of 110 videotaped observations of mealtime care interactions among 25 residents with dementia and 29 staff (42 unique dyads) in 9 nursing homes. Staff positive utterances and resident positive and negative utterances (independent variables) and food intake (dependent variable) were coded from the videotaped observations using the Cue Utilization and Engagement in Dementia video coding scheme. A linear mixed model was fit to the data. The two-way interaction effects of food type and video duration with each independent variable as well as two-way interaction effects among the independent variables were tested. Covariates included in the model were the number of years staff worked as a caregiver, and resident age, gender, and eating function. Results The model included three significant interaction effects involving verbal variables: the interaction effect of staff positive utterances with resident positive utterances (p=.030), the interaction effect of staff positive utterances with food type (p=.027), and the interaction effect of resident negative utterances with video duration (p=0.002). Increased number of intakes of liquid food per minute was associated with increased number of staff positive utterances per minute when residents did not make positive utterances. Decreased number of intakes of solid food per minute was associated with increased number of staff positive utterances per minute, especially when residents made between 0 and 3 positive utterances per minute. As the duration of the videos increased, the number of intakes per minute increased for residents who made one or more negative utterances and decreased for residents who made no negative utterances in the videos. The number of intakes per minute was associated with resident gender in that male residents had increased number of intakes per minute compared with female residents (p=.017), and was not associated with other participant characteristics. Conclusion Intake was associated with dyadic verbal interactions, and such relationship was complex in that it was moderated by food type and video duration. Findings support the significant role of dyadic verbal interactions on intake, and inform the development of effective, tailored mealtime care interventions to promote intake.

To reduce errors in portion size estimation, a number of aids have been developed and tested. This systematic review synthesizes what is known about error associated with use of different portion size estimation aids (PSEAs) within self-reported dietary recall studies in children (aged ≤18 years). Eight electronic databases were searched using relevant keywords. From 8184 records identified and screened, 327 full texts were retrieved, with 10 records representing 9 studies meeting inclusion criteria. Studies using proxy reporting were excluded. Thirteen PSEAs were identified. To facilitate comparisons between different types of aids they were categorized into 'physical 2-dimensional (2D)', 'digital 2D' and '3-dimensional' PSEAs. Seven were physical 2D (e.g. food atlas), two were digital 2D (i.e. computer-based), and four were 3D (e.g. modelling clay, household items). Comparisons of PSEAs within studies found the smallest estimation errors for digital 2D and largest for 3D aids. Errors in relation to food type were varied, with portions of amorphous foods overestimated in multiple studies. No effects for recall interval time or sex were identified. One study reported a significant improvement in estimation error with increasing age. Across studies, large variations in study design and reporting of estimation error hindered the synthesis of evidence regarding the influence of different types of PSEAs on accuracy. While a definitive conclusion about the most accurate PSEA could not be drawn, a check-list to guide future PSEA development and testing has been proposed in the current review. This will assist comparability with future studies of PSEAs for children facilitate development of more accurate PSEAs in the future.

While adults robustly seek variety and expect others to do so, it is unclear whether children expect others to enjoy and preferentially choose variety in the domain of food. Seventy-nine children encountered an agent, depicted by a puppet, who liked two diverse foods. The children themselves liked only one of these foods. Older children (M = 5;11) expected this agent to be happier with, and to preferentially choose, a serving of both foods rather than a serving of a single food type, consistent with variety-seeking preferences. Five- and 6-year-olds can therefore simultaneously represent others’ diverse desires as co-existing and causing preferences for variety over homogeneity. In contrast, younger children (M = 4;0) did not robustly attribute variety-seeking preferences to this agent. Predictions of variety-seeking food preferences may relate to children’s developing theory of mind abilities and could be harnessed in nutritional interventions to improve children’s diets.

This study identifies how economic factors, like household income, and psychological factors, like healthism, affect the food choice behavioral intent of mothers in Korea. We designed a 2 (type of food: sweet snack as hedonic food vs. milk as utilitarian food) × 2 (household income: low vs. high) × 2 (healthism: low vs. high) stimulus. The participants were Korean mothers raising children in Seoul, Korea. Participants were exposed to an advertisement for milk as the utilitarian food and a sweet snack as the hedonic food and then asked for favorability and purchase intention toward each type of food and about participants’ household income and concerns regarding health. Our study found high-income mothers were not influenced by food type, but low-income mothers were. Lower-income mothers were more willing to purchase utilitarian foods than hedonic foods. High-healthism mothers did not favor hedonic foods, regardless of household income, while low-healthism, high-income mothers favored hedonic foods more than low-healthism, low-income mothers. In contrast, low-healthism mothers did not favor utilitarian foods, regardless of their household income, while high-healthism, low-income mothers favored utilitarian foods more than high-healthism, high-income mothers. The results of our study may assist the government and marketers to understand how healthism and household income affect food choice behavioral intent.

The consumption factors (CF) and food-type distribution factors (fT) for Chinese infants and toddlers aged 0–3 were derived in this study, using food consumption and packaging usage data obtained from the China National Food Consumption Survey conducted in 2015. Food type grouping was based on existing standards from China, European Union (EU) and the United States (US), while packaging classification were done according to the exact material in contact with food. Plastics were learned to be the paramount material used for food packages in this study, followed by coated and uncoated metal (tinplate and aluminum), and glass material found the least application from the CF results. The fT calculated from this study demonstrated that the majority of polymer materials were used to contact acidic type foodstuff and more than 90 % of coated and uncoated metals were used for packing dry food, e.g. powdered infant formula. The CF and fT developed in the present work could be applied to the estimation of dietary intakes of food contact substances for Chinese infants and toddlers aged 0–3 with the approach proposed by the US Food Drug Administration (FDA). The risk assessment result obtained through this method would be more realistic than through the traditional EU conservative one.

Lip closing is an important motor act in food acquisition. Appropriate food capture in anticipatory and early oral stages of feeding is essential for mastication and swallowing. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of food type and quantity on lip closing pressure during food capture with a spoon, and to identify normal lip function during food acquisition in healthy young adults. Twenty young healthy males (age range: 22-30 years) participated in this study. They were asked to eat the test food freely with a spoon. Test foods were yogurt and cream cheese, which were given in quantities of 3, 5 and 10 g in weight; 3 ml water was included as a reference. A strain gauge transducer was embedded in the spoon in advance, and lip closing pressures during food capture were measured and recorded. The Vicon motion analysis system was used to collect three-dimensional kinematic data of spoon operation. Positive pressure with lip closing during capture of adhesive food, such as cream cheese, significantly increased (P 0.001). Moreover, positive pressure significantly decreased when food quantity increased (P 0.01), irrespective of food type. Negative pressure that preceded positive pressure appeared more frequently during cream cheese intake and increased when food quantity on the spoon increased (P 0.001). These findings indicated that participants sucked or squeezed the spoon further during capture of adhesive food. Maximum mouth opening occurred predominantly during the spoon insertion period, while mouth closing occurred predominantly during the spoon withdrawal period. After mouth closing, all subsequent lip pressure events appeared in the withdrawal period. Our results may be useful for comprehending normal lip function during food acquisition in healthy young adults. They may also aid in the diagnosis and management of abnormal lip function in oral hypofunction and dysfunction, which can be examined in future studies.

THE PREFERENCE OF FOOD TYPE AND THE INFLUENCE ON WEIGHT GAIN OF WHITE TAILED RAT ( Rattus xanthurus ) IN EX-SITU BREEDING. White tailed rats ( Rattus xanthurus ) is one of the endemic species of North Sulawesi that has the status of near threatened. The method used in this study is the method of observation. This research was conducted to provide information about the most preferred type of food and its effect on body weight gain, food consumption and the efficient use of white rat ( Rattus xanthurus ) so that they can be utilized in animal breeding business. The results showed that the type of food most preferred by the White Tailed Rat ( Rattus xanthurus ) female was papaya fruit 55.62 gr / head / day while males preferred the banana 49.28 gr / head / day. Weight gain in males is higher 17.79 g / head / day compared to females 10.09 g / head / day lower with 60 gr / head / day feeding. The highest efficiency of food use is found in males, this condition can be interpreted that the amount of consumption is enough to contribute to the weight gain of white tailed rats ( Rattus xanthurus ). The results of this study it can be concluded that the white tailed rat ( Rattus xanthurus ) prefers papaya fruit compared to other fresh foods. Keywords: Preference, Weight gain, White-tailed rat

Moringa plants are among high value a tree belongs to Moringaceae family which consists of 13 species and they are highly distributed in Africa and southern Asia. Eastern Shoa zones of Oromia regional state in central part of Ethiopia have favorable agro climatic conditions for cultivation of Moringa tree species. However, there is a few numbers of local communities experiencing Moringa trees production and consumption in the area. Thus, the objective of this training and demonstration to promote, popularize and improve public awareness on Moringa on procedures of Moringa preparation for effective consumption and utilization in the areas. Household interview followed by theoretical training with practical demonstration were used for the demonstration. Random sampling methods were used to select 60 farmer households, 4 experts and 7 DA’s. Descriptive statistics was used for data analysis. The results indicated that the interviewed farmers about 76% have no Moringa on their farm and as a result most of them cannot identify Moringa visually. Similarly, many local farmers have no trees on their garden, and almost all of them (84%) have no information about Moringa unless few farmers with a piece of information on its medicinal uses with little hint on its preparation and utilization techniques. Many of the farmers only use Moringa leaves when they sick, especially for blood pressure. However the farmers have a desire to plant Moringa trees where as 40% of have a worry to get Moringa seedlings availability to plant and they claimed that this causes absence of Moringa trees on our farm. About 40% of the respondents were stated that, they only use Moringa for medicinal purpose, and in the same way about 40% of them are not previously used Moringa at all, while the rest 20% of them used as both for its medicinal and food source for some food type supplementation. However, many locals have interested in getting Moringa trees to plant. Hence, Popularization of Moringa should have to get attention by concerned stakeholders, especially on organizing continuous seeds and /or seedlings sources for local communities.

Activated charcoal is known to decrease the intestinal absorption of co-administered drug by adsorption. The extent of this drug-drug interaction (DDI) is attenuated by food intake. The aim of this study was to quantitatively evaluate the effects of food type on the extent of DDI between phenobarbital and activated charcoal using a rat model. Phenobarbital was orally administered at a dose of 1.5 mg/kg with or without 33 mg/kg of activated charcoal under fasted or fed conditions, and the plasma concentration profile of phenobarbital was monitored. Several fed conditions, such as a standard breakfast, high-fat meal or enteral nutrient used in human studies, were examined. Under the fasted conditions, activated charcoal significantly decreased the area under the plasma concentration - time curve (AUC) of phenobarbital by 45.2%. When the standard breakfast or high-fat meal was fed, this DDI was reduced to 28.3 and 18.0%, respectively, as assessed by the reduction in the AUC. On the contrary, enteral nutrient did not significantly attenuate the DDI. In conclusion, the influence of food intake on the extent of DDI between phenobarbital and activated charcoal was found to differ among the types of food concomitantly ingested.

Few works have reported the relationship among genotype, temperature, rainfall and the chemical compounds of soybean. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the interaction effect between soybean food-type inbred lines sowed in two different dates and the contents of protein, oil and isoflavones. Eight lines with null lipoxygenase seeds classified as food-type soybean were sowed in October 7 (early sowing) and October 29 (late sowing) at 2013/2014 crop year. The oil, protein and isoflavones contents were determined and the data were analyzed by variance analysis (ANOVA), principal component analysis (PCA) and UPGMA hierarchical. The genetic variability, sowing date and interactions between inbred lines and sowing date showed differences for all characteristics, except for oil content that did not showed a significant effect to the interaction. The greater participation of complex interaction was attributed to protein content with 87.82 %. According to PCA and UPGMA results, the food-type soybean lines were separated into three groups and were consistent in both sowing dates. The UEL 131 and UEL 153 lines showed the highest isoflavones content for the two sowing dates, indicating these genotypes as promising for breeding programs. Poucos trabalhos relataram a relação entre genótipo, temperatura, precipitação e os compostos químicos de grãos de soja. Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo foi investigar o efeito da interação entre linhagens de soja tipo alimento semeadas em duas épocas nos teores de proteína, óleo e isoflavonas nos grãos. Oito linhagens de soja ausentes das enzimas lipoxigenases e classificadas como tipo alimento foram semeadas em 7 de outubro (semeadura precoce) e 29 de outubro (semeadura tardia) no ano agrícola 2013/2014. Os conteúdos de óleo, proteína e isoflavonas foram determinados e os dados foram submetidos a análise de variância (ANAVA), análise de componentes principais (PCA) e UPGMA hierárquica. A variabilidade genética, a época de semeadura e as interações entre linhagens e a época de semeadura mostraram diferenças para todas as características, com exceção do teor de óleo que não apresentou efeito significativo na interação. A maior participação da interação complexa foi atribuída ao teor de proteína com 87,82%. De acordo com os resultados da PCA e UPGMA, as linhagens de soja tipo alimento foram separadas em três grupos que semantiveram com a mudança da época de semeadura. As linhagens UEL 131 e UEL 153 mostraram o maior teor de isoflavonas em ambas as épocas de semeadura, indicando que esses genótipos são promissores para programas de melhoramento.

There is a high demand for the development of reliable chronic toxicity tests using tropical marine species for subsequent use in tropical risk assessment. However, many chronic test endpoints can be laborious and time-consuming to assess, particularly if the endpoints require measurements of individuals (e.g. growth, size) or advanced taxonomic expertise (e.g. differentiating between larval development stages). In this study, we used scanning and image recognition (SIR) technology to develop and validate a chronic toxicity test with larvae of the tropical euryhaline copepod, Acartia sinjiensis. Optimisation steps are described, and included egg age, and effect of algal food type and salinity on toxicity. Comparisons were made between traditional endpoints measured using microscopy and those measured using SIR. Traditional endpoints of larval development ratio (LDR) and survival achieved using microscope examination and SIR were almost identical (R2 = 0.96–0.97). Additional endpoints made possible by SIR included larval development index (LDI; based on the number of animals at different stages of development), and a range of size measurements (e.g. surface area, perimeter and length) for individual animals and for total populations (i.e. a proxy for biomass). The SIR-derived endpoints were based on measurements that had concentration-dependant responses to tested toxicants (copper, nickel, ammonia), and were a sub-set of the full range of metrics provided by the software. Toxicity values based on SIR-measurements were similar to or more sensitive than the traditional LDR endpoint. SIR technology provides a major opportunity to improve and modernise larval development tests for a range for species, but comes at a cost of increased data size and complexity. Therefore, as a research tool, SIR has significant advantages over traditional microscope methods, but for routine toxicity testing, SIR incorporation into invertebrate toxicity testing will benefit from further improvements to the associated software and data management systems.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), some of which are classified as possible carcinogens (WHO), have been detected in cooking fumes in considerable amounts. Distribution of 24 PAHs on varying particle sizes was analyzed in cooking emission. Analysis of cooking fumes from vegetarian and non-vegetarian food was carried out separately in the kitchen of a hostel mess in IIT Kanpur during November 2012 and February 2013. Respirable suspended particulate matter (RSPM) and particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PPAHs) showed a similar sequence regarding concentration observed in vegetarian and non-vegetarian food. PAHs with carcinogenic potential was detected and quantified mostly in the fine particles. Total PAH concentrations in the fine and ultrafine ranges together accounted for > 90% of the total carcinogenic PAHs, highlighting them as primary carriers of PAHs rather than coarser particles. Benzo [a] pyrene (B [a]P) levels contribute > 70% to total carcinogenic potential and > 60%, to mutagenic potential, respectively. The total toxicity impact on the workers due to the PAHs emitted from cooking fumes was 3.374 × 10−10 DALYs, with B [a] P contributing the most (> 70%) despite its low concentration. Exposure to cooking fumes especially for people involved in this activity on a daily basis (chefs, hostel mess workers, among others) raises health concerns. An extensive examination of impacts due to exposure to emissions in both particle and gas phase on a long-term basis is required.

Based on cue reactivity theory, food cues embedded in media content can lead to physiological and psychological responses in children. Research suggests that unhealthy food cues are represented more extensively and interactively in children's media environments than healthy ones. However, it is not clear to this date whether children react differently to unhealthy compared to healthy food cues. In an experimental study with 56 children (55.4% girls; Mage = 8.00, SD = 1.58), we used eye-tracking to determine children's attention to unhealthy and healthy food cues embedded in a narrative cartoon movie. Besides varying the food type (i.e., healthy vs. unhealthy), we also manipulated the integration levels of food cues with characters (i.e., level of food integration; no interaction vs. handling vs. consumption), and we assessed children's individual susceptibility factors by measuring the impact of their hunger level. Our results indicated that unhealthy food cues attract children's visual attention to a larger extent than healthy cues. However, their initial visual interest did not differ between unhealthy and healthy food cues. Furthermore, an increase in the level of food integration led to an increase in visual attention. Our findings showed no moderating impact of hunger. We conclude that especially unhealthy food cues with an interactive connection trigger cue reactivity in children. ispartof: Appetite vol:125 issue:125 pages:63-71 ispartof: location:England status: published

The multimodal recognition of eating condition - whether a person is eating or not - and if yes, which food type, is a new research domain in the area of speech and video processing that has many promising applications for future multimodal interfaces such as adapting speech recognition or lip reading systems to different eating conditions. We herein describe the ICMI 2018 Eating Analysis and Tracking (EAT) Challenge and address - for the first time in research competitions under well-defined conditions - new classification tasks in the area of user data analysis, namely audio-visual classifications of user eating conditions. We define three Sub-Challenges based on classification tasks in which participants are encouraged to use speech and/or video recordings of the audio-visual iHEARu-EAT database. In this paper, we describe the dataset, the Sub-Challenges, their conditions, and the baseline feature extraction and performance measures as provided to the participants.

This paper describes a study to test the accuracy of a method that tracks wrist motion during eating to detect and count bites. The purpose was to assess its accuracy across demographic (age, gender, and ethnicity) and bite (utensil, container, hand used, and food type) variables. Data were collected in a cafeteria under normal eating conditions. A total of 271 participants ate a single meal while wearing a watch-like device to track their wrist motion. A video was simultaneously recorded of each participant and subsequently reviewed to determine the ground truth times of bites. Bite times were operationally defined as the moment when food or beverage was placed into the mouth. Food and beverage choices were not scripted or restricted. Participants were seated in groups of 2-4 and were encouraged to eat naturally. A total of 24 088 bites of 374 different food and beverage items were consumed. Overall the method for automatically detecting bites had a sensitivity of 75% with a positive predictive value of 89%. A range of 62-86% sensitivity was found across demographic variables with slower eating rates trending toward higher sensitivity. Variations in sensitivity due to food type showed a modest correlation with the total wrist motion during the bite, possibly due to an increase in head-toward-plate motion and decrease in hand-toward-mouth motion for some food types. Overall, the findings provide the largest evidence to date that the method produces a reliable automated measure of intake during unrestricted eating.

The importance of adipose tissue is much greater than it has been expected. Adipose tissue is a large endocrine organ, value of which is difficult to overestimate. Its work influences a lot of metabolic disorders, cardiovascular pathology. Recently, there is active research on the relation of obesity and microbiota contents. It is studied depending on the food type, physical activity, and microbiota itself might influence the absorption of nutrients, permeability of the gut wall, and appetites. The article is focused on several mechanisms of interrelation of gut microbiota and obesity, on the results of last years studies.

Background Sensitivity to portion size, a less-investigated aspect of portion size perception, refers to individuals’ abilities to distinguish portion sizes of differing amounts. Objective The aim of this cross-sectional study is to investigate normative and person-specific aspects of sensitivity to portion size via an evaluation of the perceived healthiness of photographed foods that vary as a function of portion size and food type. Participants/setting 272 undergraduate women judged the healthiness of 124 unhealthy food stimuli that varied in portion size (small to extra-large) and food type (Sweets, Fried Foods, and Candies). Statistical analyses Multilevel modeling estimated normative sensitivity to portion size, food-specific predictors of participants’ sensitivity, and participant-specific predictors of sensitivity. Results Participants displayed strong sensitivity to the portion size of unhealthy food, overall, but sensitivity declined as portion size increased. Sensitivity varied as a function of unhealthy food type; participants showed reliably greater sensitivity to portion size for Sweets and Fried Foods than for Candies, although sensitivity to all three food types was substantial. Healthy Food Consumption predicted greater portion-size sensitivity for unhealthy foods at a small-to-moderate level (i.e., those who reported consuming more fruits and vegetables showed greater portion-size sensitivity). A parallel analysis of sensitivity to caloric content, rather than portion size, produced highly similar findings. Conclusions When judging food healthiness, college-aged women distinguished well between unhealthy foods with small-to-moderate portion sizes, but their discriminative abilities faltered as portion sizes increased. Healthy Food Consumption was associated with greater sensitivity to portion size for unhealthy food. Future public-health campaigns should highlight the significance of inaccurate portion-size estimation and continue to develop strategies that enhance sensitivity to portion size.

The association between certain foods and masculinity or femininity has been widely discussed in different disciplines. However, extant research has yet to clarify which are the critical dimensions lending these gender connotations to food and thus impacting on the willingness to eat it. We present a study on the role of food type, portion size, and dish presentation as potential factors constituting the gender-based stereotype about food, and their indirect or mediated effect on the intention of men and women to eat certain feminine/masculine stereotyped foods. We manipulated the three features cited above in a 2 (food type: Caprese vs. hamburger) × 2 (portion size: small vs. big) × 2 (presentation: elegant vs. rough) full factorial design. Results confirmed a model of moderated mediation: the Caprese salad, the small portion and the elegantly presented dish (in respect to the hamburger, the big portion and the roughly presented dish) tend to be considered “feminine food”, and thus women expressed a more pronounced intention to eat it than men. The implications of the findings for both theory and practice are discussed.

The tolerance of Callosobruchus maculatus from different geographical locations reared on two cowpea varieties, pale brown Ife Brown (IFBV) and dark brown IAR48 (IAR48V), to seed powder of Piper guineense (Schum and Thonn) was investigated. C . maculatus populations were collected from nine different locations across Osun state in the South Western part of Nigeria. The main and interactive effects of cowpea variety, population origin and dose on C . maculatus tolerance to P . guineense were explored. It was observed that bruchids that emerged from IAR48V had greater tolerance of P . guineense than bruchids reared on IFBV. There were significant effects (P 0.05) on the response of bruchids to P . guineense . When reared on IAR48V, bruchid populations from the North-Eastern part of the state show greater tolerance to P . guineense than their counterparts from the South–West. This study underscores the importance of knowledge of the origin of the population and the cowpea variety on which C . maculatus developed when managing bruchids damage using P . guineense .

Eating attitudes are predictive of disordered eating, which can be quite prevalent among collegiate athletes. The present study tested if disordered eating attitudes and the sex of collegiate athletes are related to “self-controlled food choice” for four food types: a dessert, fried food, fruit, and vegetable. In total, 102 athletes completed a disordered eating attitudes assessment and a delay discounting task. For the delay discounting task, athletes chose between one large delayed reward and one successively smaller immediate reward for four food types, and indifference points were computed with lower indifference points indicating greater self-controlled food choice. In this study female athletes showed greater self-controlled food choice for all three tempting food types (dessert, fried food, and fruit), but not the control food type (vegetable). For males, results were moderated by their level of disordered eating attitudes. Overall, these data show that “self-controlled food choice,” measured using a delay discounting task, is a key factor related to sex differences in disordered eating attitudes among college athletes.

Contamination of ready-to-eat foods sold by street vendors rendering them unacceptable for humanconsumption and become a global health problem. This study aimed to examine the quality and safetyof street vended meat products in kalyobia governorate . Eighty samples of meat products including 20samples each of beef burger, kofta, sausages and hawawshi were randomly collected from the streetvendorsin kalyobia governorate to evaluate their bacteriological quality. The results revealed that themean values of APC, Enterobacteriaceae, coliform and staphylococcus counts (cfu /g) were 3.97×105,5.82×103, 6.53×102 and 2.76×103 for burger , 8.51×105, 7.15×103, 9.25×102 and 5.41×103 for kofta,1.33×106, 9.91×103, 4.38×103 and 1.23×104 for sausage , 6.76×106, 4.07×104, 1.12×104 and 6.11×104for hawawshi respectively. Also Staph. aureus were isolated with an incidence of 40% , 45% , 55%and70% ( with mean value of 7.54×102 , 8.13×102 , 1.96×103 and 4.28×103 cfu/g)from the examinedsamples of burger, kofta, sausage and hawawshi, respectively. Also the incidences of isolation of E.colifrom the same examined samples were 10% ,15%, 25% and 30%, respectively. The obtained resultswere compared to the published microbiological guidelines for RTE food of center of food safety(2014)to assess their bacteriological quality and It was recommended that this guidelines may be adaptedlocally(for RTE Egyptian food) until more precise microbial criteria for this food type could bedeveloped through an appropriate scientific process.

Food banks collect usable, yet unsellable commodities donated by supermarkets.The amounts of each donated food type is not known prior to collection.Four approximation methods are compared to determine which provides best estimates.The impacts of approximation methods on transportation costs is also evaluated.Neural networks provide good estimations for on-hand food and transportation costs. Food insecurity is a widespread concern in the United States. Addressing this concern is a chief goal of many non-profit organizations including food banks. Understanding the availability of donations is beneficial when addressing the demand in local communities, especially when their collection requires food bank-managed vehicles. High-volume donors such as supermarkets, however, do not provide information in regards to what items are available. This can negatively impact inventory management capabilities and cause unnecessary transportation costs.This research evaluates four approximation methods based on their ability to estimate food availability at supermarkets including the multiple layer perceptron artificial neural network, multiple linear regression, and two naive estimates for the average collection amount. Using a subset of the historic data provided by the Food Bank of Central and Eastern North Carolina (FBCENC), the four approximation methods are evaluated in terms of their ability to estimate collection amounts in the next planning period. Transportation cost estimates are then calculated using projections made using each approximation method and compared to those calculated using the actual transportation costs. Results suggest that the MLP-NN models provide the best approximations for each food type and provide closer estimations for transportation cost than other approximation methods.

The aim of a growth model experiment in laboratory rats was to check the nutritive value of the set of newly bred spring barley lines with different grain characteristics. The followed set contained feed type hulless lines bred in the Agricultural Research Institute Kroměříž , Ltd. KM1771 (1), KM 1057 (2), food type hulless lines KM 2082 (3), KM 2092 (4), KM 2062 (5) and lines formed on the basis of crossing with food donors of a waxy endosperm type – hulless line Wabet x Washonubet (6), hulled line Wabet x Krona (7) and Wabet x Kompakt (8). The line Kompakt x Krona (9) and the malting variety Nordus were used as a control (10).The best results of an average daily gain and feed conversion ratio (FCR) (9.19 g; 2.29) were achieved by feeding the line KM 1057 (2), conversely, the worst by feeding food barley of the waxy type (average daily gain in animals of experimental group 6 was only 8.01 g and FCR 2.54). This material also had the highest β-glucan content (7.1 %) out of the followed set. The lowest β-glucan content was detected in the sample 9 (3.88 %). Linear dependence between intake of β-glucans (x) and cholesterol content in rat´s blood (y) was: y = -0.0591x + 3.8102, R2 = 0.4681. The found dependence was statistically highly significant (PThe highest values of digestibility coefficients of crude protein (75.96 %) and crude fibre (49.63 %) were measured in animals in a group 2, on the contrary the lowest digestibility of crude fibre (31.10 %), fat (56.96 %) and ash (45.65 %) was exhibited by a control group 10. Differences in digestibility of all followed nutrients after the 14th day and at the end (28th day) of the experiment were observed (crude protein digestibility was lower by 5.65 %, ash digestibility by 11.47 %, fibre by 10.85 % and fat by 3.75 %).It was confirmed that the tested waxy lines exhibited hypocholesterolemic effect; we, however, do not recommend them for feeding of monogastric animals due to high β-glucan content, reduced intake of mixture and impaired feed conversion.

Energy acquisition is of fundamental importance to the survival of any organism. Thus, the morphology, or tools, that an organism uses to capture food can be under intense selective pressure. We studied the prey capture mechanics of the central mudminnow (Umbra limi), a benthic-dwelling fish species with a varied diet. A morphology suited for one specific prey type may not be as well suited for another prey type. Thus, we might expect that mudminnow are more successful at capturing one sort of prey over another. Specifically, we sought to determine if there were any changes in prey capture success and underlying prey capture mechanics when faced with highly elusive prey, live feeder fish (guppies), versus a non-elusive invertebrate larvae (midges of the family Chironomidae), commercially known as “blood worms.” Our results indicated that the more elusive prey caused mudminnow to have a slightly slower but a slightly more extreme premaxillary protrusion and expansion events. However, these differe...

Naturalistic feeding methods, such as the provision of whole carcasses to zoo animals, are potentially controversial because zoo visitors might not approve of them. However, since several species of zoo animals feed from large carcasses in the wild, this food type could benefit their welfare in captivity compared to other less-natural food types. Scavengers in particular almost exclusively live on carcasses in nature; therefore, their welfare in captivity could significantly depend on the opportunity to express behaviors related to carcass feeding. In this study, we assessed the frequency of carcass feeding for vultures in North American zoos and investigated the effect of different food types on the behavior of zoo-housed Andean condors (Vultur gryphus). We also evaluated the opinion of North American zoo visitors about carcass feeding. Our results show that small whole carcasses (rats, rabbits) are part of the diet of vultures in most North American zoos, but large whole carcasses (ungulates) are rarely fed. Our behavioral study indicated that Andean condors appear to be more motivated to feed on more natural food types, which also seem to physically engage the birds more and occupy them longer. Most zoo visitors approved of carcass feeding for captive vultures over a range of prey animals, and the majority would also like to observe the vultures eat. Collectively, our results demonstrate that carcass feeding, particularly with larger prey, potentially enriches both zoo-housed vultures as well as the visitor experience. Zoo Biol. 34:118–129, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals Inc.

Based on the techniques and constantly improved information, the study analyzed the tracing database which will be helpful to compare the similarity of isolates, it can estimate the food variations timely and effectively. The database will provide scientific information for tracing the source of food. The source tracing database can be used to develop systematic research about the food type and for comparative analysis of different typing methods.

This research presents the first anatomical description of the tongue and lingual papillae of the meerkat and compares the different information on the morphology of the other carnivore species. For this purpose, three tongues were used as material. The tongue was elongated with an oval or rounded apex. On the dorsal and ventrolateral surfaces of the tongue, filiform papillae had extent variations in morphology. Papillary body of each filiform papilla on the ventrolateral surface of the lingual body was ramified into 2-5 glovelike projections, and all pointed tips of these projections were directed caudally. On the dorsal lingual surface, each filiform papilla leaned on another without any space and both lateral borders of each filiform papilla included 4-6 small secondary projections or spines. A few rounded fungiform papillae were randomly distributed and embedded among the filiform papillae. On the caudal one-third of the body, there were two elongated circumvallate papillae. Some superficial fissures and taste pores were detected on the flat surfaces of each circumvallate papilla which was surrounded by a prominent and continuous gustatory groove. On the radix of the tongue, numerous dome-shaped protuberances of lingual salivary glands beneath the epithelium and one centrally located orificium was very invincible on the convex surface of each protuberance. Anatomical distribution of lingual papillae differed from those of other carnivores and represented morphological adaptation to the food type and feeding habits.

Soybean (Glycine max(L.) Merr.), a good source of protein and oil, is used to produce nutritious isoflavone-rich soybean-based foods. The objectives of this study were (i) to determine the germination difference among soybean seeds in various seed sizes and (ii) to evaluate effects of seed pretreatment on germination and seedling emergence. Six varieties of different seed size class were used: (i) small size (MFS-561 and V08-4773), (ii) medium size (Glen and V03-47050), and (iii) large size (MFL-159 and V07-1897). Pregermination treatments include 0, 5, or 10 hours soaking and germinating/planting with or without nitrogen fertilizer. Large seed size varieties showed low germination rate and N addition caused the least reduction in germination in these seeds during the first 24 hours. While N had no effect on seed germination after 72 hours, growth in N treated seed was low. Seedling emergence was comparable across varieties in 2013 and water priming and N application had no effect. However, while varieties did not differ in final emergence for nonprimed seeds in 2014, water priming led to a high reduction in seedling emergence of large seed varieties in this study. Application of N fertilizer had no effect on seedling emergence in field experiments.

The present study investigated the gastric emptying rate in Gottingen minipigs pre- and post-prandial and evaluated the effect of metoclopramide on the same parameter, using paracetamol as an absorption marker. The pharmacokinetic evaluation of the obtained plasma concentration data for paracetamol demonstrated that the fastest gastric emptying rate was observed in the animals that were allowed access to normal pig food. There was no significant difference in the stomach emptying rate observed between fasted and fed minipigs, when fed either with a FDA standard breakfast or a nutritional energy drink. Pre-dosing minipigs with metoclopramide (0.2 or 0.4 mg/kg) did not demonstrate any effect on gastric emptying in either the fasted or fed state. The data in the present study demonstrated a relatively prolonged gastric emptying rate in mini-pigs both in the fasted and fed state, hence when conducting pharmacokinetic studies using minipigs, this should be taken into account when planning the plasma sampling time points. Further, as no difference could be observed in gastric emptying rate as a function of food, the data also suggest that the Gottingen mini-pigs seems less suited to predict for food effect studies than other species.

The aim of the present study was to determine the efficacy of films activated with enterocin AS-48 plus thymol singly, or in combination with high-hydrostatic pressure (HHP) on the inactivation of Listeria innocua in sea bream fillets and in fruit puree stored under refrigeration for 10 days. L. innocua proliferated in control fish fillets during storage. The activated film reduced viable Listeria counts in fillets by 1.76 log cycles and prevented growth of survivors until mid-storage. Application of HHP treatment to fillets packed in films without antimicrobials reduced Listeria counts by 1.83 log cycles, but did not prevent the growth of survivors during storage. The combined treatment reduced viable counts by 1.88 log cycles and delayed growth of survivors during the whole storage period. L. innocua survived in puree during storage. The activated film reduced Listeria counts by 1.80 and 2.0 log cycles at days 0 and 3. After that point, Listeria were below the detection limit. No viable Listeria were detected in the purees after application of HHP treatment singly, or in combination with the activated film. Results from the study indicate that the efficacy of activated films against Listeria is markedly influenced by the food type.

Food properties influence the parameters of the masticatory process, such as jaw movement, muscle activity and chewing rate. Firm foods will require more muscle activity than softer foods. However, the influence of food hardness on chewing rate is ambiguous as both slower and higher chewing rates have been reported for harder foods. Rheological characteristics of the food, such as plasticity and elasticity, may help to explain differences in chewing rate. The aim of our study was to determine the influence of food properties on chewing rate and muscular work in five phases of a chewing sequence. Eighty-four participants chewed on five foods, which strongly differed in consistency. Chewing gum was used as a reference food. The phase in the chewing sequence had a large significant effect on cycle duration for the five foods. A significant decrease in cycle duration at the beginning of chewing was followed by an increase in later phases, leading to U-shaped curves. Food type had a small effect on the average cycle duration. However, large significant differences in cycle duration were observed between the foods at the beginning of a chewing sequence. In that phase, the firm foods were chewed much slower than the soft foods. Muscular work was significantly influenced by both chewing phase and food type.

The accurate assessment of nutrition information is a challenging task, but crucial for people with certain diseases, such as diabetes. An important part of the assessment of nutrition information is portion estimation, i.e. volume estimation. Given the volume and the food type, the nutrition information can be computed on the basis of the food type specific nutrition density. Recently mobile devices with depth sensors have been made available for the public (Google's project tango platform). In this work, an app for mobile devices with a depth sensor is presented which assists users in portion estimation. Furthermore, we present the design of a user study for the app and preliminary results.

Previous research has shown that women eating small portions of food (vs. eating big portions) are perceived as more feminine, whereas men eating large portions are perceived as more masculine. The specific type of food items have also been shown to carry connotations for gender stereotyping. In addition, matching the co-eater's food quantity is also a means to ingratiate him or her. Thus, a potential motivational conflict between gender identity expression and ingratiation arises when people eat in opposite-sex dyads. Scholars have, thus far, focused their attention on one of these two dimensions at a time, and rarely in relation to the co-eaters' sex. The present study investigated, through a restaurant scenario, the way in which women and men, when asked to imagine having lunch in dyads, combine food choice and quantity regulation as a function of the co-eater's sex. Results showed that participants use the quantity dimension to communicate gender identity, and the food type dimension to ingratiate the co-eater's preferences by matching her/his presumed choice, following gender-based stereotypes about food. In opposite-sex dyads, dishes that incorporate the two dimensions were chosen above the expected frequency.

The degree to which different front-of-pack labels (FoPLs) can assist consumers to make healthy choices seems to depend on the extent to which the FoPLs provide an interpretation of the nutrition information presented. The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of three FoPLs that vary by interpretive content in allowing consumers to discriminate between products of varying healthiness. Australian consumers (n = 2058) rated the perceived healthiness of mock food pack images that varied according to: nutritional profile (healthy, moderately healthy, unhealthy); FoPL (Daily Intake Guide (DIG), Multiple Traffic Lights (MTL), Health Star Rating (HSR), or control); and food type (cookies, cornflakes, pizza, yoghurt). Respondents were most accurate at differentiating unhealthy products from healthy (p < 0.001) and moderately healthy products (p = 0.015) when the HSR appeared on packs. The MTL was marginally (p = 0.052) effective at helping respondents distinguish between healthy and unhealthy products. When the DIG or no FoPL was used, however, respondents were unable to discriminate between a healthy and an unhealthy nutritional profile. Findings indicate that the HSR is more effective than other commonly used FoPLs in assisting consumers to accurately evaluate the healthiness of food products.